2087:
native team climbed down the southern caldera wall, reaching the caldera floor while experiencing extreme conditions. The team stayed in the caldera for nine days. People had reached the caldera floor only in a few cases as the descent down the steep wall is difficult and dangerous, subject to earthquakes, landslides and rockfalls. Moreover, only relatively short stays on the caldera floor had been possible because of logistical problems, so that extensive studies had been impossible. The investigation program of
Georesearch Volcanedo on the caldera floor included researching the visible effects of smaller eruptions which had taken place since 1815, gas measurements, studies of flora and fauna and measurement of weather data. Especially striking was the relatively high activity of Doro Api Toi ("Gunung Api Kecil" means "small volcano") in the southern part of the caldera and the gases escaping under high pressure on the lower north-east wall. Besides the team discovered near the Doro Api Toi a lavadome which had not yet been mentioned in scientific studies. The team called this new discovery "Adik Api Toi (Indonesian "adik": younger brother). Later this lavadome was called by the Indonesians "Doro Api Bou" ("new volcano"). This lavadome probably appeared in 2011/2012 when there was an increased seismic activity and probably volcanic activity on the caldera floor (there is no exact information about the caldera floor at that time). In 2014 the same research team carried out a further expedition into the caldera and set a new record: over 12 days the investigations of 2013 were continued.
374:
1948:
47:
2091:
1061:, another 10,000 died from disease and hunger. Petroeschevsky (1949) estimated that about 48,000 and 44,000 people were killed on Sumbawa and Lombok, respectively. Several authors have used Petroeschevsky's figures, such as Stothers (1984), who estimated 88,000 deaths in total. However, Tanguy et al. (1998) considered Petroeschevsky's figures based on untraceable sources, so developed an estimate based solely on two primary sources: Zollinger, who spent several months on Sumbawa after the eruption, and the notes of
140:
1439:
1404:
133:
4673:
2150:
545:
1544:
1940:
829:
1159:
1124:
4661:
1369:
1334:
1289:
1194:
4685:
1509:
1474:
1579:
1254:
1775:
366:
1627:
961:(810 mi). A pitch of darkness was observed as far away as 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the mountain summit for up to two days. Pyroclastic flows spread to distances of about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the summit and an estimated 9.3â11.8 Ă 10 g of stratospheric sulfate aerosols were generated by the eruption.
1040:
creating optical phenomena. Between 28 June and 2 July, and between 3 September and 7 October 1815, prolonged and brilliantly coloured sunsets and twilights were frequently seen in London, England. Most commonly, pink or purple colours appeared above the horizon at twilight and orange or red near the horizon.
2086:
Zollinger (1847), van Rheden (1913) and W. A. Petroeschevsky (1947) could only observe the caldera floor from the crater rim. In 2013, a German research team (Georesearch
Volcanedo Germany) for the first time carried out a longer expedition into this caldera, about 1300 m deep, and with the help of a
1817:
of the East", and media reports referred to the "Lost
Kingdom of Tambora". Sigurdsson intended to return to Tambora in 2007 to search for the rest of the villages, and hopefully to find a palace. Many villages in the area had converted to Islam in the 17th century, but the structures uncovered so far
819:
and minor lava domes and flows have been extruded on the caldera floor during the 19th and 20th centuries. The last eruption was recorded in 1967. However, it was a gentle eruption with a VEI of 0, which means it was non-explosive. Another very small eruption was reported in 2011. In August 2011, the
2132:
map for Mount
Tambora, which designates two zones for an eruption: a dangerous zone and a cautious zone. The dangerous zone identifies areas that would be directly affected by pyroclastic flows, lava flows or pyroclastic falls. It includes areas such as the caldera and its surroundings, a span of up
1034:
at an altitude of more than 43 kilometres (141,000 ft). Coarser ash particles fell one to two weeks after the eruptions, while finer particles stayed in the atmosphere for months to years at an altitude of 10 to 30 kilometres (33,000 to 98,000 ft). There are various estimates of the volume
2137:
flows and other pumice stones. The size of the cautious area is 185 square kilometres (46,000 acres), and includes
Pasanggrahan, Doro Peti, Rao, Labuan Kenanga, Gubu Ponda, Kawindana Toi and Hoddo villages. A river, called Guwu, at the southern and northwest part of the mountain is also included in
2061:
company began to operate in the area in 1972, posing a threat to the rain forest. The company holds a timber-cutting concession for an area of 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres), or 25% of the total area. Another part of the rain forest is used as a hunting ground. In between the hunting ground and the
1996:
trees had grown at an altitude of 1,000 to 2,800 metres (3,300 to 9,200 ft). It covers an area up to 80,000 hectares (200,000 acres). The rain forest was discovered by a Dutch team, led by Koster and de Voogd in 1933. From their accounts, they started their journey in a "fairly barren, dry and
781:
before the 1815 eruption, but the magnitudes of these eruptions are unknown. Their estimated dates are 3910 BC ± 200 years, 3050 BC and 740 AD ± 150 years. An earlier caldera was filled with lava flows starting from 43,000 years BC; two pyroclastic eruptions occurred later and formed
459:
plantation to an elevation of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft). The road terminates at the southern part of the caldera, which at 1,950 metres (6,400 ft) is reachable only by hiking. This location is only one hour from the caldera, and usually serves as a base camp from which volcanic activity can
1982:
were also found. In August 2015 a team of
Georesearch Volcanedo Germany followed the way used by Zollinger and explored this way for the first time since 1847. Because of the length of the distance to be travelled on foot, the partly very high temperatures and the lack of water it was a particular
1039:
volume for the ash of 23 ± 3 cubic kilometres (5.52 ± 0.72 cu mi) and a dense-rock equivalent volume of 18 ± 6 cubic kilometres (4.3 ± 1.4 cu mi) for the pyroclastic flows. Longitudinal winds spread these fine particles around the globe,
995:
Since the eruption, a violent diarrhoea has prevailed in Bima, Dompo, and Sangâir, which has carried off a great number of people. It is supposed by the natives to have been caused by drinking water which has been impregnated with ashes; and horses have also died, in great numbers, from a similar
990:
and a considerable part of Bima. The extreme misery to which the inhabitants have been reduced is shocking to behold. There were still on the road side the remains of several corpses, and the marks of where many others had been interred: the villages almost entirely deserted and the houses fallen
1765:
travelled long distances as refugees, begging for food. Famine was prevalent in north and southwest
Ireland, following the failure of wheat, oat and potato harvests. The crisis was severe in Germany, where food prices rose sharply. Demonstrations at grain markets and bakeries, followed by riots,
1725:
That year became the second-coldest year in the northern hemisphere since 1400, while the 1810s were the coldest decade on record, a result of
Tambora's eruption and other suspected volcanic events between 1809 and 1810. (See sulfate concentration chart.) Surface-temperature anomalies during the
960:
The 1815 Tambora eruption is the largest and most devastating observed eruption in recorded history; a comparison with other major eruptions is listed below. The explosion was heard 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away, and ash deposits were registered at a distance of at least 1,300 kilometres
460:
be monitored. The second route starts from
Pancasila village at the northwest of the mountain and is only accessible on foot. The 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) hike from Pancasila at 740 metres (2,430 ft) elevation to the caldera of the volcano takes approximately 14 hours with several stops (
3767:
Guillet, SĂ©bastien; Corona, Christophe; Stoffel, Markus; Khodri, Myriam; Lavigne, Franck; Ortega, Pablo; Eckert, Nicolas; Sielenou, Pascal
Dkengne; Daux, Valérie; (Sidorova), Olga V. Churakova; Davi, Nicole; Edouard, Jean-Louis; Zhang, Yong; Luckman, Brian H.; Myglan, Vladimir S.; Guiot, Joël;
3666:
Vidal, CĂ©lineM.; Komorowski, Jean-Christophe; MĂ©trich, Nicole; Pratomo, Indyo; Kartadinata, Nugraha; Prambada, Oktory; Michel, AgnĂšs; Carazzo, Guillaume; Lavigne, Franck; Rodysill, Jessica; Fontijn, Karen (8 August 2015). "Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok,
3189:
Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c., particularly in the government of Java 1811â1816, and of Bencoolen and its dependencies 1817â1824: with details of the commerce and resources of the eastern archipelago, and selections from his
981:, on 1 and 3 October 1815. Clouds of thick ash still covered the summit on 23 April. Explosions ceased on 15 July, although smoke emissions were still observed as late as 23 August. Flames and rumbling aftershocks were reported in August 1819, four years after the event.
