2713:
247:
1284:
5490:
1667:
5000:
2697:. That may mean that there was dialectal variation in the timing and spread of the two changes, with final loss happening before umlaut in the south but after umlaut in the north. On the other hand, umlaut may have still been partly allophonic, and the loss of the conditioning sound may have triggered an "un-umlauting" of the preceding vowel. Nevertheless, medial
238:, the process by which one speech sound is altered to make it more like another adjacent sound. If a word has two vowels with one far back in the mouth and the other far forward, more effort is required to pronounce the word than if the vowels were closer together; therefore, one possible linguistic development is for these two vowels to be drawn closer together.
1303:
4494:'s suggestion that the Old High German umlaut phenomena produced phonemic changes before the factors that triggered them off changed or disappeared, because the umlaut allophones gradually shifted to such a degree that they became distinctive in the phonological system of the language and contrastive at a lexical level.
2549:. These verbs exhibit the dental suffix used to form the preterite of weak verbs, and also exhibit what appears to be the vowel gradation characteristic of strong verbs. Examples in English are think/thought, bring/brought, tell/told, sell/sold. The phenomenon can also be observed in some German verbs including
2599:
fell out of the preterite. Thus, while short-stem verbs exhibit umlaut in all tenses, long-stem verbs only do so in the present. When the German philologist Jacob Grimm first attempted to explain the phenomenon, he assumed that the lack of umlaut in the preterite resulted from the reversal of umlaut.
4497:
However, sporadic place-name attestations demonstrate the presence of the secondary umlaut already for the early 9th century, which makes it likely that all types of umlaut were indeed already present in Old High German, even if they were not indicated in the spelling. Presumably, they arose already
2716:
The vowels and diphthongs of proto-Old
English prior to i-mutation (in black) and how they generally changed under i-mutation (in red). Outcomes varied according to dialect; i-mutation of diphthongs is given for Early West Saxon as spelled in manuscripts due to uncertainty about the precise phonetic
4864:
In general, the effects of the
Germanic umlaut in plural formation are limited. One of the defining phonological features of Dutch, is the general absence of the I-mutation or secondary umlaut when dealing with long vowels. Unlike English and German, Dutch does not palatalize the long vowels, which
4529:
In modern German, umlaut as a marker of the plural of nouns is a regular feature of the language, and although umlaut generally is no longer a productive force in German, new plurals of this type can be created by analogy. Likewise, umlaut marks the comparative of many adjectives and other kinds of
4464:
That has led to a controversy over when and how i-mutation appeared on these vowels. Some (for example, Herbert Penzl) have suggested that the vowels must have been modified without being indicated for lack of proper symbols and/or because the difference was still partly allophonic. Others (such as
4485:
was indeed phonetic, occurring late in OHG, but later spread analogically to the environments where the conditioning had already disappeared by OHG (this is where failure of i-mutation is most likely). It must also be kept in mind that it is an issue of relative chronology: already early in the
1361:
However, in a small number of words, a vowel affected by i-umlaut is not marked with the umlaut diacritic because its origin is not obvious. Either there is no unumlauted equivalent or they are not recognized as a pair because the meanings have drifted apart. The adjective
2468:
would not be a normal result of umlaut in German. There are, in fact, two distinct phenomena at play here; the first is indeed umlaut as it is best known, but the second is older and occurred already in Proto-Germanic itself. In both cases, a following
2600:
In actuality, umlaut never occurred in the first place. Nevertheless, the term "Rückumlaut" makes some sense since the verb exhibits a shift from an umlauted vowel in the basic form (the infinitive) to a plain vowel in the respective inflections.
4952:
have umlaut of long vowels (or in case of
Limburgish, all rounded back vowels), however. Consequently, these dialects also make grammatical use of umlaut to form plurals and diminutives, much as most other modern Germanic languages do. Compare
201:
While
Germanic umlaut has had important consequences for all modern Germanic languages, its effects are particularly apparent in German, because vowels resulting from umlaut are generally spelled with a specific set of letters:
2663:
Although umlauts operated the same way in all the West
Germanic languages, the exact words in which it took place and the outcomes of the process differ between the languages. Of particular note is the loss of word-final
4674:); that rounded front vowels have become unrounded in many dialects does not prevent them from serving as markers of the plural given that they remain distinct from their non-umlauted counterparts (just like in English
1470:. Here the diacritic is a purely phonological marker, indicating that the English and French sounds (or at least, the approximation of them used in German) are identical to the native German umlauted sounds. Similarly,
356:
occurred in the next, the vowel in the first syllable was raised. This happened less often in the
Germanic languages, partly because of earlier vowel harmony in similar contexts. However, for example, proto-Old English
1734:
Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes, such as to fit an umlaut into tightly-spaced lines of text. This may include umlauts placed vertically or inside the body of the letter.
5608:
Hogg, Richard M., ‘Phonology and
Morphology’, in The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume 1: The Beginnings to 1066, ed. by Richard M. Hogg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 67–167 (p.
2419:
Some interesting examples of umlaut involve vowel distinctions in
Germanic verbs. Although these are often subsumed under the heading "ablaut" in tables of Germanic irregular verbs, they are a separate phenomenon.
1743:
Although umlaut was not a grammatical process, umlauted vowels often serve to distinguish grammatical forms (and thus show similarities to ablaut when viewed synchronically), as can be seen in the
English word
3516:) or been lost entirely, with the result that i-mutation generally appears as a morphological process that affects a certain (seemingly arbitrary) set of forms. These are most common forms affected:
678:
vowels which later underwent i-umlaut generally appear in modern languages—though there are many exceptions to these patterns owing to other sound changes and chance variations. The table gives two
4490:
after geminates and clusters), and depending on the age of OHG umlaut, that could explain some cases where expected umlaut is missing. The whole question should now be reconsidered in the light of
4425:(the so-called "primary umlaut"), although in certain phonological environments the mutation fails to occur. By then, it had already become partly phonologized, since some of the conditioning
4445:
that had not been umlauted already, were also affected (the so-called "secondary umlaut"); starting in Middle High German, the remaining conditioning environments disappear and
1314:, consisting of two dots above the vowel, is used for the fronted vowels, making the historical process much more visible in the modern language than is the case in English:
4948:
in the south-easternmost Dutch dialects during the High
Medieval period) the more eastern and southeastern dialects of Dutch, including easternmost Brabantian and all of
5845:
4473:
was entirely analogical and pointed to the lack of i-mutation of these vowels in certain places where it would be expected, in contrast to the consistent mutation of
1810:. Umlaut is conspicuous when it occurs in one of such a pair of forms, but there are many mutated words without an unmutated parallel form. Germanic actively derived
5618:
Table adapted from Campbell, Historical Linguistics (2nd edition), 2004, p. 23. See also Malmkjær, The Linguistics Encyclopedia (2nd Edition), 2002, pp. 230-233.
5060:
The situation in Old Norse is complicated as there are two forms of i-mutation. Of these two, only one is phonologized. I-mutation in Old Norse is phonological:
174:). Germanic umlaut, as covered in this article, does not include other historical vowel phenomena that operated in the history of the Germanic languages such as
6415:
4932:
Later developments in Middle Dutch show that long vowels and diphthongs were not affected by umlaut in the more western dialects, including those in western
2721:
I-mutation generally affected Old English vowels as follows in each of the main dialects. It led to the introduction into Old English of the new sounds
2545:("reverse umlaut"), sometimes known in English as "unmutation", is a term given to the vowel distinction between present and preterite forms of certain
2561:("know/knew"), and a handful of others. In some dialects, particularly of western Germany, the phenomenon is preserved in many more forms (for example
6242:
Cercignani, Fausto (2022). The development of the Old High German umlauted vowels and the reflex of New High German /ɛ:/ in Present Standard German.
4917:). As a result of this relatively sparse occurrence of umlaut, standard Dutch does not use umlaut as a grammatical marker. An exception is the noun
5875:
1818:
by applying a suffix, which later caused umlaut, to a past tense form. Some of these survived into modern English as doublets of verbs, including
686:
examples (Swedish, from the east, and Icelandic, from the west). Spellings are marked by pointy brackets (⟨...⟩) and pronunciation, given in the
1723:
handwriting, as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript
6163:
Cercignani, Fausto (2022). On the Germanic and Old High German distance assimilation changes, in “Linguistik online”, 116/4, 2022, pp. 41–59.
6374:
4809:. It must have had a greater effect than the orthography shows since all later dialects have a regular umlaut of both long and short vowels.
6250:
6167:
8380:
6952:
2712:
1762:, this suffix caused fronting of the vowel and, when the suffix later disappeared, the mutated vowel remained as the only plural marker:
8360:
6036:
2704:
consistently triggers umlaut although its subsequent loss is universal in West Germanic except for Old Saxon and early Old High German.
