1193:
1302:
1133:
773:
1370:
1868:
1330:, meaning that when individuals are calling, they are producing sound more than 30% of the time. The use of high duty, constant-frequency echolocation aids in distinguishing prey items based on size. These echolocation characteristics are typical of bats that search for moving prey items in cluttered environments full of foliage. They echolocate at particularly high frequencies for bats, though not as high as hipposiderids relative to their body sizes, and the majority concentrate most of the echolocation energy into the second harmonic. The
820:
582:
67:
865:
1527:. This causes the interval between fertilization and birth to vary between two and three months. Gestation takes approximately seven weeks before a single offspring is born, called a pup. Individuals reach sexual maturity by age two. While lifespans typically do not exceed six or seven years, some individuals may have extraordinarily long lives. A greater horseshoe bat individual was once banded and then rediscovered thirty years later.
690:
1361:. This allows them to produce and receive sounds simultaneously. Within horseshoe bats, there is a negative relationship between ear length and echolocation frequency: Species with higher echolocation frequencies tend to have shorter ear lengths. During echolocation, the ears can move independently of each other in a "flickering" motion characteristic of the family, while the head simultaneously moves up and down or side to side.
1212:, earning them the common name of "horseshoe bats". The horseshoe is above the upper lip and is thin and flat. The lancet is triangular, pointed, and pocketed, and points up between the bats' eyes. The sella is a flat, ridge-like structure at the center of the nose. It rises from behind the nostrils and points out perpendicular from the head. Their ears are large and leaf-shaped, nearly as broad as they are long, and lack
892:
912:
728:
42:
800:
285:, weighing 4â28 g (0.14â0.99 oz), with forearm lengths of 30â75 mm (1.2â3.0 in) and combined lengths of head and body of 35â110 mm (1.4â4.3 in). The fur, long and smooth in most species, can be reddish-brown, blackish, or bright orange-red. They get their common name from their large
1989:
During the period from 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in bats, forty-five in horseshoe bats. Thirty SARS-related coronaviruses were from
Chinese rufous horseshoe bats, nine from greater horseshoe bats, two from big-eared horseshoe bats, two from the least horseshoe
4327:
Yuan J, Hon CC, Li Y, Wang D, Xu G, Zhang H, Zhou P, Poon LL, Lam TT, Leung FC, Shi Z. Intraspecies diversity of SARS-like coronaviruses in
Rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of SARS coronaviruses in humans. J Gen Virol. 2010 Apr;91(Pt 4):1058â62. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.016378-0.
1321:
Horeshoe bats have very small eyes and their field of vision is limited by their large nose-leafs; thus, vision is unlikely to be a very important sense. Instead, they use echolocation to navigate, employing some of the most sophisticated echolocation of any bat group. To echolocate, they produce
1554:
to conserve energy. During torpor, their body temperature drops to as low as 16 °C (61 °F) and their metabolic rates slow. Torpor is employed by horseshoe bats in temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions. Torpor has a short duration; when torpor is employed consistently for days,
1413:
may catch prey in their uropatagia and transfer it to their mouths, horseshoe bats do not use their uropatagia to catch prey. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, has been documented catching prey in the tip of its wing by bending the phalanges around it, then transferring it to its
1239:
while still in utero, with the teeth resorbed into the body. They are born with the four permanent canine teeth erupted, which enables them to cling to their mothers. This is atypical among bat families, as most newborns have at least some milk teeth at birth, which are quickly replaced by the
1183:
on their chests. Adult females additionally have two teat-like projections on their abdomens, called pubic nipples or false nipples, which are not connected to mammary glands. Only a few other bat families have pubic nipples, including
Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and
2059:(MRV), including a type 1 MRV isolated from the lesser horseshoe bat and a type 2 MRV isolated from the least horseshoe bat. The specific MRVs found in horseshoe bats have not been linked to human infection, though humans can become ill through exposure to other MRVs. The
2216:. It is also used as a purported treatment for baldness and partial paralysis. In Senegal, there are anecdotal reports of horseshoe bats being used in potions to treat mental illness; in Vietnam, a pharmaceutical company reported using 50 t (50,000 kg) of horseshoe bat
1346:) are examples of outlier species that concentrate energy into the first harmonic rather than the second. Their highly furrowed nose-leafs likely assist in focusing the emission of sound, reducing the effect of environmental clutter. The nose-leaf in general acts like a
1680:, including Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. The greater horseshoe bat has the greatest geographic range of any horseshoe bat, occurring across Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, and southern Asia. Other species are much more restricted, like the
1696:, and foliage. They occur in both forested and unforested habitat, with the majority of species occurring in tropical or subtropical areas. For the species that hibernate, they select caves with an ambient temperature of approximately 11 °C (52 °F).
2029:. Research on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 indicates that bats were the natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. It is yet unclear how the virus was transmitted to humans, though an intermediate host may have been involved. It was once believed to be the
297:
to detect prey in areas of high environmental clutters. They hunt insects and spiders, swooping down on prey from a perch, or gleaning from foliage. Little is known about their mating systems, but at least one species is monogamous, while another is
1160:), weighs 16.5â28 g (0.58â0.99 oz). Fur color is highly variable among species, ranging from blackish to reddish brown to bright orange-red. The underparts are paler than the back fur. The majority of species have long, soft fur, but the
533:. The species have been frequently rearranged among the groups as new groups are added, new species are described, and relationships among species are revised. Fifteen species groups were given by Csorba and colleagues in 2003. Various
4447:
Evidence from the sequence analyses clearly indicates that the reservoir host of the virus was a bat, probably a
Chinese or Intermediate horseshoe bat, and it is probable that, like SARS-CoV, an intermediate host was the source of the
473:
and associated genera as part of
Rhinolophidae as recently as the early 2000s, though they are now most often recognized as a separate family. After the split into Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, further divisions were proposed for
1409:. The other strategy is known as perch feeding: Individuals roost on feeding perches and wait for prey to fly past, then fly out to capture it. Foraging usually occurs 5.0â5.9 m (16.5â19.5 ft) above the ground. While
253:
and many species groups. The most recent common ancestor of all horseshoe bats lived 34â40 million years ago, though it is unclear where the geographic roots of the family are, and attempts to determine its
1981:
likely harbored the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV in humans. Though horseshoe bats appeared to be the natural reservoir of SARS-related coronaviruses, humans likely became sick through contact with infected
1547:, though the sexes remain together all year in others. Individuals hunt solitarily. Because their hind limbs are poorly developed, they cannot scuttle on flat surfaces nor climb adeptly like other bats.
620:
of horseshoe bats is poorly understood. Various studies have proposed that the family originated in Europe, Asia, or Africa. A 2010 study supported an Asian or
Oriental origin of the family, with rapid
1441:. These factors give them increased agility, and they are capable of making quick, tight turns at slow speeds. Relative to all bats, horseshoe bat wingspans are typical for their body sizes, and their
1401:, and employ two main foraging strategies. The first strategy is flying slow and low over the ground, hunting among trees and bushes. Some species who use this strategy are able to hover over prey and
635:, both Eurasian species, are more closely related to African species than to other Eurasian species, suggesting that rhinolophids may have a complex biogeographical relationship with Asia and the
1393:. In comparing the two families, horseshoe bats have lower aspect ratios, lower wing loading, larger wing areas, and rounder wing tips. Molossids are adapted for fast, less maneuverable flight.
