40:
216:. Also killed were all the world's Rhinogradentia researchers, who were attending a conference on Hy-yi-yi at the time. The book's epilogue, credited to Steiner in his capacity as the book's illustrator, explains that StĂĽmpke had sent the book's materials to Steiner to serve as the basis for illustrations in preparation for publication. Following the disaster, it is the only remaining record of the subjects it describes.
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746:, expressed thanks for the article, which enabled her family to identify an animal-shaped metal bracelet from the South Pacific as having been modeled after a "Hoop Snouter", and included a drawing to preserve the record because, she said, it had been melted down with some toy soldiers and a spoon by a young cousin with a new casting set.
201:. Each of the islands was home to distinctive fauna, dominated by Rhinogradentia, the only mammals other than humans and one species of shrew. In the time after the war, a number of scientists took interest in the rhinogrades and began formal research into their physiology, morphology, behaviors, and evolution.
177:
wrote that the book is written "in truly amusing attention to detail and using what is immediately recognizable as a practiced scientific patois". The evidently expert voice of the author, his competent writing, and apparent familiarity with conventions of academic literature set the work apart as a
193:
comprising eighteen islands: Annoorussawubbissy, Awkoavussa, Hiddudify, Koavussa, Lowlukha, Lownunnoia, Mara, Miroovilly, Mittuddinna, Naty, Nawissy, Noorubbissy, Osovitissy, Ownavussa, Owsuddowsa, Shanelukha, Towteng-Awko, and Vinsy. The islands occupied 1,690 km (650 sq mi) and the
483:
Steiner's books as StĂĽmpke have been translated into other languages, sometimes crediting other names based on the country of publication. "Harald StĂĽmpke", "Massimo
Pandolfi", "Hararuto Shutyunpuke", and "Karl D. S. Geeste" are pseudonyms. Translator names are real.
164:, Steiner's motivation for writing a book about them was instructional, to illustrate "how animals evolve in isolation", but Joe Cain speculates that the success of the joke may have led to a teaching and writing career based on that rather than the other way around.
669:
Since the book's original publication several scientists and publishers have written about
Rhinogradentia as though Steiner's account were true, though it is unclear how many of those who continued and popularized the joke did so intentionally.
666:, taking issue with the way StĂĽmpke named the animals as "criminal violations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature". Simpson also noted that StĂĽmpke neglected to include an unrelated mathematical concept, a "rotated matrix".
723:. It comprised material from the book's introduction, first chapter, selected descriptions of genera, and the epilogue, and was presented as the lead story, without qualification, by the normally serious publication. The following month,
696:
took note of the nuclear demise of the rhinogrades, writing that they would still be alive "had we, the peaceable powers, managed in time to implement widespread disarmament and prohibit the production and testing of nuclear weapons."
172:
Steiner's fictional author, credited as "quondam curator of the Museum of the Darwin
Institute of Hy-yi-yi, Mairuwili", provides a very detailed account of the order and individual species, written in a dry, scholarly tone.
733:
article. According to the magazine's editorial director, they had "received more than 100 letters and telegraphs about the snouters, most of them from people who forgot that the article was published on April Fool's Day."
178:
rare example at the intersection of fiction and scholarship. Steiner credits himself by name as illustrator of the book, and explains how that role led him to possess the only remaining record of
Rhinogradentia.