266:, and some other old Germanic languages. The precise developments varied from one language to another, but the general trend was this:
246:
4744:"fish," which had never had a front rounded vowel in the first place, were interpreted as such (i.e., as if from Middle High German **
4668:
In various dialects, the umlaut became even more important as a morphological marker of the plural after the apocope of final schwa (
2483:. The effect on back vowels did not occur until hundreds of years later, after the Germanic languages had already begun to split up:
6305:
6227:
5047:
3911:"to bind." Note that in some cases the abstract noun has a different vowel than the corresponding verb, due to Proto-Indo-European
1448:
Some words have umlaut diacritics that do not mark a vowel produced by the sound change of umlaut. This includes loanwords such as
6005:
6408:
5975:
5944:
5674:
has been included in this table, however, to ensure that all the outcomes of i-umlaut in the modern languages are accounted for.
5021:
7337:
5833:
687:
219:
77:
59:
8375:
6067:
5025:
1419:
215:
8231:
223:
1346:. This is a neat solution when pairs of words with and without umlaut mutation are compared, as in umlauted plurals like
8261:
7431:
7393:
7378:
6705:
6343:
The development of the Old High German umlauted vowels and the reflex of New High German /ɛ:/ in Present Standard German
4945:
1834:. Umlaut could occur in borrowings as well if a stressed vowel was coloured by a subsequent front vowel, such as German
838:
4230:
A few hundred years after i-umlaut began, another similar change called double umlaut occurred. It was triggered by an
2678:
often show no umlaut, but in the more northern languages (Old English, Old Frisian), the forms do. Compare Old English
8390:
8385:
8241:
8101:
7451:
7410:
7400:
6401:
972:
922:
254:
Germanic umlaut is a specific historical example of this process that took place in the unattested earliest stages of
179:
120:
43:
5010:
1704:
to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in the small form, above it. This can still be seen in some names:
6149:
Voyles, Joseph (1992). "On Old High German i-umlaut". In Rauch, Irmengard; Carr, Gerald F.; Kyes, Robert L. (eds.).
6617:
231:
140:
5029:
5014:
27:
This article is about the linguistic phenomenon in the Germanic languages. For the diacritic umlaut symbol ¨, see
7958:
777:
727:
227:
1217:
Whereas modern English does not have any special letters for vowels produced by i-umlaut, in German the letters
250:
The vowels of proto-Germanic and their general direction of change when i-mutated in the later Germanic dialects
8370:
8236:
8190:
8185:
8109:
7719:
7703:
7582:
7441:
4757:
4661:
4650:
4639:
4628:
4617:
4606:
2671:
after heavy syllables. In the more southern languages (Old High German, Old Dutch, Old Saxon), forms that lost
1631:
1022:
8017:
8175:
8119:
8114:
8034:
7707:
7657:
7415:
6957:
6775:
6459:
6447:
5518:
1731:, but in manuscript writing, umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period.
478:
307:
8180:
7662:
7628:
7246:
7062:
6922:
6762:
6657:
4959:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4878:
4871:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4596:
4589:
4519:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4203:
4199:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3483:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2562:
660:
654:
648:
642:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
338:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
134:
130:
73:
69:
55:
4526:
prefers the assimilation theory and presents a history of the OHG umlauted vowels up to the present day.
8365:
8338:
8302:
7570:
7563:
7515:
7285:
7256:
7225:
7188:
7113:
6962:
6870:
6783:
6644:
6606:
5896:
3551:"mice." Many more words were affected by this change in Old English versus modern English, for example,
7803:
6678:
5867:
4561:
was developed, making the phenomenon very visible. The result in German is that the vowels written as
2428:
A variety of umlaut occurs in the second and third person singular forms of the present tense of some
385:
when the context was lost but the variant sound remained. The following examples show how, when final
8307:
8287:
8256:
8129:
7989:
7963:
7864:
7735:
7553:
7145:
6972:
6934:
6929:
6803:
6750:
6508:
5513:
4989:
4773:, umlaut is much less apparent than in Old Norse. The only vowel that is regularly fronted before an
4486:
history of attested OHG, some umlauting factors are known to have disappeared (such as word-internal
3589:
3520:
The plural, and genitive/dative singular, forms of consonant-declension nouns (Proto-Germanic (PGmc)
2429:
1815:
633:
614:
191:
183:
138:
118:
110:
98:
8395:
8246:
7793:
7638:
7482:
7436:
7370:
7123:
6885:
6770:
6683:
6481:
5503:
4949:
4933:
4220:
by analogy with the singular form, which then allowed it to be umlauted to a form that resulted in
2571:
175:
126:
35:
3504:
in the syllable following the affected vowel, by the time of the surviving Old English texts, the
1368:("ready, finished"; originally "ready to go") contains an umlaut mutation, but it is spelled with
8292:
8144:
8134:
8089:
7851:
7778:
7675:
7520:
7495:
7490:
7383:
7211:
7096:
6917:
6695:
6690:
6669:
6630:
6434:
6424:
6359:
6346:
6247:
6200:
6164:
6131:
6114:
5563:
5523:
5495:
4829:. The lengthening in open syllables in early Middle Dutch then lengthened and lowered this short
4558:
3582:
2546:
1811:
1697:
1311:
1274:
796:
28:
8216:
7135:
8266:
8065:
7981:
7974:
7929:
7873:
7633:
7623:
7606:
7601:
7505:
7388:
7267:
7067:
7028:
7008:
6846:
6738:
6720:
6572:
6370:
6351:
6338:
6328:
6318:
6301:
6223:
6063:
6028:
5764:
arose due to later processes specific to each daughter language of Germanic. See A. Campbell,
5543:
4523:
4491:
1283:
628:
8221:
8012:
7946:
7902:
7897:
7846:
7838:
7643:
7611:
7558:
7547:
7460:
7332:
7327:
7169:
7108:
6898:
6880:
6715:
6476:
6468:
6192:
6123:
5841:
5555:
4499:
2609:
1573:
4940:
that were most influential for standard Dutch. However in what is traditionally called the
8044:
7951:
7934:
7919:
7914:
7907:
7616:
7525:
7510:
7465:
7317:
7280:
7272:
7251:
7238:
7218:
7204:
6967:
6944:
6875:
6865:
6857:
6637:
6254:
6171:
5069:
4897:. Thus, only two of the original Germanic vowels were affected by umlaut at all in Dutch:
4414:
4375:
4279:
3585:
3486:
since it affected so many of the Old English vowels. Of 16 basic vowels and diphthongs in
2647:
1693:
263:
153:
8211:
2608:
In German, some verbs that display a back vowel in the past tense undergo umlaut in the
8332:
8226:
8206:
8158:
8050:
7924:
7594:
7361:
7300:
7079:
7036:
6993:
6910:
6905:
6794:
6744:
6595:
6546:
6501:
6494:
5997:
5967:
5918:
4542:'European.' Umlaut seems to be totally productive in connection with diminutive suffix
4175:
1700:. From the Middle High German, it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an
683:
675:
637:
541:
433:
5940:
4433:
sounds had been deleted or modified. The later history of German, however, shows that
8354:
8297:
8282:
8124:
7880:
7831:
7648:
7587:
7500:
7446:
7405:
7343:
7290:
7174:
7101:
6531:
6265:
Robert B. Howell and Joseph C. Salmons: Umlautless Residues in Germanic, 1997, p. 93.
6204:
6102:
Campbell, A. 1959. Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press. §§112, 190–204, 288.
3946:
3579:
2643:
1577:
1565:
679:
235:
1382:("journey") has, for most speakers of the language, been lost from sight. Likewise,
8151:
7575:
7539:
7472:
7295:
7118:
7091:
7074:
7018:
6977:
6559:
6538:
1229:
almost always represent umlauted vowels (see further below). Likewise, the Swedish
7798:
3496:
were unaffected by i-mutation. Although i-mutation was originally triggered by an
1666:
1310:
German orthography is generally consistent in its representation of i-umlaut. The
148:
It took place separately in various Germanic languages starting around 450 or 500
5768:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), §§112, 115, 195-96. Similarly, many examples of
4865:
are notably absent from the language. Thus, for example, where modern German has
8058:
7968:
7941:
7813:
7759:
7667:
7349:
7310:
6893:
6588:
6552:
6487:
5065:
4999:
3644:
3487:
1720:
1569:
588:
513:
317:
255:
114:
106:
5489:
7808:
7788:
7153:
6823:
6524:
6183:
Adolf Gütter (2011). "Frühe Belege für den Umlaut von ahd. /u/, /ō/ und /ū/".
5508:
5485:
4515:
4117:
3607:
2595:
is present in both the present and preterite. In long-stem verbs however, the
1783:
381:(a variant sound automatically predictable from context), but it later became
378:
294:
occurred in the next, the vowel in the first syllable was fronted (usually to
271:
149:
102:
39:
7994:
7857:
7742:
7305:
7086:
7041:
7013:
6839:
5174:
4983:
4770:
4331:
3648:
2636:(subj.) ("fence/fenced"). Again, this is due to the presence of a following
1713:
259:
7818:
3977:"to tell," the forms at one point in the early history of Old English were
3706:), as compared to the forms from which the verbs were derived – e.g.