1804:
in Tambora. Over six weeks, they unearthed evidence of habitation about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of the caldera, deep in jungle, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from shore. The team excavated 3 metres (9.8 ft) of deposits of pumice and ash. The scientists used
956:
was 636 kg/m. Before the explosion, Mount Tambora was approximately 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) high, one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. After the eruption of 1815, the maximum elevation was reduced to 2,851 metres (9,354 ft).
1052:
traveled to Sumbawa in 1847 and recollected witness accounts about the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In 1855, he published estimates of directly killed people at 10,100, mostly from pyroclastic flows. A further 37,825 were numbered having died from starvation on
933:-tinged rain did not recede until 17 April. Analysis of various sites on Mount Tambora using ground-penetrating radar has revealed alternations of pumice and ash deposits covered by the pyroclastic surge and flow sediments that vary in thickness regionally.
3048:
1073:
because of famine and disease, and estimated 11,000 deaths from direct volcanic action and 49,000 from post-eruption famine and epidemics. Oppenheimer (2003) estimated at least 71,000 deaths, and numbers as high as 117,000 have been proposed.
1017:
struck the shores of various islands in the Indonesian archipelago on 10 April, with waves reaching 4 metres (13 ft) in Sanggar at around 10 p.m. A tsunami causing waves of 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) was reported in Besuki,
875:. Overpressure of the chamber of about 4,000 to 5,000 bars (58,000 to 73,000 psi) was generated as temperatures ranged from 700 to 850 °C (1,292 to 1,562 °F). In 1812, the crater began to rumble and generated a dark cloud.
2365:
1693:
veil, described then as a "dry fog", was observed in the northeastern United States. It was not dispersed by wind or rainfall, and it reddened and dimmed sunlight to an extent that sunspots were visible to the naked eye. Areas of the
1963:. He was the first person after the eruption to ascend the summit, which was still covered by smoke. As Zollinger climbed, his feet sank several times through a thin surface crust into a warm layer of powder-like
3052:
345:, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about 4,300 to 2,850 metres (14,110 to 9,350 feet). Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption contributed to global
4458:
Simpson, Alanna; Johnson, R. Wally; Cummins, Phil (1 May 2011). "Volcanic threat in developing countries of the AsiaâPacific region: probabilistic hazard assessment, population risks, and information gaps".
4410:
1997:
hot country", and then they entered "a mighty jungle" with "huge, majestic forest giants". At 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), the trees became thinner in shape. Above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), they found
2877:
Fiorentini, Marco L.; Garwin, Steve L. (2010). "Evidence of a mantle contribution in the genesis of magmatic rocks from the Neogene Batu Hijau district in the Sunda Arc, South Western Sumbawa, Indonesia".
2471:
Dekov, V.M.; Van Put, A.; Eisma, D.; Van Grieken, R. (March 1999). "Single particle analysis of suspended matter in the Makassar Strait and Flores Sea with particular reference to tin-bearing particles".
1809:
to locate a small buried house which contained the remains of two adults, bronze bowls, ceramic pots, iron tools and other artifacts. Tests revealed that objects had been carbonized by the heat of the
1702:". Average global temperatures decreased about 0.4 to 0.7 °C (0.7 to 1.3 °F), enough to cause significant agricultural problems around the globe. After 4 June 1816, when there were frosts in
448:. There are three concentrations of villages around the mountain slope. At the east is Sanggar village, to the northwest are Doro Peti and Pesanggrahan villages, and to the west is Calabai village.
2357:
2113:
in Indonesia is monitored by the Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation with the monitoring post for Mount Tambora located at Doro Peti village. They focus on seismic and
1571:
4717:
4379:
797:
and caldera collapse. This eruption had an effect on global climate. Volcanic activity ceased on 15 July 1815. Activity resumed in August 1819âa small eruption with "flames" and rumbling
2103:
Indonesia's population has been increasing rapidly since the 1815 eruption. In 2020, the population of the country reached 270 million people, of which 56% concentrated on the island of
2121:. There has been no significant increase in seismic activity since the 1880 eruption. Monitoring is continuously performed inside the caldera, with a focus on the parasitic cone
3565:
3808:
969:
The island's entire vegetation was destroyed as uprooted trees, mixed with pumice ash, washed into the sea and formed rafts of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) across. One
3285:
Briffa, K.R.; Jones, P.D.; Schweingruber, F.H.; Osborn, T.J. (1998). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years".
1718:. Similar conditions persisted for at least three months, ruining most crops across North America while Canada experienced extreme cold. Snow fell until 10 June near
3833:
1726:
summers of 1816, 1817 and 1818 were â0.51, â0.44 and â0.29 °C, respectively. Along with a cooler summer, parts of Europe experienced a stormier winter, and the
952:. This has left a caldera measuring 6 to 7 kilometres (3.7 to 4.3 mi) across and 600 to 700 metres (2,000 to 2,300 ft) deep. The density of fallen ash in
4616:
4402:
4710:
4131:
820:
alert level for the volcano was raised from level I to level II after increased activity was reported in the caldera, including earthquakes and steam emissions.
1856:
was lost with the eruption. Linguists have examined remnant lexical material, such as records by Zollinger and Raffles, and established that Tambora was not an
4330:
2149:
373:
5330:
4224:
3898:
793:
ejecta volume of up to 1.8 Ă 10 cubic metres. Its eruptive characteristics included central vent and explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows,
595:
shape. The diameter at the base is 60 kilometres (37 mi). The volcano frequently erupted lava, which descended over steep slopes. Tambora has produced
4163:
2054:
are hunted for food. This bird exploitation has resulted in population declines, and the yellow-crested cockatoo is nearing extinction on Sumbawa island.
2133:
to 58.7 square kilometres (14,500 acres) where habitation is prohibited. The cautious zone consists of land that might be indirectly affected, either by
1871:
The eruption is captured in latter-day folklore, which explains the cataclysm as divine retribution. A local ruler is said to have incurred the wrath of
1797:
4533:
4703:
2280:
Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".
1986:
Resettlement of the area began in 1907, and a coffee plantation was established in the 1930s in the Pekat village on the northwestern slope. A dense
804:
Around 1880 ± 30 years, eruptions at Mount Tambora have been registered only inside the caldera. It created small lava flows and lava dome
4507:
4002:
1947:
4371:
4906:
3332:
2614:
2156:
2645:
5681:
863:
cooled gradually in a closed magma chamber. Inside the chamber, at depths of 1.5 to 4.5 kilometres (0.93 to 2.80 mi), cooling and partial
576:. The latter estimate published in 2012 is based on argon dating of the first pre-caldera lava flows. The formation of Tambora drained a large
132:
5666:
4193:
3393:
894:, with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 and 11 April on
3255:
3225:"Characterization of pyroclastic fall and flow deposits from the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano, Indonesia using ground-penetrating radar"
2507:
647:, while it is absent in the more silica-rich volcanics, characterised by the presence of biotite phenocrysts. The mafic series also contain
5701:
3863:
2670:
Foden, J.; Varne, R. (1980). "The petrology and tectonic setting of QuaternaryâRecent volcanic centres of Lombok and Sumbawa, Sunda arc".
