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soon took control. His force would set up outside villages, feeding themselves by extorting passing peasants until the village accepted Samory's authority, then they moved on. Their first serious obstacle was the fortified village of Tere, defended by Sere Brema's governor in the region. Samory failed both to capture it and to bribe the governor, Dianka, into switching sides. Still, he managed to capture all of the Toron region either by force or diplomacy, building alliances with the powerful Konate family of Gbodou and the leaders of
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286:. He went to Madina to exchange himself for his mother, and served seven years as a warrior for the Cissé. In their service he learned to handle firearms, the arts of war and discipline, and converted to Islam. Brave and intelligent, he moved quickly up the ranks. Sere Bourlaye died in 1859. Soon afterwards Sere Brahima, who succeeded him, freed Samory and his mother, and they returned to Sanankoro. According to tradition, he remained "seven years, seven months, seven days" before leaving with his mother.
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period, however, African intellectuals began to rehabilitate Toure's memory. He became a hero and rallying cry for anti-colonial parties in Guinea and Mali, but was also used by their opponents. Since independence, Samory Toure has been generally remembered as a hero and martyr of
African resistance to European colonialism. In some communities in southern Mali that suffered brutal repression under his rule, however, he is remembered as a tyrant.
686:. As the siege dragged on, anyone living near the road to Bissandougou was forced into service as porters or had their food appropriated by the soldiers. When a rumor began that Samory himself was dead, another massive rebellion broke out. By the end of the 1888 rainy season, he was forced to abandon the siege. His starving, desperate troops again brutally sacked Wassoulou, massacring any rebels they found.
53:
863:, however, until February 1895, and its arrival sparked a popular resistance movement. Monteil stumbled onto the sofas on March 2, to the surprise of both sides; in a battle on the 14th, the French were forced to retreat and abandon Kong, which pledged fealty to Samory in April. He would enjoy nearly two years to consolidate his new empire without significant French intervention.
808:
700:
In
February 1889 Samory and the French signed yet another treaty, this time at Niako, that pushed colonial control further south. The Almamy was in a relatively weak position after the debacle at Sikasso, and the French were still focused on Segou. They soon broke some of the verbal promises that had
555:
traditional frontal charges became a slaughter when faced with the latest French weaponry, but Samory quickly pivoted by adopting effective guerilla tactics and hit-and-run cavalry attacks. They harassed the French back to the Niger. This victory won Toure a reputation as the
African leader who could
468:
While Samory had been conquering in the north of his empire in the years 1875-8, Sere Brema Cissé's nephew
Morlaye had pushed into the Sankaran region, exploiting Samory's relative lack of influence there but attacking some of his allies. The situation now reached a head, and diplomatic outreach came
472:
While marching to confront
Morlaye, Samory passed through Kankan and asked the Kaba to contribute troops. With the Cissés being fellow Muslims as well as relative by marriage, and feeling sidelined in the alliance, they refused, breaking the accord of Tintioule. Samory left his brother Keme Brema to
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In the first decades of colonial domination in southern Mali and northeastern Guinea, the French framed their conquest as having delivered the locals from the violence and insecurity of the Samory years, and therefore that the communities owed their lives and allegiance to them. During the interwar
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region. With famine and instability widespread, when Samory's forces started forcing conversion to Islam and destroying local sacred sites in 1885, the populace rebelled. Rebels massacred sofa garrisons at
Siondougou and Fulala. Samory sent Keme Brema to deal with the situation, and he brutally put
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had many war bands that were indistuinguishable from bandits. Unable to settle into a peaceful life, Samory joined one of these groups but, with his reputation as a warrior, came into conflict with the incumbent leader. After being whipped for insubordination, he left for another band of which he
