569:) widely seen as a simple form of motor learning, possibly driven by an effort to correct visual error. This effect was first observed in humans with ocular muscle palsy. In these cases, it was noticed that the patients would make hypometric (small) saccades with the affected eye, and that they were able to correct these errors over time. This led to the realization that visual or retinal error (the difference between the post-saccadic point of regard and the target position) played a role in the homeostatic regulation of saccade amplitude. Since then, much scientific research has been devoted to various experiments employing saccade adaptation.
622:
eye/brain system not only hides the eye movements from the individual but also hides the evidence that anything has been hidden. Of course, a second observer watching the experiment will see the subject's eyes moving back and forth. The function's main purpose is to prevent an otherwise significant smearing of the image. (You can experience your eye saccade movements by using your cellphone's front-facing camera as a mirror, hold the cellphone screen a couple of inches away from your face as you saccade from one eye to the otherâthe cellphone's signal processing delay allows you to see the end of the saccade movement.)
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656:(most vertebrates do) and animals that cannot move their eyes independently of their head (such as insects). Therefore, while saccades serve in humans and other primates to increase the effective visual resolution of a scene, there must be additional reasons for the behavior. The most frequently suggested of these reasons is to avoid blurring of the image, which would occur if the response time of a
36:
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amplitude (20â30 ms is typical in language reading). Under certain laboratory circumstances, the latency of, or reaction time to, saccade production can be cut nearly in half (express saccades). These saccades are generated by a neuronal mechanism that bypasses time-consuming circuits and activates the eye muscles more directly. Specific pre-target oscillatory (
341:; see Figure). For amplitudes larger than 20°, the peak velocity starts to plateau (nonlinearly) toward the maximum velocity attainable by the eye at around 60°. For instance, a 10° amplitude is associated with a velocity of 300°/s, and 30° is associated with 500°/s. Therefore, for larger amplitude ranges, the main sequence can best be modeled by an inverse
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318:: they are either completely inhibited, or firing at its full rate of ~1000 Hz. Since the motion of the eye is essentially a linear system, bang-bang control minimizes travel time. After a saccade, a constant force is required to hold the position against elastic force, thus resulting in a pulse-step control.
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recording a copy of the command for the eye movement, and comparing this to the remembered image of the target. This is called spatial updating. Neurophysiologists, having recorded from cortical areas for saccades during spatial updating, have found that memory-related signals get remapped during each saccade.
144:
133:
444:, the eyes move away from the visual onset. They are more delayed than visually guided saccades, and observers often make erroneous saccades in the wrong direction. A successful antisaccade requires inhibiting a reflexive saccade to the onset location, and voluntarily moving the eye in the other direction.
605:
It is a common but false belief that during the saccade, no information is passed through the optic nerve to the brain. Whereas low spatial frequencies (the 'fuzzier' parts) are attenuated, higher spatial frequencies (an image's fine details) that would otherwise be blurred by the eye movement remain
379:
Saccades may rotate the eyes in any direction to relocate gaze direction (the direction of sight that corresponds to the fovea), but normally saccades do not rotate the eyes torsionally. (Torsion is clockwise or counterclockwise rotation around the line of sight when the eye is at its central primary
387:
Head-fixed saccades can have amplitudes of up to 90° (from one edge of the oculomotor range to the other), but in normal conditions saccades are far smaller, and any shift of gaze larger than about 20° is accompanied by a head movement. During such gaze saccades, first, the eye produces a saccade to
269:
When scanning immediate surroundings or reading, human eyes make saccadic movements and stop several times, moving very quickly between each stop. The speed of movement during each saccade cannot be controlled; the eyes move as fast as they are able. One reason for the saccadic movement of the human
585:
When speaking, the mind plans what will be said before it is said. Sometimes the mind is not able to plan in advance and the speech is rushed out. This is why there are errors like mispronunciation, stuttering, and unplanned pauses. The same thing happens when reading. The mind does not always know
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Saccadic eye movement allows the mind to read quickly, but it comes with its disadvantages. It can cause the mind to skip over words because it does not see them as important to the sentence, and the mind completely leaves it from the sentence or it replaces it with the wrong word. This can be seen