2026:. Several other zoological surveys followed and found other bird species, with over 90 bird species discoveries in this period, including
905:
of up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter rained down at approximately 8 p.m., followed by ash at around 9â10 p.m. The
5711:
5335:
5267:
5014:
4786:
2075:
5438:
3558:
2963:
2806:
309:
in a series of eruptions beginning 5 April 1815, culminating in the largest eruption in recorded human history and the largest of the
3197:
2074:
and species of reptiles and birds can be found. In 2015, the conservation area protecting the mountain's ecosystem was upgraded to a
785:
In 1812, Mount Tambora became highly active, with its maximum eruptive intensity occurring in April 1815. The magnitude was 7 on the
580:
pre-existing under the mountain. The Mojo islet was formed as part of this geological process in which Saleh Bay first appeared as a
302:, its elevation reached more than 4,300 metres (14,100 feet) high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago.
5706:
5365:
5099:
5079:
3032:
1431:
4109:
3559:"Der Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora in Indonesien im Jahr 1815 und seine weltweiten Folgen, insbesondere das "Jahr ohne Sommer" 1816"
3497:
917:, wiping out the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until the next evening, 11 April. The veil of ash spread as far as
3769:
2989:
5696:
5640:
1761:
during the winter of 1816â1817, while cool temperatures and heavy rains led to failed harvests in the British Isles. Families in
4075:
1065:, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies during the event. Tanguy pointed out that there may have been additional victims on
1536:
1151:
716:
materials. Approximately 40% of the layers are represented in the 1-to-4 m-thick (3.3-to-13.1 ft) lava flows. Thick
5691:
5568:
5350:
845:
321:
as it refilled. Volcanic activity reached a peak that year, culminating in an explosive eruption. The explosion was heard on
306:
299:
89:
2229:
5676:
5671:
4984:
3841:
46:
572:
is 7.8 centimetres (3.1 in) per year. Estimates for the onset of the volcanism at Mount Tambora range from 57 to 43
5463:
5370:
5345:
5277:
5262:
5214:
4811:
4624:
3962:
Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David; Lanciki, Alyson; Savarino, Joël; Baroni, Mélanie; Thiemens, Mark H. (1 November 2009).
82:
4135:
3051:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia. 30 August 2011. Archived from
5418:
5039:
3623:
Tanguy, J.-C.; Scarth, A.; RibiĂšre, C.; Tjetjep, W. S. (1998). "Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database".
720:
beds were produced by the fragmentation of lava flows. Within the upper section, the lava is interbedded with scoria,
237:
4639:
2710:
Sigurdsson, H.; Carey, S. (1989). "Plinian and co-ignimbrite tephra fall from the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano".
697:. SrSr ratios of Mount Tambora are similar to those of Mount Rinjani, but lower than those measured at Sangeang Api.
5272:
5204:
5189:
4651:
4345:
4331:"Birds of Gunung Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia: effects of altitude, the 1815 catalysmic volcanic eruption and trade"
1793:
1221:
949:
937:
786:
487:
3412:
Cao, S.; Li, Y.; Yang, B. (2012). "Mt. Tambora, Climatic Changes, and China's Decline in the Nineteenth Century".
5239:
5089:
5049:
4756:
4644:
4263:
3937:
941:
4171:
5686:
5360:
5034:
4929:
4911:
4856:
4801:
2937:
2331:
2195:
1806:
1801:
1612:
643:
is absent in the trachyandesites of Tambora. Olivine is most present in the rocks with less than 53 percent SiO
499:
2090:
1663:, causing a global climate anomaly. Different methods have been used to estimate the ejected sulfur mass: the
1361:
878:
A moderate-sized eruption on 5 April 1815 was followed by thunderous detonation sounds that could be heard in
3484:
2760:"Processes and Timescales of Magma Genesis and Differentiation Leading to the Great Tambora Eruption in 1815"
455:. The first begins at Doro Mboha village on the southeast of the mountain and follows a paved road through a
5503:
3871:
2997:
2942:
2336:
2200:
2051:
2027:
1757:
epidemic in southeast Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. In addition, large numbers of livestock died in
1608:
1048:
The number of fatalities has been estimated by various sources since the nineteenth century. Swiss botanist
782:
the Black Sands and Brown Tuff formations, the last of which was emplaced between about 3895 BC and 800 AD.
507:
503:
483:
5385:
5297:
4994:
4573:
1857:
1789:
1788:
A human settlement obliterated by the Tambora eruption was discovered in 2004. That summer, a team led by
556:
system and 180 to 190 kilometres (110 to 120 mi) above the upper surface of the active north-dipping
206:
72:
3963:
3591:
Besteigung des Vulkans Tamboro auf der Insel Sumbawa und Schiderung der Eruption desselben im Jahren 1815
5625:
5380:
5340:
4949:
3964:"Cold decade (AD 1810â1819) caused by Tambora (1815) and another (1809) stratospheric volcanic eruption"
2758:
Gertisser, R.; Self, S.; Thomas, L.E.; Handley, H.K.; Van Calsteren, P.; Wolff, J.A. (1 February 2012).
1959:
arrived on Sumbawa in 1847. Zollinger sought to study the area of eruption and its effects on the local
1699:
1650:
1186:
1036:
801:, and was considered to be part of the 1815 eruption. This eruption was recorded at 2 on the VEI scale.
350:
4536:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia. Archived from
3327:
2617:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia. Archived from
1833:
origin, the team concluded that the people were well-off traders. The Sumbawa people were known in the
901:
The eruptions intensified at about 7:00 p.m. on the 10th. Three plumes rose and merged. Pieces of
4537:
4436:
4304:
832:
Estimated depth of volcanic ashfall during the 1815 eruptionâthe outermost region (1 cm) reached
5483:
5395:
5312:
4846:
4796:
4726:
4468:
4375:
4040:
3978:
3913:
3784:
3723:
3676:
3632:
3531:
3463:
3358:
3294:
3239:
3137:
2887:
2771:
2719:
2679:
2641:
2481:
2445:
2405:
2289:
1062:
667:
390:
291:
177:
3522:
Kandlbauer, J.; Sparks, R.S.J. (October 2014). "New estimates of the 1815 Tambora eruption volume".
2326:
1766:
arson and looting, took place in many European cities. It was the worst famine of the 19th century.
5645:
5292:
5219:
5069:
4746:
4511:
3875:
2129:
1975:
1695:
805:
523:
471:
354:
193:
4403:"Geckos, moths and spider-scorpions: Six new species on Mount Tambora, say Indonesian researchers"
4201:
2932:
544:
5635:
5612:
5593:
5257:
5024:
4954:
4484:
4255:
4247:
3994:
3929:
3800:
3692:
3648:
3489:
3429:
3310:
3224:
3161:
2903:
2735:
2618:
2583:
2511:
2305:
1992:
1956:
1715:
1049:
771:
591:
A high volcanic cone with a single central vent formed before the 1815 eruption, which follows a
511:
475:
279:
4596:
3603:
Petroeschevsky, W.A. (1949). "A contribution to the knowledge of the Gunung Tambora (Sumbawa)".
3449:"Magma volume, volatile emissions, and stratospheric aerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tambora"
2396:
Foden, J. (1986). "The petrology of Tambora volcano, Indonesia: A model for the 1815 eruption".
4027:
BrĂĄzdil, Rudolf; ĆeznĂÄkovĂĄ, Ladislava; ValĂĄĆĄek, Hubert; DolĂĄk, LukĂĄĆĄ; Kotyza, OldĆich (2016).