242:
characterized by a nose-like feature called a "nasorium", the form and function of which vary significantly between species. According to StĂĽmpke, the order's remarkable variety was the natural outcome of
197:
The first description of Hy-yi-yi published in Europe was that of Einar
Pettersson-Skämtkvist, a Swedish explorer who arrived in Hiddudify by chance in 1941, after escaping from a Japanese
1784:
1648:
131:(1908–2009), a German zoologist. Steiner is best known for his fictional work as Stümpke, but he was an accomplished zoologist in his own right. He held a professorship at the
115:
Successfully mimicking a genuine scientific work, Rhinogradentia has appeared in several publications without any note of its fictitious nature, sometimes in connection with
108:). According to Steiner, it is the only remaining record of the animals, which were wiped out, along with all the world's Rhinogradentia researchers, when the small Pacific
293:
Pettersson-Skämtkvist's early descriptions of the animals he encountered on Hy-yi-yi led zoologists to name them after the title creature in
Christian Morgenstern's
1830:
160:) about an animal that walked using its nose. He took to the drawing, made a copy for himself, and later incorporated the creatures into his teaching. According to
1973:
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1311:
801:
52:
297:. In the poem, which exists outside of this fictional universe and also served as an inspiration for Steiner, the Nasobame is seen "striding on its noses" (
770:
638:
142:
Steiner was also interested in illustration, and in 1945 drew a picture for one of his students as thanks for some food. He took inspiration from a short
39:
749:
Decades later, papers are still published purporting to continue StĂĽmpke's research or otherwise paying homage to
Steiner's hoax. In a 2004 paper in the
797:
792:
announcement was accompanied by a two-month exhibit honoring the animals, featuring purported stuffed specimens in its gallery of extinct species. Mock
653:
and
Steiner's pseudonymous works on the subject continue to be reprinted and translated. The first edition did not explicitly state that it was a hoax.
475:
The names generally refer to particular forms or functions of the nasorium of animals in that genus, typically providing vernacular names for clarity.
127:
Rhinogradentia, their island home of Hy-yi-yi, zoologist Harald StĂĽmpke, and a host of other people, places, and documents are fictional creations of
1589:
96:
feature called a "nasorium", which evolved to fulfill a wide variety of functions in different species. Steiner also created a fictional persona,
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accidentally caused all of the islands of Hy-yi-yi to sink into the ocean, destroying all traces of the rhinogrades and their unique
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Rhinogradentia has been included in a number of museum exhibitions and collections. The
National Museum of Natural History's
2080:
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the content of several more, ranging from skeptical to fascinated and continuations of the joke. One reader, entomologist
713:
Prior to the publication of Leigh
Chadwick's English translation, an abbreviated version ran in the April 1967 edition of
1823:
1278:
Lyons, Richard D. (17 May 1967). "The Origin of a Fabulous Species: The Origin of a Most Fabulous Species, the Snouter".
1895:
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993:
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1186:
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871:
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1989:
132:
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archipelago's highest peak, 2,230 m (7,320 ft), was on its main island, Hiddudify (Hy-dud-dye-fee).
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celebrated the discovery of "a completely new animal world". Timothy E. Lawlor's widely read textbook
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1941:
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includes an entry for Rhinogradentia that does not acknowledge its fictional nature. The East German
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niches in the archipelago — from tiny worm-like beings to large herbivores and predators.
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1725:
Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Achmadi, Anang Setiawan; Handika, Heru; Rowe, Kevin (September 2015).
896:"Development of Biology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (University of Karlsruhe)"
1887:
1555:
960:"Curiosities: The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades by Dr. Harald StĂĽmpke (1967)"
685:
63:
1903:
1808:
1512:
848:, another fictional group of animals introduced as a tool for understanding phylogenetics
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wrote a seemingly serious review which extended the hoax in a 1963 issue of the journal
2186:
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1415:
650:
128:
81:
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Many rhinogrades used their nose for locomotion, for example the "snout leapers" like
2211:
2176:
2166:
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1957:
1444:
936:
187:
1520:
753:, authors Kashkina & Bukashkina claim to have discovered two new marine genera:
224:
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1218:
1210:
1190:
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printed several letters to the editor in its June–July issue, and conveyed to the
278:. Some species used their nasorium for catching food, for example by using it to
2196:
1997:
1708:"Hyorhinomys stuempkei: New Genus, Species of Shrew Rat Discovered in Indonesia"
1671:
1215:"When snouters attack (or ... rhinogradentians part II) – Tetrapod Zoology"
1167:
309:
StĂĽmpke's book classifies 138 species of rhinograde in the following fictitious
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109:
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959:
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67:
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1933:
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78:
44:
31:
1727:"A hog-nosed shrew rat (Rodentia: Muridae) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia"
700:
17:
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lists them as an order of mammal, noting that their existence is doubted.
