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Conceived as a shortcut to animating, the rotoscope process proved time-consuming due to the precise and laborious nature of tracing. Rotoscoping is achieved by two methods, rear projection and front surface projection. In either case, the results can have slight deviations from the true line due to
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projector that he used in his popular lectures between 1880 and 1895. The first discs were painted on the glass in dark contours. Discs made between 1892 and 1894 had outlines drawn by Erwin Faber photographically printed on the disc and then colored by hand, but these discs were probably never used
195:
is more often used to achieve the same background replacement effect, as it is faster and requires less work in post production. Rotoscoping generally provides a higher level of accuracy and may be used in conjunction with Chroma-keying. It may also be used if the subject is not in front of a green
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the separation of the projected image and the surface used for tracing. Misinterpretations of the forms cause the line to wiggle, and the roto tracings must be reworked over an animation disc, using the tracings as a guide where consistency and solidity are important.
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755:(2006). Linklater licensed the same proprietary rotoscoping process for the look of both movies. Linklater was the first director to use digital rotoscoping to create an entire feature movie. Additionally, a 2005–08 advertising campaign by
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animated series (1918–1927). It was known simply as the "Fleischer
Process" on the early screen credits, and was essentially exclusive to Fleischer for several years. The live-movie reference for the character, later known as
272:
Rotoscoping has also been used to create a special visual effect (such as a glow, for example) that is guided by the matte or rotoscoped line. A classic use of traditional rotoscoping was in the original three
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source material. Viewers criticized the show's shortcuts in facial animation, its reuse of backgrounds, and the liberties it took with realism. Despite this, critics lauded the movie, and the website
257:
have made the process of layering subjects in scenes easier, rotoscoping still plays a large role in the production of visual effects imagery. Rotoscoping in the digital domain is often aided by
399:(1933). In these examples, the roto tracing was used as a guide for timing and positioning, while the cartoon characters of different proportions were drawn to conform to those positions.
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effect with a matte based on sticks held by the actors. To achieve this, effects technicians traced a line over each frame with the prop, then enlarged each line and added the glow.
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Fleischer ceased to depend on the rotoscope for fluid action by 1924, when Dick Huemer became the animation director and brought his animation experience from his years on the
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141:'s original rotoscope. The artist is drawing on a transparent easel, onto which the movie projector at the right is beaming an image of a single movie frame.
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in order to make the human characters' motions more realistic. The film went significantly over budget due to the complexity of the animation.
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Contemporary uses of the rotoscope and its inherent challenges have included surreal effects in music videos such as Elvis
Costello's "
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Fleischer's last applications of the rotoscope were for the realistic human animation required for the lead character—among others—in
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1319:"Directors Morgan King & Philip Gelatt Revitalize The Subversive, rotoscoped Feature With 'The Spine Of Night' — SXSW Studio"
1767:
978:
Litten, Frederick S. (2013). "Shōtai kenkyū nōto: Nihon no eigakan de jōei sareta saisho no (kaigai) animēshon eiga ni tsuite"
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594:(1992). Bakshi first used rotoscoping because 20th Century Fox refused his request for a $ 50,000 budget increase to finish
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series of the early 1940s, where realistic movement was achieved on a level unmatched by conventional cartoon animation.
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936:"Through a 'Scanner' dazzlingly: Sci-fi brought to graphic life" USA TODAY, August 2, 2006, Wednesday, LIFE; Pg. 4D
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was rotoscope animated. King's
Gorgonaut Studios had previously rotoscope animated a series of short fantasy films.
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1344:"'The Spine of Night' Trailer: An Ultra-Violent rotoscoped Fantasy Starring Richard E. Grant and Lucy Lawless"
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used
Sabiston's rotoscoping work for a series of television commercials, with the tagline "Talk to Chuck".
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subsequently employed
Sabiston and his proprietary rotoscope software in the full-length feature movies
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series. Fleischer returned to rotoscoping in the 1930s for referencing intricate dance movements in his
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by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, live-action movie images were projected onto a
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172:. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping.
