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limited time, and were then relieved by others, so that they did not feel the demand on their services. There were 4,000 labourers whose duty it was to quarry and get out the stones; 6,000 conveyed them by means of great cables of leather and of cabuya to the works. The rest opened the ground and prepared the foundations, some being told off to cut the posts and beams for the wood-work. For their greater convenience, these labourers made their dwelling-huts, each lineage apart, near the place where the works were progressing. To this day most of the walls of these lodgings may be seen. Overseers were stationed to superintend, and there were great masters of the art of building who had been well instructed. Thus on the highest part of a hill to the north of the city, and little more than an arquebus-shot from it, this fortress was built which the natives called the House of the Sun, but which we named the
Fortress.
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observing what was to be seen, I beheld, near the fortress, a stone which measured 260 of my palmos in circuit, and so high that it looked as if it was in its original position. All the
Indians say that the stone got tired at this point, and that they were unable to move it further. Assuredly if I had not myself seen that the stone had been hewn and shaped I should not have believed, however much it might have been asserted, that the force of man would have sufficed to bring it to where it now is. There it remains, as a testimony of what manner of men those were who conceived so good a work. The Spaniards have so pillaged and ruined it, that I should be sorry to have been guilty of the fault of those in power who have permitted so magnificent a work to be so ruined. They have not considered the time to come, for it would have been better to have preserved the edifice and to have put a guard over it.
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and they say that the subterranean edifices are even better. Other things were told me, which I do not repeat, because I am not certain of their accuracy. This fortress was commenced in the time of Ynca
Yupanqui. His son, Tupac Inca, as well as Huayna Ccapac and Huascar, worked much at it, and although it is still worthy of admiration, it was formerly without comparison grander. When the Spaniards entered Cuzco, the Indians of Quizquiz had already collected great treasure; but some was still found, and it is believed that there is a great quantity in the vicinity. It would be well to give orders for the preservation of what is left of this fortress, and of that of Huarcu, as memorials of the grandeur of this people, and even for utility, as they could be made serviceable at so little cost.
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joints that are made to fit into prepared pockets existing in the wall. Then they would be towed up a ramp and above the wall where they would be placed on top of a stack of logs. Then the logs would be removed 1 at a time to lower the stones into place carefully. An experiment was done to see if this would work on a small scale; this accomplished limited success. In the event that they were unable to obtain the tight joints the first time the Incas would also have been able to lift the stones back up to correct their mistakes. They were not able to obtain as much precision as the Incas but they theorized that with more practice they could have accomplished more precise joints and done it with larger stones.
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principal entrance was a thing worthy of contemplation, to see how well it was built, and how the walls were arranged so that one commanded the other. And in these walls there were stones so large and mighty that it tired the judgment to conceive how they could have been conveyed and placed, and who could have had sufficient power to shape them, seeing that among these people there are so few tools. Some of these stones are of a width of twelve feet and more than twenty long, others are thicker than a bullock. All the stones are laid and joined with such delicacy that a rial could not be put in between two of them.