1257:
vowels are almost always used of for produced by i-umlaut. However, German
17:
6196:
5599:
Campbell, A. 1959. Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press. §§624-27.
5191:
phonological if the vowel of a long syllable is i-mutated by a syncopated
1302:
7783:
7131:
6385:
The Development of Old English – A Linguistic History of English, vol. II
5153:
In Old Norse, if the following syllable contains a remaining Proto-Norse
5124:). The rule is not perfect, as some light syllables were still umlauted:
1709:
382:
348:
When a low or mid-front vowel occurred in a syllable and the front vowel
65:
6369:, Linguistic history of English, v. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
5900:
5794:
4745:
4518:
theory, which views the origin of the umlaut vowels in the insertion of
4441:, as well as long vowels and diphthongs, and the remaining instances of
3482:
I-mutation is particularly visible in the inflectional and derivational
2579:, "to tell, count"). The cause lies with the insertion of the semivowel
1617:
1605:
1593:
7824:
7420:
7322:
6220:
Untersuchungen zur älteren nordischen und germanischen Sprachgeschichte
5298:
4937:
4530:
inflected and derived forms. Borrowed words have acquired umlaut as in
1841:
1471:
398:
6135:
5567:
4242:
previous vowels but worked only when the vowel directly preceding the
156:. An example of the resulting vowel alternation is the English plural
7127:
6393:
3912:
1748:. In ancient Germanic, it and some other words had the plural suffix
1705:
1670:
Development of the umlaut (anachronistically lettered in Sütterlin):
6274:
R. Willemyns: Dutch: Biography of a Language, OUP USA, 2013, pp. 36.
6112:
Penzl, H. (1949). "Umlaut and Secondary Umlaut in Old High German".
4310:
4282:
2685:
2637:
1261:
represents vowels from multiple sources, which is also the case for
286:, whether long or short) occurred in a syllable and the front vowel
6127:
5836:[Fast food: McDonald's abolishes "Big Mäc" and "Fishmäc"].
5559:
4477:. Perhaps the answer is somewhere in between — i-mutation of
3527:), as compared to the nominative/accusative singular – e.g.,
7045:
6283:
R. Belemans: Belgisch-Limburgs, Lannoo Uitgeverij, 2004, pp. 22-25
5922:
2711:
2476:
triggered a vowel change, but in Proto-Germanic, it affected only
1665:
1301:
1282:
245:
6356:
On the Germanic and Old High German distance assimilation changes
4522:
after back vowels, not only in West, but also in North Germanic.
3464:
in most later varieties of Old English, giving alternations like
3391:
in most later varieties of Old English, giving alternations like
5105:) or, regardless of syllable weight, if followed by consonantal
4557:
Because of the grammatical importance of such pairs, the German
4400:
4362:
4348:
4342:
4318:
4290:
4266:
4221:
4169:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3848:
3842:
3824:
3818:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3753:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3713:
3707:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2902:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2679:
1278:
619:
594:
567:
560:
553:
546:
526:
518:
392:
386:
320:
8087:
7701:
6445:
6397:
6335:, in «Indogermanische Forschungen», 85, 1980, pp. 207–213.
5546:(1980). "Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages".
4993:
1556:). There are also several non-borrowed words where the vowels
6062:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. pp. 315–316.
5163:-stems are i-mutated as the desinence contains a Proto-Norse
5807:
A Middle High German Reader With Grammar, Notes and Glossary
5744:, therefore, occur in words borrowed into Germanic (such as
6185:
Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
1630:
When German words (names in particular) are written in the
6300:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
5834:"Fast Food: McDonald's schafft "Big Mäc" und "Fishmäc" ab"
4825:, causing their umlauted results to merge as well, giving
3700:
Throughout the first class of weak verbs (original suffix
2733:), and a sound written in Early West Saxon manuscripts as
1755:, with the same vowel as the singular. As it contained an
499:
491:
483:
331:
310:
4071:. In this case, however, once a-restoration took effect,
4702:"guests" served as the model for analogical pairs like
4387:
As shown by the examples, affected words typically had
4888:), standard Dutch retains a back vowel in the stem in
4238:
in the third or fourth syllable of a word and mutated
1727:
still had a form that would now be recognisable as an
1564:
have not arisen through historical umlaut, but due to
5581:
Cercignani, Fausto (1980). "Alleged Gothic Umlauts".
4841:) in some words. This is parallel to the lowering of
4465:
Joseph Voyles) have suggested that the i-mutation of
4017:
by i-mutation. The same process "should" have led to
1782:). This effect also can be found in a few fossilized
1768:
man, woman, tooth, goose, foot, mouse, louse, brother
1480:
in German. In borrowings from Latin and Greek, Latin
6387:. United States of America: Oxford University Press.
5787:
5758:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
4882:
4368:
4324:
4303:
4272:
4214:
4207:
4192:
4185:
4178:
3857:
3811:
3765:) corresponding to certain adjectives – e.g.,
3759:
3673:
3659:
3521:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2698:
2691:
2672:
2665:
2583:
between the verb stem and inflectional ending. This
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2341:
2334:
2263:
2256:
2185:
2178:
2076:
2069:
2062:
1990:
1983:
1912:
1905:
1756:
1749:
1171:
1123:
1075:
1027:
977:
927:
904:
885:
866:
849:
789:
782:
732:
462:
454:
446:
438:
377:
The fronted variant caused by umlaut was originally
168:
161:
64:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8275:
8199:
8168:
8100:
8032:
7890:
7771:
7727:
7718:
7538:
7481:
7369:
7360:
7265:
7237:
7196:
7187:
7162:
7144:
7055:
7027:
7001:
6992:
6943:
6856:
6831:
6822:
6761:
6656:
6605:
6580:
6571:
6467:
6458:
4405:or to trigger palatalization of a preceding velar.
2565:
6358:, in «Linguistik online», 116/4, 2022, pp. 41–59.
6345:, in «Linguistik online», 113/1, 2022, pp. 45–57.
6323:Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages
6092:. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 159–160.
5159:. For example, the root of the dative singular of
4168:by analogy before umlaut took place. For example,
3856:In i-stem abstract nouns derived from verbs (PGmc
1866:Parallel umlauts in some modern Germanic languages
4064:, which would normally have evolved by umlaut to
3804:In female forms of several nouns with the suffix
2684:"guest", which shows umlaut, and Old High German
1692:The German phonological umlaut is present in the
5195:. I-mutation does not occur in short syllables.
2574:
78:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5702:earlier in the development of Common Germanic.
5470:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5440:
5434:
5427:
5417:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5387:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5357:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5242:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5215:
5145:
5132:
5119:
5099:
5086:
4923:"city" which has the irregular umlauted plural
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4334:
1206:
1158:
1110:
1062:
1012:
962:
911:
828:
767:
341:and was unaffected, eventually becoming modern
178:and the various language-specific processes of
152:and affected all of the early languages except
6325:, in «Language», 56/1, 1980, pp. 126–136.
4206:. At some point prior to i-mutation, the form
4202:unaffected by a-mutation due to the following
6409:
5899:could also be written using superscripts: in
5774:in Modern German come from a later change of
5178:
5164:
5154:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5106:
5092:
5079:
5073:
4354:
4296:
3719:
3701:
3679:), as compared to the base form – e.g.
3666:
3652:
3600:
3593:
2909:not clearly attested due to earlier Germanic
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1442:
1394:("older"), but the noun from this is spelled
1197:
1149:
1101:
1053:
1003:
953:
892:
819:
758:
670:Outcomes in modern spelling and pronunciation
190:), which is observable in the conjugation of
8:
5800:
5781:
5775:
5769:
4866:
4751:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4669:
4655:
4644:
4633:
4622:
4611:
4600:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4378:
4100:A similar process resulted in the umlaut of
3836:
3830:
2729:(which, in most varieties, soon turned into
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2355:
2349:
2277:
2271:
2199:
2193:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2004:
1998:
1926:
1920:
1851:
1835:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1581:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1475:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1412:("to spend, to dedicate") and the adjective
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1188:
1140:
1092:
1044:
994:
944:
873:
810:
749:
6151:On Germanic linguistics: issues and methods
5752:
5028:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4969:
4963:
4954:
4924:
4918:
4889:
4856:
4850:
4514:in the early attestations, affirms the old
3610:and other present-tense forms – e.g.
2962:
2690:, which does not, both from Proto-Germanic
2377:
2371:
2299:
2293:
2221:
2215:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2026:
2020:
1948:
1942:
1857:
1845:
8097:
8084:
7724:
7715:
7698:
7366:
7193:
6998:
6828:
6577:
6464:
6455:
6442:
6416:
6402:
6394:
6367:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
3289:examples are rare due to earlier Germanic
3224:examples are rare due to earlier Germanic
5048:Learn how and when to remove this message
5197:
4502:, also in view of spellings of the type
3991:, respectively. A-restoration converted
2739:
1869:
692:
403:
6313:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
5535:
4761:, which are attested in some dialects.