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When the brain is led to believe that the saccades it is generating are too large or too small (by an experimental manipulation in which a saccade-target steps backward or forward contingent on the eye movement made to acquire it), saccade amplitude gradually decreases (or increases), an adaptation
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It is also thought that perceptual memory is updated during saccades so that information gathered across fixations can be compared and synthesized. However, the entire visual image is not updated during each saccade. Some scientists believe that this is the same as visual working memory, but as in
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has a strong functional significance for the effectiveness of binocular vision. When making an upward saccade, the eyes diverged to be aligned with the most probable uncrossed disparity in that part of the visual field. On the other way around, when making a downward saccade, the eyes converged to
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A person may observe the saccadic masking effect by standing in front of a mirror and looking from one eye to the next (and vice versa). The subject will not experience any movement of the eyes or any evidence that the optic nerve has momentarily ceased transmitting. Due to saccadic masking, the
630:
When a visual stimulus is seen before a saccade, subjects are still able to make another saccade back to that image, even if it is no longer visible. This shows that the brain is somehow able to take into account the intervening eye movement. It is thought that the brain does this by temporarily
500:
When exploring the visual environment with the gaze, humans make two to three fixations a second. Each fixation involves binocularly coordinated movements of the eyes to acquire the new target in three dimensions: horizontal and vertical, but also in-depth. In literature it has been shown how an
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of the eye during a saccade reaches up to 700°/s in humans for great saccades (25° of visual angle); in some monkeys, peak speed can reach 1000°/s. Saccades to an unexpected stimulus normally take about 200 milliseconds (ms) to initiate, and then last from about 20â200 ms, depending on their
415:, the eyes move toward a visual transient, or stimulus. The parameters of visually guided saccades (amplitude, latency, peak velocity, and duration) are frequently measured as a baseline when measuring other types of saccades. Visually guided saccades can be further subcategorized:
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enable alignment with crossed disparity in that part of the field. The phenomenon can be interpreted as an adaptation of rapid binocular eye movements to the statistics of the 3D environment, in order to minimize the need for corrective vergence movements at the end of saccades.
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is characterized by the combination of 'slow phases', which usually take the eye off the point of regard, interspersed with saccade-like "quick phases" that serve to bring the eye back on target. Pathological slow phases may be due to either an imbalance in the
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spatial updating the eye movement has to be accounted for. The process of retaining information across a saccade is called trans-saccadic memory, and the process of integrating information from more than one fixation is called trans-saccadic integration.
261:
Humans and many animals do not look at a scene in fixed steadiness; instead, the eyes move around, locating interesting parts of the scene and building up a mental, three-dimensional 'map' corresponding to the scene (as opposed to the graphical map of
278:âwhich provides the high-resolution portion of vision is very small in humans, only about 1–2 degrees of vision, but it plays a critical role in resolving objects. By moving the eye so that small parts of a scene can be sensed with greater
614:, is known to begin prior to saccadic eye movements in every primate species studied, implying neurological reasons for the effect rather than simply the image's motion blur. This phenomenon leads to the so-called stopped-clock illusion, or
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is a specialised structure in the avian retina. It is a highly vascular structure that projects into the vitreous humor. Experiments show that, during saccadic eye oscillations (which occupy up to 12% of avian viewing time), the
143:
392:(VOR) causes the eyes to roll back in the head to keep gaze on the target. Since the VOR can actually rotate the eyes around the line of sight, combined eye and head movements do not always obey
333:
The amplitude of a saccade is the angular distance the eye travels during the movement. For amplitudes up to 15 or 20°, the velocity of a saccade linearly depends on the amplitude (the so-called
462:
As referenced to above, it is also useful to categorize saccades by latency (time between go-signal and movement onset). In this case the categorization is binary: Either a given saccade is an
458:, the eyes are kept on an object moving in a temporally and/or spatially predictive manner. In this instance, saccades often coincide with (or anticipate) the predictable movement of an object.
