1491:
1282:
72:
643:
48:
728:
1121:
1296:
833:
1920:
480:
487:
485:
483:
481:
486:
484:
576:, and it is considered the most northern of all freshwater fishes. In North America, five relatively well defined species are present, which, apart from the Arctic char, comprise the
1863:"Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus
482:
314:
Deepwater char are small species of char living below 80 m in the deep areas of certain lakes. They are highly sensitive to changes in the quality of the water and one species,
2249:
2123:
2162:
1725:
515:
in 2015 listed 54 species or subspecies in this genus, many of which have very narrow local distributions. Fourteen localised species are listed from the
2244:
519:
alone, although these traditionally, and still by the national conservation and fisheries authorities, are all considered to represent the widespread
2097:
2136:
1780:
1740:
276:
Most char may be identified by light-cream, pink, or red spots over a darker body. Scales tend to be small, with 115–200 along the
273:, and most of its members are typically cold-water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters. Many species also migrate to the sea.
2211:
2254:
688:
635:
188:
2141:
2149:
1803:"Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of rDNA sequences in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)"
1135:
1316:
1230:
1459:
1445:
1358:
1345:
1255:
160:
1269:
2019:
2006:
1490:
1179:
2076:
71:
1476:
1006:
1089:
809:
2167:
2089:
1757:
Wright, L. (1996). Sources of London
English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, p. 107
1617:
1320:
992:
1906:
1328:
1273:
1769:"CHAPTER 10 - Phylogenetic Relationships among the Salmoninae Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences"
1396:
1332:
1324:
1281:
1155:
573:
270:
1801:Śliwińska-Jewsiewicka, A.; Kuciński, M.; Kirtiklis, L.; Dobosz, S.; Ocalewicz, K.; Jankun, Malgorzata (2015).
1472:
823:
1861:
Osinov, Alexander G.; Senchukova, Anna L.; Mugue, Nikolai S.; Pavlov, Sergei D.; Chereshnev, Igor A. (2015).
1623:
1408:
1203:
1039:
456:
1264:
1946:
1590:
1366:
1311:
1188:
1141:
1126:
1059:
1033:
966:
961:
803:
773:
763:
750:
732:
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316:
20:
1924:
1454:
970:
817:
2198:
1768:
1571:
1547:
1467:
1353:
1164:
912:
882:
793:
420:
2024:
998:
984:
2216:
2177:
2045:
1993:
1565:
1416:
1340:
1174:
1150:
1109:
1073:
1018:
862:
717:
1684:
2239:
1650:
1514:
1426:
1098:
1084:
783:
1744:
1553:
1529:
1392:
1381:
1299:
1245:
1239:
937:
917:
872:
837:
755:
625:
593:
66:
1862:
2203:
2185:
2128:
2032:
1840:
1822:
1776:
1767:
Phillips, RUTH B.; Oakley, TODD H. (1997-01-01), Kocher, Thomas D.; Stepien, Carol A. (eds.),
1012:
903:
661:
536:
355:
2190:
1878:
1830:
1814:
1630:
1605:
1440:
1225:
978:
926:
897:
849:
843:
709:
678:
670:
544:
540:
308:
177:
47:
1984:
642:
329:
705:
666:
1741:"Red List - Volume 1: Vertebrates (2009) - General assessment for the vertebrate groups"
2084:
2071:
1835:
1802:
1596:
1432:
727:
370:
333:
113:
2233:
1714:
1520:
684:
631:
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412:
343:
184:
1930:
1719:
1998:
1667:
1120:
1025:
520:
432:
277:
169:
37:
2037:
2011:
1295:
832:
2154:
2110:
1978:
1679:
1672:
1559:
1541:
1285:
1196:
577:
561:
553:
492:
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347:
304:
296:
55:
1935:
1818:
1577:
1494:
601:
585:
504:
444:
366:
288:
266:
243:
143:
133:
123:
1969:
1826:
2058:
532:
83:
1844:
1919:
328:
The origin of the name "char" or "charr" is unknown, but was perhaps from
1963:
1535:
1064:
612:
512:
393:
362:
351:
103:
2102:
1729:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 855.
1510:
953:
696:
1882:
287:
Many members of this genus are popular sport fish, and a few, such as
2115:
1659:
528:
93:
1940:
2063:
1489:
1294:
1280:
1119:
831:
726:
551:
group but has been so far classified into its own monotypic genus
496:
478:
381:
258:
239:
2050:
246:
1944:
281:
280:. The pectoral, pelvic, anal, and the lower aspect of caudal
1718:
265:
is a member of the subfamily
Salmoninae within the family
531:, including several localised taxa from in each of the
380:
meaning "to cut or shear", possibly referring to its
320:, was driven to extinction in the twentieth century.