3329:in most later varieties of Old English
3264:in most later varieties of Old English
1634:, umlauts are usually substituted with
1306:New and old notation of umlauted vowels
326:, which eventually developed to modern
129:) when the following syllable contains
6315:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
6008:from the original on 25 September 2015
4144:, the reason for alternations between
4136:, which later triggered umlaut of the
4011:alone, and it subsequently evolved to
3925:The phonologically expected umlaut of
2818:particularly before nasal consonants:
682:examples (English and German) and two
6083:
6081:
6079:
6027:Hardwig, Florian (17 December 2014).
5998:"Flickr collection: vertical umlauts"
5809:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), §10.
5667:are vanishingly rare. Proto-Germanic
5627:
4756:
4660:
4649:
4638:
4627:
4616:
4605:
2737:but whose phonetic value is debated.
1766:. In English, such plurals are rare:
1422:now permits the alternative spelling
7:
5978:from the original on 7 November 2020
5947:from the original on 11 October 2017
5026:adding citations to reliable sources
4108:and sometimes (usually, in fact) as
68:. For the distinction between ,
6978:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6383:Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014).
5737:. Most examples of the i-umlaut of
4191:. The plural in Proto-Germanic was
2529:Present stem Umlaut in weak verbs (
2438:("to catch") has the present tense
2424:Present stem Umlaut in strong verbs
1696:period and continues to develop in
843:no single example in all languages
8337:Languages between parentheses are
3512:had generally changed (usually to
1770:(archaic or specialized plural in
1646:to differentiate them from simple
1586:occurring on both sides), such as
306:respectively). Thus, for example,
25:
6039:from the original on 16 July 2015
5848:from the original on 9 March 2012
4750:) and led to singular forms like
4461:in the appropriate environments.
3941:in Old English stem from earlier
1592:("five"; from Middle High German
6296:Malmkjær, Kirsten (Ed.) (2002).
6060:A Grammar of the German Language
5966:Hardwig, Florian (28 May 2013).
5909:was frequently placed above the
5868:"Alternate Spelling Conventions"
5709:, meanwhile, only existed where
5488:
4998:
4417:(OHG), c. 800 CE, only on short
4030:. That is, the early forms were
3961:, which subsequently mutated to
2588:
1778:(poetic and dialectal plural in
1418:("requiring effort") though the
674:The following table surveys how
5895:In medieval manuscripts, other
5878:from the original on 2022-06-16
4817:Late Old Dutch saw a merger of
4399:developed too late to break to
3949:. This change was blocked when
3881:"a son (orig., a being born),"
3697:"oldest" (cf. "elder, eldest").
2450:("give") has the present tense
688:international phonetic alphabet
60:International Phonetic Alphabet
8341:of the language on their left.
5723:, which never happened before
4262:in Old English or is deleted:
3965:. For example, in the case of
2604:Umlaut as a subjunctive marker
2587:triggers umlaut, as explained
2441:ich fange, du fängst, er fängt
1662:Orthography and design history
1:
8232:Germanic substrate hypothesis
5905:("flower"), for example, the
5169:, but the dative singular of
4160:occurs only when an original
4091:, and then later umlauted to
2654:Historical survey by language
1530:, "economy"). However, Latin
1298:on a German computer keyboard
8262:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
6953:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
6298:The linguistics encyclopedia
6090:Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik
5820:Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
5639:Examples of Common Germanic
4379:
3578:The second and third person
1506:, are rendered in German as
1388:("old") has the comparative
391:was lost, the variant sound
8381:Germanic language histories
8242:High German consonant shift
5583:Indogermanische Forschungen
4395:in the first syllable. The
4391:in the second syllable and
4128:was blocked by a following
3945:because of a change called
2884:"covering" (cf. "thatch"),
2591:. In short-stem verbs, the
2453:ich gebe, du gibst, er gibt
8412:
8361:Assimilation (linguistics)
6780:Westlauwers–Terschellings
6433:According to contemporary
5941:"Unusual Umlauts (German)"
4987:
4981:
4738:). Even plural forms like
4498:in the early 8th century.
4044:. A-restoration converted
3592:(Pre-Old-English (Pre-OE)
3470:"to boil" (cf. "seethe"),
1272:
1265:in Swedish and Icelandic.
704:usual modern reflex after
330:, while the singular form
105:changes to the associated
97:) is a type of linguistic
33:
26:
8324:
8096:
8083:
8005:
7959:Southern Schleswig Danish
7714:
7697:
6454:
6441:
6431:
6365:Ringe, Donald A. (2006),
6222:. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
6058:Curme, George O. (1952).
5832:Isert, Jörg (June 2007).
5805:'king'): M. O'C. Walshe,
5403:
4413:I-mutation is visible in
4409:I-mutation in High German
4347:"to hasten" < archaic
3933:. However, in many cases
3752:In the abstract nouns in
3640:"(we/you pl./they) help."
3484:morphology of Old English
3427:
3353:
3275:
3210:
3180:
3131:
3075:
3032:
2990:
2947:
2901:
2871:
2854:"teaching" (cf. "lore"),
2841:
2774:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2708:I-mutation in Old English
703:
700:
697:
593:
559:
552:
545:
511:
490:
437:
8237:West Germanic gemination
8191:Ancient Belgian language
8186:Germanic parent language
8130:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
7252:Austrian Standard German
5923:development of the tilde
5173:-stems is not, as their
5072:and followed by vocalic
4978:North Germanic languages
4152:being common. Umlaut of
2415:Umlaut in Germanic verbs
1568:of an earlier unrounded
1406:("effort") has the verb
1358:("mother" – "mothers").
788:('geese'), which became
316:"mice" shifted to proto-
262:and apparently later in
6311:Campbell, Lyle (2004).
5913:, although this letter
5901:
5822:, 21st edition, p. 133.
5795:
5789:
5760:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5519:Umlaut (disambiguation)
5471:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5441:
5435:
5428:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5358:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5273:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5243:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5179:
5177:stems from Proto-Norse
5165:
5155:
5146:
5140:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5081:
5074:
4944:(the spread of certain
4884:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4765:I-mutation in Old Saxon
4746:
4421:, which was mutated to
4401:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4343:
4335:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4170:
4104:sometimes appearing as
4093:
4087:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3595:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3492:
3490:, only the four vowels
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:"nearest" (cf. "next")
3195:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2896:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2659:West Germanic languages
2638:
2624:(subj.) ("sing/sang");
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2343:
2336:
2265:
2258:
2187:
2180:
2078:
2071:
2064:
1992:
1985:
1914:
1907:
1856:, "cheese", from Latin
1758:
1751:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1376:as its relationship to
1173:
1125:
1077:
1029:
979:
929:
906:
887:
868:
851:
799:, though not in German
791:
784:
734:
620:
595:
568:
561:
554:
547:
528:
520:
501:
493:
485:
464:
456:
448:
440:
405:Umlaut and final vowel
393:
387:
333:
322:
312:
230:/. Umlaut is a form of
170:
163:
56:phonetic transcriptions
8298:Preterite-present verb
8181:Proto-Germanic grammar
8135:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
7247:German Standard German
6923:East Frisian Low Saxon
6333:Alleged Gothic Umlauts
6218:Ottar Grønvik (1998).
6088:Paul, Hermann (1966).
5801:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5753:
5068:, if the syllable was
4970:
4964:
4955:
4925:
4919:
4890:
4867:
4857:
4851:
4752:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4670:
4656:
4645:
4634:
4623:
4612:
4601:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
3837:
3831:
3829:"goddess" (cf. German
3718:"to feed" < Pre-OE
3606:), as compared to the
3156:"older" (cf. "elder")
2963:
2718:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2432:. For example, German
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2005:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1476:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1307:
1299:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1013:
1004:
995:
963:
954:
945:
912:
893:
874:
829:
820:
811:
795:in North Germanic and
768:
759:
750:
690:, in slashes (/.../).