5234:
5184:
5064:
4876:
3749:
3389:
3153:
3028:
2023:
708:
Since the 1815 eruption, the lowermost portion contains deposits of interlayered sequences of
5573:
5493:
5209:
5009:
4881:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4510:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation. Archived from
4476:
4239:
4048:
3986:
3921:
3792:
3739:
3731:
3684:
3640:
3539:
3479:
3471:
3421:
3366:
3349:
Stothers, Richard B. (2004). "Density of fallen ash after the eruption of Tambora in 1815".
3302:
3247:
3145:
3083:
2895:
2779:
2727:
2687:
2573:
2565:
2489:
2453:
2413:
2297:
2043:
2039:
1999:
1861:
1853:
1711:
1002:
910:
729:
725:
713:
686:
565:
548:
Plate boundaries of Indonesia, with the location of Mount Tambora to the lower right of "11"
495:
413:
and to the south is the 86 kilometres (53 mi) long and 36 kilometres (22 mi) wide
3899:"Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption six years preceding Tambora"
3001:
2967:
2810:
5578:
5478:
5433:
5302:
5282:
5199:
5134:
5074:
5059:
5044:
5019:
4959:
4944:
4934:
4771:
3336:
3187:
2436:
Degens, E.T.; Buch, B. (1989). "Sedimentological events in Saleh Bay, off Mount Tambora".
1939:
1865:
1783:
1501:
1116:
1027:
906:
864:
856:
778:
557:
398:
318:
295:
4566:
The petrology of some young volcanic rocks from Lombok and Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands
4472:
4101:
4044:
3982:
3917:
3788:
3727:
3680:
3636:
3535:
3467:
3448:
3362:
3298:
3243:
3141:
2891:
2775:
2723:
2683:
2485:
2449:
2409:
2293:
2107:. An event as significant as the 1815 eruption would impact about eight million people.
986:
On my trip towards the western part of the island, I passed through nearly the whole of
317:
under Tambora had been drained by previous eruptions and underwent several centuries of
5608:
5598:
5533:
5453:
5413:
5307:
5179:
4896:
4886:
4866:
4836:
4766:
4564:
4029:"Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands"
3744:
3711:
3339:; article; ; By Robert Evans; Smithsonian Magazine, online; accessed September 10, 2020
2047:
1778:
Size comparison of Mount Tambora ("Pompeii of the East") and Mount Vesuvius ("Pompeii")
1642:
945:
922:
872:
828:
816:
733:
600:
585:
342:
215:
3447:
Self, S.; Gertisser, R.; Thordarson, T.; Rampino, M.R.; Wolff, J.A. (1 October 2004).
2493:
639:, with the exact composition of the phenocrysts varying between different rock types.
5660:
5508:
5139:
5119:
4989:
4979:
4851:
4831:
4781:
4761:
4751:
4488:
4079:
3804:
3770:"Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records"
3696:
3652:
3543:
3433:
3370:
3251:
3128:
Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath".
3087:
2907:
2739:
2691:
2457:
2417:
2309:
2063:
1731:
1466:
1444:
1409:
886:, 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) from Mount Tambora. On the morning of 6 April 1815,
694:
671:
640:
620:
592:
577:
561:
429:
425:
378:
314:
275:
218:
4259:
3998:
3493:
3165:
693:
sediments, fluids derived from the subducted crust and crystallization processes in
5620:
5583:
5563:
5498:
5194:
5164:
5104:
4969:
4891:
4861:
4821:
4791:
4695:
3933:
3314:
2015:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1246:
1031:
974:
887:
868:
596:
421:
326:
252:
225:
211:
165:
3710:
Whelley, Patrick L.; Newhall, Christopher G.; Bradley, Kyle E. (22 January 2015).
3149:
1973:
forest was noted at 2,200 to 2,550 metres (7,220 to 8,370 ft), while several
670:
are especially rich in the lavas from Tambora, more than the comparable ones from
464:) en route to the top. The trail leads through dense jungle with wildlife such as
409:
on Sumbawa, known as the Sanggar peninsula. To the north of the peninsula is the
357:, crops failed and livestock died, resulting in the worst famine of the century.
5630:
5548:
5528:
5518:
5159:
5129:
5124:
5094:
5054:
4999:
4826:
2221:
2118:
1987:
1838:
1834:
1758:
1753:
This climate anomaly has been cited as a reason for the severity of the 1816â19
1719:
1707:
1703:
1626:
1549:
1164:
1129:
970:
655:
636:
569:
553:
466:
402:
198:
4684:
3593:, Winterthur: Zurcher and FĂŒrber, Wurster and Co., cited by Oppenheimer (2003).
2784:
2759:
2190:
1849:
and medications). The area was thought to be highly productive agriculturally.
5355:
5249:
4964:
4806:
4480:
3735:
3688:
2899:
2553:
2301:
2110:
2071:
1951:
Tephra layers near the caldera (left) and summit (background) of Mount Tambora
1842:
1822:
1727:
1683:
798:
774:
has established that Mount Tambora had erupted three times during the current
702:
608:
519:
410:
4078:(Press release). University of Rhode Island. 27 February 2006. Archived from
440:
and wildlife activities, though in small numbers. The two nearest cities are
428:
who monitor the mountain's activity, Mount Tambora is an area of interest to
104:
91:
5458:
5448:
5428:
5403:
5169:
5149:
5144:
4974:
4841:
4776:
4730:
4053:
4028:
2067:
2035:
2009:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1734:
froze over a period of twelve days in February 1816. As a result, prices of
1679:
1638:
1396:
1374:
1339:
1294:
1199:
1070:
1019:
918:
914:
891:
760:
737:
698:
663:
651:
628:
604:
581:
573:
515:
479:
433:
414:
406:
394:
283:
230:
181:
3753:
3157:
2554:"Mount Tambora in 1815: A Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia and its Aftermath"
1774:
3644:
3425:
385:
Mount Tambora, also known as Tomboro, is situated in the northern part of
365:
5558:
5553:
5523:
5473:
5468:
5443:
5322:
5229:
5174:
4816:
4372:"Mount Tambora National Park Transformed Into New Ecotourism Destination"
4243:
3990:
3475:
2114:
2031:
1830:
1675:
1634:
1514:
1326:
978:
953:
837:
775:
757:
701:
levels of Tambora volcanics exceed 3 weight percent, placing them in the
659:
648:
334:
310:
4251:
944:. An estimated 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of pyroclastic
913:
that cascaded down the mountain and towards the sea on all sides of the
5408:
5287:
4738:
3768:
Beniston, Martin; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Oppenheimer, Clive (2017).
3605:
Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap
2731:
2587:
2058:
1846:
1826:
1814:
1690:
1668:
1656:
1630:
1054:
1023:
1014:
1006:
926:
895:
883:
879:
808:; this was recorded at two on the VEI scale. This eruption created the
794:
690:
632:
624:
616:
612:
452:
386:
353:" because of the impact on North American and European weather. In the
346:
322:
287:
173:
17:
4623:. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Archived from
3925:
2578:
5538:
5423:
5375:
5224:
5154:
5114:
5109:
5084:
5004:
4901:
3796:
1967:. Some vegetation had regrown, including trees on the lower slope. A
1964:
1754:
1743:
1689:
In the spring and summer of 1816, a persistent stratospheric sulfate
1479:
1058:
930:
902:
833:
790:
717:
675:
456:
437:
381:
from Mount Tambora. Viewing distance is 165 kilometres (103 mi).
330:
62:
2569:
1645:
seasonal variations. There is an unknown eruption around the 1810s.
1022:
before midnight and another exceeded 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the
991:
down, the surviving inhabitants having dispersed in search of food.
