175:
361:
348:
ostracism, and social avoidance. Despite the lack of official leaders, there are influential community members that shape others' behavior beyond the confines of their houses or villages. Such leaders have often been those with great personal capacities as well as those with many relatives. In recent years, young men who are familiar with
Western society and have responded well to contact have also been influential.
264:
759:
413:
53:
48:
42:
305:
is aimed to interact with external agencies and provide a more unified voice for
Ribaktsa people. It is run by representatives from all Ribaktsa internal territorial sub-groups. The Ribaktsa have invested heavily in education; there are 20 village schools run by indigenous teachers, many of whom have participated in recent teacher training promoted by the
37:
426:
arrow, at age eleven or twelve, his nose is pierced during the ceremony of the maize and he receives his second name. At this point, the boy may spend time in the men's house, where he learns about ceremonies, myths, traditional medicine, and flute-playing, and assumes more household and village responsibilities.
425:
Boys are given their "child" name at birth. Starting when he is between three and five years old, he starts hunting with his father and being taught about hunting, animals, and local geography. By age eight or ten, boys can make and use their own bow and arrows. Once a boy has mastered the bow and
433:
Shortly after these rituals, or after marriage, the young man receives his third, "adult" name. Today, ear-piercing is not necessary for a young man to receive his adult name, so long as he is old enough and knowledgeable enough. Some men also change their names again later in life as they achieve
403:
For the
Rikbaktsa, music, rituals, and traditional dress have served as a unifying element in the face of contact with the outside world. Hunting, fishing, gathering, and agriculture are ritualized with ceremonies throughout the year. The two largest ceremonies are the January green maize ceremony
343:
Reciprocity is the most important factor in
Rikbaktsa political relations. Women are exchanged among clans for marriage, and goods and labour are offered to other clans. Breaks in reciprocity among subgroups often cause divisions between Rikbaktsa subgroups, which is influential in determining the
304:
In recent years, the decentralized structure of
Rikbaktsa society has proved an obstacle to joint undertakings to preserve Rikbaktsa land and culture. To counteract this, the Ribaktsa created the Associação Indígena Rikbaktsa (Rikbaktsa Indigenous Association), or Asirik, in 1995. The organization
396:
Oral story-telling and myth are important to the
Rikbaktsa. The Rikbaktsa believe in reincarnation, and that future incarnations are dependent on the life one led. The virtuous may be reincarnated as human beings or night monkeys (which are never hunted by the Rikbaktsa), while the villainous are
459:
of natural resources is transmitted between generations and among group members freely; this, combined with the abundance of resources in the rain forest, allows for egalitarianism within the tribe. Each residence, which consists of a man, his wife, his single sons, his daughters (both single and
347:
Traditionally, the
Rikbaktsa have had no chiefs, and each domestic group theoretically is its own political unit. (Centralized leadership structures imposed on the Rikbaktsa by missionaries were unsuccessful.) Without centralized leadership, social control is maintained primarily through gossip,
292:
exerted its protective influence. While the mission continued to pressure the
Rikbaktsa toward acculturation, they nonetheless provided the minimum physical necessities for the Rikbaktsa's recovery. Since the late 1970s, the Rikbaktsa have attempted to recover their traditional territory, and in
442:
Girls traditionally had their noses pierced around age 12, though today some
Rikbaktsa practice this and others do not. At this age, girls take "forest medicine" to reduce the pain that will be felt when they give birth later. Traditionally, fathers decided when their daughters would have their
283:
reduced the
Rikbaktsa population by three quarters. As a result, they lost the majority of their land, and most Rikbaktsa children were taken to be raised alongside other indigenous children at a Jesuit boarding school nearly 200 km away from their homes. The tribe's remaining adults were
252:
in the late 1940s that the first historical references to Rikbaktsa people appeared. The Rikbaktsa, who were known for their hostile relations with nearly every neighboring indigenous group, initially resisted the presence of rubber gatherers. The Rikbaktsa were finally "pacified" by rubber
429:
Traditionally, when the boy is capable of hunting large animals and is knowledgeable about traditional ceremonies, around age 14 or 15, he would have his ears pierced in a ritual celebration. This now-obsolete rite marked the boys' transition into manhood and eligibility for marriage.