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invented a digital rotoscoping process to develop its critically acclaimed adventure video game
253:) that can be used to extract that object from a scene for use on a different background. While
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Fleischer's patent expired by 1934, and other producers could then use rotoscoping freely.
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cartoons. The most notable of these are the dance routines originating from jazz performer
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Description of "Digital cartoon and animation process" (Digital rotoscoping) Patent
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503:. Most films produced with it were adaptations of folk tales or poems—for example,
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movies. By tracing an object, the moviemaker creates a silhouette (called a
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804:) was entirely animated with Rotoshop, but it was far better received than
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panel and traced onto paper. This projection equipment is referred to as a
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982:[On the Earliest (Foreign) Animation Shown in Japanese Cinemas].
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598:; he resorted to the rotoscope technique to finish the battle sequences.
414:(1941). His most effective use of rotoscoping was in the action-oriented
153:
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Rotoscoping was a popular technique in early animated films made in the
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914:"'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung"
370:
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1090:
Understanding Motion
Capture for Computer Animation and Video Games
1045:
The Art and
Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer
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used rotoscoping to produce a look that differed greatly from its
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890:"The Polish-American immigrant who changed the face of animation"
2016:
1388:
769:, with Lisa describing it as "a noble experiment that failed".
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712:, who had used rotoscoping extensively in his previous games
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Modern animation of traced images from
Eadweard Muybridge's
279:
movies, where the production used it to create the glowing
1228:"Animator Mag - Archive | animation between 1982 and 1995"
265:
software. Rotoscoping is often used in the preparation of
196:(or blue) screen, or for practical or economic reasons.
564:
used rotoscoping extensively for his animated features
327:. The films were traced from live-action film footage.
408:(1939), and the human characters in his last feature,
19:"Rotographs" redirects here. For the sports site, see
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and his animators used the technique extensively in
2581:
List of animated television series by episode count
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187:for an element on a live-action plate so it may be
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
822:(2021), a feature-length fantasy film directed by
808:, with critics praising its rotoscoping. In 2015,
789:awarded it a perfect score for initial reactions.
335:The rotoscope technique was invented by animator
798:(animated prequel to the 2004 live-action film,
2576:List of animated films by box office admissions
183:refers to the technique of manually creating a
241:Rotoscoping has often been used as a tool for
1400:
1213:, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004,
957:"Compleat Eadweard Muybridge - Muy Blog 2009"
765:used rotoscope as a couch gag in the episode
8:
544:used rotoscoping to remove a large chunk of
2004:
1864:
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1407:
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515:. Only during the early 1960s, after the "
156:use to trace over motion picture footage,
1003:"The trick that made animation realistic"
984:The Japanese Journal of Animation Studies
980:招待研究ノート: 日本の映画館で上映された最初の(海外)アニメーション映画について
629:" (1985), three of A-ha's music videos, "
446:" (1985), the live performance scenes in
303:sequences painted on glass discs for the
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1145:"'The Last Waltz' rekindles Band fervor"
607:(1979), a short film made by John Lamb,
339:in 1915, and used in his groundbreaking
168:, developed by Polish-American animator
1013:from the original on November 17, 2021.
881:
464:(2004). In the experimental 1973 short
331:Early works and Fleischer's exclusivity
858:, an image editing software employing
512:The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish
1292:"The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide"
1272:from the original on October 27, 2008
1195:Ralph Bakshi: The Wizard of Animation
1171:"The 50 Worst Rock Fails Of All Time"
926:from the original on August 24, 2013.
706:Digital Cartoon and Animation Process
458:" (1986), and the animated TV series
7:
2549:Films with live action and animation
1147:. Detroit Free Press. Archived from
907:
905:
903:
792:In early 2015, an anime film titled
616:What Have We Learned, Charlie Brown?
56:adding citations to reliable sources
1298:from the original on April 21, 2013
1132:from the original on March 6, 2014.
269:for other matte-pulling processes.