2654:
Amador, L. I.; Arévalo, R. L. M.; Almeida, F. C.; Catalano, S. A.; Giannini, N. P. (2018). "Bat systematics in the light of unconstrained analyses of a comprehensive molecular supermatrix".
1722:
318:
3739:
Mikula, Peter; Morelli, Federico; LuÄan, Radek K.; Jones, Darryl N.; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective: Predation of bats by diurnal birds".
3355:
Huihua, Zhao; Shuyi, Zhang; Mingxue, Zuo; Jiang, Zhou (2003). "Correlations between call frequency and ear length in bats belonging to the families
Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae".
1477:
The mating systems of horseshoe bats are poorly understood. A review in 2000 noted that only about 4% of species had published information about their mating systems; along with the
1144:. Individuals have a head and body length ranging 35â110 mm (1.4â4.3 in) and have forearm lengths of 30â75 mm (1.2â3.0 in). One of the smaller species, the
2109:: only 8% of insectivorous species are hunted for food, compared to half of all megabat species in the Old World tropics. Horseshoe bats are hunted for food, particularly in
1481:(Molossidae), they had received the least attention of any bat family relative to their species diversity. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, appears to have a
5864:
322:
1543:, forming aggregations of thousands of individuals. The majority of species are moderately social. In some species, the sexes segregate annually when females form
1276:, all of their toes have three phalanges. This distinguishes them from hipposiderids, which have two phalanges in all toes. The tail is completely enclosed in the
3114:
5916:
4530:
Guo, Wen-Ping; Lin, Xian-Dan; Wang, Wen; Tian, Jun-Hua; Cong, Mei-Li; Zhang, Hai-Lin; Wang, Miao-Ruo; Zhou, Run-Hong; Wang, Jian-Bo; Li, Ming-Hui; Xu, Jianguo;
1911:
3227:
Stoffberg, Samantha; Jacobs, David S.; MacKie, Iain J.; Matthee, Conrad A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of
Rhinolophus bats".
2708:
Stoffberg, Samantha; Jacobs, David S.; MacKie, Iain J.; Matthee, Conrad A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of
Rhinolophus bats".
1235:, but the middle lower premolars are often missing, as well as the anterior upper premolars (premolars towards the front of the mouth). The young lose their
2208:; the oil is ready when it gives off a distinct and unpleasant smell. Traditional medicinal uses of the bat oil include removing "earbugs", reported to be
3869:
Ancillotto, L.; Venturi, G.; Russo, D. (2019). "Presence of humans and domestic cats affects bat behaviour in an urban nursery of greater horseshoe bats (
4143:
1715:
4348:
Boni, Maciej F.; Lemey, Philippe; Jiang, Xiaowei; Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; Perry, Blair W.; Castoe, Todd A.; Rambaut, Andrew; Robertson, David L. (2020).
2509:"Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago"
5838:
2075:
known from southern India. Kyasanur Forest disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, and has a mortality rate of 2â10%.
5877:
4739:
2878:"Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): Expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics"
1208:. The nose-leafs are important in species identification, and are composed of several parts. The front of the nose-leaf resembles and is called a
396:
is credited as the first to recognize horseshoe bats as a separate family, using
Rhinolophidae in 1836. While Bell is sometimes recognized as the
4055:"Gastrointestinal digeneans (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of horseshoe and vesper bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) in Serbia"
469:
further divided the hipposiderids from the horseshoe bats in 1907, recognizing Hipposideridae as a distinct family. Some authors have considered
3005:
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum, (Natural History): The orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia
3916:
Sharifi, Mozafar; Taghinezhad, Najmeh; Mozafari, Fatema; Vaissi, Somaye (2013). "Variation in ectoparasite load in the Mehely's horseshoe bat,
1220:
of the ears are conspicuous. Their eyes are very small. The skull always has a rostral inflation, or bony protrusion on the snout. The typical
1184:
Rhinopomatidae; they serve as attachment points for their offspring. In a few horseshoe bat species, males have a false nipple in each armpit.
4606:
4166:
3094:
501:, doing so in 1905. Species groups are a way of clustering species to reflect evolutionary relationships. He recognized six species groups:
3389:"Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation"
192:
3163:
Hermanson, J. W.; Woods, C. A.; Howell, K. M. (1982). "Dental ontogeny in the Old World leaf-nosed bats (Rhinolophidae, Hipposiderinae)".
3141:
2319:
Like all cave-roosting bats, cave-roosting horseshoe bats are vulnerable to disturbance of their cave habitats. Disturbance can include
2961:
4248:
2876:
Demos, Terrence C.; Webala, Paul W.; Goodman, Steven M.; Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C.; Bartonjo, Michael; Patterson, Bruce D. (2019).
1503:
in the fall, while other species mate in the spring. Many horseshoe bat species have the adaptation of delayed fertilization through
4471:
3664:
3550:
3525:
3211:
2781:
2491:
2438:
1965:
tested positive for the virus. The bats' viruses were highly similar to SARS-CoV, with 88â92% similarity. Intraspecies diversity of
4018:
Kotti, B. K. (2018). "Distribution and Specificity of Host-Parasite Associations of Fleas (Siphonaptera) in the Central Caucasus".
1555:
weeks, or months, it is known as hibernation. Hibernation is used by horseshoe bats in temperate regions during the winter months.
367:
169:
3834:
Ancillotto, Leonardo; Serangeli, Maria Tiziana; Russo, Danilo (2013). "Curiosity killed the bat: Domestic cats as bat predators".
2507:
Taylor, Peter J.; Stoffberg, Samantha; Monadjem, Ara; Schoeman, Martinus Corrie; Bayliss, Julian; Cotterill, Fenton P. D. (2012).
5968:
3614:"Hibernation and Torpor in Tropical and Subtropical Bats in Relation to Energetics, Extinctions, and the Evolution of Endothermy"
2830:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from peninsular Malaysia: Description of a new species based on genetic and morphological characters"
5176:
2772:
Happold, M.; Cotterill, F. P. D. (2013). Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
1519:
does not implant into the uterine wall for an extended period of time. The greater horseshoe bat has the adaptation of delayed
1326:
echolocation, horseshoe bats use constant-frequency echolocation (also known as single-frequency echolocation). They have high
4100:
Spassky, 1994 (Eucestoda: Hymenolepididae) from China, with description of a new species in bats (Chiroptera:: Rhinolophidae)"
5895:
5662:
2798:
2566:
2015:
1850:
627:
5882:
5118:
1087:
772:
5903:
5587:
5517:
5340:
5098:
5088:
4998:
2080:
1446:
1310:
5557:
4948:
1946:
1738:
306:
is approximately seven weeks and one offspring is produced at a time. A typical lifespan is six or seven years, but one
3048:, is known from the Miocene of Europe (Heller 1936; Sigb and Legendre 1983; Hand 1984; cf. Simpson 1945 and Hall 1989)
1903:
5890:
5760:
5747:
5058:
4861:
4732:
3767:
1165:
494:
465:, additionally proposing the subfamilies Phyllorhininae (for the hipposiderids) and Rhinolophinae. American zoologist
249:, family Hipposideridae, which have sometimes been included in Rhinolophidae. The horseshoe bats are divided into six
5567:
5286:
5159:
4958:
2170:
1063:
66:
1192:
5817:
5651:
5597:
5577:
5467:
5400:
5390:
5236:
5018:
4878:
4831:
2178:
2146:
2079:, a kind of hantavirus, has been detected in the intermediate horseshoe bat, Chinese rufous horseshoe bat, and the
2026:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1954:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1374:
5921:
1020:
may be undersampled in the Afrotropical realm, with one genetic study estimating that there could be up to twelve
5830:
5668:
5631:
5625:
5607:
5507:
5410:
5380:
5324:
5313:
5196:
5068:
5028:
5008:
1462:
1454:
1339:
397:
1539:
are seen in horseshoe bats. Some species are solitary, with individuals roosting alone, while others are highly
5447:
5360:
5226:
4872:
4053:
Horvat, Ćœ.; Äabrilo, B.; PaunoviÄ, M.; KarapandĆŸa, B.; JovanoviÄ, J.; Budinski, I.; BjeliÄ Äabrilo, O. (2017).