527:). Twenty species are listed from the Asian part of
1953:
284:are trimmed in snow white or cream leading edges.
1210:– long-finned char: phylogenetically part of the
491:Video of young Arctic charr being released into
1775:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 145–162,
1898:A compendium of fossil marine animal genera.
611:This listing presents the taxa recognised in
303:) are objects of commercial fisheries and/or
8:
19:"Charr" redirects here. For other uses, see
337:
307:. Occasionally such fish escape and become
2250:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
1941:
346:), likely for the bright red belly of the
342:meaning "fiery red" (found in some Celtic
46:
27:
1871:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1834:
467:, it would be classified in the subgenus
451:). All other species are in the subgenus
1931:USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Fish Database
1856:
1854:
547:, which phylogenetically is part of the
1697:
507:genera, the delimitation of species in
463:) is considered a member of the genus
1894:Sepkoski, Jack (2002): Osteichthyes.
7:
2178:9717bc5c-c57e-4f95-b95b-16002fbbf75e
2090:870e5595-cd8a-41c6-8432-7c1f1ee25be1
1114:Viktorovsky & Glubokovsky, 1981
1900:Bulletins of American Paleontology
568:) is the most broadly distributed
14:
423:clade in the genus, contains the
2245:Extant Miocene first appearances
1918:
641:
543:peninsulas. One of these is the
70:
1773:Molecular Systematics of Fishes
745:Scotland and adjacent islands:
1584:Pacific & Arctic drainages
1208:Chereshnev & Skopets, 1990
431:), and the presumably extinct
1:
1136:Salvelinus alpinus erythrinus
1007:Salvelinus salvelinoinsularis
1656:S. namaycush × S. fontinalis
471:, adding a fourth subgenus.
269:. The genus has a northern
257:; some species are called "
2271:
1647:S. alpinus × S. fontinalis
944:– blunt-snouted Irish char
392:There are currently three
60:Salvelinus alpinus alpinus
18:
1819:10.1007/s10709-015-9841-6
1628:– angayukaksurak char (=
1618:Salvelinus anaktuvukensis
1252:S. malma krascheninnikova
993:Salvelinus thingvallensis
201:
196:
175:
168:
67:Scientific classification
65:
54:
45:
30:
574:circumpolar distribution
271:circumpolar distribution
1726:Encyclopædia Britannica
1260:– southern Dolly Varden
1204:Salvethymus svetovidovi
461:Salvethymus svetovidovi
2255:Ray-finned fish genera
1591:Salvelinus confluentus
1501:
1367:Salvelinus leucomaenis
1306:
1292:
1189:Salvelinus tolmachoffi
1130:
1127:Salvelinus leucomaenis
1060:Salvelinus andriashevi
1028:and Northwest Russia:
956:and Atlantic islands:
854:
804:Salvelinus struanensis
774:Salvelinus killinensis
764:Salvelinus inframundus
751:Salvelinus gracillimus
737:
733:Salvelinus killinensis
701:Salvelinus neocomensis
615:grouped by geography:
500:
338:
317:Salvelinus neocomensis
21:Charr (disambiguation)
2199:Paleobiology Database
1936:IUCN Salvelinus umbla
1612:– Dolly Varden trout
1548:Salvelinus fontinalis
1493:
1468:Salvelinus vasiljevae
1354:Salvelinus kuznetzovi
1298:
1290:Salvelinus fontinalis
1284:
1265:Salvelinus gritzenkoi
1165:Salvelinus taimyricus
1123:
913:Salvelinus fimbriatus
883:Salvelinus willughbii
835:
794:Salvelinus maxillaris
730:
490:
2085:Fauna Europaea (new)
1927:at Wikimedia Commons
1566:Salvelinus namaycush
1515:Salvelinus agassizii
1499:Salvelinus namaycush
1373:– whitespotted char
1341:Salvelinus kronocius
1312:Salvelinus krogiusae
1175:Salvelinus taranetzi
1151:Salvelinus jacuticus
1110:Salvelinus elgyticus
1074:Salvelinus boganidae
1034:Salvelinus lepechini
962:Salvelinus faroensis
863:Salvelinus lonsdalii
718:Salvelinus profundus
1455:Salvelinus schmidti
1124:Whitespotted char,
1099:Salvelinus drjagini
1085:Salvelinus czerskii
857:England and Wales:
818:Salvelinus youngeri
784:Salvelinus mallochi
722:(Schillinger, 1901)
224:J. Richardson, 1836
1678:S. leucomaensis x
1530:Salvelinus alpinus
1505:Atlantic drainages
1502:
1481:– Sakhalinian char
1307:
1300:Dolly Varden trout
1293:
1240:Salvelinus curilus
1131:
1116:– small-mouth char
938:Salvelinus obtusus
873:Salvelinus perisii
855:
838:Salvelinus alpinus
738:
626:Salvelinus alpinus
594:Dolly Varden trout
572:species. It has a
511:is controversial.