1001:Edwards, Phil (December 3, 2019).
912:Maçek III, J.C. (August 2, 2012).
14:
2649:Audiovisual introductions in 1915
1641:Modern TV cable and streaming era
255:blue- and green-screen techniques
2617:
2608:
2607:
1367:
1252:La Franco, Robert (March 2006).
1143:Lawson, Terry (April 26, 2002).
840:
552:'s nose in his rock documentary
350:, was performed by his brother (
237:engraved into twenty metal discs
32:
1317:Grobar, Matt (March 18, 2021).
622:It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown
493:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
43:needs additional citations for
1093:. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 2.
319:and Ernst Plank were offering
1:
2571:Most expensive animated films
2226:Direct manipulation animation
1877:Barrier-grid and stereography
635:The Sun Always Shines on T.V.
601:Rotoscoping was also used in
538:Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
2117:Non-photorealistic rendering
1260:. Vol. 14, no. 3.
795:The Case of Hana & Alice
1749:International Animation Day
1346:. IndieWire. March 11, 2021
1128:. San Francisco Chronicle.
708:. The game was designed by
523:very different aesthetics.
396:The Old Man of the Mountain
330:
2677:
2219:Linear Animation Generator
2122:Physically based animation
943:December 23, 2011, at the
698:. The process was awarded
625:(1984); the Dire Straits "
506:The Night Before Christmas
18:
2659:Film and video technology
2603:
1808:Children's animated films
1430:
1126:"The day the music lived"
1087:Menache, Alberto (2000).
536:used rotoscoping in the "
323:film loops for their toy
191:over another background.
1717:Animation film festivals
979:
961:www.stephenherbert.co.uk
871:List of rotoscoped works
660:Harry and the Hendersons
2539:Twelve basic principles
2459:Instructional animation
690:Smoking Car Productions
299:had some of his famous
2137:Virtual cinematography
1734:Highest-grossing films
1636:Early TV broadcast era
1294:. Anime News Network.
1197:making-of documentary.
727:During the mid-1990s,
238:
224:
142:
2454:Independent animation
2444:Educational animation
1254:"Trouble in Toontown"
1043:Pointer, Ray (2016).
1025:US patent 1242674
701:U.S. patent 6,061,462
573:The Lord of the Rings
540:" sequence. Director
482:Uses by other studios
428:Accidents Will Happen
230:
218:series of photographs
207:
133:
2654:Animation techniques
2434:Animated documentary
2266:Whiteboard animation
2159:Traditional puppetry
1803:Adult animated films
1712:Biologist simulators
1675:Animation department
1376:at Wikimedia Commons
967:on January 19, 2018.
682:Sita Sings the Blues
604:Tom Waits For No One
430:" (1978), Klaatu's "
411:Mr. Bug Goes to Town
52:improve this article
2507:Character animation
2287:Character animation
1825:Children's animated
1232:www.animatormag.com
806:The Flowers of Evil
778:The Flowers of Evil
663:(closing credits),
454:" (1985), Kansas' "
16:Animation technique
2534:Creature animation
2464:Virtual newscaster
2409:Abstract animation
2241:Ink-wash animation
2231:Humanoid animation
2214:Audio-Animatronics
1778:Lost or unfinished
1702:Animation database
1680:Animation director
1217:. ASIN: B0001NBMIK
1151:on August 25, 2003
1124:(April 22, 2002).
819:The Spine of Night
787:Anime News Network
648:The Secret of NIMH
478:done by software.
442:" (1985), A-ha's "
405:Gulliver's Travels
384:Minnie the Moocher
342:Out of the Inkwell
321:chromolithographed
301:chronophotographic
297:Eadweard Muybridge
239:
225:
222:Eadweard Muybridge
143:
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2635:
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2324:Erasure animation
2145:
2144:
1887:Limited animation
1830:Computer-animated
1768:Computer-animated
1690:Animation studios
1651:
1650:
1372:Media related to
1100:978-0-12-490630-3
894:Little White Lies
828:Morgan Galen King
741:Richard Linklater
519:", did animators
452:Money for Nothing
308:in the lectures.