3428:
Webster, Frederic A.; Griffin, Donald R. (1962). "The role of the flight membranes in insect capture by bats".
1974:
1382:
1079:
5206:
4918:
4908:
2824:
Volleth, Marianne; Loidl, Josef; Mayer, Frieder; Yong, Hoi-Sen; MĂŒller, Stefan; Heller, Klaus-Gerhard (2015).
1415:
1071:
4643:
4376:
1511:
species, the sperm storage timing coincides with hibernation. Other species like Lander's horseshoe bat have
5477:
5421:
5266:
5246:
5038:
4821:
4811:
2977:
2300:
2138:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2025:
In the market in Wuhan where the SARS-CoV-2 was detected, 96% had a similarity to a virus isolated from the
1938:
1884:
1770:
1039:
466:
393:
5996:
5700:
5547:
5350:
5170:
5048:
4938:
4725:
3541:
Gaisler, J. (2013). Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
1579:
may hunt them as well. A 2019 study near a colony of bats in central Italy found that 30% of examined cat
1116:
1055:
622:
401:
5942:
5641:
5303:
5297:
5276:
5186:
5108:
5078:
4978:
4968:
4898:
4888:
4851:
4841:
2306:
2278:
2122:
2114:
1914:. From 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in horseshoe bats. In 2019, a
1754:
1681:
1438:
1197:
1153:
307:
186:
5765:
4409:"COVID-19: A novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: What we know and what we don't"
1926:. Genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 showed that it was highly similar to viruses found in horseshoe bats.
392:
subdivided Vespertilionidae into subfamilies, including what he called Rhinolophina. English zoologist
5973:
5960:
1624:
1469:), have particularly large total wing area, though most horseshoe bat species have average wing area.
5786:
5537:
5487:
5457:
5370:
5330:
5256:
5216:
5153:
5142:
5136:
4988:
4202:
3843:
3693:
3400:
3115:"Morphology, function, and phylogenetic significance of pubic nipples in bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera)"
2889:
2605:
2520:
2154:
2060:
1872:
1646:
1634:
1504:
1323:
1161:
1145:
458:
434:
358:
314:
208:
49:
4589:
Mildenstein, T.; Tanshi, I.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine".
2076:
1485:
mating system where males attempt to establish and defend territories, attracting multiple females.
600:
lived an estimated 34â40 million years ago, splitting from the hipposiderid lineage during the
5497:
5427:
4350:"Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic"
2162:
1930:
1786:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1406:
1347:
1265:
1006:(containing all descendants of a common ancestor). As of 2019, there were 106 described species in
299:
290:
1656:
1301:
5738:
5527:
5437:
4928:
4655:
4612:
4512:
4389:
4076:
4035:
3945:
3898:
3816:
3490:
3180:
2851:
2681:
2294:
2288:
2110:
2100:
1512:
1331:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
in the region. Additionally, some taxa recognized as full species have been found to have little
710:
651:
636:
333:
267:
259:
61:
3793:
293:; horseshoe bats have highly sophisticated echolocation, using constant frequency calls at high-
5947:
313:
Horseshoe bats are relevant to humans in some regions as a source of disease, as food, and for
5929:
5773:
5678:
5618:
5129:
4647:
4602:
4571:
4504:
4467:
4461:
4438:
4381:
4329:
4310:
4230:
4162:
4121:
4000:
3937:
3890:
3721:
3660:
3635:
3546:
3521:
3482:
3334:
3282:
3244:
3207:
3090:
3086:
2981:
2957:
2917:
2777:
2725:
2633:
2548:
2487:
2481:
2434:
2384:
2282:
2130:
1983:
1907:
1369:
1261:
1257:
819:
643:
400:
for Rhinolophidae, the authority is more often given as Gray, 1825. Horseshoe bats are in the
326:
5869:
3654:
1563:
Overall, bats have few natural predators. Horseshoe bat predators include birds in the order
1523:
development, meaning that growth of the embryo is conditionally delayed if the female enters
5934:
4639:
4594:
4561:
4551:
4531:
4496:
4428:
4420:
4371:
4361:
4300:
4290:
4220:
4210:
4154:
4111:
4066:
4027:
3990:
3980:
3929:
3882:
3851:
3808:
3768:"Bat predation by long-eared Owls in mediterranean and temperate regions of southern Europe"
3748:
3711:
3701:
3625:
3589:
3579:
3513:
3472:
3437:
3408:
3364:
3324:
3316:
3274:
3236:
3172:
3035:
2999:
2953:
2907:
2897:
2841:
2717:
2671:
2663:
2623:
2613:
2538:
2528:
2374:
2366:
1673:
1544:
1540:
1445:, which relate wingspan to wing area, are average or lower than average. Some species, like
1402:
815:
408:
389:
385:
150:
133:
3969:
n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), from bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae) in Vietnam"
2353:
Wang, Lin-Fa; Shi, Zhengli; Zhang, Shuyi; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan (2006).
4487:
Pattnaik, Priyabrata (2006). "Kyasanur forest disease: An epidemiological view in India".
2033:, but a July 2020 publication found no evidence of transmission from pangolins to humans.
1937:) was seropositive, the greater horseshoe bat tested positive for the virus only, and the
1689:
1564:
1500:
1478:
1269:
1021:
860:
685:
419:
263:
4717:
1495:(only 17 bat species are recognized as such as of 2000). Some species, particularly
4206:
3847:
3697:
3404:
2893:
2609:
2524:
2212:
that crawl into one's ears and gnaw at the brain, possibly a traditional explanation of
1204:
All horseshoe bats have large, leaf-like protuberances on their noses, which are called
581:
5825:
5812:
4785:
4566:
4539:
4535:
4433:
4408:
4305:
4278:
4225:
4190:
3995:
3964:
3716:
3681:
3517:
3329:
3304:
3203:
3039:
2912:
2877:
2543:
2508:
2379:
2354:
2312:
2030:
1628:. They are also affected by a variety of internal parasites (endoparasites), including
1358:
1221:
1103:
887:
864:
795:
768:
748:
450:
423:
415:
412:
404:
337:
246:
241:
5990:
5752:
4674:
4659:
4616:
4393:
4189:
Luk, Hayes K.H.; Li, Xin; Fung, Joshua; Lau, Susanna K.P.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. (2019).
