1713:
687:
1425:"At the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, Theodoric of the Ostrogoths invades Italy and founds a kingdom based in Rome. Many of the remaining Rugii join Theodoric in his invasion and settle in self-contained communities, refusing intermarriage with the Ostrogoths and other Germanic peoples there. They retain their identity until the fall of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy. The Langobards migrate into the former Rugii territory to fill this vacuum."
2939:
498:
357:). Andersson has noted that this etymology limits the possible places where we might expect the Rugii to have had their original homeland. For example the cultivation rye, which was originally cultivated in the Middle East, is not known in Norway in the Roman era, implying that the later Rygir of Norway were not living in the original Rugian homeland.
38:
475:
Others such as Pohl have argued that the similarity of names has been uncritically interpreted to indicate tribal kinship or identity, feeding a debate about the location of an "original homeland" without any reference to historical sources. Pohl also suggests that one possibility suggested by the work of
909:
According to Pohl, the name was taken up in a historicizing manner from the 10th century onwards to refer to Slavic peoples on the lower
Austrian Danube (Pohl refers to Raffelstettener customs ordinance shortly after 900), on the Baltic Sea (citing Otto of Freising, Chronica 7, 9), or also the Rus
470:
Scholars suggest a migration either of
Rogaland Rugii to the southern Baltic coast, a migration the other way around, or an original homeland on the islands of Denmark in between these two regions. None of these theories is so far backed by archaeological evidence. Another theory suggests that the
474:
Scholars such as
Andersson regard it as very unlikely that the name meaning Rye eaters or Rye farmers was invented twice. In favour of a Scandinavian origin, despite doubts about the early cultivation of Rye, he cites the sixth century claim of Jordanes that Scandinavia was the "womb of nations".
698:
of about 314. In a list of barbarians under the emperors it lists them together with their future neighbours the Heruli, but in a part of the list between the
Scottish barbarians and the tribes north of the lower Rhine. Unlike the Heruli, they do not appear in other such 4th-century lists.
896:
living in
Britain were derived". The Rugini would thus be among the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons. Whether the Rugini were remnants of the Rugii is speculative. Despite the identification by Bede as Germanic, some scholars have attempted to link the Rugini with the
646:
on the Roman
Danubian frontier. Given the coincidence of the same name on the Baltic and Danube, the Rugii are one of the peoples thought to have been involved. While modern authors are sceptical of some elements of the old narrative, the archaeology of the
409:. Though some scholars have suggested that the Rugii passed their name to the isle of Rügen in modern Northeast Germany, other scholars have presented alternative hypotheses of Rügen's etymology associating the name to the mediaeval
212:
Various other records mentioning places or peoples with similar names have been associated with the
Danubian Rugii as possible relatives, mainly on the basis of similar names which all appear to be related to the grain
641:
According to an old proposal, in the second century AD, eastern
Germanic peoples then mainly in the area of modern Poland, began to expand their influence, pressing peoples to their south and eventually causing the
599:, which claims that the Goths and many other peoples came from Scandinavia, the "womb of nations", many centuries before his time. Upon the arrival by boat of the Goths from Scandinavia, in the coastal area of "
261:
mentioned by
Jordanes. Their name probably means "island Rugii", and he described them as a people who had many centuries before him lived on the Baltic coast near the Vistula, at the time when he believed the
125:, and become part of Attila's Hunnic empire which also moved and came to be based in this region. The Rugii were subsequently part of the alliance which defeated Attila's sons and the
152:
who killed
Odoacer and replaced him with a Gothic-led regime in Italy. The Rugii were based in Pavia and played an important role in the Italian kingdom until it was destroyed by
444:
Jordanes makes a references to a people called the Rugii still living in Scandinavia in the sixth century, in the area near the Dani, who are normally presumed to be the Danes.