297:. During this time, population growth stalled somewhat, which may be partially attributed to the struggle for Japuíra, during which food production and health services lagged. After 1987, increased access to resources and health services assistance from the Anchieta Mission and the
443:
faces tattooed in a ceremony, after which they are considered women and eligible for marriage, though, this ritual of passage is no longer practiced. Following nose piercing and perhaps tattooing and her wedding, a woman is entitled to receive a new name to replace her child name.
460:
married), his sons-in-law, and his grandchildren, generally produces and consumes its own food. Cooperation among a larger group occurs only during agricultural rituals and a few other occasions, but is complemented by a system of reciprocal kinship relationships.
344:
distance of villages from their neighbors. While there were serious pre-contact rivalries between Rikbaktsa of various rivers, their present-day struggle for survival has encouraged group cohesion as well as, on occasion, alliances with other indigenous societies.
430:
Traditionally, the young man would then participate in a warring expedition against neighboring tribes. However, this tradition has also been abandoned; today, young men instead actively participate in the tribe's recovery and maintenance of their territory.
334:
Most Rikbaktsa can speak both Rikbaktsa and Portuguese. Younger individuals tend to speak Portuguese more frequently and fluently than their elders, but older individuals generally struggle with Portuguese and use it only with non-indigenous Brazilians.
284:
progressively moved from their villages to larger villages administered by Jesuit missionaries. After the 1968 demarcation of the Erikbaktsa Indigenous Land on one tenth of the tribe's original territory, children began to return to their home villages.
244:
Though scientific, commercial, and strategic expeditions have visited the region surrounding the Rikbaktsa since the 17th century, they stayed on the waterways and did not venture into the forests in which the Rikbaktsa lived. It was not until
150:), the group's self-denomination, can be translated as "the human beings". Variant spellings include Ricbacta, Erikbaktsa, Erigpaktsa, Erigpagtsá, Erigpactsa, Erikbaktsá, Arikpaktsá, and Aripaktsá. Locally, they are also called
287:
During the 1970s, missionaries increasingly recognized indigenous peoples' right to their own culture and to self-determination. This period also saw the start of the Rikbaktsa's population recovery, as the
228:
Today, they have rights to three Indigenous Lands: Erikbaktsa (79,935 hectares, demarcated in 1968), Japuíra (152,509 hectares, demarcated in 1986), and Escondido (168,938 hectares, demarcated in 1998).
467:
agriculture, where ½–2 hectare planting fields are cleared by fire every 2 or 3 years. Old fields are generally left fallow and eventually retaken by the forest. The Rikbaktsa regularly plant rice,
260:
between 1957 and 1962, when they stopped resisting the planters. After 1962, the rubber-extraction, timber, mining, and agricultural industries encroached on the Rikbaktsa's traditional territory.
404:
and the May forest-clearing ceremony. Ceremonies often involve body paint, feather ornaments, flute-playing of traditional songs, and the performance of mythical stories and recent fights.
397:
reincarnated as dangerous animals like jaguars or poisonous snakes. However, the Rikbaktsa believe that all organisms were once human and that they were transformed into animals for good.
747:
400:
Sickness is seen as resulting from the breaking of taboos, from spells, or from poisoning by enemies. Rikbaktsa traditional medicine uses plant matter and ritual purification.
237:
There are no pre-20th century historical references to the Rikbaktsa, and there have been no archeological studies to date their occupation of their traditional lands. However,
527:
309:
state government. As of 1998, the Rikbaktsa were trying to find a health assistance partner. Formerly, the Anchieta Mission trained indigenous nurses and
740:
241:, geographic references in their myths, and their detailed knowledge of nearby flora and fauna suggest that they have lived on the land for some time.
1960:
725:
720:
1955:
733:
483:, bananas, peanuts, sugarcane, and pumpkin. On occasion limes, oranges, tangerines, pineapple, mangoes, and other fruits are also planted.
298:
763:
116:
1522:
1131:
874:
163:
202:
1811:
1371:
1225:
1052:
1869:
1437:
1141:
505:
698:
632:
592:
575:
456:
612:
328:
310:
558:
289:
1887:
1807:
854:
781:
707:
678:
654:
1600:
1214:
522:
257:
206:
91:
716:
222:
1950:
1745:
1595:
322:
87:
20:
1859:
1695:
1690:
1625:
1151:
1146:
1831:
1823:
1758:
1660:
1590:
1462:
1452:
1322:
451:
Though agriculture is central to the timing of tribal life, the Rikbaksta consider themselves
331:
language. As in other indigenous languages, word endings indicate the gender of the speaker.