3441:
3110:
3079:
2846:
2825:
2628:
2593:
2592:
Springer, M. S.; Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; De Jong, W. W. (2001).
2042:
1669:
1605:
1423:
1180:
586:
4516:
4080:
4039:
3963:
Hornok, SĂĄndor; Görföl, TamĂĄs; EstĂłk, PĂ©ter; Tu, Vuong Tan; KontschĂĄn, JenĆ (2016).
3902:
3820:
3494:
3003:
2855:
1350:, aiming the produced sound while simultaneously shielding the ear from some of it.
689:
4540:"Phylogeny and Origins of Hantaviruses Harbored by Bats, Insectivores, and Rodents"
4295:
3949:
2685:
2197:
2192:
people of Northeast India are reported to use the flesh of horseshoe bats to treat
1880:
1213:
1095:
1094:). Recognizing the former three as full species leaves Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat
1003:
723:
655:
617:
376:
255:
178:
4675:"Bats as materia medica: An ethnomedical review and implications for conservation"
2274:
had evaluated 94 species of horseshoe bat. They have the following IUCN statuses:
1867:
1426:. This is hypothesized as a response to a lack of diurnal avian (day-active bird)
911:
891:
5778:
4598:
4556:
4215:
4158:
3886:
3855:
3706:
3198:
Vaughan, T. (1970). "Chapter 3: The Skeletal System". In Wimsatt, W. (ed.).
2533:
625:
of the African and Oriental clades during the Oligocene. A 2019 study found that
5908:
5851:
5732:
3393:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
3240:
3140:
Hall, Leslie (1989). "Rhinolophidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B.J. (eds.).
2721:
2455:
2205:
2200:
of Nepal "almost certainly" use horseshoe bats, among other species, to prepare
2096:
1896:
1693:
1640:
1596:
1508:
1353:
Horseshoe bats have sophisticated senses of hearing due to their well-developed
1277:
1152:), weighs 4â10 g (0.14â0.35 oz), while one of the larger species, the
1132:
727:
647:
4630:
Tuladhar-Douglas, Will (2008). "The Use of Bats as Medicine Among the Newars".
3812:
3477:
3456:
3278:
1575:. Snakes may also prey on some species while they roost in caves, and domestic
799:
4366:
4349:
4031:
3985:
3933:
3457:"Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat,
3368:
2902:
2667:
2209:
2050:
2046:
1923:
1915:
1601:
1442:
1434:
1410:
1390:
1327:
1236:
665:
294:
275:
5723:
4651:
3486:
1515:, meaning that while fertilization occurs directly following copulation, the
5799:
2324:
1677:
1629:
1536:
1496:
1427:
1306:
1285:
1273:
1217:
1209:
1205:
609:
325:, though humans may face more exposure risk from intermediate hosts such as
303:
286:
271:
78:
4575:
4508:
4442:
4385:
4333:
4314:
4234:
4125:
4071:
4054:
4004:
3941:
3894:
3725:
3639:
3413:
3388:
3338:
3320:
3286:
3248:
2921:
2729:
2637:
2618:
2552:
2388:
2370:
1414:
mouth. While a majority of horseshoe bats are nocturnal and hunt at night,
41:
17:
2204:("bat oil"). Dead bats are rolled up and placed in tightly sealed jars of
1397:
Horseshoe bats are insectivorous, though consume other arthropods such as
1230:
1227:
5717:
4779:
4767:
4116:
4095:
3630:
3613:
3020:
2213:
1892:
1587:
1141:
613:
534:
282:
250:
98:
3794:"Snake predation on bats in Europe: New cases and a regional assessment"
3584:
3567:
3265:
Jones, G.; Teeling, E. (2006). "The evolution of echolocation in bats".
1115:
lived during the Lower Miocene and its fossilized remains were found in
344:
are used in traditional medicine in Nepal, India, Vietnam, and Senegal.
3594:
3508:
McCracken, Gary F.; Wilkinson, Gerald S. (2000). "Bat Mating Systems".
3184:
2676:
2328:
2189:
2106:
1651:
1568:
1354:
605:
3792:
Barti, Levente; PĂ©ter, Ăron; CsĆsz, IstvĂĄn; SĂĄndor, Attila D. (2019).
3752:
5856:
4773:
4761:
4696:
4191:"Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus"
2456:"An attempt at a division of the family Vespertilionidae into groups"
2193:
1614:
1551:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1398:
1281:
1249:
1012:
601:
570:
108:
88:
5843:
5694:
4500:
4424:
3176:
1264:âmaking a solid ring. This fusion is associated with the ability to
5804:
2594:"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation"
1491:, however, is among the few species of bat that are believed to be
262:
is complex, as genetic evidence shows the likely existence of many
5955:
4591:
Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World
4279:"A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus"
4151:
Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World
3920:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in a nursery colony in western Iran".
2320:
2217:
2196:. Ecological anthropologist Will Tuladhar-Douglas stated that the
1919:
1866:
1580:
1368:
1300:
1191:
1131:
580:
566:
341:
230:
1692:. They roost in a variety of places, including buildings, caves,
266:, as well as species recognized as distinct that may have little
3303:
Vanderelst, Dieter; Jonas, Reijniers; Herbert, Peremans (2012).
2271:
1966:
1619:
1609:
1591:
1437:(meaning they lave large wings relative to body mass), and high
604:. Fossilized horseshoe bats are known from Europe (early to mid-
5698:
4721:
1891:
Horseshoe bats are of particular interest to public health and
245:
has been recognized. Horseshoe bats are closely related to the
4791:
1576:
1572:
1280:(tail membrane), and the trailing edge of the uropatagium has
1253:
222:
118:
5791:
1986:, which were identified as intermediate hosts of the virus.
366:
was first described as a genus in 1799 by French naturalist
3028:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
565:. Informally, the rhinolophids can be split into two major
332:
They are hunted for food in several regions, particularly
289:, which are shaped like horseshoes. The nose-leafs aid in
4644:
10.2993/0278-0771(2008)28[69:TUOBAM]2.0.CO;2
2431:
Horseshoe Bats of the World: (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)
1010:, making it the second-most speciose genus of bat after
486:
in 1951, though both additional genera were returned to
317:. Several species are the natural reservoirs of various
3461:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia"
3021:"Phylogenetic analyses of the bat family Rhinolophidae"
1586:
Horseshoe bats have a variety of internal and external
270:
from previously recognized taxa. They are found in the
1672:
distribution, though some species are in the southern
1200:, showing the prominent rostral inflation on the snout
537:
have been proposed as well, with six listed by Csorba
56:) with blue metallic identification band on left wing
4463:
Bats and Human Health: Ebola, SARS, Rabies and Beyond
1507:. This is especially common in temperate species. In
1433:
They have especially small and rounded wingtips, low
612:), Australia (Miocene), and Africa (Miocene and late
321:, and data strongly suggests they are a reservoir of
3568:"Hibernation and daily torpor in Australian mammals"
3455:
Chua, Marcus A.H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (2018-12-19).