924:
Knowing this setback would prompt an aggressive
British response, the French again sent Braulot, at the head of an armed column, to try to acquire Bouna by negotiation. Saranken Mori initially accepted. But when Braulot arrived at Bouna, he was killed and his column destroyed outside the city on
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arrived in Kankan in
January 1892 and led a small, well-supplied force of picked men on an attack on Bissandougou. The sofas fought defensive battles at the Soumbe and Diamanko creeks the 11th and 12th, taking heavy casualties but doing serious damage to the French and nearly capturing the enemy
644:
As the
Wassoulou region came back under his control, Samory looked to shore up his northern flank. On March 23, 1887, he signed the treaty of Bissandougou with the French. The terms were similar to the treaty signed the year before, although he did accept a French protectorate that Samory saw as
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merchants' commerce with the coast, dominated by the French, had slowed since their absorption into the
Wassoulou empire. When Samory, looking to push further east into the Gold Coast to secure new sources of guns, retreated rather than fight a French force, they sought to take advantage of his
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and a cavalry wing. In 1887 Samori could field 30,000 to 35,000 infantry and about 3,000 cavalry, in regular squadrons of 50 each. There was also a reserve, one out of every ten men from every village, such that each of the empire's 10 provinces could furnish 10,000 men. The elite troops were
311:
Samory's 1873 capture of Bissandougou represented a declaration of war against Nantenin Famoudou Kourouma, pagan king of Saboudou, who kept his capital at Worokoro. Samori was beaten in their first battle and fell back into the heart of his lands. The night before battle beneath the walls of
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conquered new territory to the east to use as a strategic reserve, and men with flintlocks served as the home guard or internal security. With this system, Samory could fall back into territory already conquered and organized, leaving no food for the French, for the next seven years.
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territory. Roads became quagmires during the rainy season, and dysentery struck the army, devastating the men and killing Kebe Brema among other important leaders. Meanwhile, the French, far from acting as allies, had built a fort at Siguiri and were blocking all trade with the
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began making overtures to Toure. The French, eager to possess this key strategic town on the Niger, rushed a force to establish a fort there on February 1, 1883. Kebe Brema, Samori's brother, led a force to Bamako to lure the French out of their defenses. They fought two
390:, which fell after a 9 month siege and joined the Samory's alliance. With this victory, Kouroussa's chief Karinkan-Oulen Doumbouya was left with no allies and agreed to submit, with Samory confirming him in his position. He continued on to the capital of Joma (Dioma),
754:, also called Kabassarana. The empire was put on a war footing, collecting metal to melt into bullets, stocking granaries, recruiting soldiers etc. While the best-armed troops resisted the French using French-made repeater rifles, those armed with the bolt-action
966:, and on December 22, 1898, was condemned to exile, despite his wish to return to southern Guinea. His wife Saranken Konate, who had often ruled as regent during his absences from Bissandougou, refused to accompany him. Emotionally devastated, he was taken to
303:, and taking the village of Faranfina by a ruse. This first expansionist phase, lasting from 1866 to 1873, saw Samory's army and influence grow dramatically as members of his mother's Camara clan and numerous other volunteers were attracted by his success.
551:, where Kaba was sheltering, was now a French protectorate. Unimpressed, Toure sacked the town on February 21, 1882. A French relief column arrived too late, but pursued the Wassoulou army, which turned and fought at Samaya on the 26th. The
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region, which would eventually give its name to his entire empire despite the fact that it was rather peripheral to it. During this series of campaigns he arrested and beheaded Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite for conspiring with the enemy.