501:
443:contains only the
2227:
2226:
2186:Open Tree of Life
1947:Taxon identifiers
1923:Media related to
1883:10.1111/bij.12559
1782:978-0-12-417540-2
1747:on June 23, 2013.
1627:
1611:
1600:
1575:
1557:
1539:
1524:
1480:
1463:
1449:
1430:
1412:
1400:
1385:
1377:S. l. leucomaenis
1372:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1277:
1259:
1249:
1234:
1219:Pacific drainages
1209:
1194:
1183:
1170:
1159:
1145:
1115:
1104:
1094:– Cherskii's char
1093:
1079:
1068:
1043:
1016:
1002:
988:
974:
943:
932:
922:– Coomsaharn char
921:
907:
888:
878:
868:
827:
813:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
723:
713:
692:
674:
662:Salvelinus evasus
639:
488:
475:Species diversity
356:Middle Low German
231:
230:
225:
217:
209:
164:
2262:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2155:NHMSYS0000544750
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1942:
1922:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1743:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1666:S. fontinalis ×
1622:
1609:
1606:Salvelinus malma
1594:
1569:
1551:
1533:
1518:
1471:
1458:
1444:
1441:Salvelinus neiva
1425:
1406:
1391:
1379:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1315:
1304:Salvelinus malma
1268:
1254:
1243:
1229:
1226:Salvelinus albus
1207:
1193:L. S. Berg, 1926
1192:
1178:
1168:
1154:
1139:
1113:
1105:– Dryagin's char
1102:
1088:
1078:L. S. Berg, 1926
1077:
1063:
1053:Arctic drainages
1037:
1010:
996:
982:
979:Salvelinus murta
965:
941:
930:
927:Salvelinus grayi
916:
901:
898:Salvelinus colii
886:
876:
866:
850:Salvelinus grayi
844:Salvelinus colii
821:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
754:
721:
704:
682:
679:Salvelinus umbla
665:
645:
629:
545:long-finned char
489:
457:long-finned char
341:
309:invasive species
223:
215:
207:
159:
75:
74:
50:
36:Temporal range:
28:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1949:
1915:
1891:
1890:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1704:Sepkoski (2002)
1703:
1699:
1694:
1643:
1610:(Walbaum, 1792)
1488:
1417:S. l. japonicus
1184:– Taranets char
1160:– Yakutian char
1080:– Boganida char
1050:
949:Northern Europe
931:(Günther, 1862)
887:(Günther, 1862)
877:(Günther, 1865)
778:(Günther, 1866)
652:
621:
479:
477:
390:
326:
192:
181:
158:
69:
41:
34:
24:
17:
16:Genus of fishes
12:
11:
5:
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2146:
2133:
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2107:
2094:
2081:
2072:Fauna Europaea
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2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
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1975:
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1913:External links
1911:
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1909:
1889:
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1850:
1813:(4): 425–432.
1793:
1781:
1759:
1750:
1732:
1717:, ed. (1911).
1715:Chisholm, Hugh
1706:
1696:
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1689:
1688:
1685:river mackerel
1675:
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1642:
1639:
1638:
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1635:
1602:
1581:
1580:
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1526:
1525:– silver trout
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:kirikuchi char
1413:
1401:
1397:E. A. McGregor
1386:
1371:(Pallas, 1814)
1363:
1350:
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655:Central Europe
651:
648:
647:
646:
640:– Arctic char
620:
617:
590:S. confluentus
503:As with other
476:
473:
389:
386:
371:Proto-Germanic
344:personal names
332:, such as the
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1651:Alsatian char
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1389:S. l. imbrius
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1213:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:– Chukot char
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
986:
981:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
959:
958:
957:
955:
948:
947:
940:
939:
935:
933:– Gray's char
929:
928:
924:
919:
915:
914:
910:
908:– Cole's char
905:
900:
899:
895:
894:
893:
885:
884:
880:
875:
874:
870:
865:
864:
860:
859:
858:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
828:– golden char
825:
820:
819:
815:
811:
806:
805:
801:
796:
795:
791:
786:
785:
781:
776:
775:
771:
766:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
748:
747:
746:
741:British Isles
740:
739:
735:
734:
729:
720:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
659:
658:
654:
653:
649:
644:
637:
633:
628:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:S. fontinalis
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:British Isles
514:
510:
506:
498:
494:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:S. fontinalis
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:sensu stricto
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:in the genus
395:
387:
385:
384:-like shape.