144:
in Italy and became part of his kingdom there. Fearing new plots against him, he nevertheless invaded the Rugian kingdom in 487, and the Rugian lands were then settled by the
847:, some traditions were continued. One hypothesis, based on the sudden appearance of large amounts of Roman solidi and migrations of other groups after the breakdown of the
706:
in 451. After Attila's death in 453 the Rugii were among the Hunnic confederates who successfully rebelled against his sons, defeating them and the Ostrogoths at the
273:
The name of the Rugii continued to be used after the sixth century to refer to Slavic-speaking peoples near the Danube, and Rügen, and even as a Latin name for the
367:, the coastal region near the Vistula which was mentioned by Jordanes, can be translated as "island Rugii", containing the Proto-Germanic word reconstructed as
759:
Feletheus' Rugii were utterly defeated by Odoacer in 487; many came into captivity and were carried to Italy, and subsequently, Rugiland was settled by the
1849:
553:. Tacitus distinguished the Rugii, Gutones and Lemovii from other Germanic tribes, saying they carried round shields and short swords, and obeyed kings.
2896:
2914:
1761:
1654:
1333:
274:
353:
398:(in Greek). The meaning of the second part of this name form is unclear, but it has for example been interpreted as a Germanic diminutive.
1136:
Der barbarische Norden: Vorstellungen und Fremdheitskategorien bei Rimbert, Thietmar von Merseburg, Adam von Bremen und Helmold von Bosau
956:
121:
in 453. The Rugii, Heruli, Scirii and others are believed to have moved into this region from distant homelands under pressure from the
724:
With Roman power now also weakened along the Danube, the majority of the Rugii became part of the independent Rugian kingdom ruled by
1995:
1701:
1674:
1636:
1616:
1589:
1566:
1539:
1474:
1446:
1401:
1282:
1244:
1143:
1120:
1033:
968:
702:
The Rugii are listed as one of the northern peoples who were led by Attila over the Rhine, to invade Gaul, and eventually fight the
369:
1812:
1787:
1766:
1745:
1180:
982:
Rugians. Germanic people prominent in provincial politics of the Danube frontier region during the last half of the 5th century...
303:
1957:
1792:
1740:
1185:
703:
2973:
2919:
2127:
339:
2909:
2177:
1982:
1842:
1693:
1507:
455:
or Rygjafylke is a region (fylke) in south west Norway. Rogaland translates "Land of the Rygir" (Rugii), the transition of
2988:
2983:
2978:
83:
483:
is that the name of the Rugii could have been spread by small elite groups who moved around, rather than mass migration.
133:
in 454, giving their kingdom independence. In 469 they were part of a similar alliance who lost to the Ostrogoths at the
2058:
1712:
2924:
1937:
584:
in roughly the same area, between the rivers Vidua and Vistula. Both these names have been associated with the Rugii.
2085:
889:
492:
471:
name of one of the two groups was adapted by the other one later without any significant migration taking place.
2942:
2122:
2029:
2022:
2000:
1835:
892:
has argued that, regarding Bede's "Rugini", "the sense of the Latin is that these are the peoples from whom the
791:
2162:
2147:
1962:
1947:
626:
is also associated with the Rugii. The remains of the Rugii west of the Vidivarii, together with other Gothic,
480:
1807:
1575:
786:
in Italy, they kept their own administrators and avoided intermarriage with the Goths. They disappeared after
420:
were only mentioned once, in a list of Germanic tribes still to be Christianised drawn up by the English monk
2277:
2167:
2157:
2152:
1972:
1952:
1909:
1645:
Pohl, Walter (2003), "Rugier § 2. Historisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.),
1295:
Archäologische Funde von der frührömischen Kaiserzeit bis zum Mittelalter aus den mecklenburgischen Bezirken
2679:
2112:
2107:
2090:
2034:
1929:
74:
241:). He also listed the "Rogas" as an Eastern European people of the 4th century. Much later, the medieval
1977:
1867:
695:
1782:
851:
empire in 453, suggest a partial re-migration of earlier emigrants to their former northern homelands.
686:
521:
in the late first century. Tacitus' description of their contemporary settlement area, adjacent to the
193:. The 6th century writer Procopius included them among the "Gothic peoples", grouping them with Goths,
101:
who are best known for their short-lived 5th-century kingdom upon the Roman frontier, near present-day
2068:
2039:
1942:
952:
2968:
2904:
2117:
1426:
1239:
The Works of Tacitus: The Oxford Translation, Revised, With Notes, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, p.836,
783:
779:
149:
2287:
2139:
2078:
1967:
1899:
1875:
1722:
102:
883:
635:
229:
listed "Rugi" among the tribes supposedly living in Scandinavia in his own time, near the Dani (
2063:
1914:
1889:
1697:
1670:
1650:
1632:
1612:
1585:
1562:
1535:
1513:
1503:
1470:
1442:
1397:
1329:
1278:
1240:
1139:
1116:
1029:
964:
710:
in 454. Whether or not the Rugian kingdom existed before then, and in what form, is unknown.