1955:
Drieghe, D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye movements and word skipping during reading revisited. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(5), 954.
2110:
Potier, Simon; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Lisney, Thomas J.; Isard, Pierre-François; Dulaurent, Thomas; Mentek, Marielle; Cornette, Raphaël; Schikorski, David; Kelber, Almut (December 2020).
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is characterized by an increase of antisaccade errors and an increase in delays for visually guided saccade. Various pathological conditions also alter microsaccades and other
1886:
Kommerell, G; Olivier, D; Theopold, H (1976). "Adaptive programming of phasic and tonic components in saccadic eye movements. Investigations of patients with abducens palsy".
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are composed purely of fast-phase saccadic eye movements. Without the use of objective recording techniques, it may be very difficult to distinguish between these conditions.
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acts as an agitator, propelling perfusate (natural lubricants) toward the retina. Thus, in birds, saccadic eye movements appear to be important in retinal nutrition and
1872:
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Saccadic main sequence, showing single saccades from a participant performing a visually-guided saccade task. It is called "main sequence" because it looks like the
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To achieve such high speeds, there are specialized oculomotor burst neurons in the brainstem that wire into the ocular motor neuron. The burst neurons implement
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upward or a vertical saccade is generally accompanied by a divergence of the eyes, while a downward saccade is accompanied by a convergence. The amount of this
1564:
Migliaccio, Americo A.; Schubert, Michael C.; Clendaniel, Richard A.; Carey, John P.; Della
Santina, Charles C.; Minor, Lloyd B.; Zee, David S. (June 2006).
2236:
1437:
Marple-Horvat, Dilwyn E.; Gilbey, Sean L.; Hollands, Mark Andrew (1996). "A method for automatic identification of saccades from eye movement recordings".
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Baloh, Robert W.; Sills, Andrew W.; Kumley, Warren E.; Honrubia, Vicente (1975). "Quantitative measurement of saccade amplitude, duration, and velocity".
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1616:
Rommelse, Nanda N.J.; Van Der
Stigchel, Stefan; Sergeant, Joseph A. (2008). "A review on eye movement studies in childhood and adolescent psychiatry".
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Pettigrew, John D.; Wallman, Josh; Wildsoet, Christine F. (January 1990). "Saccadic oscillations facilitate ocular perfusion from the avian pecten".
582:". This is a common psychological test, where the mind will often skip the second "the", especially when there is a line break in between the two.
756:
1174:
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Ebisawa, Y.; Minamitani, H.; Mori, Y.; Takase, M. (1988). "New methods for removing saccades in analysis of smooth pursuit eye movement".
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Saccades are a widespread phenomenon across animals with image-forming visual systems. They have been observed in animals across three
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can be associated with a shift in frequency of an emitted signal or a movement of a body part or device. Controlled cortically by the
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119:
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Fischer, B.; Ramsperger, E. (1984). "Human express saccades: Extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements".
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or it is not. The latency cut-off is approximately ~200 ms; any longer than this is outside the express saccade range.
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Pettigrew, JD; Wallman, J; Wildsoet, CF (1990). "Saccadic oscillations facilitate ocular perfusion from the avian pecten".
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Hopp, J.Johanna; Fuchs, Albert F (2004). "The characteristics and neuronal substrate of saccadic eye movement plasticity".
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Bahill, A. Terry; Clark, Michael R.; Stark, Lawrence (1975). "The Main
Sequence, A Tool for Studying Human Eye Movements".
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obstruction, for greater visual acuity. Because of this, the retinal cells must obtain nutrients via diffusion through the
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is longer than the time a given portion of the image is stimulating that photoreceptor as the image drifts across the eye.
1343:"Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol. 27, p. 179 EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 1987
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1525:"An improved algorithm for automatic detection of saccades in eye movement data and for calculating saccade parameters"
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1967:"Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression"
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is triggered exogenously by the appearance of a peripheral stimulus, or by the disappearance of a fixation stimulus.