281:
Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium-sized
278:
areas, including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.
5707:
4800:
1906:, several animal species were examined as possible
1729:
3766:GarcĂa, A. M.; Cervera, F.; RodrĂguez, A. (2005).
3078:
2483:Classification of mammals: above the species level
1322:sound through their nostrils. While some bats use
998:Rhinolophidae is represented by one extant genus,
4377:20.500.11820/222bb9b9-2481-4086-bd22-f0b200930bef
2948:Geist, V.; Kleiman, D. G.; McDade, M. C. (2004).
1583:contained the remains of greater horseshoe bats.
1101:The second genus in Rhinolophidae is the extinct
1002:. Both the family and the genus are confirmed as
239:, which has about 106 species, the extinct genus
4249:"Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report"
3545:. Vol. 4. A&C Black. pp. 327â328.
2797:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005).
2776:. Vol. 4. A&C Black. pp. 300â303.
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2105:Microbats are not hunted nearly as intensely as
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2598:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
370:. Initially, all extant horseshoe bats were in
3680:Nyffeler, Martin; Knörnschild, Mirjam (2013).
3382:
3380:
3378:
1969:-like coronaviruses appears to have arisen in
1176:) are unusual in their very long, woolly fur.
1140:Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium
433:into other genera. In 1816, English zoologist
4733:
3298:
3296:
2982:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammal"
2950:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Mammals II
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
1590:. External parasites (ectoparasites) include
8:
4407:MacKenzie, John S.; Smith, David W. (2020).
4094:Makarikova, Ă. Ă.; Makarikov, A. A. (2012).
3158:
3156:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
2429:Csorba, G.; Ujhelyi, P.; Thomas, P. (2003).
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
497:was the first to propose species groups for
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2041:They are also associated with viruses like
1422:) is known to forage during the daytime on
569:: the mostly African clade, and the mostly
5695:
4740:
4726:
4718:
2486:. Columbia University Press. p. 305.
1887:, which is transmitted to humans by ticks.
1719:
1716:Investigations into the origin of COVID-19
1086:) all have little genetic divergence from
40:
31:
4565:
4555:
4432:
4375:
4365:
4304:
4294:
4224:
4214:
4115:
4070:
3994:
3984:
3715:
3705:
3629:
3607:
3605:
3593:
3583:
3476:
3412:
3387:Norberg, U. M.; Rayner, J. M. V. (1987).
3350:
3348:
3328:
2911:
2901:
2845:
2675:
2627:
2617:
2542:
2532:
2475:
2473:
2378:
4137:
4135:
3566:Geiser, Fritz; Körtner, Gerhard (2010).
3305:"The furrows of Rhinolophidae revisited"
3260:
3258:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2649:
2647:
1179:Like most bats, horseshoe bats have two
4343:
4341:
4142:Furey, Neil M.; Racey, Paul A. (2016).
3659:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
3135:
3133:
3131:
2340:
2113:. Species hunted in Africa include the
1922:, China, was linked to the outbreak of
1567:(hawks, eagles, and kites), as well as
1268:while stationary. Except for the first
461:returned all Asiatic horseshoe bats to
4466:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 155.
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
3309:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2348:
2346:
2344:
1721:Number of SARS-related coronaviruses (
1309:helps focus echolocation; pictured is
3229:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3019:Bogdanowicz, W.; Owen, R. D. (1992).
2710:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
650:placed the horseshoe bats within the
7:
5961:F84F2431-FFCD-A832-AB07-FE6AFE819BA7
5831:cf0f9a72-caa4-4633-86b8-01dccdd3dbc8
4153:. Springer, Cham. pp. 463â500.
3965:"Description of a new tick species,
3656:Bats: From Evolution to Conservation
3008:. Order of the Trustees. p. 13.
2480:McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (1997).
2153:), the Ruwenzori horseshoe bat, the
1136:Nose-leaf diagram of a horseshoe bat
4144:"Conservation Ecology of Cave Bats"
3618:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2805:(3rd ed.). Bucknell University
880:
853:
788:
761:
754:
744:
716:
706:
678:
671:
661:
596:The most recent common ancestor of
229:. In addition to the single living
4277:Shi, Zhengli; Hu, Zhihong (2008).
3040:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00164.x
2234: Critically endangered (1.1%)
2185:) is consumed in the Philippines.
457:in 1867. In 1876, Irish zoologist
25:
4195:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
3267:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2826:"Surprising Genetic diversity in
2177:) is consumed in Myanmar and the
3612:Geiser, F.; Stawski, C. (2011).
3518:10.1016/B978-012195670-7/50009-6
2847:10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.001
2053:. They have tested positive for
1453:), Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat,
1252:are fusedâthe presternum, first
910:
890:
863:
818:
798:
771:
726:
688:
374:, as well as the species now in
65:
5177:Philippine forest horseshoe bat
2952:. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.).
585:Upper and lower maxilla of the
449:in 1866; and German naturalist
4296:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.012
2656:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2220:each year for medicinal uses.
2067:) has tested seropositive for
2016:wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat
1910:of the causative coronavirus,
1851:Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat
1688:), which is only found on the
1600:, "bat flies" of the families
1256:, partial second rib, seventh
310:lived more than thirty years.
1:
5588:Little Nepalese horseshoe bat
5341:Formosan lesser horseshoe bat
5089:Formosan woolly horseshoe bat
4999:Little Japanese horseshoe bat
2081:little Japanese horseshoe bat
1929:After the SARS outbreak, the
1668:Horseshoe bats have a mostly
429:Attempts were made to divide
388:. In 1825, British zoologist
5558:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
4599:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12
4557:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003159
4216:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.001
4159:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_15
3887:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.003
3856:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.01.003
3707:10.1371/journal.pone.0058120
3653:Altringham, John D. (2011).
3510:Reproductive Biology of Bats
3442:10.1016/0003-3472(62)90056-8
2534:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744
2359:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2264: Data deficient (16.0%)
2252: Near-threatened (9.6%)
1947:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
1739:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
380:(roundleaf bats). At first,
258:have been indecisive. Their
5498:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
5119:Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat
5059:Mediterranean horseshoe bat
4862:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
4489:Reviews in Medical Virology
3241:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.021
2803:Mammal Species of the World
2722:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.021
2571:Mammal Species of the World
2258: Least concern (54.3%)
1990:bat, and one each from the
1531:Behavior and social systems
1473:Reproduction and life cycle
1088:Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat
368:Bernard Germain de LacépÚde
6013:
5652:Yellow-faced horseshoe bat
5598:Small rufous horseshoe bat
5578:Lesser brown horseshoe bat
5518:Shortridge's horseshoe bat
5468:Large rufous horseshoe bat
4832:Intermediate horseshoe bat
3813:10.1515/mammalia-2018-0079
3775:Journal of Raptor Research
3682:"Bat Predation by Spiders"
3478:10.1515/mammalia-2017-0128
3279:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001
3081:Walker's Bats of the World
2179:large rufous horseshoe bat
2094:
2027:intermediate horseshoe bat
1992:intermediate horseshoe bat
1803:Intermediate horseshoe bat
1713:
628:R. xinanzhongguoensis
356:
319:SARS-related coronaviruses
187:Vespertilio ferrum-equinum
5411:Large-eared horseshoe bat
5069:Broad-eared horseshoe bat
4949:Chiewkwee's horseshoe bat
4756:
4748:Extant species of family
4593:. Springer. p. 327.