623:
611:
2486:
1858:
1604:
844:
824:
812:
648:
643:
476:
348:
344:
334:
94:
1011:
878:
2095:
2073:
2017:
1987:
1871:
736:), north of the Danube. After Flaccitheus's death, the Rugii of Rugiland were led by king
707:
169:
134:
130:
1175:
694:
One of the first clear records of the Rugii interacting with the Roman empire is in the
148:
from the north. Most Rugii still in the Danubian region eventually joined the Ostrogoth
2963:
2769:
2553:
2217:
1904:
1683:
1275:
Die spätrömische Kaiserzeit und die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Mittel- und Osteuropa
1225:
816:
627:
464:
316:
298:
238:
98:
2957:
2630:
2528:
2491:
2451:
2317:
2046:
2005:
1726:
1462:
749:
718:
330:
326:
308:
401:
Uncertain and disputed is the association of the Rugii with the name of the isle of
257:
is also sometimes associated with the Rugii. The Rugii are also associated with the
2222:
2212:
2195:
2012:
1015:
927:
898:
893:
619:
600:
589:
502:
447:
According to an old proposal, the Rugii possibly migrated from southwest Norway to
410:
225:, and the place known as Rougion, on the southern Baltic coast. In the 6th century
31:
1687:
1664:
1626:
1579:
1556:
1323:
1019:
2704:
2662:
2585:
2498:
2366:
2356:
2267:
2051:
855:
836:
807:
It is assumed that Burgundians, Goths and Gepids with parts of the Rugians left
725:
497:
2881:
2669:
2652:
2600:
2590:
2575:
2543:
2533:
2411:
2361:
2237:
2232:
2200:
1919:
1608:
775:
671:
546:
321:
250:
178:
126:
1517:
140:
Many Rugii, once again along with Scirii, Heruli and other Danubians, joined
2876:
2871:
2861:
2794:
2699:
2595:
2558:
2548:
2508:
2461:
2456:
2406:
2346:
2272:
2262:
2242:
2205:
2190:
870:
820:
808:
764:
741:
737:
675:
663:
659:
550:
510:
463:
being sufficiently explained with the general linguistic transitions of the
448:
375:
153:
46:
560:
did not mention the Rugii in this region, but he did mention a place named
740:, also called Feva, and his wife Gisa. Yet other Rugii had already become
2849:
2834:
2814:
2799:
2779:
2754:
2739:
2734:
2714:
2684:
2674:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2441:
2426:
2401:
2381:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2227:
2185:
1894:
932:
832:
768:
760:
753:
729:
538:
452:
402:
254:
246:
226:
145:
54:
50:
42:
1115:
J. B. Rives on Tacitus, Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.311,
2866:
2854:
2844:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2784:
2774:
2749:
2689:
2647:
2620:
2538:
2471:
2466:
2446:
2436:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2312:
2297:
2247:
1025:
858:
840:
745:
733:
615:
557:
545:), at the "ocean". This is generally seen as the southern coast of the
542:
534:
526:
522:
518:
506:
278:
270:, is known from much later medieval Norway, in the area near Rogaland.
218:
198:
190:
186:
182:
164:
163:
It is generally accepted that the Rugii were first clearly recorded by
141:
106:
17:
861:, a compilation of earlier oral traditions, mentions the tribe of the
678:. In a list of the peoples conquered by him the name "Rogas" appears.
2886:
2839:
2824:
2789:
2764:
2729:
2724:
2657:
2642:
2580:
2518:
2503:
2481:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2329:
2324:
2282:
2252:
1725:, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the
922:
787:
631:
595:
406:
194:
157:
118:
114:
110:
509:(ruled 117–138): the Rugii inhabit a region corresponding to modern
1827:
2759:
2744:
2709:
2694:
2637:
2605:
2570:
2565:
2523:
2513:
2396:
2257:
2100:
873:
828:
714:
713:
A group of Rugii were settled near Constantinople after Nadao, in
685:
530:
496:
263:
242:
230:
206:
202:
36:
2829:
2476:
1561:, vol. 25 (2 ed.), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 452ff,
1325:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
667:
421:
122:
37:
1831:
297:, and would thus have meant "rye eaters" or "rye farmers". The
160:
who died in 541. After him the Rugians disappear from history.