566:
513:
Anatomie et Biologie des Rhinogrades — Un Nouvel Ordre de Mammifères
259:-like animal, which gradually evolved and diversified to fill most of the
805:
614:
589:
528:
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247:
acting over millions of years in the remote Hy-yi-yi islands. All the 14
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wrote that the order "is not a poetic invention, but has really lived".
1863:
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1353:
774:
543:
279:
260:
48:
186:
According to StĂĽmpke, Rhinogradentia were native to Hy-yi-yi, a small
112:
they inhabited sank into the ocean due to nearby atomic bomb testing.
1609:"Les rhinogrades à l'honneur au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle"
1481:
1369:""You must be joking!" Pranks, Jokes, and other Silliness in Science"
1241:
Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story
899:
538:(Trans. Leigh Chadwick). Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press.
275:
239:
74:
1345:
1332:
Lewin, Ralph A. (April 1983). "Humor in the Scientific Literature".
932:"Zoology's Favorite Hoax Was an Island Rat That Hopped on Its Nose"
898:. Karlsruher Institut fĂĽr Technologie. 10 July 2015. Archived from
274:, which flew backwards by flapping its ears and used its nose as a
1765:. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016
782:
699:
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310:
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or to attract and trap insects. Other species included the fierce
256:
223:
70:
38:
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sp. -- a New Member of the Order Nose-Walkers (Rhinogradentia)".
646:
93:
1812:
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ran a story about the snouters on the front page, based on the
1590:"Le nasoperforator : un mammifère unique mangeur de bois"
814:
Three real species have been named after Steiner and StĂĽmpke:
645:
Rhinogradentia is considered one of the best known biological
270:, whose nasorium was used for jumping, or the "earwings" like
1036:. Translated by Elisabeth Lauffer. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
574:
Bikōri: atarashiku-hakken-sareta-honyūrui-no-kōzō-to-seikatsu
796:
of rhinogrades have also been included in an exhibit at the
139:, where he occupied the department chair from 1962 to 1973.
1187:"At last, the rhinogradentians (part I) – Tetrapod Zoology"
100:
Harald StĂĽmpke, who is credited as author of the 1961 book
1672:"Mix and Match Anatomy: Chimeras, Jenny Hanivers and More"
1310:
Pereda Superbiola, Xabier; Bardet, Nathalie (Fall 1998).
1442:
Simons, Paul (December 22–29, 1983). "Science Jokers".
830:, a shrew rat also known as the Sulawesi snouter, and
551:
I Rinogradi di Harald StĂĽmpke e la zoologia fantastica
1417:
Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals
690:
Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals
656:
Following the publication of the French translation,
553:(Trans. Achaz von Hardenberg). Padua: Franco Muzzio.
1140:. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
1138:"Caminalcules, Snouters and Other Unusual Creatures"
2159:
2048:
1925:
1914:
1847:
992:. Translated by Leigh Chadwick. Chicago, Illinois:
773:in France announced the discovery of a wood-eating
1414:
985:
1459:
1457:
1455:
30:"Snouter" redirects here. For the dog breed, see
1783:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1536:New Parasitic Species of Colonial Rhinogradentia
1163:"Nasobem - Schneuzender Schniefling - Forschung"
709:, a real species of shrew rat named for StĂĽmpke
599:StĂĽmpke's Rhinogradentia: Versuch einer Analyse
1295:Morgenstern, Christian (1905). "Das Nasobēm".