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to launch a concentrated assault against Toure. He soon was forced to migrate once again, this time towards Liberia. Hoping to live off the land while marching, a combination of the unfamiliar mountainous territory of western
355:, sent commissioners to Touré in Bissandougou. Karamo Mori Kaba asked for an alliance against his pagan neighbors, particularly the Condé clan based in Gbérédou. This Samory accepted, sealing the pact with a meeting at
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artillery, but could not save the once-again abandoned city. The French kept chasing Samori's army south, facing ambushes, guerilla warfare, and scorched earth the whole way, installing garrisons at Bissandougou and
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was one of the most well-developed defensive systems in West Africa at the time, and Samory had no artillery. His supply lines relied on porters to bring food and ammunition from Bissandougou through still-hostile
270:
Toure was a troublesome youth, leading a group of local boys who would steal fruit from fields. To put him on a better path, his father bought him some merchandise and sent him off to become a merchant trading
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and the rest of the western- and southernmost parts of the empire surrendered, and the French looked to rebuild profitable colonies in the wartorn lands rather than push further. Samory Toure's empire in the
594:, Toure counter-attacked. Dividing his army into three mobile columns, he worked his way around the French lines of communication and quickly forced them to withdraw. Already embroiled in conflict with
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Bissandougou, Samory went to negotiate with Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite, one of Kourouma's most powerful lieutenants. "I believe that you are wrong to fight against your brother Muslim," he said. "You are
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besiege Kankan while he marched to face the Cissé. He captured Morlaye at Sirinkoro, and then defeated the army sent to rescue him. Soon he had trapped Sere Brema in Worokoro, which soon fell.
606:, and Samory's control of Bure and the Manding region. As part of the agreement, Samory's eldest son and heir Djaoulen-Karamo was sent on a diplomatic/fact finding/goodwill mission to France.
771:. At another council at Frankonedou on May 9, 1892, Samory and his allies decided to rebase the empire in Kabadougou, devastating each area before evacuating it to delay French pursuit.
891:
weakness by intercepting arms caravans and opening channels to invite the French back. When the discontent eventually broke into open revolt, Samory destroyed the city on May 23, 1897.
323:
The next morning, Diakite's troops fired on Samory's without having loaded bullets into their guns, then turned and helped route Kourouma, who was captured and beheaded. Samory was now
602:, the French were compelled to negotiate the Treaty of Kenieba Koura, signed on March 28, 1886. This pact recognized French hegemony over the left bank of the Niger as far upstream as
320:(Muslim of Mande), and one Muslim can't fight against his brother Muslim. I brought you a few cola for you to stop this war." With that, he gave Diakite a large bribe to switch sides.
484:
who had also revolted against Samory failed and the city was captured. Daye Kaba, who commanded the garrison of the suburb of Karfamoria, managed to escape to Keniera and later to
909:
came south from the Niger bend to attempt to negotiate another protectorate but was rebuffed, as Toure wanted only to live apart from the French. In April 1897, British Governor
871:
Samory's sofa forces has been depleted by war and the wholesale migration east. His defeat of Babemba Traore at Kaloua in September 1894, however, boosted his prestige among the
492:. His family was removed from power in Kankan, whose inhabitants were spared a sack but forced to pay a large indemnity in gold. With this great trading center secure, the
739:
859:'s visit in 1892, and the colonial leaders sought to formalize this relationship by putting together a column led by Col. Monteil in August 1894. The force did not leave
1843:
950:, hostile locals, and colonial attacks turned the campaign into a disaster. Thousands died of starvation. Using information from sofa deserters, the French captain
720:, rendering all the previous treaties moot. He expected to subdue Samory in a few weeks with a lightning campaign. Knowing his fortifications could not stop French
1762:
656:
During this period the army was well equipped with modern firearms and boasted a complex structure of permanent units. It was divided into an infantry wing of
618:
in 1879, in July 1884 he convened a council to officially proclaim Islam as the state religion, crack down on animist practices, and formally take the title of
1778:
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been made at Niako relative to the return of fugitives and rebels. In another blow, the British had stopped selling breechloading guns in accordance with the
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of Kenedougou, the Bambara country again rose in revolt in 1894, blocking Samory's access to Sahelian horses. He moved his base out of Kabadougou toward the
394:; one of Toure's griots was from there, managed to negotiate their peaceful submission. After the treaty of Dielibakoro Samory looked to the gold fields of
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of the Gold Coast tried to intimidate Saranken Mori, Samory's son and the commander in the region, into abandoning Bouna. When this failed, a force of the
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1029:(A Hyena with an Empty Stomach, 1988) dramatizes Samori Ture's signing of the 1886 Treaty of Kéniéba-Koura, which granted the left bank of the
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1823:
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1373:
665:, which local blacksmiths had learned to repair and even build from scratch, but not in the quantities necessary to supply the entire army.