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1102:"Preparatory Activations across a Distributed Cortical Network Determine Production of Express Saccades in Humans"
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Fischer, B.; Boch, R. (1983). "Saccadic eye movements after extremely short reaction times in the monkey".
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Saccadic oscillations not fitting the normal function are a deviation from a healthy or normal condition.
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376:. Although, depending on the demands on timing accuracy, acceleration-based methods are more precise.
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2112:"Inter-individual differences in foveal shape in a scavenging raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans"
1566:"Axis of Eye Rotation Changes with Head-Pitch Orientation during Head Impulses about Earth-Vertical"
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904:"Adaptation of the central retina for high acuity vision: Cones, the fovea and the avascular zone"
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The high peak velocities and the main sequence relationship can also be used to distinguish
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Eye movement measurements are also used to investigate psychiatric disorders. For example,
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The rotational inertia of the eye is negligible compared to the elastic and viscous force.
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1965:
Ibbotson, M. R.; Crowder, N. A.; Cloherty, S. L.; Price, N. S. C.; Mustari, M. J. (2008).
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480:, similar to miniature versions of voluntary saccades. They typically occur during visual
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Hamm, J. P.; Dyckman, K. A.; Ethridge, L. E.; McDowell, J. E.; Clementz, B. A. (2010).
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Paroxysmal eyeâhead movements, termed aberrant gaze saccades, are an early symptom of
2594:
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Eye
Movement Research: An Introduction to Its Scientific Foundations and Applications
1450:
1319:
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Enderle, John D (2002-01-01), Hyona, J.; Munoz, D. P.; Heide, W.; Radach, R. (eds.),
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Alexander, Robert G.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2019). "Fixational eye movements".
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what will come next. This is another reason that the second "the" can be missed.
253:, and found that it involves a succession of discontinuous individual movements.
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1629:
1157:, The Brain's eye: Neurobiological and clinical aspects of oculomotor research,
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35:
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530:"neural integrator" that normally holds the eyes in place. On the other hand,
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is triggered endogenously for the purpose of exploring the visual environment.
245:. The word appears to have been coined in the 1880s by French ophthalmologist
222:
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Pearson TS, Pons R, Engelstad K, Kane SA, Goldberg ME, De Vivo DC (2017).
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Alexander, Robert G.; Macknik, Stephen L.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2018).
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vision (primates, cats, etc.). Microsaccade amplitudes vary from 2 to 120
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2269:
1899:
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1524:
1523:
Behrens, Frank; MacKeben, Manfred; Schröder-Preikschat, Wolfgang (2010).
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266:, which often relies upon detection of angular movement on the retina).
17:
1493:
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2188:
2080:
1774:"Microsaccade characteristics in neurological and ophthalmic disease"
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290:
Saccades are one of the fastest movements produced by the human eye (
271:
249:, who used a mirror on one side of a page to observe eye movement in
902:
Provis, Jan M; Dubis, Adam M; Maddess, Ted; Carroll, Joseph (2013).
2016:
Land, MF (1999). "Motion and vision: Why animals move their eyes".
451:, the eyes move toward a remembered point, with no visual stimulus.
132:
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says that, when the head is motionless, torsion is kept at zero.)
320:
291:
131:
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get gaze on target, whereas the head follows more slowly and the
1710:"Binocular Eye Movements are Adapted to the Natural Environment"
663:
In birds, saccadic eye movements serve a further function. The
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2218:
209:
for 'jerk') is a quick, simultaneous movement of both
29:
177:
151:
Saccades during observation of a picture on a computer screen
1825:"Paroxysmal eye-head movements in Glut1 deficiency syndrome"
1398:"Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention"
892:, fourth Canadian edition. Toronto: Pearson, 2010. 140â141.
407:
Saccades can be categorized by intended goal in four ways:
168:
136:
Trace of saccades of the human eye on a face while scanning
303:) and transient activities occurring in posterior-lateral
1570:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
953:"Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey"
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1050:
813:. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
189:
174:
165:
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171:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1203:Enderle, John D.; Wolfe, James W. (January 1987).