1666:
Rom und die Barbaren. Völker im Alpen- und Donauraum (300-600)
848:
294:
214:
1305:
1303:
634:
groups, are believed to be identical with the archaeological
387:
is found in Norway, near the tribe who were called the Rygir.
670:
as they entered Europe, ruled an empire stretching from the
329:. They are also known in the other language families of the
1601:
Old Names, New Peoples: Listing Ethnonyms in Late Antiquity
1297:, Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Schwerin, 1984, pp.8:12
88:
1599:
Liccardo, Salvatore (2023), "The Laterculus Veronensis"",
266:
arrived by boat from Scandinavia. A similar island name,
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
839:
of tribes who in the mid-6th century lived at the lower
690:
Europe at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD
1555:
Andersson, Thomas (2003), "Rugier 1. Namenkundliches",
1235:
1233:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
587:
In the sixth century, Jordanes wrote an origin story (
658:
Jordanes claimed that the fourth century Gothic king
293:
is believed to originate from the name of the cereal
732:, a region presently part of lower Austria (ancient
30:"Rugians" redirects here. For the Slavic tribe, see
2895:
2176:
2138:
1928:
1882:
1396:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974, pp.31ff,
209:, who were mainly associated with Eastern Europe.
1581:Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths
1204:
1202:
1014:(2010). "The Herules: Fragments of a History". In
360:Other historical terms associated with the Rugii:
1532:Welt der Slawen: Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur
1631:, vol. 23, Walter de Gruyter, p. 282,
1328:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
811:during the late Roman Age, and that during the
109:. This kingdom, like those of the neighbouring
1467:Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages
1130:
1128:
910:(citing the Continuatio Reginonis a. 959-60).
662:, who was one of the first rulers west of the
651:has given new evidence to support this idea.
117:, first appears in records after the death of
1843:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
394:have been interpreted as a scribal error for
8:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
831:. The Vidivarii themselves are described by
1874:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1647:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1628:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1558:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1441:, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.325,
1349:
1309:
752:in 476. By 482 the Rugii had converted to
425:
189:who apparently lived near the mouth of the
1850:
1836:
1828:
1373:
1277:, Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Łódź, 2000, p.127,
1273:Magdalena Ma̜czyńska, Tadeusz Grabarczyk,
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
998:
827:remained and formed units that were later
721:where they provided troops to the empire.
614:is associated with parts of the Rugii and
603:", the Goths expelled a people called the
529:(who are generally considered to be early
1762:"History of Europe: The Germans and Huns"
1689:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
1458:
1456:
1454:
1090:
782:when he invaded Italy in 489. Within the
307:, and versions of the word exist in both
137:, weakening their kingdom significantly.
1361:
2915:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1741:"Ancient Rome: The barbarian invasions"
1717:This article contains content from the
1625:Machajewski, Henryk (2003), "Pommern",
1439:History and Geography in Late Antiquity
994:
961:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
944:
301:word for rye has been reconstructed as
1392:William Dudley Foulke, Edward Peters,
1493:
1491:
156:. The third last king was the Rugian
7:
1208:
843:. Though differing from the earlier
253:. The coastal island known today as
803:Possible continuations in the north
564:(also transliterated from Greek as
383:). An equivalent word in Old Norse
249:of southwestern Norway, around the
177:living near the south shore of the
173:. He mentioned a people called the
1465:, Frans Theuws, Carine van Rhijn,
774:Two years later, Rugii joined the
763:. Records of this era are made by
517:The Rugii were first mentioned by
25:
2938:
2937:
1711:
704:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
2920:Christianization of Scandinavia
1138:, Akademie Verlag, 2005, p.55,
337:(reconstructed in Proto-Finnic
41:Settlement areas of the Rugii:
2910:Christianization of the Franks
1983:Continental Germanic mythology
1813:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1788:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1767:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1746:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1694:University of California Press
1181:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
959:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
748:, who was to become the first
1:
1793:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1649:, vol. 25 (2 ed.),
1500:Essays in Anglo-Saxon history
1186:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
513:(northern Germany and Poland)
167:in the first century, in his
905:The continuation of the name
89:
2925:Christianization of Iceland
1663:Steinacher, Roland (2017),
1584:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1502:. London: Hambledon Press.