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508:"on top of a hill they had a very strong fort surrounded with masonry walls of stones and having two very high round towers. And in the lower part of this wall there were stones so large and thick that it seemed impossible that human hands could have set them in place...they were so close together, and so well fitted, that the point of a pin could not have been inserted in one of the joints. The whole fortress was built up in terraces and flat spaces." The numerous rooms were "filled with arms, lances, arrows, darts, clubs,
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transportation and this could have led to a lot of accidents. They concluded that although they had gravity on their side they had to practice to maintain control of the descent. They also did an experiment towing a megalith that may have been close to 10 tons on cobblestones. They had about 12 people behind the megalith pushing it while well over 100 people were pulling on several ropes to tow it. They succeeded in towing it at a fairly quick pace. The ancient Incas built a large
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561:, the Spaniards began to use Sacsayhuamán as a source of stones for building Spanish Cuzco; within a few years, they had taken apart and demolished much of the complex. The site was destroyed block by block to salvage materials with which to build the new Spanish governmental and religious buildings of the colonial city, as well as the houses of the wealthiest Spaniards. In the words of
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Americas. The stones are so closely spaced that a single piece of paper will not fit between many of the stones. This precision, combined with the rounded corners of the blocks, the variety of their interlocking shapes, and the way the walls lean inward, is thought to have helped the ruins survive devastating
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The best-known zone of
Sacsayhuamán includes its great plaza and its adjacent three massive terrace walls. The stones used in the construction of these terraces are among the largest used in any building in pre-Hispanic America. They display a precision of cutting and fitting that is unmatched in the
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The Inca ordered that the provinces should provide 20,000 men and that the villages should send the necessary provisions. If any fell sick, another labourer was to supply his place, and he was to return to his home. But these
Indians were not kept constantly at a work in progress. They laboured for a
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There were many buildings within the fortress, some small, one over the other, and others, which were large, were underground. They made two blocks of buildings, one larger than the other, wide and so well-built, that I know not how I can exaggerate the art with which the stones are laid and worked;
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The living rock was excavated for the foundation, which was prepared with such solidity that it will endure as long as the world itself. The work had, according to my estimate, a length of 330 paces, and a width of 200. Its walls were so strong that there is no artillery which could breach them. The
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to tow megalithic stones. This also led to limited success. They conducted one experiment where they tried to lower a 1 ton stone down a mountain. They lost control of this stone and it rolled down on its own. This is probably not the way the Incas did it since they would have wanted to control the
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is an author, architect and explorer who has been consulted on various ancient sites that moved large megaliths. He theorized that the blocks were put into place by carving them first and then lowering them into place. This would have involved doing precise carving ahead of time to create the tight
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I went to see this edifice twice. On one occasion I was accompanied by Tomas
Vasquez, a conqueror, and on the other I found Hernando de Guzman there, he who was present at the siege, and Juan de la Haya. Those who read this should believe that I relate nothing that I did not see. As I walked about,
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The large plaza, capable of holding thousands of people, was designed for communal ceremonial activities. Several of the large structures at the site may also have been used during rituals. A similar relationship to that between Cuzco and
Sacsayhuamán was replicated by the Inca in their distant
569:"to save themselves the expense, effort and delay with which the Indians worked the stone, they pulled down all the smooth masonry in the walls. There is indeed not a house in the city that has not been made of this stone, or at least the houses built by the Spaniards."
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Located on a steep hill that overlooks the city, the fortified complex has a wide view of the valley to the southeast. Archeological studies of surface collections of pottery at
Sacsayhuamán indicate that the earliest occupation of the hilltop dates to about 900 CE.
627:; these experiments were not adequate to replicate the successful efforts Pedro Cieza de León claimed to witness in the 16th century, and the largest megaliths currently there were more than twice his estimates of the largest megaliths in his time.
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had called city of Cuzco the lion city. He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which flow through it, that the body was the great square and the houses round it, and that the head was wanting."
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in Cuzco. The longest of the three walls is about 400 meters. They are about 6 meters tall. The estimated volume of stone is over 6,000 cubic meters. Estimates for the weight of the largest
516:...there were also...certain stretchers in which the Lords travelled, as in litters." Pedro Pizarro described in detail storage rooms that were within the complex and filled with military equipment.
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that included 25,000 km of roads. Some of these roads were embellished with stone pavings. Additional experiments were done at other locations to move large megaliths some of which are
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Stehberg Ruben, "La
Fortaleza de Chena y su relación con la ocupación incaica de Chile central." Occasional publication N ° 23, História Natural's National Museum, Santiago, Chile, 1976.
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in Cusco to
Cajamarca, where the Spaniards were based. They found the Temple of the Sun "covered with plates of gold", which the Spanish supposedly ordered removed as payment for
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On 13 March 2008, archaeologists discovered additional ruins at the periphery of Sacsayhuamán. It has been theorized that the site was first built upon during the
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La fortaleza del Inca en el Cuzco era Çaçça huaman y Çaççay huaman significa "Águila real la mayor" y no halcón satisfecho como se ha interpretado generalmente.