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was now gone, but he still commanded some 12000 infantry, 2000 cavalry, and had a moving retinue of some 120,000 people as he pushed east.
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stand up to the invading toubab, massively boosting his prestige and recruitment, as well as providing a blueprint for future engagements.
443:
1397:
1828:
1077:
985:, was known as the 'dry guillotine' due to the death rate among prisoners. He died there of pneumonia on June 2, 1900, at 4:45 pm.
1759:
Unwritten Testimonies of the African Past. Proceedings of the International Symposium held in OjrzanĂłw n. Warsaw on 07-08 November 1989
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changed traditional West African patterns of warfare and heightened the severity of conflicts, increasing the number of fatalities.
359:. As part of this holy alliance, Samory deepened his knowledge of Islam studying with a Mauritanian teacher named Sidiki Cherif.
736:, but Toure had left little worth taking. They set up a garrison in Kankan, where they reinstalled Daye Kaba as a puppet ruler.
1813:
702:
1808:
724:, Toure began a war of manoeuvre and scorched earth. Despite victories against isolated French columns (for example at
649:. With the French now supposed allies, he turned his full force against Kenedougou, beginning a siege of their capital
1757:
Piłaszewicz, Stanisław. 1991. On the Veracity of Oral Tradition as a Historical Source: – the Case of Samori Ture. In
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During the first months of 1893 the French, although unable to corner Toure's armies in Guinea, did manage to capture
728:
in September 1891), he failed to push the French from the core of his kingdom. Archinard had little trouble capturing
214:, he organized his empire and justified its expansion with Islamic principles. Toure resisted French colonial rule in
750:
Samory organized a great assembly in August 1891 in Missamaghana, inviting his son in law Mangbe-Amadou Toure of the
1761:
ed. by S. Piłaszewicz and E. Rzewuski, (Orientalia Varsoviensia 2). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
1754:
A fourth volume of maps published in Paris in 1990. Monumental work of history perhaps unique in African literature.
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763:
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extended through the territory of present-day Guinea and southern Mali, from what is now Sierra Leone to northern
1085:
917:
under Henderson marched on the town but were defeated at Dokita, then later routed and Henderson was captured at
914:
544:
575:. While the British did not want to risk angering the French, they allowed Toure to buy large numbers of modern
402:(Balimana), then crossing the Milo river and where many of the local chiefs joined the alliance. He subdued the
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clan and Samory's mother was captured by the prince Sere Brahima, whose older brother Sere Bourlaye was king in
1848:
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After clearing the immediate environs of Kankan, Samory and the Kaba launched a successful 10-month siege of
1645:. Vol. VI: Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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traditions and consists of two recordings that recount Ture's anti-colonial resistance and nation-building.
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The prison camp where Samory Toure spent his last years, the small island of Missanga in the middle of the
641:
down the rebellion. By the end of the 1887 dry season, the last holdouts had been starved into submission.
1022:
942:
910:
565:
423:
1783:
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1093:
1006:
1798:
1037:
786:, Wassoulou's primary source of modern weaponry. This left Samory reliant on a longer route through the
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in 2014, which is a 3 act musical suite which tells the epic story of Ture with two on-stage griots –
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surprised Toure's forces at Guelemou on September 29, 1898, and captured the Almamy without a fight.