4367:10.1038/s41564-020-0771-4
4256:World Health Organization
4032:10.1134/S0013873818090129
3986:10.1186/s13071-016-1608-0
3934:10.2478/s11686-013-0122-1
3871:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
3369:10.1017/S0952836902003199
3122:American Museum Novitates
3077:Nowak, Ronald M. (1994).
2903:10.1186/s12862-019-1485-1
2668:10.1007/s10914-016-9363-8
2355:"Review of Bats and SARS"
1961:) were both seropositive
1849:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1769:
1753:
1737:
1732:
1357:, and are able to detect
1340:large-eared horseshoe bat
905:
885:
878:
858:
851:
813:
793:
786:
766:
759:
752:
742:
721:
714:
704:
683:
676:
669:
247:Old World leaf-nosed bats
205:
200:
184:
177:
62:Scientific classification
60:
48:
39:
34:
5568:Smithers's horseshoe bat
5448:Peninsular horseshoe bat
5361:Mozambican horseshoe bat
5287:Marshall's horseshoe bat
5227:Mount Mabu horseshoe bat
5160:Imaizumi's horseshoe bat
4959:Geoffroy's horseshoe bat
4697:"Taxonomy=Rhinolophidae"
3044:The sole fossil genus,
2882:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2240: Endangered (13.8%)
2171:Marshall's horseshoe bat
2071:, which is a tick-borne
1975:homologous recombination
1676:. They are found in the
1499:species, have an annual
1383:European free-tailed bat
1381:) (top) compared to the
1297:Echolocation and hearing
1107:, with the type species
1080:Mount Mabu horseshoe bat
1064:Smithers's horseshoe bat
437:proposed the genus name
340:. Some species or their
274:, mostly in tropical or
54:Rhinolophus hipposideros
5478:Ruwenzori horseshoe bat
5401:Pearson's horseshoe bat
5391:Bourret's horseshoe bat
5267:Maendeleo horseshoe bat
5247:Big-eared horseshoe bat
5237:Maclaud's horseshoe bat
5099:RĂŒppell's horseshoe bat
5019:Darling's horseshoe bat
4879:Blasius's horseshoe bat
4812:Acuminate horseshoe bat
4632:Journal of Ethnobiology
4460:Beltz, Lisa A. (2017).
3973:Parasites & Vectors
2799:"Family Hipposideridae"
2246: Vulnerable (5.3%)
2147:Maclaud's horseshoe bat
2073:viral hemorrhagic fever
2069:Kyasanur Forest disease
2056:Mammalian orthoreovirus
2012:Aselliscus stoliczkanus
2008:Stoliczka's trident bat
2000:Blasius's horseshoe bat
1955:Pearson's horseshoe bat
1939:big-eared horseshoe bat
1904:2002â2004 SARS outbreak
1885:Kyasanur Forest disease
1835:Stoliczka's trident bat
1819:Blasius's horseshoe bat
1771:Big-eared horseshoe bat
1559:Predators and parasites
1447:RĂŒppell's horseshoe bat
1375:Pearson's horseshoe bat
1311:RĂŒppell's horseshoe bat
1113:Palaeonycteris robustus
1109:Palaeonycteris robustus
1054:may be synonyms of the
1040:Ruwenzori horseshoe bat
623:evolutionary radiations
591:Palaeonycteris robustus
467:Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.
5669:Dobson's horseshoe bat
5632:Thomas's horseshoe bat
5608:Swinny's horseshoe bat
5548:Bushveld horseshoe bat
5508:Shamel's horseshoe bat
5381:Osgood's horseshoe bat
5351:Timorese horseshoe bat
5314:Mehely's horseshoe bat
5197:Lander's horseshoe bat
5049:Eloquent horseshoe bat
5029:Decken's horseshoe bat
5009:Creagh's horseshoe bat
4939:Sulawesi horseshoe bat
4413:Microbiology Australia
4072:10.1515/helm-2017-0009
3414:10.1098/rstb.1987.0030
3321:10.1098/rsif.2011.0812
3085:. JHU Press. pp.
2619:10.1073/pnas.111551998
2567:"Family Rhinolophidae"
2460:The Zoological Journal
2371:10.3201/eid1212.060401
2169:). In Southeast Asia,
1888:
1700:Relationship to humans
1463:Swinny's horseshoe bat
1455:Lander's horseshoe bat
1394:
1359:Doppler-shifted echoes
1318:
1224:of a horseshoe bat is
1201:
1137:
1056:Bushveld horseshoe bat
698:(Most microbats)
593:
589:fossil horseshoe bat,
523:R. philippinensis
384:was within the family
348:Taxonomy and evolution
5943:Paleobiology Database
5663:R. xinanzhongguoensis
5642:Trefoil horseshoe bat
5304:Smaller horseshoe bat
5277:Malayan horseshoe bat
5207:Blyth's horseshoe bat
5187:Insular horseshoe bat
5109:Guinean horseshoe bat
5079:Greater horseshoe bat
4979:Andaman horseshoe bat
4969:Croslet horseshoe bat
4919:Cohen's horseshoe bat
4909:Canut's horseshoe bat
4899:Bornean horseshoe bat
4889:Bokhara horseshoe bat
4852:Arcuate horseshoe bat
4842:Halcyon horseshoe bat
4673:Riccucci, M. (2012).
3875:Behavioural Processes
2834:Acta Chiropterologica
2573:. Bucknell University
2279:Critically endangered
2123:Guinean horseshoe bat
2115:halcyon horseshoe bat
1870:
1755:Greater horseshoe bat
1705:As disease reservoirs
1682:Andaman horseshoe bat
1550:Horseshoe bats enter
1416:Blyth's horseshoe bat
1372:
1304:
1248:Several bones in its
1198:greater horseshoe bat
1195:
1158:R. ferrumequinum
1154:greater horseshoe bat
1135:
1092:R. hildebrandtii
1072:Cohen's horseshoe bat
584:
357:Further information:
308:greater horseshoe bat
5826:Fauna Europaea (new)
5538:Forest horseshoe bat
5488:Sakeji horseshoe bat
5458:Rufous horseshoe bat
5371:Neriad horseshoe bat
5331:Mitred horseshoe bat
5257:Madura horseshoe bat
5217:Woolly horseshoe bat
5143:Lesser horseshoe bat
5039:Dent's horseshoe bat
4989:Convex horseshoe bat
4822:Adam's horseshoe bat
4117:10.14411/fp.2012.038
4104:Folia Parasitologica
4020:Entomological Review
3572:Australian Zoologist
3512:. pp. 321â362.
3206:. pp. 103â136.
3165:Journal of Mammalogy
2986:North American Fauna
2956:. pp. 387â393.
2454:Gray, J. E. (1825).