251:
214:, usually pronounced /
53:This article contains
8376:Linguistic morphology
8303:Grammatischer Wechsel
7286:Namibian Black German
7257:Swiss Standard German
7226:Early New High German
6784:Mainland West Frisian
6645:Harlingerland Frisian
6197:10.1515/bgsl.2011.002
5917:survives now only in
5757:), or in words where
4881:(from Proto-Germanic
4845:in open syllables to
4732:"arms" (vs. standard
4714:"days" (vs. standard
4309:(cf. Old High German
4295:"embers" < Pre-OE
4258:typically appears as
4116:generally stems from
3193:"near" (cf. "nigh"),
2715:
2430:Germanic strong verbs
1739:Morphological effects
1669:
1544:in German instead of
1474:was originally spelt
1305:
1286:
698:Proto-Germanic vowel
249:
192:Germanic strong verbs
160:(from Proto-Germanic
8308:Indo-European ablaut
8288:Germanic strong verb
8257:Germanic spirant law
7394:Southeast Limburgish
6890:Gelders-Overijssels
6519:Irish Middle English
6509:Early Modern English
5514:Indo-European ablaut
5022:improve this section
4990:Old Norse morphology
4946:West German features
4585:, and the diphthong
2646:verb endings in the
1812:causative weak verbs
1632:basic Latin alphabet
1420:1996 spelling reform
615:Early Middle English
184:Indo-European ablaut
48:Type of vowel change
8276:Synchronic features
8247:Germanic a-mutation
8200:Diachronic features
7550:in the broad sense
7483:East Central German
7437:Lorraine Franconian
7411:Transylvanian Saxon
7371:West Central German
7146:East Low Franconian
7056:West Low Franconian
5921:. Compare also the
5766:Old English Grammar
5681:had been raised to
5630:, pp. 274, 280
5504:Germanic a-mutation
5200:
4813:I-mutation in Dutch
4554:'little scandal.'
4367:"upmost" < PGmc
4323:"errand" < PGmc
3379:"(he/she) fights".
2752:Examples and notes
2742:
2717:value of the graph.
2547:Germanic weak verbs
1802:, and the feminine
1572:(possibly from the
694:
406:
352:or the front glide
337:lacked a following
290:or the front glide
176:Germanic a-mutation
36:Germanic a-mutation
8391:Germanic philology
8386:Germanic languages
8293:Germanic weak verb
8102:Language subgroups
7452:Pennsylvania Dutch
7401:Moselle Franconian
7379:Central Franconian
7212:Middle High German
6963:Central Pomeranian
6918:Northern Low Saxon
6631:Wangerooge Frisian
6425:Germanic languages
6352:Cercignani, Fausto
6339:Cercignani, Fausto
6329:Cercignani, Fausto
6319:Cercignani, Fausto
6253:2022-02-11 at the
6170:2022-09-28 at the
5939:Hardwig, Florian.
5544:Cercignani, Fausto
5524:Umlaut (diacritic)
5496:Linguistics portal
5198:
4968:"little man" from
4839:⟨eu⟩
4594:⟨äu⟩
4587:⟨au⟩
4512:⟨oi⟩
4508:⟨ui⟩
4504:⟨ei⟩
4271:"witch" < PGmc
4112:. In Old English,
3957:followed, leaving
3634:"(he/she) helps,"
3628:"(you sg.) help,"
3064:"(he/she) mourns"
2806:"(he/she) bakes".
2740:
2735:⟨ie⟩
2719:
2576:tèlle/talj/getaldj
2497:with no umlaut of
1698:Middle High German
1690:
1644:⟨ue⟩
1640:⟨oe⟩
1636:⟨ae⟩
1499:⟨οι⟩
1490:⟨αι⟩
1486:⟨oe⟩
1482:⟨ae⟩
1344:⟨äu⟩
1340:⟨au⟩
1308:
1300:
1275:Umlaut (diacritic)
1269:German orthography
1259:⟨eu⟩
1255:⟨ey⟩
797:North Sea Germanic
693:
404:
252:
182:, nor the earlier
117:becomes closer to
89:(sometimes called
29:Umlaut (diacritic)
8348:
8347:
8333:extinct languages
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8267:Great Vowel Shift
8079:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8028:
8027:
7874:Greenlandic Norse
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7624:Southern Bavarian
7607:Northern Bavarian
7583:Highest Alemannic
7534:
7533:
7268:standard variants
7183:
7182:
7029:Standard variants
6988:
6987:
6847:Middle Low German
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6618:Saterland Frisian
6376:978-0-19-955229-0
6244:Linguistik Online
5927:⟨n⟩
5925:as a superscript
5915:⟨ů⟩
5911:⟨u⟩
5907:⟨o⟩
5479:
5478:
5058:
5057:
5050:
4942:Cologne Expansion
4915:⟨u⟩
4583:⟨ü⟩
4579:⟨ö⟩
4575:⟨ä⟩
4571:⟨u⟩
4567:⟨o⟩
4563:⟨a⟩
4524:Fausto Cercignani
4492:Fausto Cercignani
4260:⟨e⟩
3480:
3479:
3476:"(he/she) boils"
3403:"(he/she) burns"
2412:
2411:
1729:⟨e⟩
1725:⟨e⟩
1702:⟨e⟩
1656:⟨u⟩
1652:⟨o⟩
1648:⟨a⟩
1536:⟨υ⟩
1532:⟨y⟩
1374:⟨ä⟩
1370:⟨e⟩
1336:⟨ü⟩
1332:⟨u⟩
1328:⟨ö⟩
1324:⟨o⟩
1320:⟨ä⟩
1316:⟨a⟩
1296:⟨Ü⟩
1292:⟨Ö⟩
1288:⟨Ä⟩
1263:⟨e⟩
1251:⟨ý⟩
1247:⟨y⟩
1243:⟨æ⟩
1239:⟨y⟩
1235:⟨ö⟩
1231:⟨ä⟩
1227:⟨ü⟩
1223:⟨ö⟩
1219:⟨ä⟩
1215:
1214:
1180:⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, /i/ (
1132:⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, /i/ (
1084:⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, /i/ (
1043:⟨eu, äu⟩, /ɔʏ̯/ (
936:⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, /i/ (
802:⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, /i/ (
667:
666:
629:Great Vowel Shift
212:⟨ü⟩
208:⟨ö⟩
204:⟨ä⟩
16:(Redirected from
8403:
8125:Elbe (Irminonic)
8098:
8085:
8013:Mainland Gutnish
7903:Swedish dialects
7865:Middle Icelandic
7839:Middle Norwegian
7728:Historical forms
7725:
7716:
7699:
7658:South Franconian
7644:Hutterite German
7612:Central Bavarian
7432:Rhine Franconian
7367:
7197:Historical forms
7194:
7109:Surinamese Dutch
7002:Historical forms
6999:
6832:Historical forms
6829:
6581:Historical forms
6578:
6465:
6456:
6443:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6257:
6246:. 113/1: 45–57.
6240:
6234:
6233:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6180:
6174:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6085:
6074:
6073:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:"Compact umlaut"
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5842:Axel Springer AG
5829:
5823:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5540:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5444:
5438:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5391:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5286:
5276:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5226:
5219:
5201:
5182:
5168:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5084:
5077:
5053:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5002:
4994:
4984:Old Norse umlaut
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4880:
4874:and English has
4873:
4870:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4673:
4664:
4662:[ˈmɔʏzə]
4659:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:[ˈfyːsə]
4637:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:umlaut diacritic
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4213:was modified to
4212:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:comes from late
4173:
4167:
4164:was modified to
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:. A-mutation of
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4085:by analogy with
4084:
4078:was modified to
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3817:) – e.g.,
3816:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3598:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2610:subjunctive mood
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2570:, "to put", and
2569:
2567:stellen/gestallt
2560:
2555:("burn/burnt"),
2554:
2544:
2539:The German word
2534:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2456:, but the shift
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1761:
1754:
1730:
1726:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1621:
1616:("create"; from
1615:
1609:
1604:("twelve"; from
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:umlaut diacritic
1297:
1293:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1176:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1080:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1032:
1016:
1007:
998:
982:
966:
957:
948:
932:
915:
909:
896:
890:
877:
871:
854:
832:
823:
814:
794:
787:
771:
762:
753:
737:
695:
662:
656:
650:
644:
623:
598:
571:
564:
557:
550:
531:
523:
504:
496:
488:
467:
459:
451:
443:
407:
401:in Old English:
396:
390:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
340:
336:
325:
315:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
213:
209:
205:
173:
166:
144:
136:
132:
124:
75:
71:
21:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8371:German language
8351:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8312:
8271:
8252:Germanic umlaut
8217:Holtzmann's law
8195:
8164:
8092:
8071:
8024:
8001:
7935:South Jutlandic
7920:Danish dialects
7886:
7767:
7710:
7681:
7663:East Franconian
7617:Viennese German
7530:
7511:Silesian German
7477:
7466:Central Hessian
7356:
7281:Namibian German
7270:
7261:
7239:Standard German
7233:
7219:New High German
7205:Old High German
7179:
7158:
7140:
7051:
7023:
6984:
6968:East Pomeranian
6958:Brandenburgisch
6945:East Low German
6939:
6866:Dutch Low Saxon
6858:West Low German
6852:
6810:
6776:Schiermonnikoog
6757:
6652:
6638:Wursten Frisian
6601:
6567:
6450:
6437:
6427:
6422:
6382:
6377:
6364:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6255:Wayback Machine
6241:
6237:
6230:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6172:Wayback Machine
6162:
6158:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6086:
6077:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5943:. Typojournal.