5543:
4939:
3306:
2134:
2089:
1946:
1938:
1881:
and killing him. This is expressed in a poem written around 1830:
1877:
1872:
1810:
1773:
1762:
1735:
1698:
suffered extreme weather conditions and 1816 became known as the "
1678:
sulfate concentration method, which calibrated against cores from
1625:
1584:
987:
860:
827:
682:
543:
441:
372:
364:
349:
anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the "
169:
4132:"Indonesian Volcano Site Reveals 'Pompeii of the East' (Update1)"
3712:"The frequency of explosive volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia"
2062:
logging area, there is a designated wildlife reserve where deer,
5588:
5488:
5029:
4921:
4871:
2508:"Hobi Mendaki Gunung â Menyambangi Kawah Raksasa Gunung Tambora"
2104:
1747:
1259:
1066:
721:
709:
445:
338:
4699:
1883:
1739:
1100:
552:
Tambora is located 340 kilometres (210 mi) north of the
325:
island, more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 miles) away. Heavy
3074:
Wunderman, Richard (2011). "Report on Tambora (Indonesia)".
4432:
4300:
4164:""Lost Kingdom" Discovered on Volcanic Island in Indonesia"
1860:
language, as would be expected in the area, but possibly a
417:. At the mouth of Saleh Bay there is an islet called Mojo.
898:
island (more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away).
2094:
An infrared image of Mount Tambora (north is on the left)
2022:
An 1896 survey records 56 species of birds including the
3384:
Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996).
1943:
The floor of the caldera of Mount Tambora, looking north
1868:
found 500 kilometres (310 mi) or more to the east.
4435:(in Indonesian). Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau.
1800:
and the Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology began an
3049:"Peningkatan Status G. Tambora dari Normal ke Waspada"
560:. Sumbawa Island is flanked to the north and south by
4649:
4076:"URI volcanologist discovers lost kingdom of Tambora"
3897:
Dai, J.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Thompson, L.G. (1991).
2321:
2319:
1655:
The 1815 eruption released 10 to 120 million tons of
369:
Mount Tambora and its surroundings as seen from space
3564:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. pp. 1â18.
2966:. Vulcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from
2809:. Vulcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from
2510:(in Indonesian). Sinar Harapan. 2003. Archived from
5607:
5394:
5321:
5248:
4920:
4737:
2159:
Panorama of the caldera of Mount Tambora, July 2017
251:
246:
236:
224:
205:
192:
187:
161:
120:
81:
71:
61:
56:
34:
4134:. Bloomberg Asia. 28 February 2006. Archived from
2964:"Tambora Historic Eruptions and Recent Activities"
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
1920:The cause was said to be the wrath of God Almighty
401:that make up the southern chain of the Indonesian
3485:20.500.11820/6925218f-d09e-4f9d-9f2e-3ab8419b223f
2705:
2703:
2701:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
1983:challenge for the team of Georesearch Volcanedo.
1924:In murdering a worthy pilgrim, spilling his blood
3388:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 60.
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
1864:, or perhaps a member of one of the families of
685:involved in the 1815 eruption originated in the
674:. The lavas of Tambora are slightly enriched in
3223:Abrams, Lewis J.; Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2007).
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
1722:, accumulating to 30 centimetres (12 in).
984:
756:. The main product of these parasitic vents is
689:and was further modified by melts derived from
4324:
4322:
3524:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3351:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3232:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3027:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1â312.
2998:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
2398:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1667:method, an optical depth measurement based on
4711:
3280:
3278:
3276:
8:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4295:
4293:
3906:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3025:Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World
2753:
2751:
2749:
2665:
2663:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2431:
2429:
2427:
27:Active stratovolcano in Sumbawa in Indonesia
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
1035:of ash emitted: a recent study estimates a
925:, while a "nitrous odor" was noticeable in
4718:
4704:
4696:
2608:
2606:
2604:
1913:Torrents of water mixed with ash descended
1798:University of North Carolina at Wilmington
1076:
940:of 7. It had 4â10 times the energy of the
436:. The mountain also attracts tourists for
31:
4287:Zollinger (1855) cited by Trainor (2002).
4157:
4155:
4153:
4052:
3743:
3483:
2880:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2783:
2577:
3076:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
936:The eruption is estimated to have had a
5331:Bantimurung â Bulusaraung National Park
4907:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
4656:
4194:"'Lost kingdom' springs from the ashes"
3386:The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku
2175:
1915:Children and mothers screamed and cried
1825:and finely decorated china possibly of
654:and the trachybasalts are dominated by
4413:from the original on 30 September 2017
4382:from the original on 30 September 2017
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
3407:
3405:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2368:from the original on 30 September 2021
1821:Based on the artifacts found, such as
1079:Comparison of major volcanic eruptions
451:There are two routes of ascent to the
4307:from the original on 24 December 2018
4112:from the original on 19 December 2006
3571:from the original on 16 February 2020
2640:Febriyanto, Erwin (18 October 2015).
2327:"Tambora: Synonyms & Subfeatures"
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1917:Believing the world had turned to ash
1706:, cold weather expanded over most of
1165:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
139:
7:
4439:from the original on 5 November 2010
4008:from the original on 6 December 2019
1902:Membunuh tuan haji menumpahkan darah
948:was ejected, weighing approximately
855:Before 1815, Mount Tambora had been
5336:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
5268:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
5015:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
4787:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
4597:"Indonesia Volcanoes and Volcanics"
2438:Netherlands Journal of Sea Research
812:parasitic cone inside the caldera.
329:rains were observed as far away as
313:(10,000 years ago to present). The
4102:"'Pompeii of the East' discovered"
3814:from the original on 28 April 2019
3503:from the original on 26 April 2019
3261:from the original on 4 August 2020
3203:from the original on 2 August 2018
2990:"Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)"
2232:from the original on 19 March 2007
1922:At the deed of the King of Tambora
1813:. Sigurdsson dubbed the find the "
859:for several centuries, as hydrous
25:
5366:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park
5100:Mount Halimun Salak National Park
5080:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
1955:A team led by the Swiss botanist
1607:Sources: Oppenheimer (2003), and
5641:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park
4683:
4671:
4659:
4225:"The Papuan Language of Tambora"
4162:Roach, John (27 February 2006).
3544:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.020
3371:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.010
3252:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.008
3088:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201108-264040
2648:from the original on 4 June 2019
2148:
2082:Exploration of the caldera floor
2007:trees. On the summit was sparse
1895:Disangkanya dunia menjadi kelabu
1893:Berteriak memanggil anak dan ibu
1577:
1542:
1507:
1472:
1437:
1402:
1367:
1332:
1287:
1252:
1192:
1157:
1122:
678:compared with those of Rinjani.
138:
131:
45:
4640:WikiSatellite view at WikiMapia
4401:Rahmad, Rahmadi (14 May 2015).
1898:Asalnya konon Allah Taala marah
1889:Bunyi bahananya sangat berjabuh
1818:do not show Islamic influence.
1710:. On 6 June 1816, it snowed in
5569:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre
5351:Kepulauan Togean National Park
4433:"Penduduk Migran Seumur Hidup"
4200:. 1 March 2006. Archived from
3613:, cited by Oppenheimer (2003).
2615:"Tambora, Nusa Tenggara Barat"
2282:Progress in Physical Geography
2003:flowering plants dominated by
1904:Kuranglah pikir dan kira-kira
1854:language of the Tambora people
846:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
564:. The convergence rate of the
294:, it was formed by the active
1:
5682:Active volcanoes of Indonesia
4985:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark
4617:"Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia"
3834:"Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia"
3150:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191
2494:10.1016/S1385-1101(98)00035-5
1911:Its noise reverberated loudly
1900:Perbuatan sultan Raja Tambora
1841:(for producing red dye), and
1001:âLt. Philips, ordered by Sir
5667:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia
5464:Gunung Rinjani National Park
5371:Taka Bone Rate National Park
5346:Gandang Dewata National Park
5278:Danau Sentarum National Park
5263:Betung Kerihun National Park
4812:Kerinci Seblat National Park
4601:Cascades Volcano Observatory
4198:International Herald Tribune
3971:Geophysical Research Letters
3456:Geophysical Research Letters
3023:Wood, Gillen D'Arcy (2014).