301:, population recovery continued at a rapid pace. As of 2001, there were 909 Rikbaktsa people.
214:
1457:
294:
1895:
1849:
1680:
1670:
1650:
1570:
1565:
1480:
1391:
1204:
1161:
1090:
1022:
987:
254:
1921:
1900:
1675:
1620:
1414:
1284:
476:
452:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1605:
1542:
1105:
174:
1768:
1720:
1685:
1640:
1580:
1274:
1251:
1171:
1037:
1002:
982:
957:
464:
246:
360:
1944:
1905:
1783:
1705:
1700:
1665:
1645:
1615:
1610:
1498:
1442:
1419:
1409:
1095:
1057:
1027:
947:
922:
849:
844:
816:
480:
198:
1841:
1715:
1241:
927:
917:
793:
263:
238:
218:
187:
806:
327:
The native language of the Rikbaktsa, called either Rikbaktsa or Erikbaktsa, is a
1557:
1429:
1337:
1304:
1220:
1196:
1166:
1032:
992:
977:
937:
907:
826:
811:
306:
249:
194:
179:
120:
1725:
1655:
1490:
1472:
1342:
1111:
1085:
1067:
887:
801:
276:
210:
190:
1256:
1186:
1753:
1447:
1314:
1294:
1236:
1136:
972:
821:
272:
1854:
1630:
1547:
1327:
1121:
1100:
967:
892:
412:
52:
47:
41:
1730:
1534:
1401:
1332:
1299:
1231:
1156:
1062:
1012:
1007:
932:
902:
882:
836:
280:
1877:
1735:
1710:
1347:
1279:
1266:
1209:
1176:
1077:
1042:
997:
912:
864:
859:
468:
271:
During the pacification process and the subsequent years, epidemics of
103:
36:
1635:
1585:
1246:
1181:
1126:
1116:
1047:
1017:
952:
942:
897:
767:
758:
124:
75:
1575:
1383:
1289:
962:
472:
173:
155:
158:
People), alluding to their aptitude in canoe use, or—more rarely—
1804:
1519:
1368:
778:
729:
355:
213:
in the north. Their territory was bounded on the west by the
416:
A young Rikbaktsa man competes at Brazil's Indigenous Games
178:
The Rikbaktsa's territory is within the Brazilian state of
197:. Their traditional territory spanned 50,000 km² of
372:
1914:
1886:
1868:
1840:
1822:
1744:
1556:
1533:
1489:
1471:
1428:
1400:
1382:
1313:
1265:
1195:
1076:
873:
835:
792:
655:"Rikbaktsa: Views about diseases, life, and death."
97:
81:
69:
59:
741:
559:"Rikbaktsa: Location and history of contact."
162:(Wooden Ears), alluding to their practice of
8:
683:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
659:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
637:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
617:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
597:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
580:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
563:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
528:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
510:Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
29:
685:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
661:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
639:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
619:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
599:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
565:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
531:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
512:. Instituto Socioambiental (November 1998).
1819:
1801:
1530:
1516:
1379:
1365:
789:
775:
748:
734:
726:
28:
411:
262:
649:
647:
645:
492:
721:National Museum of the American Indian
673:
671:
669:
667:
607:
605:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
627:
625:
500:
498:
496:
267:Rikbaktsa historical population trend
7:
70:Regions with significant populations
447:Subsistence and economic activities
293:1985 they regained control of the
14:
633:"Rikbaktsa: Political structure."
16:Indigenous ethnic group in Brazil
1961:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
757:
359:
51:
46:
40:
35:
593:"Rikbaktsa: Present situation."
1:
1956:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
582:. Instituto Socioambiental.
201:basin, stretching from the
1977:
1806:Indigenous peoples of the
1521:Indigenous peoples of the
1370:Indigenous peoples of the
780:Indigenous peoples of the
576:"Rikbaktsa: Introduction."
320:
299:Fundação Nacional do Índio
186:The Rikbaktsa live in the
18:
1818:
1800:
1529:
1515:
1378:
1364:
788:
774:
102:
86:
74:
64:
34:
712:Instituto Socioambiental
703:Instituto Socioambiental
679:"Rikbaktsa: Life cycle."
506:"Rikbaktsa: Population."
434:a higher social status.
164:enlarging their earlobes
217:and on the east by the
117:indigenous ethnic group
613:"Rikbaktsa: Language."
455:rather than farmers.