5938:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5894:
5890:
5881:
5879:
5872:docs.oracle.com
5866:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5817:
5813:
5716:had changed to
5638:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5054:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5019:
5003:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4914:
4909:, which became
4901:, which became
4838:
4815:
4767:
4690:). The example
4618:[ˈmɛnɐ]
4593:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4415:Old High German
4411:
4280:Old High German
4259:
4184:, from earlier
4057:but left alone
3922:
3863:) – e.g.
2734:
2710:
2661:
2656:
2648:Old High German
2606:
2552:brennen/brannte
2537:
2518:with umlaut of
2426:
2417:
2266:langīn/*langiþō
1868:
1786:forms, such as
1741:
1728:
1724:
1701:
1694:Old High German
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1535:
1531:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1373:
1369:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
672:
509:Germanic umlaut
264:Old High German
244:
211:
207:
203:
188:vowel gradation
87:Germanic umlaut
83:
82:
81:
49:
46:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8409:
8407:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8353:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8335:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8176:Proto-Germanic
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8104:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8051:Crimean Gothic
8040:
8038:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7927:
7925:Insular Danish
7922:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7908:Rinkebysvenska
7905:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7861:
7849:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7754:Old East Norse
7751:
7749:Old West Norse
7739:
7731:
7729:
7722:
7712:
7711:
7702:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7660:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7629:South Tyrolean
7621:
7620:
7619:
7609:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7571:High Alemannic
7568:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7413:
7408:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7375:
7373:
7364:
7362:Central German
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7303:
7301:Barossa German
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7215:
7208:
7200:
7198:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7080:French Flemish
7072:
7071:
7070:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6996:
6994:Low Franconian
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6833:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6795:Westereendersk
6789:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6726:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6673:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6596:Middle Frisian
6592:
6584:
6582:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6556:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6502:Modern English
6498:
6495:Middle English
6491:
6484:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6375:
6362:
6349:
6336:
6326:
6316:
6309:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6235:
6228:
6210:
6175:
6156:
6141:
6128:10.2307/410084
6122:(3): 223–240.
6104:
6095:
6075:
6068:
6050:
6019:
5989:
5968:"Jazz in Town"
5958:
5931:
5888:
5859:
5824:
5811:
5632:
5620:
5611:
5601:
5592:
5573:
5560:10.2307/412645
5554:(1): 126–136.
5534:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5446:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5234:
5220:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5187:I-mutation is
5185:
5184:
5151:
5056:
5055:
5006:
5004:
4997:
4982:Main article:
4979:
4976:
4814:
4811:
4766:
4763:
4651:[maʊs]
4629:[fuːs]
4410:
4407:
4385:
4384:
4360:
4340:
4316:
4288:
4228:
4227:
4176:Proto-Germanic
4098:
3937:appears. Most
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3854:
3802:
3783:"whole/hale,"
3750:
3698:
3641:
3576:
3478:
3477:
3452:"illuminate".
3439:
3426:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3287:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3222:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3186:
3179:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3137:
3130:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3094:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2967:, Old English
2959:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2793:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2709:
2706:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2605:
2602:
2536:
2527:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2369:
2360:
2347:
2331:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2282:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2191:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2134:
2114:
2101:
2082:
2059:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2018:
2009:
1996:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1844:", from Latin
1814:from ordinary
1740:
1737:
1663:
1660:
1627:
1624:
1524:, "Egypt", or
1518:respectively (
1270:
1267:
1241:and Icelandic
1213:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
984:
975:
969:
968:
959:
950:
941:
934:
925:
919:
918:
899:
880:
861:
844:
841:
835:
834:
825:
816:
807:
800:
780:
774:
773:
764:
755:
746:
739:
730:
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
702:
699:
684:North Germanic
676:Proto-Germanic
671:
668:
665:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
638:Modern English
631:
625:
624:
617:
612:
603:Unrounding of
600:
599:
592:
585:
576:Unrounding of
573:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
542:heavy syllable
533:
532:
524:
516:
510:
506:
505:
497:
489:
481:
476:
472:Loss of final
469:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
434:Proto-Germanic
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
375:
374:
346:
243:
240:
196:sing/sang/sung
76:⟩, see
52:
51:
50:
47:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8408:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8340:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8283:Germanic verb
8281:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:Sievers's law
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:Reconstructed
8167:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8086:
8082:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8004:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7982:Middle Danish
7979:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:Old Icelandic
7855:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7832:Old Norwegian
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7700:
7696:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7650:
7649:Gottscheerish
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7588:Walser German
7586:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7554:Low Alemannic
7552:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:High Prussian
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7501:Erzgebirgisch
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7406:Luxembourgish
7404:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7344:Klezmer-loshn
7341:
7339:
7338:Scots Yiddish
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7175:Meuse-Rhenish
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:Kleverlandish
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7063:Central Dutch
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Stellingwarfs
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6805:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:Wood Frisian
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6658:North Frisian
6655:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Anglo-Frisian
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6306:0-415-22209-5
6303:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6231:
6229:3-631-33479-6
6225:
6221:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6051:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6020:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5959:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5847:
5843:
5840:(in German).
5839:
5835:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5751:, from Latin
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5392:(to lift up)
5390:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5122:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5052:
5049:
5041:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5007:This section
5005:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4892:
4886:
4877:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:[fʊʃ]
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4607:[man]
4603:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4517:
4501:
4500:Ottar Grønvik
4495:
4493:
4462:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4241:
4224:
4218:
4211:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4119:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3948:
3947:a-restoration
3924:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3893:"a falling,"
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3647:form of some
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:fechten/focht
2622:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2563:Luxembourgish
2559:
2558:kennen/kannte
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1454:from English
1452:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1400:("parents").
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1313:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:⟨eu⟩, /ɔʏ̯/ (
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:⟨ei⟩, /aɪ̯/ (
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
971:
970:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
914:
908:
900:
898:
895:
889:
881:
879:
876:
870:
862:
860:
858:
853:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
831:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
798:
793:
786:
781:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
701:example word
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:West Germanic
677:
669:
659:
653:
647:
641:
639:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
618:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
601:
597:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
574:
570:
566:
563:
556:
549:
543:
539:
535:
534:
530:
525:
522:
517:
515:
508:
507:
503:
498:
495:
487:
482:
480:
479:West Germanic
477:
475:
471:
470:
466:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
442:
435:
432:
430:Original form
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
402:
400:
397:became a new
395:
389:
384:
380:
347:
344:
335:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
308:West Germanic
273:
269:
268:
267:
265:
261:
257:
248:
241:
239:
237:
236:vowel harmony
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:/ (formerly /
217:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
165:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
128:
122:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
67:
63:
61:
57:
45:
41:
37:
30:
19:
8366:Vowel shifts
8328:
8251:
8212:Verner's law
8157:
8152:Gotho-Nordic
8150:
8143:
8064:
8057:
8049:
8043:
8033:
8018:Fårö Gutnish
7980:
7973:
7879:
7872:
7863:
7856:
7837:
7830:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7674:
7576:Swiss German
7540:Upper German
7473:Amana German
7447:Volga German
7416:Hunsrückisch
7342:
7296:Unserdeutsch
7291:Berlinerisch
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7163:Cover groups
7119:Mohawk Dutch
7114:Jersey Dutch
7092:East Flemish
7075:West Flemish
7019:Middle Dutch
6973:Low Prussian
6845:
6838:
6804:Terschelling
6788:Clay Frisian
6763:West Frisian
6751:Wiedingharde
6743:
6731:
6691:Heligolandic
6668:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6624:
6607:East Frisian
6594:
6587:
6560:Middle Scots
6558:
6551:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6384:
6366:
6355:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6312:
6297:
6291:Bibliography
6279:
6270:
6261:
6243:
6238:
6219:
6213:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6159:
6150:
6144:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6059:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6033:Fonts in Use
6032:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6001:
5992:
5980:. Retrieved
5972:Fonts in Use
5971:
5961:
5949:. Retrieved
5934:
5891:
5880:. Retrieved
5871:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5837:
5827:
5819:
5814:
5806:
5765:
5635:
5623:
5614:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5326:(to come) /
5277:(to loosen)
5192:
5188:
5186:
5170:
5160:
5059:
5044:
5035:
5020:Please help
5008:
4941:
4931:
4875:
4863:
4816:
4768:
4696:"guest" vs.
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4654:"mouse" vs.
4556:
4551:Skandäl-chen
4536:'choirs' or
4528:
4496:
4463:
4412:
4386:
4353:< Pre-OE
4239:
4229:
4120:of original
3869:"a coming,"
3777:"strength;"
3737:"to teach;"
3622:"(I) help,"
3590:strong verbs
3481:
3373:"to fight",
3058:"to mourn",
2720:
2662:
2607:
2538:
2427:
2418:
2382:(no umlaut)
2366:
2362:
2288:
2284:
2210:
2206:
2173:(irregular)
2153:(irregular)
2133:(no umlaut)
2111:
2107:
2103:
2031:(no umlaut)
2015:
2011:
1937:
1933:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:strong verbs
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1718:
1691:
1688:'beautiful'.