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1080:"Chronicles of Peru Part II Pedro Cieza de León 1553 Ch.51 p.161-5 (Translated and Published posthumously) Translated by Clements R. Markham 1883"
911:"Chronicles of Peru Part II Pedro Cieza de León 1553 Ch.51 p.161-5 (Translated and Published posthumously) Translated by Clements R. Markham 1883"
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During the 15th century, the Imperial Inca expanded on this settlement, building dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. Spanish Chronicler
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walls constructed of huge stones were built on the site, with the workers carefully cutting the boulders to fit them together tightly without
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developed. The Inca fortress there, known as Chena, predated the Spanish colonial city. It was a ceremonial ritual site known as
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block vary from 128 tonnes to almost 200 tonnes. These stones were moved an estimated 35 km (22 miles) from
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period, which preceded the Inca. While appearing ceremonial in nature, the exact function remains unknown.
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Sideways view of the walls of Sacsayhuamán showing the details of the stonework and the angle of the walls.
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The Inca decided the "best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to the north of the city."
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808:Çacça huaman pucara. Vn castillo del Inga en el Cuzco. Çacçay huaman, o anca. Aguila real la mayor.
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In January 2010, parts of the site were damaged during periods of heavy rainfall in the region.
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sent Martin Bueno and two other Spaniards to help transport gold and silver from the Temple of
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Some people from Cusco use the large field within the walls of the complex for jogging,
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1024:: "Mysteries of the Ancient Americas: The New World Before Columbus", 1986, pp. 220–21
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and new year. It is held near Sacsayhuamán on 24 June. Another important festival is
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The complex was built by the Incas in the 15th century, particularly under Sapa Inca
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Vocabulario de la Lengva General de todo el Perv llamada Lengva Qquichua o del Inca
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Today, only the stones that were too large to be easily moved remain at the site.
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1061:"Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 p. 249-251
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The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter,
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In 1983, Cusco and Sacsayhuamán together were designated as sites on the
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Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005
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edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press,
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Peru; incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas
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1111:"Fiesta del Warachikuy" (in Spanish), accessed 26 February 2014
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Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru,
485:. Seven hundred plates were removed, and added to two hundred
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After ambushing Atahualpa during the Spanish Conquest of Peru,
392:. The site is at an altitude of 3,701 metres (12,142 ft).
1092:"Stonehenge y Cuzco, dos destinos unidos por el culto al sol"
307:
292:
301:
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802:. Lima, imprenta de Francisco del Canto, 1608. p. 26f.:
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Vol. 1–2, New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com,
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held there annually on the third Sunday of September.
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History Channel "Mega Movers: Ancient Mystery Moves"
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595:Theories about constructing the megalithic walls
766:"EL EMPLEO DE <X> EN LA TOPONIMIA ANDINA"
500:After Francisco Pizarro finally entered Cuzco,
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343:
8:
1034:"Ancient temple unearthed near Inca capital"
614:They also did several experiments in nearby
32:
764:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (1 January 2011),
553:View of Cusco from above Sacsayhuaman ruins
512:and large oblong shields...there were many
358:
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1172:
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772:, El Colegio de México, pp. 613–646,
45:
31:
1119:
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1036:, NBC, 14 Mar 2008, Retrieved 2 Jan 2022.
723:List of buildings and structures in Cusco
384:on the northern outskirts of the city of
978:
976:
819:World History Encyclopedia: Sacsayhuaman
752:Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua,
598:
744:
681:
489:of gold transported back to Cajamarca.
831:"City of Cuzco - World Heritage Site"
352:
330:
225:
213:
203:
193:
183:
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51:A section of the wall of Sacsayhuamán
7:
2907:Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
1010:Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World
986:Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca
388:, Peru, the historic capital of the
69:
27:Archaeological site near Cusco, Peru
2912:Tourist attractions in Cusco Region
1012:, ed. Chris Scarre, 1999 pp. 220–23
770:De la lengua por sólo la extrañeza
641:, the annual Inca festival of the
25:
2882:Buildings and structures in Cusco
880:WorldByIsa: Things to do in Cusco
659:, and other athletic activities.