2283:Hill's horseshoe bat
2155:forest horseshoe bat
2139:Hills' horseshoe bat
2131:Hill's horseshoe bat
2091:As food and medicine
2061:rufous horseshoe bat
1873:rufous horseshoe bat
1505:female sperm storage
1344:R. philippensis
1150:R. hipposideros
1146:lesser horseshoe bat
577:Evolutionary history
519:R. hipposideros
459:George Edward Dobson
435:William Elford Leach
359:List of rhinolophids
315:traditional medicine
209:List of rhinolophids
50:Lesser horseshoe bat
5679:Ziama horseshoe bat
5428:Least horseshoe bat
4354:Nature Microbiology
4207:2019InfGE..71...21L
3922:Acta Parasitologica
3918:Rhinolophus mehelyi
3848:2013MamBi..78..369A
3698:2013PLoSO...858120N
3585:10.7882/AZ.2010.009
3459:Rhinolophus lepidus
3405:1987RSPTB.316..335N
2894:2019BMCEE..19..166D
2610:2001PNAS...98.6241S
2525:2012PLoSO...741744T
2163:Ziama horseshoe bat
1971:Rhinolophus sinicus
1931:least horseshoe bat
1787:Least horseshoe bat
1726:
1488:Rhinolophus sedulus
1348:parabolic reflector
1324:frequency-modulated
1292:Biology and ecology
1117:Saint-GĂ©rand-le-Puy
658:to Hipposideridae.
642:A 2016 study using
507:R. megaphyllus
493:Danish mammalogist
5528:Thai horseshoe bat
5438:King horseshoe bat
4929:Cape horseshoe bat
4328:Epub 2009 Dec 16.
4258:. 11 February 2020
3631:10.1093/icb/icr042
3357:Journal of Zoology
3143:Fauna of Australia
2828:Rhinolophus luctus
2281:: 1 species (
2159:R. silvestris
2127:R. guineensis
2111:sub-Saharan Africa
2101:Human uses of bats
2020:Chaerephon plicata
1984:masked palm civets
1908:natural reservoirs
1889:
1720:
1545:maternity colonies
1535:Various levels of
1513:embryonic diapause
1395:
1332:king horseshoe bat
1319:
1202:
1138:
1048:R. gorongosae
1044:R. ruwenzorii
1031:Rhinolophus kahuzi
1026:genetic divergence
711:Yinpterochiroptera
652:Yinpterochiroptera
594:
334:sub-Saharan Africa
327:masked palm civets
268:genetic divergence
5984:
5983:
5930:Open Tree of Life
5701:Taxon identifiers
5692:
5691:
5415:R. philippinensis
5395:R. paradoxolophus
4608:978-3-319-25218-6
4532:Holmes, Edward C.
4360:(11): 1408â1417.
4168:978-3-319-25218-6
4096:"First report of
3836:Mammalian Biology
3753:10.1111/mam.12060
3543:Mammals of Africa
3399:(1179): 335â427.
3315:(70): 1100â1103.
3096:978-0-8018-4986-2
3000:Lydekker, Richard
2774:Mammals of Africa
2604:(11): 6241â6246.
2365:(12): 1834â1840.
2315:: 15 species
2309:: 51 species
2291:: 13 species
2175:R. marshalli
1865:
1864:
1725:) by bat species
1664:Range and habitat
1451:R. fumigatus
1387:Tadarida teniotis
1379:R. pearsonii
1365:Diet and foraging
1315:R. fumigatus
1262:thoracic vertebra
1258:cervical vertebra
1084:R. mabuensis
1068:R. smithersi
1062:). Additionally,
1060:R. simulator
1052:R. rhodesiae
995:
994:
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
840:
839:
831:
830:
353:Taxonomic history
216:
215:
173:
154:
137:
27:Family of mammals
16:(Redirected from
6004:
5977:
5976:
5964:
5963:
5951:
5950:
5938:
5937:
5925:
5924:
5912:
5911:
5909:NHMSYS0000376161
5899:
5898:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5872:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5833:
5821:
5820:
5808:
5807:
5795:
5794:
5782:
5781:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5755:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5696:
5626:R. thailandensis
5325:R. microglobosus
5083:R. ferrumequinum
4742:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4536:Zhang, Yong-Zhen
4527:
4521:
4520:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4436:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4379:
4369:
4345:
4336:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4218:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4026:(9): 1342â1350.
4015:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3436:(3â4): 332â340.
3430:Animal Behaviour
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3149:. AGPS Canberra.
3148:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3084:
3074:
3051:
3050:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2945:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2734:
2733:
2705:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2426:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2350:
2321:mining bat guano
2303:: 9 species
2297:: 5 species
2270:As of 2023, the
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2151:R. maclaudi
2143:R. hillorum
2085:R. cornutus
1959:R. pearsoni
1943:R. macrotis
1935:R. pusillus
1860:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1686:R. cognatus
1674:Palearctic realm
1625:Rhinolophopsylla
1479:free-tailed bats
1272:, which has two
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1174:R. beddomei
1168:horseshoe bats (
914:
894:
881:
867:
854:
822:
816:Craseonycteridae
802:
789:
775:
762:
755:
745:
730:
717:
707:
692:
679:
672:
662:
531:R. arcuatus
527:R. macrotis
441:; Gray proposed
409:Craseonycteridae
390:John Edward Gray
386:Vespertilionidae
168:
149:
132:
70:
69:
44:
32:
21:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5967:
5959:
5954:
5946:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5920:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5894:
5889:
5881:
5876:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5829:
5824:
5816:
5811:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5777:
5772:
5764:
5759:
5751:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5703:
5693:
5688:
5147:R. hipposideros
5123:R. hildebrandti
4973:R. coelophyllus
4873:R. belligerator
4796:
4752:
4746:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4609:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4550:(2): e1003159.
4529:
4528:
4524:
4501:10.1002/rmv.495
4486:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4425:10.1071/MA20013
4406:
4405:
4401:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4326:
4322:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4169:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3967:Ixodes collaris
3962:
3961:
3957:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3200:Biology of Bats
3197:
3196:
3192:
3177:10.2307/1380461
3162:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3076:
3075:
3054:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2929:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2737:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:. Alana Books.
2428:
2427:
2396:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2301:Near threatened
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2119:R. alcyone
2103:
2095:Main articles:
2093:
2043:orthoreoviruses
2039:
1996:R. affinis
1951:R. sinicus
1895:as a source of
1861:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1733:No. SARSr-CoVs
1718:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1690:Andaman Islands
1666:
1647:Prosthodendrium
1635:Lecithodendrium
1565:Accipitriformes
1561:
1533:
1501:breeding season
1475:
1467:R. swinnyi
1459:R. landeri
1430:on the island.
1420:R. lepidus
1367:
1299:
1294:
1246:
1240:permanent set.