825:"The interaction between vision and eye movements"
221:, the eyes move smoothly instead of in jumps. The
1006:
1004:
294:may reach even higher peak velocities). The peak
1205:"Time-Optimal Control of Saccadic Eye Movements"
671:, has a higher metabolic activity, and has less
372:are a common approach for saccade detection in
484:, not only in humans, but also in animals with
282:, body resources can be used more efficiently.
2230:
1291:
1289:
8:
1871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1240:"The Trajectories of Saccadic Eye Movements"
667:is highly developed. It is thicker than the
1611:
1609:
1209:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
2237:
2223:
2215:
1708:Gibaldi Agostino, Martin S. Banks (2019).
1661:"Changes in vergence mediated by saccades"
1238:Bahill, A. Terry; Stark, Lawrence (1979).
888:Neil R., Carlson, and Donald Heth C. "5."
772:Saccadic suppression of image displacement
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1992:
1982:
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1396:Engbert, Ralf; Kliegl, Reinhold (2003).
866:"Essai sur la physiologie de la lecture"
805:
803:
139:
799:
652:, including animals that do not have a
606:unaffected. This phenomenon, known as
476:that are small, jerk-like, involuntary
217:in the same direction. In contrast, in
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757:Paramedian pontine reticular formation
1339:
1337:
200:
7:
908:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
890:Psychology: the science of behaviour
311:also characterize express saccades.
270:eye is that the central part of the
233:, saccades serve as a mechanism for
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2018:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1264:10.1038/scientificamerican0179-108
25:
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920:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.01.005
717:Eye movement in language reading
161:
34:
1927:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.12.002
1439:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
229:(FEF), or subcortically by the
45:needs additional citations for
1984:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3950-08.2008
1726:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-18.2018
1677:10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015186
1118:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0785-10.2010
969:10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008271
213:between two or more phases of
1:
1415:10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00084-1
1167:10.1016/S0079-6123(02)40040-4
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1841:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003867
1451:10.1016/0165-0270(96)00049-0
1320:10.1016/0025-5564(75)90075-9
1151:"Neural control of saccades"
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380:position; defined this way,
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1155:Progress in Brain Research
598:
2486:
1665:The Journal of Physiology
1582:10.1007/s10162-006-0029-8
1529:Behavior Research Methods
957:The Journal of Physiology
635:Trans-saccadic perception
554:GLUT1 deficiency syndrome
513:Pathophysiologic saccades
2526:Ascending and Descending
1915:Progress in Neurobiology
1791:10.3389/fneur.2018.00144
1298:Mathematical Biosciences
1217:10.1109/TBME.1987.326014
842:10.1177/0301006616657097
742:List of cognitive biases
547:fixational eye movements
241:, and the fast phase of
219:smooth-pursuit movements
1971:Journal of Neuroscience
1714:Journal of Neuroscience
1106:Journal of Neuroscience
747:Supplementary eye field
580:Paris in the the Spring
474:fixational eye movement
413:visually guided saccade
390:vestibulo-ocular reflex
337:, a term borrowed from
1778:Frontiers in Neurology
1482:Biological Cybernetics
1367:10.1212/WNL.25.11.1065
644:Comparative physiology
472:are a related type of
335:saccadic main sequence
330:
152:
137:
2030:10.1007/s003590050393
1659:J.T. Enright (1984).
1211:. BME-34 (1): 43â55.