988:The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
536:The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades
106:The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades
1824:
1312:"El arca de Noé de los seres extraordinarios"
8:
863:– an older biological hoax, a fictional bird
1371:. University College London. Archived from
757:and an as yet unnamed parasitic taxon. The
1922:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1655:. University of Strasbourg. Archived from
1388:"La asombrosa historia de los Rhinogrades"
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1068:"La Asombrosa Historia de los Rhinogrades"
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
979:
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802:Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg
800:, and in the permanent collections of the
53:Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg
1742:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1131:
1129:
1061:
1059:
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47:of a rhinograde, using its "nasorium" to
1670:Hutchinson, John R. (3 September 2012).
1571:"Nasoperforator, le mammifère "termite""
1327:
1325:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1974:Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
887:
220:Biological characteristics and behavior
1776:
1551:
1541:
1136:Gendron, Robert P. (31 October 2010).
761:announced a new species discovered in
515:(Trans. Robert Weill). Paris: Masson.
1607:Chevalier, Mathilde (12 April 2012).
1066:Gemidopoulos, Nikos (17 March 2016).
7:
1763:Animalia — Etymology of animal names
1386:Sabater, Valeria (7 November 2015).
930:Imbler, Sabrina (3 September 2019).
781:, with a rotating nose resembling a
601:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
492:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
104:(translated into English in 1967 as
1238:Gehring, Walter J. (January 1998).
1513:10.1023/b:rumb.0000025994.99593.a7
771:National Museum of Natural History
759:Max Planck Institute for Limnology
721:American Museum of Natural History
639:National Museum of Natural History
25:
1501:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
798:Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel
751:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
137:Technical University of Karlsruhe
84:. Members of the order, known as
1588:Ferard, Emiline (4 April 2012).
1299:. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer Verlag.
1110:Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia
490:Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia
102:Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia
1421:. Eureka, CA: Mad River Press.
182:Discovery and study at Hy-yi-yi
1653:Musée Zoologique de Strasbourg
1569:Dumas, Cecile (1 April 2012).
1464:StĂĽmpke, Harald (April 1967).
877:Pacific Northwest tree octopus
719:, a magazine published by the
572:Shutyunpuke, Hararuto (1997).
1:
1112:. Stuttgart: Fischer Verlag.
964:Fantasy & Science Fiction
1538:. Vol. 30. p. 150.
1074:(in Spanish). Archived from
860:Eoörnis pterovelox gobiensis
694:Liberal Democratic Newspaper
2057:Natural History of an Alien
1633:(in French). Archived from
1627:"Des animaux et des hommes"
1413:Lawlor, Timothy E. (1979).
994:University of Chicago Press
597:Geeste, Karl D. S. (1988).
27:Fictitious order of mammals
2254:
958:Webster, Bud (June 2003).
872:Lists of fictional species
633:, a genus "discovered" on
549:Pandolfi, Massimo (1992).
299:auf seinen Nasen schreitet
204:In the late 1950s, nearby
29:
1690:"Rhinogradentia steineri"
1495:Kashkina, M. I. (2004). "
1108:StĂĽmpke, Harald (1961) .
92:, are characterized by a
1676:What's in John's Freezer
1649:"Le Reniflard chuintant"
984:StĂĽmpke, Harald (1981).
836:, the Tate's shrew rat.
534:StĂĽmpke, Harald (1967).
511:StĂĽmpke, Harald (1962).
488:StĂĽmpke, Harald (1957).
168:Harald StĂĽmpke's account
133:University of Heidelberg
1072:Escapando de la Caverna
833:Tateomys rhinogradoides
817:Rhinogradentia steineri
255:descended from a small
206:nuclear weapons testing
167:
2218:Fictional insectivores
1744:10.1093/jmammal/gyv039
710:
658:George Gaylord Simpson
642:
284:Tyrannonasus imperator
251:and 189 known snouter
235:
210:United States military
56:
2238:Speculative evolution
1896:The Flight of Dragons
1841:speculative evolution
1246:Yale University Press
1030:Ohl, Michael (2018).