1629:
1626:Substitution
1561:
1557:
1538:are written
1464:from French
1455:
1447:
1372:rather than
1360:
1309:
1216:
1181:
1157:⟨ei⟩, /ɛɪ/ (
1133:
1109:⟨ey⟩, /ɛɪ/ (
1085:
1037:
987:
937:
902:
883:
864:
856:
847:
803:
742:
705:
673:
634:Early Modern
608:
604:
581:
577:
537:
473:
376:
342:
327:
253:
232:assimilation
200:
195:
187:
157:
147:
94:
90:
86:
84:
72:and ⟨
54:
8227:Kluge's law
8207:Grimm's law
7990:Dalecarlian
7969:Perkerdansk
7942:East Danish
7760:Old Gutnish
7736:Proto-Norse
7676:Langobardic
7668:Vogtlandian
7496:Upper Saxon
7350:Lachoudisch
7311:Lotegorisch
7189:High German
6935:Westphalian
6930:Eastphalian
6894:Achterhooks
6771:Hindeloopen
6706:Bökingharde
6675:Föhr–Amrum
6589:Old Frisian
6553:Early Scots
6488:Old English
6191:(1): 1–13.
5838:Welt Online
5439:(to lie) /
5356:(to row) /
5199:i-mutation
5066:Proto-Norse
5038:August 2010
4861:("ships").
4855:("ship") –
4632:"foot" vs.
4024:instead of
4004:, but left
3971:"tale" vs.
3899:"to fall;"
3887:"to bear;"
3875:"to come;"
3743:"to fall,"
3645:comparative
3616:"to help,"
3488:Old English
3397:"to burn",
2890:"to cover"
2860:"to teach"
2800:"to bake",
2757:West Saxon
2741:i-mutation
2615:singen/sang
2444:. The verb
2098:am ältesten
1721:blackletter
1580:consonants
1570:front vowel
1553:Psychologie
1488:, or Greek
1036:⟨i⟩, /aɪ/ (
961:⟨æ⟩, /aɪ/ (
827:⟨æ⟩, /aɪ/ (
738:('people')
589:Old English
514:Old English
318:Old English
270:Whenever a
256:Old English
242:Description
158:foot ~ feet
115:front vowel
107:front vowel
101:in which a
18:Rueckumlaut
8396:Sound laws
8355:Categories
8059:Burgundian
7975:Old Danish
7964:Gøtudanskt
7947:Bornholmsk
7809:Vestlandsk
7789:Kebabnorsk
7526:Halcnovian
7491:Thuringian
7154:Limburgish
7124:Stadsfries
7097:Brabantian
6824:Low German
6670:Eiderstedt
6525:Fingallian
6069:0879682132
5882:2022-05-22
5628:Ringe 2006
5589:: 207–213.
5530:References
5509:I-mutation
5475:(to sink)
5299:Áss / Æsir
5271:(loose) /
5247:(fairest)
4988:See also:
4950:Limburgish
4895:/ˈvulə(n)/
4726:"arm" vs.
4708:"day" vs.
4610:"man" vs.
4539:europäisch
4516:epenthesis
4453:appear as
4302:< PGmc
4118:a-mutation
3905:"a bond,"
3789:"health;"
3774:strengþ(u)
3771:"strong,"
3749:"to fell."
3672:< PGmc
3658:< PGmc
3649:adjectives
3608:infinitive
3586:indicative
3575:"friends."
3569:"friend,"
3493:ǣ, ē, i, ī
2824:"person",
2749:i-mutated
2572:Limburgish
2542:Rückumlaut
2532:Rückumlaut
1784:diminutive
1578:labialized
1534:and Greek
1273:See also:
1205:⟨ý⟩, /i/ (
1196:⟨y⟩, /y/ (
1177:('steer')
1148:⟨e⟩, /e/ (
1100:⟨ö⟩, /ø/ (
1091:⟨ö⟩, /ø/ (
1061:⟨ý⟩, /i/ (
1052:⟨ö⟩, /ø/ (
1011:⟨y⟩, /ɪ/ (
1002:⟨y⟩, /y/ (
993:⟨ü⟩, /y/ (
986:⟨i⟩, /ɪ/ (
952:⟨ö⟩, /ø/ (
943:⟨ü⟩, /y/ (
818:⟨ä⟩, /ɛ/ (
809:⟨ä⟩, /ɛ/ (
766:⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ (
757:⟨ä⟩, /ɛ/ (
748:⟨ä⟩, /ɛ/ (
741:⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ (
722:Icelandic
379:allophonic
272:back vowel
180:u-mutation
103:back vowel
95:i-mutation
44:u-mutation
40:i-mutation
34:See also:
8339:varieties
8331:indicate
8145:Northwest
8090:Philology
7995:Elfdalian
7930:Jutlandic
7852:Icelandic
7827:(written)
7821:(written)
7799:Trøndersk
7779:Norwegian
7743:Old Norse
7564:Coloniero
7548:Alemannic
7521:Wymysorys
7389:Colognian
7384:Ripuarian
7306:Rotwelsch
7136:Midslands
7087:Zeelandic
7068:Hollandic
7042:Afrikaans
7014:Old Dutch
6840:Old Saxon
6739:Karrharde
6721:Goesharde
6702:Mainland
6435:philology
6205:162809692
5469:(sank) /
5416:(foul) /
5241:(fair) /
5204:Original
5175:desinence
5009:does not
4960:/vylə(n)/
4913:(spelled
4872:/ˈfyːlən/
4837:(spelled
4781:is short
4771:Old Saxon
4380:áuhumists
4371:uhumistaz
4332:Old Saxon
4327:ǣrundijaz
4284:hagazussa
4275:hagatusjō
3691:"older,"
3665:, Pre-OE
3563:"books;"
3545:"mouse,"
3446:"light",
3101:"mouse",
2830:"people"
2746:Original
2630:(ind.) →
2618:(ind.) →
2188:fullijaną
1915:fallijaną
1714:Staedtler
1432:aufwänden
1428:(but not
1425:aufwändig
1415:aufwendig
1409:aufwenden
1174:steurjaną
1129:('heal')
1126:hailijaną
1081:('hear')
1033:('lice')
983:('fill')
980:fullijaną
933:('feet')
901:⟨e⟩, /ɛ/
882:⟨ö⟩, /ø/
863:⟨ö⟩, /ø/
846:⟨e⟩, /ɛ/
663:("feet")
645:("mouse")
367:*/bæddj-/
260:Old Norse
8066:Vandalic
8009:Gutnish
7814:Vikværsk
7794:Sognamål
7784:Bergensk
7634:Cimbrian
7602:Bavarian
7559:Alsatian
7506:Lusatian
7442:Palatine
7132:Amelands
7009:Frankish
6899:Sallaans
6881:Gronings
6732:Southern
6725:Northern
6716:Halligen
6665:Insular
6482:dialects
6251:Archived
6168:Archived
6115:Language
6037:Archived
6006:Archived
5976:Archived
5945:Archived
5897:digraphs
5876:Archived
5852:21 April
5846:Archived
5790:kuningaz
5548:Language
5482:See also
5422:(filth)
5332:(comes)
5210:Example
5207:Mutated
4885:fōlijaną
4849:, as in
4833:to long
4741:Fisch(e)
4665:"mice."
4643:"feet,"
4592:becomes
4548:, as in
3853:"vixen."
3801:"filth."
3795:"foul,"
3731:"lore,"
3712:"food,"
3651:(Pre-OE
3583:singular
3557:"book,"
3539:"feet;"
3533:"foot,"
3021:"feet".
3009:"foot",
2763:Kentish
2760:Anglian
2650:period.