417:
339:Political organization
268:
183:
19:For the language, see
677:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
653:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
631:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
611:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
591:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
574:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
557:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
521:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
504:Arruda, Rinaldo S.V.
457:Traditional knowledge
415:
266:
177:
205:in the south to the
1523:Central-West Region
708:Social Organization
392:Beliefs and culture
352:Social organization
166:with wooden plugs.
31:
1746:Mato Grosso do Sul
764:Indigenous peoples
523:"Rikbaktsa: Name."
463:The Rikbaktsa use
418:
371:. You can help by
323:Rikbaktsa language
311:practical dentists
269:
250:came to the region
184:
21:Rikbaktsa language
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1812:Southeast Regions
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
717:Rikbaktsa artwork
479:, beans, cotton,
389:
388:
253:planter–financed
109:
108:
1968:
1820:
1802:
1531:
1517:
1380:
1372:Northeast Region
1366:
790:
776:
762:
761:
750:
743:
736:
727:
686:
675:
662:
651:
640:
629:
620:
609:
600:
589:
583:
572:
566:
555:
532:
519:
513:
502:
453:hunter-gatherers
408:Rites of passage
384:
381:
363:
356:
290:Anchieta Mission
247:rubber gatherers
146:, human being +
60:Total population
55:
50:
44:
39:
32:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1910:
1882:
1864:
1836:
1814:
1788:
1740:
1552:
1525:
1503:
1485:
1467:
1424:
1396:
1374:
1352:
1309:
1261:
1191:
1072:
869:
831:
784:
770:
756:
754:
695:
690:
689:
676:
665:
652:
643:
630:
623:
610:
603:
590:
586:
573:
569:
556:
535:
520:
516:
503:
494:
489:
449:
440:
423:
410:
394:
385:
379:
376:
369:needs expansion
354:
341:
325:
319:
235:
172:
133:
45:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:Santa Catarina
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1824:Espírito Santo
1816:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Guarani-Kaiowá
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1463:Gavião-Pykobjê
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1252:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
796:
786:
785:
779:
772:
771:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
724:
723:
714:
705:
694:
693:External links
691:
688:
687:
663:
641:
621:
601:
584:
567:
533:
514:
491:
490:
488:
485:
465:slash-and-burn
448:
445:
439:
436:
422:
419:
409:
406:
393:
390:
387:
386:
366:
364:
353:
350:
340:
337:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
239:oral histories
234:
231:
215:Aripuanã River
203:Papagaio River
171:
168:
160:Orelhas de Pau
132:
129:
107:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
84:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:White Indians
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
876:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
728:
722:
718:
715:
713:
709:
706:
704:
700:
697:
696:
692:
684:
680:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
588:
585:
581:
577:
571:
568:
564:
560:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
518:
515:
511:
507:
501:
499:
497:
493:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
458:
454:
446:
444:
437:
435:
431:
427:
420:
414:
407:
405:
401:
398:
391:
383:
374:
370:
367:This section
365:
362:
358:
357:
351:
349:
345:
338:
336:
332:
330:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
302:
300:
296:
291:
285:
282:
278:
274:
265:
261:
259:
256:
251:
248:
242:
240:
232:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Tapajós River
209:on the upper
208:
207:Augusto Falls
204:
200:
199:Juruena River
196:
193:of northwest
192:
189:
181:
176:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
73:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
22:
1842:Minas Gerais
1601:Enawene Nawe
1543:Avá-Canoeiro
1152:Suruí (Pará)
782:North Region
711:
702:
682:
658:
636:
616:
596:
587:
579:
570:
562:
526:
517:
509:
462:
450:
441:
432:
428:
424:
402:
399:
395:
377:
373:adding to it
368:
346:
342:
333:
326:
303:
286:
270:
258:missionaries
243:
236:
227:
223:Peixes River
219:Arinos River
185:
159:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
112:
110:
26:Ethnic group
1596:Cinta Larga
1558:Mato Grosso
1221:Cinta Larga
993:Pira-tapuya
983:Parintintín
307:Mato Grosso
221:, near the
195:Mato Grosso
191:rain forest
182:(pictured).