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:; or perhaps
349:
345:
340:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:often called
248:
245:
241:
237:
236:
222:
219:
216:Walbaum, 1792
214:
211:
206:
203:
202:
200:
195:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:
171:
167:
162:
161:J. Richardson
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:Salmoniformes
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1954:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1786:, retrieved
1772:
1762:
1753:
1745:the original
1735:
1724:
1720:"Char"
1709:
1700:
1677:
1668:Salmo trutta
1665:
1655:
1646:
1629:
1616:
1604:
1601:– bull trout
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1466:
1453:
1439:
1422:S. japonicus
1421:
1415:
1403:
1393:D. S. Jordan
1388:
1376:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1310:
1303:
1289:
1263:
1251:
1238:
1235:– white char
1224:
1211:
1202:
1187:
1173:
1169:Mikhin, 1949
1163:
1149:
1134:
1125:
1108:
1097:
1083:
1072:
1058:
1040:J. F. Gmelin
1032:
1026:Fennoscandia
1024:
1005:
991:
977:
960:
952:
936:
925:
911:
896:
891:
881:
871:
861:
856:
853:, Irish taxa
848:
842:
836:
816:
802:
792:
782:
772:
762:
749:
744:
731:
716:
699:
677:
660:
624:
610:
606:S. namaycush
605:
597:
589:
581:
569:
565:
559:
552:
548:
524:
521:Arctic charr
508:
502:
468:
464:
460:
452:
449:S. namaycush
448:
440:
437:S. agassizii
436:
433:silver trout
428:
416:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
377:
373:
358:
327:
315:
313:
300:
293:S. namaycush
292:
286:
278:lateral line
275:
262:
254:
250:
234:
233:
232:
220:
212:
204:
176:
170:Type species
154:
153:
59:
38:Late Miocene
31:
25:
2111:iNaturalist
1979:Wikispecies
1673:tiger trout
1662:, brookinaw
1560:brook trout
1542:arctic char
1460:Viktorovsky
1346:Viktorovsky
1317:Glubokovksy
1286:Brook trout
1231:Glubokovsky
1197:Lake Yessey
1146:– davatchan
1019:Bear Island
942:Regan, 1908
867:Regan, 1909
798:Regan, 1909
788:Regan, 1909
768:Regan, 1909
693:– lake char
619:Circumpolar
578:brook trout
562:Arctic char
554:Salvethymus
493:Llyn Padarn
469:Salvethymus
441:Cristovomer
425:brook trout
419:, the most
406:Cristovomer
369:"; or from
348:Arctic char
305:aquaculture
297:arctic char
213:Cristovomer
208:DeKay, 1842
178:Salmo umbla
140:Subfamily:
56:Arctic char
2240:Salvelinus
2234:Categories
2012:Salvelinus
1999:Salvelinus
1985:Salvelinus
1955:Salvelinus
1925:Salvelinus
1865:Salvelinus
1788:2020-08-05
1692:References
1687:, Kawasaba
1578:lake trout
1495:Lake trout
1409:Hilgendorf
1212:Salvelinus
1180:Kaganowsky
1065:L. S. Berg
999:Sæmundsson
985:Sæmundsson
736:, Scotland
602:lake trout
586:bull trout
570:Salvelinus
566:S. alpinus
549:Salvelinus
525:S. alpinus
509:Salvelinus
465:Salvelinus
453:Salvelinus
445:lake trout
410:Salvelinus
398:Salvelinus
301:S. alpinus
289:lake trout
267:Salmonidae
263:Salvelinus
235:Salvelinus
221:Salvelinus
197:Subgenera
155:Salvelinus
144:Salmoninae
134:Salmonidae
32:Salvelinus
1877:: 63–85.