2807:"Geology of Tambora Volcano"
2692:10.1016/0009-2541(80)90106-0
2458:10.1016/0077-7579(89)90117-8
2418:10.1016/0377-0273(86)90079-X
77:2,722 m (8,930 ft)
67:2,850 m (9,350 ft)
5702:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
5419:Bali Safari and Marine Park
5040:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument
4508:"Tambora Hazard Mitigation"
3213:Cited by Oppenheimer (2003)
2933:"Tambora: Eruptive History"
1750:rose dramatically by 1817.
705:range for alkaline series.
5728:
5712:Drainage basins of Sumbawa
5273:Baning Nature Tourist Park
5205:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
5190:Sukorambi Botanical Garden
3864:"Large Holocene Eruptions"
3557:Haeseler, Susanne (2016).
2552:de Jong Boers, B. (1995).
2128:The directorate created a
1794:University of Rhode Island
1781:
1648:
1222:1452/1453 mystery eruption
938:Volcanic Explosivity Index
851:Chronology of the eruption
843:
789:(VEI) scale, with a total
787:Volcanic Explosivity Index
732:. Tambora has at least 20
488:pale-shouldered cicadabird
5240:Ujung Kulon National Park
5090:Meru Betiri National Park
5050:Karimunjawa National Park
4757:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
4481:10.1007/s11069-010-9601-y
3736:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8
3689:10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9
2900:10.1007/s00410-009-0457-7
2302:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra
1926:Rashly and thoughtlessly
1875:by feeding dog meat to a
1837:for their horses, honey,
1792:with scientists from the
1605:
1572:Hunga TongaâHunga HaÊ»apai
909:collapsed, producing hot
393:. It is a segment of the
125:
44:
39:
5707:Holocene stratovolcanoes
5361:Lore Lindu National Park
4930:Alas Purwo National Park
4912:Way Kambas National Park
4857:Mentawai Islands Regency
4802:Gunongan Historical Park
4370:Fardah (15 April 2015).
3868:Global Volcanism Program
3414:Journal of World History
2994:Global Volcanism Program
2938:Global Volcanism Program
2785:10.1093/petrology/egr062
2642:"Potensi Gunung Tambora"
2332:Global Volcanism Program
2196:Global Volcanism Program
2028:yellow-crested cockatoos
1807:ground-penetrating radar
1613:Global Volcanism Program
607:. The volcanics contain
603:rocks which are rich in
530:History of Mount Tambora
500:scaly-crowned honeyeater
405:. Tambora forms its own
51:Caldera of Mount Tambora
5697:Two-thousanders of Asia
4344:: 49â61. Archived from
4054:10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016
3872:Smithsonian Institution
3838:volcano.oregonstate.edu
3716:Bulletin of Volcanology
3669:Bulletin of Volcanology
3625:Bulletin of Volcanology
3196:. London: John Murray.
2943:Smithsonian Institution
2712:Bulletin of Volcanology
2474:Journal of Sea Research
2337:Smithsonian Institution
2201:Smithsonian Institution
2052:Orange-footed scrubfowl
1891:Ditempuh air timpa habu
1609:Smithsonian Institution
815:Mount Tambora is still
508:yellow-ringed white-eye
504:yellow-crested cockatoo
484:orange-footed scrubfowl
5386:Wakatobi National Park
5298:Sabangau National Park
4995:Dieng Volcanic Complex
4574:University of Tasmania
4329:Trainor, C.R. (2002).
4223:Donohue, Mark (2007).
2095:
1952:
1944:
1909:
1887:
1779:
1671:observations, and the
1646:
998:
942:1883 Krakatoa eruption
841:
549:
382:
370:
5692:Calderas of Indonesia
5626:Lorentz National Park
5381:Trans Studio Makassar
5341:Bunaken National Park
4950:Baluran National Park
3645:10.1007/s004450050222
3426:10.1353/jwh.2012.0066
3335:15 March 2022 at the
2093:
2050:by the local people.
1950:
1942:
1777:
1700:year without a summer
1651:Year Without a Summer
1629:
1037:dense-rock equivalent
831:
547:
376:
368:
351:year without a summer
259:Southeast: Doro Mboha
172:, Sanggar peninsula,
152:Location in Indonesia
5677:Volcanoes of Sumbawa
5672:Subduction volcanoes
5484:Komodo National Park
5439:Garuda Wisnu Kencana
5396:Lesser Sunda Islands
5313:The Equator monument
4847:Lumbini Natural Park
4797:East Lampung Regency
4563:Foden, J.D. (1979).
4540:on 29 September 2007
4534:"Tambora Geophysics"
4514:on 29 September 2007
4244:10.1353/ol.2008.0014
4138:on 30 September 2007
4108:. 28 February 2006.
3991:10.1029/2009GL040882
3476:10.1029/2004GL020925
3186:Raffles, S. (1830).
2970:on 27 September 2007
2764:Journal of Petrology
2621:on 29 September 2007
2117:activity by using a
1641:, dated by counting
1063:Sir Stamford Raffles
668:phosphorus pentoxide
524:crab-eating macaques
391:Lesser Sunda Islands
389:island, part of the
361:Geographical setting
292:Lesser Sunda Islands
261:Northwest: Pancasila
178:Lesser Sunda Islands
5646:Wasur National Park
5293:Kutai National Park
5220:Tirto Samodra Beach
5070:Keraton Kacirebonan
4767:Bandar Lampung City
4747:Aceh Tsunami Museum
4727:Tourist attractions
4473:2011NatHa..57..151S
4351:on 26 February 2012
4232:Oceanic Linguistics
4174:on 14 November 2006
4168:National Geographic
4045:2016CliPa..12.1361B
4033:Climate of the Past
3983:2009GeoRL..3622703C
3918:1991JGR....9617361D
3912:(D9): 17361â17366.
3789:2017NatGe..10..123G
3728:2015BVol...77....1W
3681:2015BVol...77...73V
3637:1998BVol...60..137T
3536:2014JVGR..286...93K
3468:2004GeoRL..3120608S
3363:2004JVGR..134..343S
3329:Blast from the Past
3299:1998Natur.393..450B
3244:2007JVGR..161..352A
3142:1984Sci...224.1191S
3136:(4654): 1191â1198.
3055:on 8 September 2011
3004:on 10 November 2011
2892:2010CoMP..159..819F
2776:2012JPet...53..271G
2724:1989BVol...51..243S
2684:1980ChGeo..30..201F
2613:Nasution, Aswanir.
2486:1999JSR....41...35D
2450:1989NJSR...24..399D
2410:1986JVGR...27....1F
2294:2003PrPG...27..230O
2138:the cautious zone.
2130:disaster mitigation
2046:are hunted for the
1976:Imperata cylindrica
1790:Haraldur SigurĂ°sson
1696:northern hemisphere
1362:Santa MarĂa Volcano
1108:summer anomaly (°C)
1081:
658:-rich plagioclase.