871:Annales d'oculistique
449:memory guided saccade
352:/saccades from other
324:
286:Timing and kinematics
243:optokinetic nystagmus
150:
135:
2560:Accidental viewpoint
1542:10.3758/BRM.42.3.701
782:Transsaccadic memory
694:cellular respiration
612:saccadic suppression
54:improve this article
2465:Verticalâhorizontal
2181:1990Natur.343..362P
2128:2020NatSR..10.6133P
2073:1990Natur.343..362P
1618:Brain and Cognition
1256:1979SciAm.240a.108B
1244:Scientific American
1161:, Elsevier: 21â49,
456:predictive saccades
231:superior colliculus
2565:Auditory illusions
2360:Impossible trident
2116:Scientific Reports
1494:10.1007/BF00202898
1071:10.1007/BF00231145
737:Frontal eye fields
658:photoreceptor cell
560:Saccade adaptation
368:). Velocity-based
331:
239:rapid eye movement
227:frontal eye fields
153:
138:
2588:
2587:
2580:Temporal illusion
2575:Tactile illusions
2545:(2015 photograph)
2246:Optical illusions
2067:(6256): 362â363.
1835:(17): 1666â1673.
1720:(15): 2877â2888.
1176:978-0-444-51097-6
864:Javal, Ă (1878).
835:(12): 1333â1357.
752:Medial eye fields
526:or damage to the
524:vestibular system
454:In a sequence of
422:reflexive saccade
316:bang-bang control
148:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2623:
2492:
2445:Schroeder stairs
2420:Peripheral drift
2415:Penrose triangle
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2189:10.1038/343362a0
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2081:10.1038/343362a0
2056:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1977:(43): 10952â60.
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1852:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1008:
999:
998:
988:
948:
942:
941:
931:
899:
893:
886:
880:
879:
861:
855:
854:
844:
820:
814:
807:
767:Saccadic masking
669:mammalian retina
626:Spatial updating
608:saccadic masking
601:Saccadic masking
595:Saccadic masking
429:scanning saccade
329:in astrophysics.
309:occipital cortex
204:
199:
193:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
149:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2548:
2498:Popular culture
2493:
2484:
2455:Spinning dancer
2275:Ambiguous image
2253:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2175:(6256): 362â3.
2166:
2165:
2161:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1863:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1402:Vision Research
1395:
1394:
1390:
1361:(11): 1065â70.
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1010:
1009:
1002:
950:
949:
945:
901:
900:
896:
887:
883:
863:
862:
858:
822:
821:
817:
808:
801:
796:
791:
702:
646:
637:
628:
603:
597:
592:
575:
567:gain adaptation
562:
515:
498:
464:express saccade
405:
305:parietal cortex
288:
259:
202:[sakad]
197:
191:
164:
160:
140:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2537:(1961 drawing)
2530:
2529:(1960 drawing)
2522:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Shepard tables
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Penrose stairs
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Checker shadow
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Autostereogram
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2159:
2102:
2051:
2008:
1957:
1948:
1905:
1878:
1815:
1764:
1749:
1700:
1651:
1624:(3): 391â414.
1605:
1576:(2): 140â150.
1556:
1515:
1472:
1429:
1408:(9): 1035â45.
1388:
1345:
1333:
1311:10.1.1.212.416
1285:
1250:(1): 108â117.
1230:
1195:
1175:
1141:
1112:(21): 7350â7.
1092:
1046:
1013:Brain Research
1000:
963:(3): 609â631.
943:
894:
881:
856:
815:
798:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
777:Smooth pursuit
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:
698:
681:vitreous humor
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
591:
588:
574:
571:
561:
558:
536:ocular flutter
514:
511:
503:intra-saccadic
497:
494:
460:
459:
452:
445:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
425:
404:
401:
366:smooth pursuit
287:
284:
274:âknown as the
258:
255:
251:silent reading
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Fraser spiral
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(4): 341â52.
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1894:(8): 657â60.
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
891:
885:
882:
877:
874:(in French).
873:
872:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
816:
812:
806:
804:
800:
793:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
699:
697:
695:
691:
686:
682:
679:and from the
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
634:
632:
625:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
602:
594:
589:
587:
583:
581:
572:
570:
568:
565:(also termed
559:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
512:
510:
507:
504:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:eye movements
475:
471:
470:Microsaccades
467:
465:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
437:
430:
426:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
409:
408:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Listing's law
391:
385:
383:
382:Listing's law
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:ocular tremor
355:
354:eye movements
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
327:main sequence
323:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:alpha rhythms
297:
296:angular speed
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
195:
194:
185:
158:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2511:Trompe-l'Ćil
2509:
2375:Lilac chaser
2345:Gravity hill
2172:
2168:
2162:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1951:
1921:(1): 27â53.