1827:0016-6707
1329:Ribnikova
1270:Vasil'eva
892:Ireland:
533:Kamchatka
455:. If the
394:subgenera
361:meaning "
324:Etymology
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
40:- present
2051:46563150
1964:Wikidata
1845:25958180
1807:Genetica
1683:–
1680:O. masou
1671:–
1658:–
1649:–
1631:S. malma
1554:Mitchill
1536:Linnaeus
1473:Safronov
1446:Taranetz
1359:Taranetz
1256:Taranetz
1013:Lönnberg
810:Maitland
710:Kottelat
685:Linnaeus
671:Kottelat
632:Linnaeus
613:FishBase
598:S. malma
537:Chukotka
513:FishBase
505:salmonid
499:in 2020.
388:Taxonomy
378:*skeraną
374:*skardaz
363:flounder
352:borrowed
244:salmonid
185:Linnaeus
130:Family:
104:Chordata
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
2129:1000722
2103:2351241
1970:Q548682
1905:: 560.
1836:4486110
1641:Hybrids
1599:, 1859)
1597:Suckley
1574:, 1792)
1572:Walbaum
1556:, 1814)
1538:, 1758)
1523:, 1885)
1477:Zvezdov
1450:– Neiva
1411:, 1876)
1384:, 1814)
1333:Katugin
1325:Efremov
1248:, 1814)
1156:Borisov
1144:, 1775)
1090:Dryagin
1042:, 1789)
1015:, 1900)
1001:, 1909)
987:, 1909)
967:Joensen
954:Iceland
906:, 1863)
904:Günther
826:, 1965)
812:, 1881)
706:Freyhof
667:Freyhof
150:Genus:
120:Order:
110:Class:
2217:126142
2191:688331
2175:NZOR:
2142:161999
2077:304751
2064:1SALVG
1843:
1833:
1825:
1779:
1660:splake
1626:, 1973
1624:Morrow
1521:Garman
1479:, 2005
1475:&
1462:, 1978
1448:, 1933
1429:, 1961
1427:Ōshima
1399:, 1925
1395:&
1382:Pallas
1361:, 1933
1348:, 1978
1335:, 1993
1331:&
1321:Frolov
1276:, 2000
1274:Stygar
1272:&
1258:, 1933
1246:Pallas
1233:, 1977
1214:clade]
1182:, 1955
1158:, 1935
1142:Georgi
1092:, 1932
1067:, 1948
973:, 1970
971:Tåning
969:&
920:, 1908
824:Friend
758:, 1909
712:, 2005
708:&
673:, 2005
669:&
650:Europe
600:) and
541:Taimyr
529:Russia
417:Baione
408:, and
402:Baione
330:Celtic
295:) and
205:Baione
163:, 1836
2212:WoRMS
2204:35524
2124:IRMNG
2116:49597
918:Regan
756:Regan
497:Wales
421:basal
382:sherd
359:schar
354:from
339:ceara
336:word
334:Irish
259:trout
255:charr
240:genus
238:is a
2168:8033
2163:NCBI
2137:ITIS
2098:GBIF
2059:EPPO
2038:7C25
2025:4160
2020:BOLD
1841:PMID
1823:ISSN
1777:ISBN
1199:char
1048:Asia
1021:char
847:and
689:1758
636:1758
560:The
539:and
282:fins
251:char
247:fish
189:1758
2150:NBN
2046:EoL
2033:CoL
2007:AFD
1994:ADW
1903:364
1896:In:
1879:doi
1875:116
1831:PMC
1815:doi
1811:143
1250:(=
608:).
592:),
584:),
439:).
376:or
367:dab
261:".
253:or
242:of
2236::
2214::
2201::
2188::
2165::
2152::
2139::
2126::
2113::
2100::
2087::
2074::
2061::
2048::
2035::
2022::
2009::
1996::
1981::
1966::
1873:.
1869:.
1853:^
1839:.
1829:.
1821:.
1809:.
1805:.
1771:,
1723:.
1621:"
1576:–
1558:–
1540:–
1497:,
1431:–
1424:)
1420:(=
1327:,
1323:,
1319:,
1302:,
1288:,
1195:–
1017:–
841:,
687:,
634:,
557:.
535:,
495:,
415:.
404:,
400::
365:,
311:.
187:,
58:,
1885:.
1881::
1867:"
1847:.
1817::
1634:)
1615:"
1595:(
1570:(
1552:(
1534:(
1519:(
1511:†
1407:(
1380:(
1244:(
1140:(
1038:(
1011:(
997:(
983:(
902:(
822:(
808:(
697:†
691:)
683:(
638:)
630:(
604:(
596:(
588:(
580:(
564:(
523:(
459:(
447:(
435:(
427:(
299:(
291:(
191:)
183:(
23:.
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