827:Hyorhinomys stuempkei
706:Hyorhinomys stuempkei
703:
629:
576:. Tokyo: Hakuhinsha.
227:
148:Christian Morgenstern
42:
1731:Journal of Mammalogy
1694:Encyclopedia of Life
1659:on 12 February 2007.
1637:on 18 February 2003.
1078:on 11 September 2016
199:prisoner-of-war camp
2137:Primeval: New World
1594:Gentside DĂ©couverte
853:Codex Seraphinianus
479:Publication history
268:Hopsorrhinus aureus
229:Hopsorrhinus aureus
77:invented by German
2097:The Future Is Wild
2065:The Future Is Wild
1872:Last and First Men
1631:Musée de Neuchâtel
1575:Sciences et Avenir
1534:Bukashkina, V. V.
1281:The New York Times
1248:. pp. 30–32.
1171:. 24 January 1962.
726:The New York Times
711:
643:
236:
57:
2233:Hoaxes in science
2223:Fictional mammals
2205:
2204:
2155:
2154:
2014:The World of Kong
1950:The New Dinosaurs
1919:
1839:Notable works of
1714:. 6 October 2015.
1284:. pp. 1, 28.
1244:. New Haven, CT:
1144:on 2 August 2012.
1033:The Art of Naming
1003:978-0-226-77895-2
902:on 6 October 2015
763:Großer Plöner See
521:978-2-10-005449-7
16:(Redirected from
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2081:Extraterrestrial
1982:Future Evolution
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1856:The Time Machine
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867:Fictitious entry
767:April Fools' Day
651:scientific jokes
635:April Fools' Day
238:Rhinogrades are
233:Museum Wiesbaden
117:April Fools' Day
62:is a fictitious
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736:Natural History
731:Natural History
716:Natural History
686:Erich von Holst
637:in 2012 by the
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2038:All Yesterdays
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2018:
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2009:(2003–present)
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2001:(2003–present)
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1918:(1981–present)
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1795:External links
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1507:(2): 148–150.
1487:
1466:"The Snouters"
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1375:on 2014-08-31.
1359:
1340:(4): 266–268.
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681:Zoology Primer
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135:and later the
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60:Rhinogradentia
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2022:All Tomorrows
2019:
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2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
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1958:Man After Man
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777:-like genus,
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457:
455:
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439:Rhinosiphonia
437:
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434:Rhinolimacius
432:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
2228:1950s hoaxes
2172:Dougal Dixon
2145:Alien Worlds
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2089:Alien Planet
2087:
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2055:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2006:Ology series
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1904:Dragon's Egg
1902:
1894:
1886:
1880:The Snouters
1879:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1665:
1657:the original
1652:
1643:
1635:the original
1630:
1621:
1615:(in French).
1612:
1602:
1596:(in French).
1593:
1583:
1577:(in French).
1574:
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1529:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1473:
1469:
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1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1394:(in Spanish)
1392:Supercurioso
1391:
1381:
1373:the original
1362:
1337:
1333:
1316:El Esceptico
1315:
1305:
1297:Galgenlieder
1296:
1290:
1279:
1240:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1219:ScienceBlogs
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1191:ScienceBlogs
1177:
1166:
1142:the original
1109:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1032:
987:
963:
953:
941:. Retrieved
935:
906:29 September
904:. Retrieved
900:the original
890:
858:
851:
846:Caminalcules
831:
825:
815:
813:
789:
787:
778:
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750:
748:
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724:
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693:
689:
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676:Rolf Siewing
668:
661:
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630:
598:
573:
550:
535:
512:
489:
482:
474:
469:Tyrannonasus
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
444:Rhinostentor
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
404:Orchidiopsis
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
369:Hopsorrhinus
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
334:Corbulonasus
333:
328:
324:Cephalanthus
323:
319:Archirrhinos
318:
308:
298:
295:The Nasobame
294:
292:
287:
283:
271:
267:
265:
237:
228:
203:
196:
185:
171:
157:
153:The Nasobame
151:
141:
126:
114:
105:
101:
89:
85:
59:
58:
36:
2197:H. G. Wells
2140:(2012–2013)
2116:(2007–2011)
1998:Dragonology
1867:(1912–1948)
1848:Early works
1804:(in French)
1613:Linternaute
1552:|work=
1497:Dendronasus
1476:(4): 8–14.