2644:optative
2079:alþistaz
1874:Germanic
1772:brethren
1710:Goebbels
1676:becomes
1619:schepfen
1613:schöpfen
1566:rounding
1527:Ökonomie
1456:kangaroo
1078:hauzjaną
719:Swedish
713:English
708:-umlaut
657:("foot")
651:("mice")
591:dialects
540:after a
536:Loss of
422:Singular
416:Singular
413:Language
383:phonemic
226:/, and /
194:such as
111:fronting
91:i-umlaut
70:/ /
66:Help:IPA
8329:Italics
7952:Scanian
7898:Swedish
7847:Faroese
7825:Nynorsk
7804:Valdris
7639:Mòcheno
7595:Swabian
7461:Hessian
7421:Hunsrik
7333:Western
7328:Eastern
7323:Yiddish
7273:creoles
7170:Bergish
6886:Drèents
6876:Tweants
6728:Central
6710:Mooring
6573:Frisian
6532:Kildare
6477:English
6043:15 July
6012:15 July
5982:15 July
5951:15 July
5818:Duden,
5786:(e.g.,
5688:before
5653:before
5445:(lies)
5386:(up) /
5362:(rows)
5244:fegrstr
5030:removed
5015:sources
4965:menneke
4938:Holland
4934:Brabant
4858:schepen
4699:Gäst(e)
4621:"men,"
4573:become
4357:ofustan
4350:øfestan
4312:eimurja
4306:aimurjǭ
4268:hægtess
4254:. This
4217:dohtriz
4210:duhtriz
4198:, with
4195:duhtriz
4008:tælljan
3988:tælljan
3896:feallan
3847:"fox,"
3823:"god,"
3798:fȳlþ(u)
3786:hǣlþ(u)
3746:fiellan
3740:feallan
3694:ieldest
3685:"old,"
3580:present
3458:became
3449:līehtan
3394:beornan
3385:became
3370:fiohtan
3323:became
3303:before
3258:became
3238:before
3144:"old",
3107:"mice"
2923:before
2642:in the
2494:fą̄hidi
2487:fą̄haną
1938:to fell
1934:to fall
1908:fallaną
1899:Faroese
1894:Swedish
1884:English
1847:Colonia
1842:Cologne
1826:versus
1774:), and
1610:), and
1583:w/f/sch
1521:Ägypten
1477:Big Mäc
1472:Big Mac
1451:Känguru
1435:). For
1403:Aufwand
1190:steuern
1168:eu, iu
716:German
425:Plural
410:Process
399:phoneme
361:became
127:raising
113:) or a
58:in the
8045:Gothic
7915:Danish
7819:Bokmål
7318:Yenish
7128:Bildts
6911:Veluws
6906:Urkers
6745:Strand
6469:Anglic
6373:
6304:
6248:Online
6226:
6203:
6165:Online
6136:410084
6134:
6066:
6002:Flickr
5902:bluome
5568:412645
5566:
5472:søkkva
5115:skunja
5091:, but
5082:gastiʀ
4926:steden
4905:, and
4891:voelen
4879:/fiːl/
4868:fühlen
4806:slehis
4800:slahan
4747:füsche
4729:Ärm(e)
4720:) and
4711:Täg(e)
4613:Männer
4581:, and
4569:, and
4510:, and
4376:Gothic
4344:efstan
4336:ārundi
4320:ǣrende
4299:āmurja
4292:ǣmerge
4223:dehter
4188:duhter
4181:dohter
4171:dohtor
4014:tellan
3974:tellan
3913:ablaut
3908:bindan
3850:fyxenn
3838:Göttin
3826:gydenn
3810:(PGmc
3768:strang
3758:(PGmc
3722:fōdjan
3688:ieldra
3676:-istaz
3637:helpaþ
3625:hilpst
3613:helpan
3572:frīend
3566:frēond
3506:/i(ː)/
3498:/i(ː)/
3467:sēoþan
3400:biernþ
3196:nīehst
3147:ieldra
3055:murnan
2961:Latin
2887:þeccan
2731:/e(ː)/
2727:/ø(ː)/
2723:/y(ː)/
2694:gastiz
2633:föchte
2515:gibidi
2508:gebaną
2504:, but
2435:fangen
2379:luizen
2321:langur
2301:lengte
2289:length
2259:langaz
2243:fullur
2223:vullen
2201:füllen
2181:fullaz
2170:elstur
2138:gammal
2112:eldest
2072:alþizô
2042:fötter
2028:voeten
1950:vellen
1944:vallen
1928:fällen
1922:fallen
1879:German
1859:caseus
1796:kernel
1788:kitten
1706:Goethe
1685:schoͤn
1673:schoen
1654:, and
1574:labial
1467:bureau
1458:, and
1441:, see
1438:denken
1397:Eltern
1365:fertig
1355:Mütter
1349:Mutter
1253:, and
1237:, and
1225:, and
1142:heilen
996:füllen
955:fötter
894:nötter
888:hnotiz
785:gansiz
751:Männer
735:manniz
661:/fiːt/
649:/maɪs/
643:/maʊs/
607:(>
580:(>
457:fō(t)s
419:Plural
373:'bed'.
371:/bedd/
302:, and
210:, and
167:, pl.
154:Gothic
99:umlaut
74:
42:, and
8159:South
8110:North
7720:North
7704:North
7046:Kaaps
7037:Dutch
6684:Amrum
6625:Weser
6547:Scots
6201:S2CID
6132:JSTOR
5919:Czech
5802:König
5799:>
5796:Künig
5793:>
5788:*
5759:*
5754:oleum
5746:*
5739:*
5732:*
5725:*
5718:*
5711:*
5704:*
5697:*
5690:*
5683:*
5676:*
5669:*
5662:*
5655:*
5648:*
5641:*
5609:113).
5564:JSTOR
5436:ljúga
5274:leysa
5268:lauss
5144:>
5141:komiʀ
5139:*
5131:>
5126:*
5118:>
5113:*
5100:*
5098:>
5095:staði
5093:*
5088:gestr
5085:>
5080:*
5070:heavy
4956:vulen
4883:*
4852:schip
4794:gesti
4753:Fusch
4684:mouse
4657:Mäuse
4545:-chen
4533:Chöre
4374:(cf.
4369:*
4364:ȳmest
4355:*
4330:(cf.
4325:*
4304:*
4297:*
4278:(cf.
4273:*
4215:*
4208:*
4193:*
4186:*
4179:*
4088:bacan
4082:baciþ
4080:*
4075:bæciþ
4073:*
4066:*
4061:bæciþ
4059:*
4054:bacan
4048:bæcan
4046:*
4041:bæciþ
4039:*
4034:bæcan
4032:*
4019:*
4006:*
3993:*
3986:*
3979:*
3920:Notes
3890:fiell
3884:beran
3872:cuman
3858:*
3814:-injō
3812:*
3760:*
3734:lǣran
3720:*
3715:fēdan
3674:*
3667:*
3660:*
3653:*
3631:hilpþ
3619:helpe
3601:*
3594:*
3522:*
3473:sīeþþ
3443:līoht
3420:>
3376:fieht
3368:*
3346:>
3312:*
3305:*
3298:*
3296:>
3291:*
3281:>
3247:*
3240:*
3233:*
3231:>
3226:*
3216:>
3173:>
3153:eldra
3124:>
3088:>
3061:myrnþ
3045:>
3015:>
2996:>
2973:>
2964:olium
2953:>
2932:*
2925:*
2918:*
2916:>
2911:*
2857:lǣran
2812:>
2797:bacan
2787:>
2699:*
2692:*
2681:ġiest
2673:*
2666:*
2621:sänge
2589:above
2520:*
2513:*
2506:*
2499:*
2492:*
2485:*
2478:*
2471:*
2447:geben
2363:louse
2357:Läuse
2344:lūsiz
2342:*
2335:*
2327:longd
2314:längd
2279:Länge
2264:*
2257:*
2249:fylla
2236:fylla
2186:*
2179:*
2164:eldri
2158:gamal
2150:äldst
2144:äldre
2130:oudst
2124:ouder
2108:elder
2092:älter
2077:*
2070:*
2065:aldaz
2063:*
2055:føtur
2049:fótur
1993:fōtiz
1991:*
1984:*
1976:fella
1970:falla
1963:fälla
1957:falla
1913:*
1906:*
1889:Dutch
1850:, or
1806:from
1804:vixen
1798:from
1790:from
1757:*
1750:*
1679:schön
1607:zwelf
1601:zwölf
1443:below
1430:*
1391:älter
1379:Fahrt
1208:stýra
1199:styra
1182:steer
1172:*
1160:heila
1124:*
1112:heyra
1094:hören
1076:*
1046:Läuse
1030:lūsiz
1028:*
1014:fylla
1005:fylla
978:*
964:fætur
930:fōtiz
928:*
913:kemur
910:>
907:komiz
905:*
891:>
886:*
872:>
867:*
857:eaves
855:>
852:obisu
850:*
812:Gänse
804:geese
792:gą̄si
790:*
783:*
733:*
655:/fʊt/
587:Most
529:fø̄ti
527:*
519:*
500:*
492:*
484:*
465:fōtiz
463:*
455:*
449:mūsiz
447:*
439:*
369:>
343:mouse
332:*
321:*
311:*
222:/), /
171:fōtiz
169:*
162:*
137:, or
62:(IPA)
8120:West
8115:East
8035:East
7891:East
7881:Norn
7772:West
7708:East
7706:and
7271:and
7266:Non-
6696:Sylt
6679:Föhr
6614:Ems
6539:Yola
6448:West
6371:ISBN
6302:ISBN
6224:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6045:2015
6014:2015
5984:2015
5953:2015
5854:2012
5730:and
5695:and
5646:and
5466:sǫkk
5442:lýgr
5419:fýla
5413:fúll
5389:yppa
5329:kømr
5323:koma
5238:fagr
5147:kømr
5128:kuni
5121:skyn
5102:stað
5013:any
5011:cite
4962:and
4936:and
4920:stad
4876:feel
4847:/eː/
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