963:. Oxford University Press.
882:, and probably also in the
217:. In the second century by
93:), were one of the smaller
49:(since the first century),
3005:
1808:"Germany: Ancient History"
1534:, C.H. Beck, 1986, p.265,
682:Danubian and Italian Rugii
556:In 150 AD, the geographer
493:Early history of Pomerania
490:
325:), but are not known from
78:
29:
2933:
1865:
1609:10.1163/9789004686601_004
451:in the first century AD.
430:of the early 8th century.
245:were a tribe residing in
2163:North Germanic languages
2148:Germanic parent language
1498:Campbell, James (1986).
580:) and a tribe named the
533:, and also mentioned by
481:Vienna School of History
2168:West Germanic languages
2158:East Germanic languages
2153:Proto-Germanic language
1973:Proto-Germanic folklore
1910:Romano-Germanic culture
1394:History of the Lombards
1322:Heather, Peter (2009).
1264:Jordanes, Getica, IV,26
865:without localizing it.
815:, remnants of Rugians,
593:) about the Goths, the
205:, and the non-Germanic
27:Ancient Germanic people
2974:Early Germanic peoples
1576:Christensen, Arne Søby
1469:, Brill, 2001, p.524,
1427:Germanic Tribes: Rugii
691:
514:
427:Historia ecclesiastica
426:
58:
1978:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1868:Ethnolinguistic group
1669:, Kohlhammer Verlag,
696:Laterculus Veronensis
689:
618:. The archaeological
537:, who placed them in
500:
491:Further information:
487:Southern Baltic coast
405:and the tribe of the
319:languages (Old Norse
40:
2989:Prehistory of Norway
2984:Iron Age Scandinavia
2979:History of Pomerania
1437:Andrew H. Merrills,
1158:, L,261.266; LIV,277
1021:Neglected Barbarians
869:are mentioned in an
792:Gothic War (535–554)
2905:Gothic Christianity
1416:VI,14,24; VII,2,1.4
1255:Ptolemaeus II,11,12
835:in his Getica as a
784:Ostrogothic Kingdom
780:Theodoric the Great
411:Rani (Rujani) tribe
150:Theoderic the Great
2288:Germani cisrhenani
1996:Funerary practices
1900:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1876:Germanic languages
1783:"Germanic peoples"
1723:Nordisk familjebok
1530:Joachim Herrmann,
1134:David Fraesdorff,
1012:Steinacher, Roland
997:, p. 77) and
854:The ninth-century
692:
515:
311:(reconstructed as
103:Krems an der Donau
59:
2951:
2950:
2123:Gothic and Vandal
1915:Germanic Iron Age
1890:Nordic Bronze Age
1872:Northern European
1656:978-3-11-017733-6
1335:978-0-19-989226-6
923:Eraric the Rugian
790:'s defeat in the
624:Western Pomerania
87:
16:(Redirected from
2996:
2941:
2940:
2897:Christianization
2487:Ripuarian Franks
1859:Germanic peoples
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1715:
1707:
1679:
1659:
1641:
1621:
1595:
1571:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1460:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1350:Christensen 2002
1347:
1341:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1310:Machajewski 2003
1307:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1172:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1094:
1088:
1041:
1039:
1008:
1002:
999:Steinacher (2017
993:See for example
991:
985:
984:
979:
977:
949:
845:Wielbark culture
813:Migration Period
666:to confront the
649:Wielbark culture
644:Marcomannic Wars
525:and east of the
477:Reinhard Wenskus
429:
289:The tribal name
185:and east of the
95:Germanic peoples
92:
82:
80:
21:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2929:
2891:
2172:
2134:
2096:Gothic alphabet
1988:Norse mythology
1924:
1878:
1861:
1856:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1734:Further reading
1704:
1684:Wolfram, Herwig
1682:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1644:
1639:
1624:
1619:
1598:
1592:
1574:
1569:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1414:Bellum Gothicum
1411:
1407:
1391:
1380:
1374:Steinacher 2017
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1293:Horst Keiling,
1292:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1176:"Rugi (people)"
1174:
1173:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1133:
1126:
1114:
1097:
1089:
1044:
1036:
1010:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
975:
973:
971:
953:Bjornlie, Shane
951:
950:
946:
941:
919:
913:
907:
825:Germanic tribes
805:
800:
708:Battle of Nedao
684:
636:Dębczyn culture
495:
489:
442:
437:
287:
135:Battle of Bolia
131:Battle of Nedao
53:(5th century);
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2949:
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2928:
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2922:
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2893:
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2869:
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2827:
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2817:
2812:
2807:
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2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
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2645:
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2623:
2618:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:Thracian Goths
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
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2444:
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2305:
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2295:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Roman Iron Age
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1804:
1779:
1758:
1735:
1732:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1680:
1675:
1660:
1655:
1642:
1637:
1622:
1617:
1596:
1590:
1572:
1567:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1508:
1487:
1478:
1450:
1430:
1418:
1405:
1378:
1376:, p. 114.