856:
583:
572:
283:
1294:"Quand les empires se faisaient et se défaisaient en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas Samory Touré"
1002:
535:
After fleeing his native Kankan, Daye Kaba had made contact with the French, who had a garrison at
899:
529:
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The French began to expand into the heart of West Africa in the late 1870s, pushing eastward from
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on January 4, 1899. He attempted suicide the night before he was scheduled to be deported to
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The siege marked the high water mark of Toure's power and the beginning of his decline. The
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457:
427:
172:
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1713:
Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. 1: The History and Politics of Colonialism 1870–1914
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875:, many of whom joined the army. He also tried to build an anti-European alliance with the
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in early April, with Kebe Brema winning the first but eventually being forced to retreat.
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162:
52:
978:
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UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VII: Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935
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goods and products. European trade made some African trading states rich. The trade in
176:
1609:
1792:
1639:
1578:
1418:
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872:
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In January 1885 Toure sent an embassy to Freetown, offering to put his kingdom under
203:
105:
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1065:
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783:
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was descending into violence as forces from both sides raided into the other, and
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The force that the sofas had encountered was part of France's efforts to control
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1030:
947:
791:
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386:, conquering or negotiating with various chiefs. The final step was the city of
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131:
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While Samory had been nominally fighting for Islam since the alliance with the
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591:
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431:
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328:
1547:""History, Memory and the Legacy of Samori in Southern Mali, C. 1880–1898.""
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August 20, 1897, restarting the war between the French and Samory Toure.
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1509:"L'Almamy Samory TOURE (1830–1900), résistant et empereur du Wassoulou"
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To protect his arms caravans, Samory formed a non-aggression pact with
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1611:
Historique du 2e régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais : 1892 – 1933
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unenforceable, as the colonial army was engaged in a campaign to take
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39:
1402:. MĂ©moires de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Archived from
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Toure accorded the city of Kong numerous privileges, but the local
1723:. California: University of California Press. p. 1076 pages.
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was being transformed through growing contacts and trade with the
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1678:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144 pages.
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His objective, and the key to the whole region, was the ancient
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207:
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1697:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 357 pages.
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and the Fula are Muslim, and I am Touré and the Touré clan are
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Ibrahima Sory Dara in 1879. He sent the remains of the son of
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upstream of Kankan on the left bank of the Milo. He won over
244:
weaver and merchant, and Sokhona Camara. The family moved to
347:
After his victory in the battle of Saman-saman, in 1875 the
1061:
when explaining to his son where his name Samori came from.
855:. The city had nominally accepted French protection during
743:
The grave of French soldiers who fell during the battle of
434:
for burial. By this point, he was importing breech-loading
221:
He was the great-grandfather of Guinea's first president,
528:. Their drive south-east to link up with their bases in
450:
there. By 1878 he was strong enough to proclaim himself
179:
that was stretched across present-day north and eastern
1752:. Vol. 3 volumes. Dakar: IFAN. p. 2377 pages.
1739:
The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 6: from 1870–1905
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after it became independent. Today, his tomb is at the
1661:
The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
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led by the Sakhos of Koundian and the Coulibalis of
1721:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
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The Wassoulou Empire's borders in 1886 and in 1896.
559:In the aftermath of Samaya, some of the leaders of
240:in Manyambaladugu, the son of Kemo Lanfia Toure, a
127:
111:
94:
90:
82:
74:
66:
59:
32:
1741:(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
1715:(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
1638:
1475:(in French). Paris: Editions Sociales. p. 251
898:while keeping Samory and the British apart. Capt.
378:. Rather than facing down the important center of
351:, a theocratic state ruled by the Kaba dynasty of
1670:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
974:but survived and finally embarked on February 5.
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
708:On March 10, 1891, a French force under Colonel
624:. At roughly the same time, the frontier on the
1123:The Revolutionary Years; West Africa Since 1800
547:sent an envoy to Samory Toure to announce that
1464:
1254:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
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1444:
520:to ultimately reach the upper reaches of the
476:Meanwhile, an effort to relieve the siege of
8:
1472:Afrique noire : occidentale et centrale
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
507:Samori Ture's empire in West Africa, c. 1896
1695:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
636:'s army sought to spark a rebellion in the
171:, military strategist, and founder of the
1737:Oliver, Roland, and G. N. Sanderson, eds.