128:
127:
120:
102:
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2591:anime franchises
2566:Cartoon violence
2554:highest grossing
2449:Erotic animation
2424:Animated cartoon
2191:Supermarionation
2164:Digital puppetry
2085:Facial animation
2005:
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848:Animation portal
845:
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752:A Scanner Darkly
721:Prince of Persia
703:
695:The Last Express
654:An American Tail
639:Train of Thought
627:Brothers in Arms
533:Yellow Submarine
521:start to explore
216:, traced from a
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637:" (1985), and "
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517:Khrushchev Thaw
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440:A Criminal Mind
354:) dressed in a
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259:motion-tracking
234:Horse in Motion
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801:Hana and Alice
757:Charles Schwab
710:Jordan Mechner
555:The Last Waltz
526:The makers of
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436:Lawrence Gowan
352:Dave Fleischer
348:Koko the Clown
332:
329:
325:kinematographs
315:toy companies
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267:garbage mattes
263:onion-skinning
243:visual effects
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2275:Other methods
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1054:9781476663678
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1047:. Mcfarland.
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824:Philip Gelatt
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337:Max Fleischer
328:
326:
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317:Gebrüder Bing
314:
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302:
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170:Max Fleischer
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139:Max Fleischer
136:
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100:
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83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
67:"Rotoscoping"
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2586:anime series
2544:Motion comic
2413:visual music
2359:Pose to pose
2334:Inbetweening
2314:Chuckimation
2256:Shadowmation
2209:Animatronics
2110:eye tracking
2090:Morph target
2042:Multi-sketch
1896:
1793:Short series
1707:Art pipeline
1685:Story artist
1631:World War II
1500:South Africa
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1138:
1122:Selvin, Joel
1116:
1106:December 14,
1104:. Retrieved
1089:
1082:
1071:
1044:
1038:
1019:
1006:
996:
987:
983:
973:
965:the original
960:
951:
932:
917:
893:
884:
860:interpolated
817:
816:
809:
805:
799:
793:
791:
776:
771:
762:The Simpsons
760:
750:
744:
729:Bob Sabiston
726:
719:
713:
705:
693:
687:
680:
675:(2000); and
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
620:
614:
608:
602:
600:
595:
589:
588:(1983), and
585:Fire and Ice
583:
579:American Pop
577:
571:
565:
562:Ralph Bakshi
560:
553:
531:
525:
510:
504:
501:Soviet Union
498:
491:
485:
476:inbetweening
472:Peter Foldes
465:
459:
456:All I Wanted
448:Dire Straits
425:
418:
409:
403:
401:
394:
393:(1933), and
388:
382:
379:Cab Calloway
366:
364:
360:
340:
334:
310:
295:
292:Predecessors
274:
271:
240:
232:
180:
174:
165:
145:
144:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
2512:model sheet
2369:Rubber hose
2292:model sheet
2070:Cel shading
1912:Stop motion
1897:Rotoscoping
1869:Traditional
1798:Stop-motion
1744:Outsourcing
1505:South Korea
1485:Philippines
1480:North Korea
1374:Rotoscoping
1276:October 15,
990:(1A): 9–11.
862:rotoscoping
749:(2001) and
746:Waking Life
633:" (1985), "
619:(1983) and
610:Heavy Metal
528:the Beatles
488:Walt Disney
461:Delta State
432:Routine Day
247:live-action
181:rotoscoping
146:Rotoscoping
108:August 2016
2643:Categories
2517:walk cycle
2384:Syncro-Vox
2297:walk cycle
2201:Mechanical
2127:Procedural
2027:PowerPoint
1980:Puppetoons
1975:Pixilation
1940:silhouette
1929:strata-cut
1920:Claymation
1861:Techniques
1850:Television
1621:Silent Era
1553:Bangladesh
1548:Azerbaijan
1435:Bangladesh
1424:By country
1328:January 4,
1155:January 8,
919:PopMatters
877:References
677:Nina Paley
672:Titan A.E.