1367:Cain, Joe.
1168:Der Spiegel
794:taxidermies
755:Dendronasus
449:Rhinotaenia
424:Remanonasus
414:Phyllohopla
364:Holorrhinus
344:Eledonopsis
191:archipelago
175:Michael Ohl
162:Bud Webster
158:Das Nasobēm
110:archipelago
86:rhinogrades
18:Rhinogrades
2212:Categories
2192:Peter Ward
2121:Terra Nova
2105:Dinosapien
2049:Television
2030:Greenworld
1966:Expedition
1926:Literature
1759:"Tateomys"
1334:BioScience
1255:0300074093
1224:2014-07-12
1196:2014-07-12
883:References
822:snout moth
744:Alice Gray
672:Wulf Ankle
641:in France.
454:Rhinotalpa
399:Nudirhinus
384:Mammontops
374:Larvanasus
349:Emunctator
339:Dulcicauda
329:Columnifax
288:Mammontops
261:ecological
123:Background
98:naturalist
1990:Evolution
1942:Galápagos
1934:After Man
1554:ignored (
1544:cite book
1482:2246/6474
1398:30 August
1082:28 August
1038:MIT Press
567:875787215
409:Otopteryx
379:Liliopsis
359:Hexanthus
272:Otopteryx
245:evolution
214:ecosystem
94:nose-like
79:zoologist
51:, at the
45:taxidermy
32:Schnauzer
2129:Mermaids
2113:Primeval
1779:cite web
1769:17 March
1712:Sci News
1521:42790315
840:See also
806:Salzburg
804:and the
615:28345723
590:76500640
529:46829688
506:65616734
394:Nasobema
249:families
146:poem by
144:nonsense
90:snouters
1864:Barsoom
1354:1309040
775:termite
663:Science
253:species
240:mammals
208:by the
188:Pacific
75:mammals
68:extinct
43:A mock
2148:(2020)
2132:(2012)
2124:(2011)
2108:(2007)
2100:(2007)
2092:(2005)
2084:(2005)
2076:(2004)
2068:(2002)
2060:(1998)
2041:(2012)
2033:(2010)
2025:(2006)
2017:(2005)
1993:(2002)
1985:(2001)
1977:(2001)
1969:(1990)
1961:(1990)
1953:(1988)
1945:(1985)
1937:(1981)
1907:(1980)
1899:(1979)
1891:(1976)
1883:(1961)
1875:(1930)
1859:(1895)
1519:
1448:: 949.
1425:
1352:
1252:
1116:
1044:
1000:
943:5 July
647:hoaxes
622:Legacy
613:
605:
588:
580:
565:
557:
544:436148
542:
527:
519:
504:
496:
464:Stella
311:genera
305:Genera
276:rudder
73:-like
1517:S2CID
1350:JSTOR
783:drill
765:. On
740:Times
257:shrew
71:shrew
64:order
1785:link
1771:2018
1556:help
1423:ISBN
1400:2016
1250:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1084:2016
1042:ISBN
998:ISBN
945:2020
908:2014
820:, a
649:and
611:OCLC
603:ISBN
586:OCLC
578:ISBN
563:OCLC
555:ISBN
540:OCLC
525:OCLC
517:ISBN
502:OCLC
494:ISBN
280:fish
49:fish
1739:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