582:When an 1885 French expedition under Col.
532:put them directly in conflict with Toure.
51:
29:
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1121:Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980),
879:, but this attempt failed when they were
1784:New York Times article about his capture
1417:Gueye, Mbaye; Albert Adu Boahen (1984).
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1040:commemorated Ture in their 1969 release
502:
370:and Jadaba Conde (likely an ancestor of
1114:
430:, Seydou, who had died at Norasoba, to
1844:Prisoners who died in French detention
1366:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.626
1348:Camara, Mohamed Saliou (29 May 2020).
1326:
446:. He opened regular contacts with the
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1500:
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1494:
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1490:
1419:"West Africa: the fight for survival"
1333:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
218:from 1882 until his capture in 1898.
7:
1711:Gann, L. H., and Peter Duigan, eds.
653:in April that would last 15 months.
278:In 1853 Sanankoro was raided by the
1779:West Africa; the fight for survival
1507:Ba, Amadou Bal (11 February 2020).
628:between the Samory's lands and the
418:in 1878, then an alliance with the
343:Theocratic alliance with Bate
1676:African Perspective on Colonialism
25:
382:he marched down the banks of the
202:A deeply religious Muslim of the
1641:UNESCO General History of Africa
824:, who had succeeded his brother
732:on April 11 and then a deserted
1854:Guinean prisoners and detainees
1839:19th-century monarchs in Africa
1213:L' Almami Samori Touré Empereur
703:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
690:Fall of Kankan and Bissandougou
149:– June 2, 1900), also known as
1864:Deaths from pneumonia in Gabon
1551:The Journal of African History
444:British colony of Sierra Leone
1:
1637:Ajayi, J.F. Ade, ed. (1989).
1354:Oxford Research Encyclopedias
1300:(in French). 20 December 2018
1298:La Revue d'Histoire Militaire
1216:. Paris: Présence Africaine.
1044:The album draws upon Manding
778:and block resupply routes to
566:battles at Woyo Wayanko creek
512:First battles with the French
234:
143:
98:
1824:People of French West Africa
1750:Samori, Une révolution Dyula
1663:(New York: Routledge, 2007).
1399:Samori. Une révolution dyula
1055:references Ture in his book
962:Samory Toure was brought to
488:, where he took refuge with
327:of all the land between the
1819:19th century in Ivory Coast
1545:Peterson, Brian J. (2008).
1469:Suret-Canale, Jean (1968).
1086:Classica Orchestra Afrobeat
1001:, was elected as the first
803:The Second Wassoulou Empire
790:. The Wassoulou vassals in
1880:
1829:Military history of Africa
1719:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).
1251:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
941:on May 1, 1898, permitted
693:
275:from the coast for cloth.
159:Almamy Samore Lafiya Toure
1859:Guinean religious leaders
1563:10.1017/S0021853708003903
1323:(in Malinke). p. 64.
1064:Ivorien reggae superstar
997:Samory's great-grandson,
915:Southern Nigeria Regiment
716:for a surprise attack on
590:gold fields by capturing
545:Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
456:(military leader) of his
50:
37:
1058:Between the World and Me
1009:, within the gardens of
762:Archinard's replacement
1693:Boahen, A. Adu (1990).
1674:Boahen, A. Adu (1989).
1358:Oxford University Press
1356:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
1350:"The History of Guinea"
1321:History of Samory Toure
1210:Fofana, Khalil (1998).
881:defeated by the British
616:Imamate of Fula Djallon
586:attempted to seize the
448:colonial administration
208:religious jurisprudence
1814:19th century in Guinea
1071:Ture in his hit song "
943:French colonial forces
911:William Edward Maxwell
812:
747:
508:
424:Imamate of Futa Jallon
248:soon after his birth.
233:Samory Toure was born
1659:Asante, Molefi Kete,
1608:Fournier, L. (1934).
1396:Person, Yves (1968).