1366:
1354:
1342:
1334:
1314:
1312:, p. 282.
1299:
1286:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1229:
1213:
1198:
1160:
1147:
1124:
1095:
1091:Andersson 2003
1042:
1034:
1003:
1001:, p. 28).
986:
969:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
918:
915:
906:
903:
890:James Campbell
817:Vistula Veneti
804:
801:
799:
796:
683:
680:
612:Oxhöft culture
541:, east of the
488:
485:
465:Norse language
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
414:
399:
388:
317:North Germanic
299:Proto-Germanic
286:
283:
221:mentioned the
99:Late Antiquity
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3001:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
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2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Crimean Goths
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:Salian Franks
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2455:
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2450:
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2428:
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2423:
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2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
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2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
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2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
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2291:
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2281:
2279:
2276:
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2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1930:Early culture
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:public domain
1724:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:9780520244900
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:9783170251700
1672:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1638:3-11-017535-5
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:9789004686601
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1591:9788772897103
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:3-11-017733-1
1564:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1540:3-406-31162-8
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:90-04-11734-2
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:Mayke de Jong
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:0-521-84601-3
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:0-8122-1079-4
1399:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:Liccardo 2023
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:83-7171-392-4
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:0-559-47335-4
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:Germania.XLIV
1223:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:3-05-004114-5
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:0-19-815050-4
1118:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:9782503531250
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:Curta, Florin
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Wolfram (2005
990:
987:
983:
972:
970:9780191744457
966:
962:
958:
954:
948:
945:
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
904:
902:
900:
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
880:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:king of Italy
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
700:
697:
688:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
508:
504:
499:
494:
486:
484:
482:
478:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
439:
434:
428:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:Baltic region
328:
327:East Germanic
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:West Germanic
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
166:
161:
159:
155:
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147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
85:
76:
75:Ancient Greek
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2719:
2223:Anglo-Saxons
2213:Adrabaecampi
2196:Bucinobantes
1938:Architecture
1817:. Retrieved
1811:
1786:
1771:. Retrieved
1765:
1750:. Retrieved
1744:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1688:
1665:
1646:
1627:
1600:
1580:
1557:
1531:
1526:
1499:
1481:
1466:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1393:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1324:
1317:
1294:
1289:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1221:
1216:
1179:
1155:
1150:
1135:
1020:
1006:
989:
981:
974:. Retrieved
960:
947:
928:Gustow group
912:
908:
894:Anglo-Saxons
888:
884:Haraldskvæði
877:
866:
862:
853:
806:
773:
771:and others.