700:
684:
664:
635:Peruvians continue to celebrate
426:According to Inca oral history,
273:
68:
61:
1153:New Discoveries at Sacsayhuamán
231:Latin America and the Caribbean
856:"The fortress of Sacsayhuaman"
603:Panoramic view of Sacsayhuamán
1:
2877:Lost ancient cities and towns
2411:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
989:. University of Texas Press.
496:North view of the ruins, 1854
2902:Archaeological sites in Peru
1195:Archaeological sites in Peru
835:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
504:described what they found,
433:"remembered that his father
2516:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
2938:
2111:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1596:Huamanmarca, La Convención
412:UNESCO World Heritage List
178:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1201:
1157:World's Greatest Riddles
890:de Gamboa, P.S., (2015),
236:
171:
56:
44:
37:
2897:Esoteric anthropogenesis
2711:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2406:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2266:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2196:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1046:"Heavy rainfall in Peru"
796:Diego Gonçález Holguín.
728:List of megalithic sites
707:Sacsayhuamán in 1877 by
691:Sacsayhuamán in 1877 by
676:Panorama of Sacsayhuamán
38:
1911:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1696:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1159:Mystery of Sacsayhuamán
983:Brian S. Bauer (2010).
354:[ˈsaksajˈwaman]
2556:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2006:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
1996:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1906:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1681:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
604:
591:
571:
554:
518:
497:
467:
439:
368:fortress of the royal
344:
332:[saksajwaˈman]
328:Spanish pronunciation:
265:
264:Close up of stone wall
257:
247:
2671:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2256:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2001:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1901:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1816:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1726:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1716:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1676:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
1135:Harper & Brothers
1125:Ephraim George Squier
778:10.2307/j.ctv6jmwp4.8
709:Ephraim George Squier
693:Ephraim George Squier
602:
590:Plan of Sacsayhuamán.
589:
567:
552:
506:
495:
450:
431:
263:
253:
245:
125:13.50778°S 71.98222°W
2846:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2401:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2121:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
2116:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
2021:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2016:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2011:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1916:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1861:Laguna de las Momias
1671:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1666:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
1256:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
1211:Ahuila Gencha Machay
961:Pizarro 1921:272–273
892:History of the Incas
563:Garcilaso de la Vega
399:and his successors.
130:-13.50778; -71.98222
2496:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2391:Qurimarka, Apurímac
2306:Purunllacta, Soloco
2271:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1691:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1611:Huaycán de Pariachi
1406:Choquequirao Puquio
1366:Chauchilla Cemetery
1261:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1137:. p. 471, 477.
941:Pizzaro, P., 1571,
860:Ticket Machu Picchu
446:Pedro Cieza de León
345:Saksay waman pukara
121: /
34:
2726:Wanakawri, Huánuco
2301:Purunllacta, Cheto
2161:Paracas Candelabra
1821:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1721:Inti Watana, Calca
605:
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555:
498:
266:
258:
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2922:Polygonal masonry
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2241:Pukara, Coporaque
2201:Pirca Pirca, Lima
1561:Huaca Huallamarca
1371:Chavín de Huantar
1052:, 26 January 2010
996:978-0-292-79202-9
471:Francisco Pizarro
240:
239:
200:Cultural: iii, iv
77:Shown within Peru
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2721:Wanakawri, Cusco
2716:Wamanmarka, Lima
2551:Templo del Zorro
2396:Qurimarka, Cusco
1886:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1866:Lauricocha Caves
1846:K'allapayuq Urqu
1831:Kusichaka valley
1576:Huaca San Marcos
1551:Huaca del Dragón
1546:Huaca de la Luna
1216:Amaru Marka Wasi
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2836:Wiraqucha Pirqa
2581:Toquepala Caves
2346:Qillqay Mach'ay
2246:Pukara, Fajardo
1971:Marcahuamachuco
1941:Machu Pitumarka
1766:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
1736:Intini Uyu Pata
1651:Incahuasi, Lima
1581:Huaca Santa Ana
1506:Guitarrero Cave
1331:Caves of Sumbay
1231:Asiru Phat'jata
1197:
1192:
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1109:mincetur.gob.pe
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1098:. 20 June 2017.