1257:. London: UCL Press.
1038:Bembeya Jazz National
867:Consolidating control
810:
742:
506:
464:War against the Cissé
307:Battle of Saman-saman
229:Early life and career
195:and part of southern
1809:19th century in Mali
1666:Boahen, A. Adu, ed.
1042:Regard sur le passé.
1011:Conakry Grand Mosque
968:Saint-Louis, Senegal
857:Louis-Gustave Binger
428:El Hadj Oumarou Tall
78:position established
1319:Kante, Souleymane.
1094:Regard sur le Passe
1023:Massa Makan Diabaté
1007:Camayanne Mausoleum
1003:President of Guinea
764:Col. Pierre Humbert
610:War with Kenedougou
1423:The UNESCO Courier
1017:In popular culture
844:in February 1895.
813:
752:Kabadougou Kingdom
748:
661:equipped with the
630:Kenedougou Kingdom
573:British protection
509:
86:position abolished
1834:Converts to Islam
1652:978-92-3-101712-4
1375:978-0-19-027773-4
1075:" from the Album
999:Ahmed Sékou Touré
600:Toucouleur Empire
368:Gbérédou-Baranama
294:At the time, the
251:Toure grew up as
223:Ahmed Sékou Touré
137:
136:
119:(aged 71–72)
61:Wassoulou Emperor
16:(Redirected from
1871:
1774:Samori biography
1753:
1734:
1708:
1689:
1656:
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1126:
1119:
1053:Ta-Nehisi Coates
1027:Une hyène à jeun
933:The fall of the
908:
851:trading city of
577:repeating rifles
543:. The commander
494:Wassoulou Empire
458:Wassoulou Empire
438:via the port of
259:in commodities,
239:
236:
183:, north-eastern
173:Wassoulou Empire
148:
145:
118:
103:
100:
55:
30:
21:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1849:Guinean Muslims
1789:
1788:
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1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
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1686:
1673:
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1602:
1598:Asante, p. 235.
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1098:Sekouba Bambino
1019:
991:
960:
958:Exile and death
931:
902:
869:
818:
816:Capture of Kong
805:
710:Louis Archinard
698:
692:
670:Tata of Sikasso
612:
584:A. V. A. Combes
539:in present-day
524:in what is now
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1769:
1768:External links
1766:
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873:Senufo people
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712:set out from
711:
706:
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696:Mandingo Wars
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531:
530:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
527:
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498:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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290:Rise to power
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31:
27:Almamy, Faama
19:
1799:1830s births
1758:
1749:
1746:Person, Yves
1738:
1720:
1712:
1694:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1616:. Retrieved
1614:. p. 61
1610:
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1554:
1550:
1519:30 September
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1479:24 September
1477:. Retrieved
1471:
1431:. Retrieved
1426:
1422:
1412:
1404:the original
1398:
1391:
1381:11 September
1379:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1320:
1314:
1304:30 September
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1253:
1229:30 September
1227:. Retrieved
1212:
1122:
1117:
1102:Baba Sissoko
1088:directed by
1076:
1066:Alpha Blondy
1056:
1041:
1026:
996:
992:
979:Ogooué River
976:
961:
932:
923:
900:Paul Braulot
893:
885:
870:
861:Grand Bassam
846:
829:
819:
784:Sierra Leone
773:
761:
749:
734:Bissandougou
707:
699:
667:
655:
643:
634:Tieba Traore
619:
613:
581:
570:
558:
534:
515:
475:
471:
469:to nothing.