758:
723:
712:
701:
693:
655:
653:
640:
620:Gustow group
609:
604:
601:Gothiscandza
594:
590:Origo gentis
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
572:, Latinized
569:
565:
561:
555:
549:, the later
516:
503:Roman Empire
473:
469:
460:
456:
446:
443:
417:
395:
391:
384:
380:
379:, Old Norse
374:
368:
364:
359:
352:
338:
320:
312:
302:
290:
288:
272:
267:
258:
234:
222:
211:
174:
168:
162:
139:
70:
66:
62:
60:
32:Rani (tribe)
2663:Nahanarvali
2586:Hilleviones
2499:Frisiavones
2367:Cananefates
2357:Burgundians
2268:Banochaemae
2118:Anglo-Saxon
2069:Anglo-Saxon
2035:Anglo-Saxon
2018:Anglo-Saxon
2001:Anglo-Saxon
1819:January 16,
1798:January 16,
1773:January 16,
1752:January 16,
1719:Owl Edition
1485:Skj, B I,57
1412:Procopius,
1340:, pp.96-107
1191:8 September
976:January 26,
856:Old English
837:melting pot
823:and other,
776:Ostrogothic
726:Flaccitheus
582:Routikleioi
440:Scandinavia
181:, near the
57:(uncertain)
2969:West Slavs
2958:Categories
2882:Vinoviloth
2670:Marcomanni
2653:Helveconae
2631:Heaðobards
2601:Istvaeones
2591:Ingaevones
2576:Hermunduri
2544:Ostrogoths
2534:Greuthungi
2412:Chattuarii
2238:Angrivarii
2233:Ampsivarii
2201:Lentienses
2030:Literature
1920:Viking Age
1796:Retrieved
1509:090762832X
1189:Retrieved
1154:Jordanes,
939:References
879:Hákonarmál
829:Slavicized
719:Lüleburgaz
672:Baltic Sea
547:Baltic Sea
396:Rugikleioi
392:Rutikleioi
390:Ptolemy's
251:Boknafjord
223:Rutikleioi
179:Baltic Sea
127:Ostrogoths
2877:Vidivarii
2872:Victohali
2862:Vangiones
2795:Thuringii
2700:Nuithones
2596:Irminones
2559:Visigoths
2549:Thervingi
2509:Gambrivii
2462:Dulgubnii
2457:Dauciones
2407:Chasuarii
2347:Brondings
2273:Bastarnae
2263:Baiuvarii
2243:Armalausi
2206:Raetovari
2140:Languages
2108:Symbology
1968:Folklore
1963:Festivals
1603:, Brill,
1549:Biography
1518:458534293
1220:Tacitus,
1209:Pohl 2003
1040:pp.43-44.
957:"Rugians"
871:Old Norse
867:Holmrygir
863:Holmrycum
821:Vidivarii
809:Pomerania
765:Procopius
742:foederati
738:Feletheus
676:Black Sea
664:Don river
660:Ermanaric
551:Pomerania
511:Pomerania
449:Pomerania
385:holmrygir
373:(English
285:Etymology
268:Holmrygir
154:Justinian
84:romanized
47:Pomerania
2943:Category
2850:Hasdingi
2835:Usipetes
2815:Tubantes
2800:Toxandri
2780:Tencteri
2755:Suarines
2740:Sicambri
2735:Semnones
2715:Reudigni
2685:Mattiaci
2675:Marsacii
2626:Lombards
2616:Lacringi
2611:Juthungi
2442:Corconti
2427:Cherusci
2402:Charudes
2382:Chaedini
2352:Bructeri
2337:Bateinoi
2308:Eburones
2303:Condrusi
2298:Caeroesi
2293:Atuatuci
2228:Ambrones
2191:Brisgavi
2186:Alemanni
2064:Paganism
1953:Clothing
1948:Calendar
1895:Germania
1686:(2005).
1578:(2002).
1352:, ch. 6.
1222:Germania
955:(2018).
933:Rugiland
917:See also
833:Jordanes
769:Jordanes
761:Lombards
754:Arianism
730:Rugiland
605:Ulmerugi
562:Rhougion
539:Sarmatia
479:and the
453:Rogaland
365:Ulmerugi
259:Ulmerugi
247:Rogaland
227:Jordanes
170:Germania
146:Lombards
51:Rugiland
43:Rogaland
2867:Varisci
2855:Silingi
2845:Vandals
2820:Tulingi
2810:Triboci
2805:Treveri
2785:Teutons
2775:Taifals
2750:Sitones
2690:Nemetes
2648:Helisii
2621:Lemovii
2539:Gutones
2472:Firaesi
2467:Favonae
2447:Cugerni
2437:Cobandi
2392:Chamavi
2387:Chaemae
2377:Casuari
2372:Caritni
2342:Betasii
2313:Paemani
2248:Auiones
2113:Warfare
2091:Scripts
2059:Numbers
1883:History
1018:(ed.).