584:about 25,000 years
472:Asian water monitor
355:Northern Hemisphere
298:beneath it. Before
101: /
5636:Raja Ampat Islands
5594:Ujung Water Palace
5258:Beras Basah Island
5025:House of Sampoerna
4955:Banyuwangi Regency
3589:Zollinger (1855):
2858:Foden, 1979, p. 56
2849:Foden, 1979, p. 51
2840:Foden, 1979, p. 50
2831:Foden, 1979, p. 49
2813:on 24 October 2007
2732:10.1007/BF01073515
2096:
1993:Duabanga moluccana
1957:Heinrich Zollinger
1953:
1945:
1802:archaeological dig
1780:
1716:Dennysville, Maine
1647:
1077:
1050:Heinrich Zollinger
842:
772:Radiocarbon dating
550:
535:Geological history
512:helmeted friarbird
476:reticulated python
383:
371:
280:West Nusa Tenggara
57:Highest point
5654:
5653:
5185:Sidoarjo mud flow
5065:Keraton Kasepuhan
4877:Pagaruyung Palace
3926:10.1029/91JD01634
3777:Nature Geoscience
3395:978-962-593-076-3
3293:(6684): 450â455.
2867:Foden, 1979, p.60
2644:(in Indonesian).
2514:on 7 January 2007
2044:rainbow lorikeets
2024:crested white-eye
1932:
1931:
1633:concentration in
1619:
1618:
973:was found in the
911:pyroclastic flows
890:began to fall in
730:pyroclastic falls
726:pyroclastic flows
492:Coracina dohertyi
307:violently erupted
265:
264:
105:8.250°S 118.000°E
16:(Redirected from
5719:
5494:Lake Segara Anak
5215:Thousand Islands
5210:Tangkuban Perahu
5010:Gembira Loka Zoo
4882:Penyengat Island
4720:
4713:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:. pp. 1â306
4571:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4269:on 2 August 2018
4268:
4262:. Archived from
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4204:on 13 March 2006
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4170:. Archived from
4159:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4039:(6): 1361â1374.
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4007:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3943:on 2 August 2018
3942:
3936:. Archived from
3903:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3874:. Archived from
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3840:. Archived from
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3797:10.1038/ngeo2875
3774:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3453:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3125:
3092:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3000:. Archived from
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2929:
2912:
2911:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2672:Chemical Geology
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2581:
2549:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:"Gunung Tambora"
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2187:
2152:
2111:Seismic activity
2040:green junglefowl
2000:Dodonaea viscosa
1884:
1866:Papuan languages
1862:language isolate
1712:Albany, New York
1615:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1432:Mount St. Helens
1408:
1406:
1405:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1082:
1009:
1003:Stamford Raffles
767:Eruptive history
566:Australian Plate
399:volcanic islands
296:subduction zones
255:
199:Late Pleistocene
142:
141:
135:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
49:
32:
21:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5687:VEI-7 volcanoes
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5603:
5579:Tanjung Ringgit
5434:Dreamland Beach
5390:
5317:
5303:Samboja Lestari
5283:Derawan Islands
5244:
5235:Yogyakarta City
5200:Suramadu Bridge
5135:Patenggang Lake
5075:Keraton Kanoman
5060:Kenjeran Bridge
5045:Jawa Timur Park
5035:Istiqlal Mosque
5020:Heroes Monument
4945:Arjuno-Welirang
4935:Ancol Dreamland
4916:
4772:Barelang Bridge
4733:
4724:
4694:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4630:
4628:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4595:
4592:
4579:
4577:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4461:Natural Hazards
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4082:on 21 July 2006
4074:
4073:
4062:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3844:on 17 June 2017
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3337:Wayback Machine
3326:
3322:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3127:
3126:
3095:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2931:
2930:
2915:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2570:10.2307/3351140
2551:
2550:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2358:"Mount Tambora"
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2279:
2278:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2101:
2084:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1786:
1784:Tambora culture
1772:
1653:
1624:
1606:
1578:
1576:
1543:
1541:
1508:
1506:
1502:Nevado del Ruiz
1473:
1471:
1438:
1436:
1403:
1401:
1368:
1366:
1333:
1331:
1288:
1286:
1253:
1251:
1193:
1191:
1158:
1156:
1152:Paektu Mountain
1123:
1121:
1107:
1095:
1080:
1046:
1028:eruption column
1024:Molucca Islands
1011:
1000:
994:
992:
967:
907:eruption column
884:Molucca Islands
865:crystallization
853:
848:
826:
769:
734:parasitic cones
646:
558:subduction zone
542:
537:
532:
363:
274:, is an active
260:
253:
216:trachyandesitic
170:Dompu Regencies
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
143:
110:-8.250; 118.000
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5725:
5723:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5534:Nusa Lembongan
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Gili Trawangan
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Bali Bird Park
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:Tanjung Puting
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Samosir Island
4894:
4889:
4887:Pugung Raharjo
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Mursala Island
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:Lake Singkarak
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4627:on 2 July 2007
4613:
4591:
4590:External links
4588:
4587:
4586:
4572:(PhD thesis).
4558:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4525:
4494:
4450:
4424:
4393:
4362:
4318:
4289:
4280:
4238:(2): 520â537.
4215:
4185:
4149:
4123:
4093:
4060:
4019:
3977:(22): L22703.
3954:
3889:
3855:
3825:
3783:(2): 123â128.
3759:
3702:
3658:
3631:(2): 137â144.
3615:
3611:(66): 688â703.
3595:
3582:
3549:
3514:
3462:(20): L20608.
3439:
3420:(3): 587â607.
3401:
3394:
3376:
3357:(4): 343â345.
3341:
3320:
3272:
3238:(4): 352â361.
3215:
3190:correspondence
3171:
3093:
3066:
3040:
3033:
3015:
2981:
2955:
2913:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2791:
2770:(2): 271â297.
2745:
2718:(4): 243â270.
2697:
2678:(3): 201â206.
2659:
2632:
2600:
2525:
2499:
2463:
2444:(4): 399â404.
2423:
2379:
2349:
2315:
2288:(2): 230â259.
2243:
2213:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2100:
2097:
2083:
2080:
2064:water buffalos
2048:cagebird trade
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1907:
1782:Main article:
1771:
1768:
1643:oxygen isotope
1623:
1622:Global effects
1620:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1537:Mount Pinatubo
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1045:
1042:
983:
966:
963:
950:1.4Ă10 kg
946:trachyandesite
923:South Sulawesi
873:magmatic fluid
871:high-pressure
852:
849:
844:Main article:
825:
822:
768:
765:
695:magma chambers
644:
601:trachyandesite
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
430:archaeologists
426:vulcanologists
362:
359:
343:Maluku islands
263:
262:
257:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
212:Trachybasaltic
209:
203:
202:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
163:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
136:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
117:
85:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5724:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:Mount Tambora
5512:
5510:
5509:Mount Rinjani
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Palabuhanratu
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:Museum Angkut
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Cukang Taneuh
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Cemoro Lawang
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Maimun Palace
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Lake Maninjau
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Bintan Island
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Bagansiapiapi
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Ampera Bridge
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4626:
4622:
4621:Volcano World
4618:
4614:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3878:on 7 May 2013
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:Indonesia)".
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:10.1038/30943
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3034:9780691168623
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:(60): 37â59.
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(1â2): 1â41.