641:" (1986);
631:Take On Me
591:Cool World
550:Neil Young
444:Take On Me
434:" (1979),
390:Snow-White
375:Betty Boop
281:lightsaber
193:Chroma key
189:composited
179:industry,
78:newspapers
21:RotoGraphs
2527:off-model
2497:Key frame
2354:Pixel art
2349:Pinscreen
2307:off-model
2251:Scanimate
2169:Machinima
1968:Brickfilm
1956:go motion
1882:Flip book
1416:Animation
1350:March 11,
1302:April 22,
1266:1059-1028
1063:948547933
737:Media Lab
688:In 1994,
643:Don Bluth
416:film noir
358:costume.
313:Nuremberg
311:By 1902,
276:Star Wars
208:A modern
200:Technique
166:rotoscope
154:animators
150:animation
2613:Category
2522:lip sync
2402:Variants
2389:Zoetrope
2339:Morphing
2302:lip sync
2282:Blocking
2174:Aniforms
2151:Puppetry
2132:Skeletal
1999:timeline
1990:Computer
1845:Internet
1727:regional
1663:Animator
1656:Industry
1520:Thailand
1490:Portugal
1470:Malaysia
1323:Deadline
1296:Archived
1270:Archived
1130:Archived
1011:Archived
941:Archived
924:Archived
856:Rotoshop
834:See also
767:Barthood
715:Karateka
685:(2008).
669:(1989),
657:(1986),
651:(1982),
613:(1981),
582:(1981),
576:(1978),
570:(1977),
420:Superman
387:(1932),
2628:Outline
1995:history
1946:Graphic
1892:Masking
1783:Package
1608:Ukraine
1578:Hungary
1540:History
1530:Vietnam
1495:Romania
1455:Estonia
1450:Czechia
1208:Wizards
1180:May 22,
1175:Complex
938:WebLink
811:Kowabon
666:The BFG
596:Wizards
567:Wizards
546:cocaine
287:History
175:In the
92:scholar
2623:Portal
2184:Live2D
2100:facial
2065:T-pose
1963:Object
1936:Cutout
1815:Series
1764:Films
1603:Russia
1573:France
1563:Canada
1558:Brazil
1515:Taiwan
1475:Mexico
1440:Bhutan
1418:topics
1264:
1237:May 6,
1097:
1061:
1051:
1031:
467:Hunger
371:Popeye
148:is an
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
2439:Anime
2080:Crowd
2022:Flash
1951:Model
1840:Flash
1788:Short
1758:Works
1598:Korea
1593:Japan
1583:India
1568:China
1510:Spain
1465:Japan
1460:India
1445:China
1258:Wired
783:manga
774:anime
356:clown
251:matte
212:of a
185:matte
162:glass
158:frame
99:JSTOR
85:books
2379:Sand
2017:2.5D
1695:List
1668:List
1588:Iran
1352:2021
1330:2023
1304:2013
1278:2008
1262:ISSN
1239:2020
1182:2018
1157:2007
1108:2022
1095:ISBN
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
826:and
718:and
438:'s "
373:and
261:and
137:for
71:news
2502:Cel
2075:CGI
2037:CSS
2032:SVG
1211:DVD
1007:Vox
733:MIT
679:'s
645:'s
509:or
470:by
450:' "
381:in
245:in
220:by
210:GIF
54:by
2645::
2057:3D
2009:2D
1997:,
1927:,
1321:.
1268:.
1256:.
1230:.
1173:.
1057:.
1009:.
1005:.
988:15
959:.
922:.
916:.
902:^
892:.
735:)
724:.
704:,
558:.
530:'
2415:)
2411:(
2001:)
1993:(
1942:)
1938:(
1740:)
1736:(
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1354:.
1332:.
1306:.
1280:.
1241:.
1184:.
1159:.
1110:.
1065:.
896:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