874:Skaldic
859:Widsith
841:Vistula
746:Odoacer
734:Noricum
674:to the
654:In his
616:Lemovii
566:Rougion
558:Ptolemy
543:Vistula
535:Ptolemy
527:Gutones
523:Lemovii
519:Tacitus
507:Hadrian
435:Origins
424:in his
370:*hulmaz
279:Ukraine
235:Suetidi
219:Ptolemy
199:Vandals
191:Vistula
187:Gutones
183:Lemovii
165:Tacitus
142:Odoacer
129:at the
107:Austria
86::
71:Rugians
18:Rugians
2887:Warini
2840:Vagoth
2825:Tungri
2790:Thelir
2770:Swedes
2765:Sunici
2730:Saxons
2725:Rugini
2658:Manimi
2643:Diduni
2581:Heruli
2519:Gepids
2504:Frisii
2482:Franks
2432:Cimbri
2422:Chauci
2417:Chatti
2330:Nervii
2325:Morini
2283:Belgae
2278:Batavi
2253:Avarpi
2218:Angles
2178:Groups
2128:Viking
2074:Gothic
2052:Gothic
1958:Family
1700:
1673:
1653:
1635:
1615:
1588:
1565:
1538:
1516:
1506:
1473:
1445:
1400:
1332:
1281:
1243:
1156:Getica
1142:
1119:
1032:
967:
876:poem,
798:Legacy
788:Totila
656:Getica
630:, and
628:Veneti
596:Getica
574:Rugium
570:Rugion
505:under
418:Rugini
407:Rugini
349:Slavic
347:; and
345:Baltic
340:*rugis
335:Finnic
304:*rugiz
239:Suedes
233:) and
195:Gepids
158:Eraric
119:Attila
115:Scirii
111:Heruli
2964:Rugii
2760:Suebi
2745:Sciri
2720:Rugii
2710:Quadi
2695:Njars
2680:Marsi
2638:Lugii
2606:Jutes
2571:Harii
2566:Gutes
2524:Goths
2514:Geats
2452:Danes
2397:Chali
2318:Segni
2258:Baemi
2101:Runes
2086:Rings
2079:Norse
2047:Names
2040:Norse
2023:Norse
2006:Norse
778:king
715:Bizye
632:Gepid
578:Rugia
531:Goths
457:rygir
403:Rügen
381:holmr
313:*rugi
291:Rugii
264:Goths
255:Rügen
243:Rygir
231:Danes
207:Alans
203:Sciri
175:Rugii
90:Rogoi
79:Ρογοί
63:Rugii
55:Rügen
2830:Ubii
2477:Fosi
2362:Buri
1821:2015
1800:2015
1775:2015
1754:2015
1698:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1514:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1193:2012
1140:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1030:ISBN
978:2020
965:ISBN
899:Rani
717:and
668:Huns
610:The
501:The
461:roga
422:Bede
416:The
376:holm
354:rŭžĭ
343:);
322:rugr
123:Huns
113:and
67:Rogi
61:The
2705:Osi
2013:Law
1943:Art
1870:of
1721:of
1605:doi
1026:ISD
849:Hun
756:.
744:of
728:in
622:of
607:.
576:or
459:to
315:),
295:rye
277:in
275:Rus
215:rye
105:in
97:of
69:or
2960::
1810:.
1791:.
1785:.
1764:.
1743:.
1696:.
1692:.
1611:,
1512:.
1490:^
1453:^
1381:^
1302:^
1232:^
1224:,
1201:^
1184:.
1178:.
1163:^
1127:^
1098:^
1045:^
1028:.
1024:.
980:.
901:.
886:.
819:,
794:.
767:,
638:.
568:,
467:.
333::
281:.
201:,
197:,
81:,
77::
65:,
45:,
1990:)
1851:e
1844:t
1837:v
1823:.
1802:.
1777:.
1756:.
1729:.
1706:.
1607::
1594:.
1520:.
1364:.
1338:.
1211:.
1195:.
1093:.
1038:.
413:.
351:(
237:(
73:(
34:.
20:)
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