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557:Following the
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189:City of Cuzco
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144:Fortification
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30:
19:
2786:Wayna Q'inti
2776:Wat'a, Cusco
2736:Waqra Pukara
2686:Vilcashuamán
2456:Sacsayhuamán
2455:
2386:Quri Winchus
2316:Pusuquy Pata
2291:Puqin Kancha
2251:Pukara, Puno
1946:Machu Q'inti
1931:Machu Picchu
1791:Killarumiyuq
1741:Intipa Ñawin
1661:Inka Mach'ay
1636:Huchuy Qosqo
1566:Huaca Prieta
1511:Hatun Machay
1491:Gran Pajatén
1401:Choquequirao
1396:Choquepuquio
1391:Chipaw Marka
1341:Cerro Pátapo
1151:BBC Article
1129:
1104:
1095:
1086:
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863:. Retrieved
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838:. Retrieved
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269:Sacsayhuamán
268:
267:
149:Part of
94:Cusco Region
39:Saksay waman
33:Sacsayhuamán
29:
18:Sacsayhuaman
2831:Wiñay Wayna
2826:Willkaraqay
2811:Wila Wilani
2766:Wari Willka
2756:Waraqu Urqu
2701:Waman Pirqa
2606:Tunay Q'asa
2586:Toro Muerto
2536:Taqrachullu
2526:Tanqa Tanqa
2521:Tampukancha
2511:Tambomachay
2506:Tambo Totem
2376:Qunchamarka
2366:Qullqapampa
2276:Pumaq Hirka
2226:Puka Pukara
2191:Pinkuylluna
2181:Pikimach'ay
2096:Nazca Lines
2091:Muyuq Marka
2076:Mullu Q'awa
2051:Mirq'imarka
2026:Mawk'ataray
1961:Maray Qalla
1951:Mallkuamaya
1936:Machu Pirqa
1926:Machu Colca
1881:Llamachayuq
1811:Kuntur Wasi
1706:Inkilltambo
1631:Huayrapongo
1591:Hualpayunca
1586:Huacramarca
1526:Hatun Uchku
1496:Gran Vilaya
1296:Buena Vista
1251:Awkin Punta
625:listed here
621:road system
535:earthquakes
418:Description
390:Inca Empire
337:Saksaywaman
323:-sy-wuh-mən
255:Muyuq Marka
215:Inscription
166:Inca Empire
128: /
104:Coordinates
2871:Categories
2821:Wilcahuaín
2761:Warawtampu
2731:Waqlamarka
2681:Vilcabamba
2636:Uskallaqta
2601:Tunanmarca
2546:Tarmatambo
2481:Sillustani
2466:Sayacmarca
2451:Runkuraqay
2381:Qunchupata
2356:Quillarumi
2336:Qillqatani
2231:Puka Tampu
2206:Pirhuaylla
2176:Pikillaqta
2171:Patallaqta
2146:Pachatusan
2141:Pachacamac
2056:Miyu Pampa
2046:Miraflores
1986:Markapukyu
1981:Markansaya
1976:Markahirka
1966:Marayniyoq
1921:Llaqtapata
1851:K'ipakhara
1836:Khichuqaqa
1731:Intikancha
1711:Inti Punku
1701:Inkapintay
1541:Honcopampa
1536:Hatunmarka
1531:Hatun Usnu
1481:El Paraíso
1476:El Ingenio
1451:Coricancha
1441:Condorcaga
1431:Colcampata