467:
451:
412:Aguibou Tall
409:
361:
346:
322:
317:
310:
301:Bissandougou
293:
277:
269:
250:
232:
220:
201:
197:Burkina Faso
185:Sierra Leone
158:
155:Samory Touré
154:
151:Samori Toure
150:
140:Samory Toure
139:
138:
117:(1900-06-02)
115:June 2, 1900
38:
33:Samory Toure
1804:1900 deaths
1618:30 November
1515:(in French)
1078:Cocody Rock
1073:Bory Samory
948:Ivory Coast
937:capital of
903: [
792:Kissidougou
626:Bagoe river
490:Ahmadu Tall
398:, annexing
392:Dielibakoro
384:Niger river
372:Alpha Condé
349:Bate Empire
337:Dion rivers
318:Manden-Mori
253:West Africa
238: 1830
216:West Africa
212:Sunni Islam
191:, northern
187:, southern
147: 1828
132:Sunni Islam
102: 1830
75:Predecessor
1793:Categories
1433:20 October
1429:(5): 27–29
1033:to France.
935:Kenedougou
929:Last stand
788:Gold Coast
745:Bissandugu
694:See also:
663:Gras rifle
592:Niagassola
432:Dinguiraye
416:Dinguiraye
1584:8 October
1579:155012842
1329:cite book
1125:, p. 324.
1109:Footnotes
1092:produced
1069:eulogises
840:River to
756:chassepot
722:artillery
638:Wassoulou
404:Wassoulou
400:Fodekaria
388:Norassoba
380:Kouroussa
357:Tintioule
333:Sankarani
273:kola nuts
257:Europeans
246:Sanankoro
83:Successor
70:1878–1898
1571:40206642
1273:70750153
1025:'s play
842:Dabakala
769:Kerouane
726:Dabadugu
598:and the
549:Kiniéran
440:Freetown
265:firearms
163:Mandinka
161:, was a
128:Religion
18:Samorian
1631:Sources
1051:Author
939:Sikasso
834:Bandama
780:Liberia
776:Faranah
714:Nyamina
684:Senegal
675:Bambara
651:Sikasso
604:Siguiri
518:Senegal
482:Keniera
442:in the
422:of the
364:Koumban
261:artisan
1727:
1701:
1682:
1649:
1577:
1569:
1513:Ferloo
1427:XXXVII
1372:
1271:
1261:
1220:
989:Legacy
983:Ndjolé
730:Kankan
718:Kankan
621:Almamy
561:Bamako
478:Kankan
436:rifles
420:almamy
353:Kankan
335:, and
331:, the
284:Madina
181:Guinea
169:cleric
166:Muslim
40:Almamy
1575:S2CID
1567:JSTOR
1046:Djeli
1031:Niger
981:near
972:Gabon
964:Kayes
907:]
896:Bouna
888:Dyula
849:Dyula
838:Comoe
830:faama
826:Tieba
680:Sahel
647:Segou
553:sofas
526:Sudan
486:Segou
453:Faama
374:) of
325:Faama
280:Cissé
242:Dyula
175:, an
157:, or
122:Gabon
67:Reign
44:Faama
1725:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1620:2018
1586:2023
1521:2023
1481:2023
1435:2023
1383:2021
1370:ISBN
1335:link
1306:2023
1269:OCLC
1259:ISBN
1231:2023
1218:ISBN
1100:and
853:Kong
836:and
782:and
658:sofa
588:Buré
541:Mali
537:Kita
522:Nile
396:Buré
376:Baro
329:Milo
314:Fula
189:Mali
112:Died
95:Born
1559:doi
1362:doi
828:as
682:or
414:of
210:of
206:of
1795::
1573:.
1565:.
1555:49
1553:.
1549:.
1529:^
1511:.
1489:^
1443:^
1425:.
1421:.
1368:.
1360:.
1352:.
1331:}}
1327:{{
1296:.
1281:^
1267:.
1239:^
1130:^
1013:.
921:.
919:Wa
905:fr
883:.
705:.
579:.
500:.
460:.
339:.
235:c.
225:.
199:.
153:,
144:c.
99:c.
42:,
1733:.
1707:.
1688:.
1655:.
1622:.
1588:.
1561::
1523:.
1483:.
1437:.
1385:.
1364::
1337:)
1308:.
1275:.
1233:.
1104:.
1081:.
142:(
20:)
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