1226:
1225:
1190:
1130:
1125:
1076:R. cohenae
1022:cryptic species
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
861:Rhinonycteridae
841:
832:
686:Yangochiroptera
579:
555:Indorhinolophus
511:R. lepidus
503:R. simplex
484:Rhinomegalophus
480:Rhinolphyllotis
420:Rhinonycteridae
361:
355:
350:
264:cryptic species
196:
190:
167:
148:
131:
64:
35:Horseshoe bats
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5965:
5952:
5939:
5926:
5913:
5900:
5887:
5874:
5861:
5848:
5835:
5822:
5813:Fauna Europaea
5809:
5796:
5783:
5770:
5757:
5744:
5729:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5666:
5659:
5649:
5646:R. trifoliatus
5639:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5522:R. shortridgei
5515:
5505:
5495:
5492:R. sakejiensis
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5422:R. proconsulis
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5365:R. mossambicus
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5321:
5311:
5308:R. megaphyllus
5301:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5204:
5194:
5184:
5174:
5167:
5157:
5150:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4953:R. chiewkweeae
4946:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4829:
4819:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:Laurasiatheria
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4688:
4685:(16): 249â270.
4665:
4622:
4607:
4581:
4544:PLOS Pathogens
4522:
4495:(3): 151â165.
4479:
4472:
4452:
4399:
4337:
4320:
4283:Virus Research
4269:
4240:
4174:
4167:
4131:
4110:(4): 272â278.
4086:
4059:Helminthologia
4045:
4010:
3955:
3928:(2): 180â184.
3908:
3861:
3842:(5): 369â373.
3826:
3807:(6): 581â585.
3784:
3758:
3747:(3): 160â174.
3731:
3672:
3665:
3645:
3624:(3): 337â348.
3601:
3578:(2): 204â215.
3558:
3551:
3533:
3526:
3500:
3447:
3420:
3374:
3363:(2): 189â195.
3344:
3292:
3273:(3): 149â156.
3254:
3219:
3212:
3204:Academic Press
3190:
3171:(3): 527â529.
3152:
3127:
3111:Simmons, N. B.
3102:
3095:
3052:
3046:Palaeonycteris
3011:
2991:
2969:
2963:978-0787657895
2962:
2927:
2861:
2816:
2789:
2782:
2735:
2691:
2643:
2584:
2558:
2499:
2492:
2469:
2446:
2439:
2394:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2317:
2316:
2313:Data deficient
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2202:CikÄ LÄpa Wasa
2092:
2089:
2077:Longquan virus
2065:R. rouxii
2038:
2035:
2031:Sunda pangolin
2004:R. blasii
1902:Following the
1877:R. rouxii
1863:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1665:
1662:
1632:of the genera
1560:
1557:
1532:
1529:
1474:
1471:
1405:them from the
1389:), which is a
1366:
1363:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1245:
1242:
1222:dental formula
1189:
1188:Head and teeth
1186:
1181:mammary glands
1170:R. luctus
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1104:Palaeonycteris
993:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
971:
970:
966:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
952:
948:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
935:
934:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
917:
916:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
888:Hipposideridae
884:
879:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
857:
852:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
824:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
796:Megadermatidae
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
769:Rhinopomatidae
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
749:Rhinolophoidea
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
720:
715:
713:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
660:
633:R. nippon
578:
575:
563:Rhinophyllotis
451:Wilhelm Peters
424:Rhinopomatidae
416:Megadermatidae
413:Hipposideridae
405:Rhinolophoidea
354:
351:
349:
346:
338:Southeast Asia
242:Palaeonycteris
225:in the family
219:Horseshoe bats
214:
213:
212:
211:
203:
202:
198:
197:
191:
182:
181:
175:
174:
160:
156:
155:
143:
139:
138:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6009:
5998:
5997:Rhinolophidae
5995:
5994:
5992:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5753:Rhinolophidae
5749:
5745:
5740:
5739:Rhinolophidae
5734:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5709:Rhinolophidae
5706:
5702:
5697:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5673:R. yunanensis
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:R. silvestris
5539:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5482:R. ruwenzorii
5479:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5261:R. madurensis
5258:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:R. indorouxii
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5113:R. guineensis
5110:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4943:R. celebensis
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4903:R. borneensis
4900:
4897:
4894:
4893:R. bocharicus
4890:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:R. acuminatus
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4750:Rhinolophidae
4743:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4473:9781119150046
4469:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3781:(4): 445â453.
3780:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:Mammal Review
3735:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:(3): e58120.
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3666:9780191548727
3662:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3552:9781408189962
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3527:9780121956707
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3213:9780323151191
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:Palmer, T. S.
2973:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2817:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2783:9781408189962
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:(9): e41744.
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2493:9780231528535
2489:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2440:9780953604913
2436:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:Least concern
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2183:R. rufus
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:R. ziama
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:R. hilli
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:Other viruses
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1897:coronaviruses
1894:
1886:
1882:
1879:) has tested
1878:
1874:
1869:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1710:Coronaviruses
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Paleotropical
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:of the genus
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:of the genus
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:of the genus
1611:
1607:
1606:Nycteribiidae
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:in the genus
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:aspect ratios
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:Tioman Island
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1286:cartilaginous
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1196:Skull of the
1194:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:lesser woolly
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
990:
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
919:
918:
915:
913:
909:
908:Rhinolophidae
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
893:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
866:
862:
856:
855:
849:
848:
845:
844:
836:
835:
827:
826:
823:
821:
817:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
801:
797:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
774:
770:
764:
763:
757:
756:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
735:
734:
731:
729:
725:
719:
718:
712:
709:
708:
702:
701:
697:
696:
693:
691:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:mitochondrial
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
588:
587:Lower Miocene
583:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:R. midas
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Knud Andersen
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:, along with
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
360:
352:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:Rhinolophidae
224:
220:
210:
207:
206:
204:
199:
194:
189:
188:
183:
180:
176:
171:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
146:Rhinolophinae
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
129:Rhinolophidae
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5708:
5682:
5672:
5661:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5624:
5617:
5611:
5601:
5592:R. subbadius
5591:
5581:
5572:R. smithersi
5571:
5561:
5552:R. simulator
5551:
5541:
5532:R. siamensis
5531:
5521:
5511:
5501:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5461:
5452:R. robinsoni
5451:
5441:
5431:
5420:
5414:
5405:R. pearsonii
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5345:R. monoceros
5344:
5334:
5323:
5317:
5307:
5298:R. mcintyrei
5296:
5291:R. marshalli
5290:
5281:R. malayanus
5280:
5271:R. maendeleo
5270:
5260:
5250:
5240:
5231:R. mabuensis
5230:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5169:
5164:R. imaizumii
5163:
5152:
5146:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5112:
5103:R. fumigatus
5102:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5032:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4871:
4865:
4855:
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5241:R. maclaudi
5191:R. keyensis
5154:R. huananus
5137:R. hillorum
5093:R. formosae
5073:R. euryotis
5053:R. eloquens
5033:R. deckenii
5023:R. darlingi
5003:R. cornutus
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4963:R. clivosus
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4866:R. beddomei
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4803:Rhinolophus
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4262:15 February
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2206:mustard oil
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2097:Bat as food
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1336:R. rex
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1278:uropatagium
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1008:Rhinolophus
1000:Rhinolophus
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648:nuclear DNA
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598:Rhinolophus
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382:Rhinolophus
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295:duty cycles
276:subtropical
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164:Rhinolophus
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1630:trematodes
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1493:monogamous
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1266:echolocate
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1237:milk teeth
1206:nose-leafs
1128:Appearance
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300:polygynous
287:nose-leafs
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5582:R. stheno
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