1918:
1914:
1908:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1867:cite journal
1832:
1828:
1818:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1621:
1617:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1535:(3): 701â8.
1532:
1528:
1518:
1488:(2): 111â9.
1485:
1481:
1475:
1445:(2): 191â5.
1442:
1438:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1304:(3â4): 191.
1301:
1297:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1208:
1198:
1188:, retrieved
1158:
1154:
1144:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1065:(1): 191â5.
1062:
1058:
1016:
1012:
960:
956:
946:
911:
907:
897:
889:
884:
875:
869:
859:
832:
828:
818:
810:
727:Eye tracking
712:Eye movement
707:Chronostasis
690:pecten oculi
665:avian retina
662:
647:
638:
629:
620:
616:chronostasis
611:
607:
604:
584:
576:
566:
563:
556:in infancy.
551:
540:
516:
505:
502:
499:
468:
463:
461:
455:
448:
440:
428:
421:
412:
406:
398:
386:
378:
374:eye tracking
362:ocular drift
347:
339:astrophysics
334:
332:
313:
289:
268:
260:
156:
154:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
27:Eye movement
2521:(1864 book)
2425:Poggendorff
2400:Oppel-Kundt
2395:Necker cube
2390:MĂŒller-Lyer
2365:Irradiation
2122:(1): 6133.
1019:(1): 21â6.
762:Raster scan
673:vasculature
441:antisaccade
247:Ămile Javal
110:August 2020
2595:Categories
2518:Spectropia
2435:Rubin vase
2385:McCollough
2380:Mach bands
2330:Ehrenstein
2325:Ebbinghaus
2290:Barberpole
2265:Afterimage
1190:2024-07-06
829:Perception
794:References
732:Frame rate
532:opsoclonus
490:arcminutes
370:algorithms
345:function.
280:resolution
223:phenomenon
80:newspapers
2570:Illusions
2542:The dress
2534:Waterfall
2335:Flash lag
2315:Cornsweet
2300:Café wall
2280:Ames room
2258:Illusions
1829:Neurology
1761:: 73â115.
1355:Neurology
1306:CiteSeerX
1272:0036-8733
1225:0018-9294
977:1469-7793
914:: 63â81.
528:brainstem
519:Nystagmus
343:power law
69:"Saccade"
2606:Ethology
2320:Delboeuf
2270:Ambigram
2197:14756148
2154:32273526
2089:14756148
2046:18278126
2038:10555268
2003:18945903
1935:15019175
1859:28341645
1810:29593642
1744:30733219
1671:: 9â31.
1638:18835079
1600:16552499
1551:20805592
1510:44662137
1467:36082798
1424:12676246
1280:24965071
1185:12508580
1136:20505102
1087:23189106
938:23500068
878:: 61â73.
851:27383394
787:Whip pan
700:See also
506:vergence
496:In depth
482:fixation
257:Function
235:fixation
215:fixation
18:Saccades
2601:Saccade
2553:Related
2480:Zöllner
2470:White's
2405:Orbison
2370:Jastrow
2205:4278614
2177:Bibcode
2145:7145841
2124:Bibcode
2097:4278614
2069:Bibcode
1994:6671356
1943:6376179
1850:5405761
1801:5859063
1784:: 144.
1735:6462454
1695:6747862
1686:1199254
1646:4658518
1591:2504578
1502:3228554
1459:8872885
1383:3261949
1375:1237825
1328:6937642
1252:Bibcode
1127:3149561
1079:6519226
1041:7593382
1033:6402272
995:4963872
986:1365495
929:3658155
677:choroid
573:Reading
198:French:
157:saccade
94:scholar
2616:Vision
2505:Op art
2460:Ternus
2440:Sander
2355:Hering
2295:Bezold
2203:
2195:
2169:Nature
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