1421:Cochabamba
1386:Chichakuri
1376:Chawaytiri
1361:Chanquillo
1351:Chacamarca
1336:Cerro Baúl
1241:Auga Punta
739:References
648:Warachikuy
638:Inti Raymi
475:Coricancha
428:Tupac Inca
350:pronounced
218:1983 (7th
116:71°58′56″W
113:13°30′28″S
2751:Waraqayuq
2746:Warahirka
2706:Wamanilla
2676:Ventarron
2651:Usnu Muqu
2611:Tupu Inka
2591:Trinchera
2541:Tarahuasi
2531:Tantarica
2501:Susupillu
2461:Sara Sara
2436:Rumicolca
2416:Qasa Pata
2371:Qulu Qulu
2326:Qaqapatan
2296:Puruchuco
2236:Puka Urqu
2156:Pañamarca
2136:Pacatnamu
2106:Ninamarca
2101:Nina Kiru
2086:Muyu Urqu
2081:Muyu Muyu
2071:Mulinuyuq
1771:Kanamarka
1751:Iskuqucha
1656:Ingatambo
1606:Huankarán
1456:Cumbemayo
1446:Cota Coca
1426:Cochapata
1356:Chan Chan
1316:Carachupa
1311:Cao Viejo
1291:Bandurria
1276:Ayawayq'u
1271:Ayamachay
1221:Arhuaturo
608:Vince Lee
544:Rumicolca
540:Limestone
479:Atahualpa
435:Pachacuti
401:Dry stone
397:Pachacuti
205:Reference
2801:Wichqana
2576:Titiqaqa
2471:Sayhuite
2441:Rumiwasi
2361:Quishuar
2281:Pumawasi
2261:Pukarani
2216:Pirwayuq
2186:Pilluchu
2166:Paraccra
1891:Llamayuq
1826:Kuntuyuq
1761:Jinkiori
1646:Inca Uyo
1466:El Brujo
1411:Churajón
1381:Cheqollo
1301:Cahuachi
1281:Azángaro
1266:Aya Muqu
1127:(1877).
1050:BBC News
865:12 March
783:31 March
717:See also
510:bucklers
196:Criteria
162:Cultures
86:Location
2806:Wich'un
2796:Wichama
2661:Uyu Uyu
2656:Usqunta
2446:Runayoc
2426:Raqch'i
2311:Pusharo
2286:Punkuri
2061:Molloko
2036:Miculla
1956:Mameria
1896:Llamuqa
1876:Llactan
1776:Kanichi
1601:Huamboy
1486:Garagay
1461:Cutimbo
1321:Carajía
840:19 July
806:p. 75:
657:tai chi
514:morions
382:citadel
380:) is a
362:
341:Quechua
220:Session
185:Part of
157:History
2841:Yanaca
2741:Waqutu
2696:Vitcos
2631:Urpish
2616:T'akaq
2596:Túcume
2566:Tinyaq
2491:Sóndor
2476:Sechín
2431:Revash
2351:Quiaca
2341:Qillqa
2211:Piruro
2151:Paiján
2041:Millka
1871:Layzón
1806:Kukuli
1801:Kuelap
1796:Kotosh
1641:Huiñao
1436:Collor
1236:Aspero
1206:Acaray
993:
949:
929:
898:
578:Killke
487:cargas
483:ransom
405:mortar
370:falcon
339:(from
2851:Yaynu
2816:Wilca
2771:Waruq
2571:Tipón
2561:Tikra
2486:Sipán
2331:Qenko
2221:Písac
2066:Moray
2031:Mazur
1991:Marpa
1781:Kenko
1621:Huari
1416:Chuya
1326:Caral
1226:Asana
386:Cusco
335:) or
152:Cusco
90:Cusco
2892:Inca
1756:Isog
991:ISBN
947:ISBN
927:ISBN
896:ISBN
867:2023
842:2020
785:2024
374:hawk
359:lit.
321:SACK
227:Area
141:Type
98:Peru
774:doi
546:.
481:'s
372:or
209:273
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