180:Mato Grosso
142:, person +
138:(Rikbaktsa
121:Mato Grosso
65:1600 (2020)
1945:Categories
1915:Widespread
1832:Tupiniquim
1726:Yawalapiti
1661:Nambikwara
1591:Chiquitano
1491:Pernambuco
1228:(Rondônia)
1217:(Rondônia)
277:chickenpox
123:region of
92:Portuguese
1951:Rikbaktsa
1888:São Paulo
1754:Chamacoco
1681:Rikbaktsa
1651:Munduruku
1481:Potiguara
1448:Guajajara
1438:Awá-Guajá
1315:Tocantins
1295:Wapishana
1237:Karitiana
1142:Parkatêjê
1137:Munduruku
1132:Kỳikatêjê
973:Munduruku
822:Machinere
807:Asháninka
699:Rikbaktsa
380:June 2008
273:influenza
152:Canoeiros
136:Rikbaktsa
119:from the
113:Rikbaktsa
88:Rikbaktsa
82:Languages
30:Rikbaktsa
1922:Kaingang
1901:Kaingang
1860:Xakriabá
1696:Tapirapé
1691:Tapayúna
1626:Kamayurá
1621:Kalapalo
1430:Maranhão
1415:Tabajara
1338:Tapirapé
1305:Ye'kuana
1300:Yanomami
1285:Patamona
1197:Rondônia
1167:Turiwára
1147:Parakanã
1063:Yanomami
1033:Turiwára
1013:Tenharim
933:Jamamadi
903:Barasana
883:Amahuaca
875:Amazonas
855:Karipuna
827:Yaminawá
812:Kaxinawá
329:Macro-Gê
317:Language
281:smallpox
170:Location
98:Religion
1878:Xokleng
1769:Kadiweu
1721:Xavante
1711:Umutina
1656:Nahukuá
1641:Kuikuro
1581:Bakairi
1473:Paraíba
1458:Krĩkatí
1453:Ka'apor
1348:Xerente
1343:Xambioá
1323:Apinajé
1280:Macushi
1275:Akawaio
1267:Roraima
1210:Akuntsu
1177:Wayampi
1172:Wai-wai
1112:Araweté
1086:Amanayé
1068:Zuruahã
1043:Wayampi
1038:Wai-wai
1003:Tariana
998:Siriano
913:Cambeba
888:Apurinã
865:Wayampi
860:Palikur
802:Apurinã
469:cassava
295:Japuíra
233:History
115:are an
104:Animism
1906:Terena
1896:Aimoré
1855:Kaxixó
1850:Aimoré
1784:Terena
1706:Trumai
1701:Terena
1676:Paresi
1671:Panará
1666:Paiter
1646:Matipu
1636:Kayapo
1631:Karajá
1616:Kaiabi
1611:Ikpeng
1586:Bororo
1571:Apiacá
1566:Aimoré
1548:Karajá
1499:Xukuru
1443:Canela
1420:Tapeba
1410:Kiriri
1392:Pataxó
1328:Karajá
1247:Paiter
1226:Gavião
1205:Aikanã
1182:Wayana
1162:Tiriyó
1127:Kayapo
1122:Karajá
1117:Atikum
1108:(Pará)
1101:Apiacá
1096:Aparai
1091:Anambé
1058:Witoto
1048:Wayana
1028:Tucano
1023:Tiriyó
1018:Ticuna
988:Pirahã
968:Matsés
953:Macuna
948:Kulina
943:Korubo
898:Baniwa
893:Banawá
850:Kalina
845:Aparai
817:Kulina
768:Brazil
279:, and
255:Jesuit
188:Amazon
125:Brazil
76:Brazil
1808:South
1779:Ofayé
1774:Mbayá
1764:Guató
1731:Yudjá
1716:Wauja
1606:Guató
1576:Aweti
1535:Goiás
1402:Ceará
1384:Bahia
1333:Krahô
1290:Pemon
1257:Wari’
1242:Kwaza
1232:Kanoê
1215:Arara
1157:Tembé
1106:Arara
1008:Tembé
963:Matis
928:Hupda
918:Cubeo
837:Amapá
487:Notes
481:urucu
473:maize
438:Women
156:Canoe
1810:and
1736:Zoró
1187:Zo'é
1078:Pará
978:Mura
958:Mawé
938:Juma
908:Bora
794:Acre
477:yams
131:Name
111:The
923:Dâw
766:of
681:In
657:In
635:In
615:In
595:In
578:In
561:In
525:In
508:In
421:Men
375:.
148:tsa
144:bak
140:rik
1947::
719:,
710:,
701:,
666:^
644:^
624:^
604:^
536:^
495:^
475:,
471:,
313:.
275:,
225:.
127:.
90:,
749:e
742:t
735:v
382:)
378:(
154:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