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2362:Mount Tambora
2359:
2353:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:national park
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:A commercial
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1908:
1905:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1637:from Central
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:United States
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:United States
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:7,000â13,000
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1282:Mount Tambora
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1188:
1187:Mount Samalas
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1117:TaupĆ Volcano
1115:
1114:
1110:
1106:N. hemisphere
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
997:
989:
982:
980:
976:
972:
964:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:of the magma
866:
862:
858:
850:
847:
839:
835:
830:
824:1815 eruption
823:
821:
818:
813:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
780:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:Mount Rinjani
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
642:
641:Orthopyroxene
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:clinopyroxene
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:stratovolcano
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:magma chamber
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:oceanic crust
559:
555:
546:
539:
534:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:seismologists
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:, a chain of
396:
392:
388:
380:
379:Mount Rinjani
375:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:magma chamber
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:. Located on
285:
281:
277:
276:stratovolcano
273:
269:
268:Mount Tambora
258:
256:
254:Easiest route
250:
245:
241:
239:
238:Last eruption
235:
232:
229:
227:
223:
220:
219:stratovolcano
217:
213:
210:
208:
207:Mountain type
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
146:Mount Tambora
134:
124:
119:
114:
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
35:Mount Tambora
33:
30:
19:
5621:Fort Belgica
5584:Tirta Gangga
5564:Tampaksiring
5513:
5499:Lovina Beach
5195:Surabaya Zoo
5180:Sempu island
5165:Ranu Kumbolo
5110:Mount Semeru
5105:Mount Merapi
4970:Bogor Palace
4822:Lagundri Bay
4792:Bukit Lawang
4629:. Retrieved
4625:the original
4620:
4605:. Retrieved
4600:
4578:. Retrieved
4565:
4557:Bibliography
4542:. Retrieved
4538:the original
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4512:the original
4464:
4460:
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4406:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4341:
4337:
4309:. Retrieved
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4264:the original
4235:
4231:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4202:the original
4197:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4172:the original
4167:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:the original
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4105:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4080:the original
4036:
4032:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
3974:
3970:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3909:
3905:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3867:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3842:the original
3837:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3780:
3776:
3762:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3552:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3459:
3455:
3442:
3417:
3413:
3385:
3379:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3328:
3323:
3290:
3286:
3263:. Retrieved
3235:
3231:
3218:
3205:. Retrieved
3188:
3133:
3129:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3043:
3024:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:the original
2993:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2936:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2767:
2763:
2715:
2711:
2675:
2671:
2650:. Retrieved
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2591:. Retrieved
2561:
2557:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2502:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2441:
2437:
2401:
2397:
2370:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2330:
2285:
2281:
2234:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2194:
2127:
2123:Doro Api Toi
2122:
2109:
2102:
2085:
2072:flying foxes
2056:
2021:
2016:Wahlenbergia
2014:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1910:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1858:Austronesian
1851:
1820:
1787:
1752:
1724:
1688:
1665:petrological
1661:stratosphere
1654:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1281:
1247:Huaynaputina
1047:
1032:stratosphere
1030:reached the
1012:
999:
985:
975:Indian Ocean
968:
959:
935:
929:. The heavy
900:
888:volcanic ash
877:
854:
814:
810:Doro Api Toi
809:
803:
784:
770:
753:
749:
746:Kadiendi Nae
745:
742:Doro Afi Toi
741:
740:, including
707:
680:
597:trachybasalt
590:
568:beneath the
551:
491:
465:
461:
450:
420:Besides the
419:
384:
327:volcanic ash
304:
271:
267:
266:
226:Volcanic arc
29:
5631:Puncak Jaya
5529:Nusa Penida
5519:Moyo Island
5160:Ragunan Zoo
5130:Pangandaran
5125:Nusa Barong
5095:Mount Bromo
5055:Kawah Putih
5030:Ijen Crater
5000:Ceto Temple
4827:Lampung Bay
4645:google/docs
4376:Antara News
4301:"Volcanedo"
3848:26 February
3722:(1): 1â11.
2480:(1â2): 45.
2119:seismograph
1988:rain forest
1839:sappan wood
1835:East Indies
1759:New England
1732:OhĆe Rivers
1720:Quebec City
1708:New England
1704:Connecticut
1550:Philippines
1130:New Zealand
1111:Fatalities
1096:height (km)
1057:island. On
1013:A moderate
996:complaint.
971:pumice raft
799:aftershocks
714:pyroclastic
656:anorthosite
637:plagioclase
609:phenocrysts
570:Sunda Plate
554:Java Trench
467:Elaeocarpus
403:archipelago
194:Age of rock
108: /
83:Coordinates
5661:Categories
5356:Lake Tempe
5250:Kalimantan
4965:Baturraden
4862:Metro City
4807:Jam Gadang
4467:(2): 162.
3882:7 November
3530:: 93â100.
2886:(6): 826.
2579:1813/54071
2226:Peakbagger
2165:References
2099:Monitoring
2036:Hill mynas
2034:thrushes,
1980:grasslands
1843:sandalwood
1827:Vietnamese
1823:bronzeware
1684:Antarctica
1669:anatomical
1649:See also:
1528:no anomaly
1496:>2,000
1467:El ChichĂłn
1458:no anomaly
1388:no anomaly
1320:>71,000
1044:Fatalities
806:extrusions
761:lava flows
738:lava domes
703:shoshonite
520:Javan rusa
434:biologists
411:Flores Sea
73:Prominence
5574:Tanah Lot
5504:Mandalika
5479:Kintamani
5459:Goa Gajah
5449:Gili Meno
5429:Cempi Bay
5404:Awang Bay
5170:Ranu Pani
5150:Prambanan
5145:Penataran
4975:Borobudur
4960:Batu City
4842:Lake Toba
4777:Berastagi
4731:Indonesia
4690:Volcanoes
4678:Mountains
4666:Indonesia
4489:129040686
4178:9 October
3805:133586732
3697:127929333
3675:(9): 73.
3653:129683922
3434:145137831
2908:129804058
2740:132160294
2558:Indonesia
2310:131663534
2191:"Tambora"
2068:wild pigs
2010:Edelweiss
2005:Casuarina
1970:Casuarina
1961:ecosystem
1935:Ecosystem
1831:Cambodian
1680:Greenland
1659:into the
1639:Greenland
1397:Novarupta
1375:Guatemala
1340:Indonesia
1295:Indonesia
1200:Indonesia
1146:unlikely
1071:East Java
1020:East Java
1005:to go to
965:Aftermath
919:West Java
915:peninsula
892:East Java
699:Potassium
691:subducted
664:strontium
652:magnetite
629:magnetite
605:potassium
582:sea basin
540:Formation
516:wild boar
415:Saleh Bay
407:peninsula
395:Sunda Arc
284:Indonesia
231:Sunda Arc
182:Indonesia
121:Geography
63:Elevation
5559:Senggigi
5554:Seminyak
5524:Nusa Dua
5474:Kelimutu
5469:Jimbaran
5444:Gili Air
5323:Sulawesi
5230:Trowulan
5175:Sangiran
4817:Krakatoa
4631:2 August
4607:2 August
4580:2 August
4544:2 August
4518:2 August
4443:2 August
4437:Archived
4417:2 August
4411:Archived
4407:Mongabay
4386:2 August
4380:Archived
4355:2 August
4338:Forktail
4311:30 March
4305:Archived
4273:2 August
4260:26310439
4252:20172326
4208:2 August
4142:2 August
4116:2 August
4110:Archived
4106:BBC News
4086:2 August
4003:Archived
3999:10579910
3947:2 August
3809:Archived
3754:26097277
3575:2 August
3566:Archived
3498:Archived
3494:56290102
3333:Archived
3265:2 August
3256:Archived
3207:2 August
3198:Archived
3166:23649251
3158:17819476
3059:2 August
3008:2 August
2974:2 August
2817:2 August
2652:2 August
2646:Archived
2625:2 August
2593:2 August
2518:2 August
2366:Archived
2236:2 August
2230:Archived
2142:Panorama
2115:tectonic
2070:, bats,
2032:Zoothera
1676:ice core
1635:ice core
1515:Colombia
1327:Krakatoa
1088:Location
979:Calcutta
954:Makassar
869:exsolved
838:Sulawesi
836:and the
795:tsunamis
776:Holocene
758:basaltic
660:Rubidium
649:titanium
377:View of
335:Sulawesi
319:dormancy
311:Holocene
305:Tambora
247:Climbing
162:Location
5599:Uluwatu
5409:Bedugul
5288:Kakaban
4739:Sumatra
4652:Portals
4469:Bibcode
4041:Bibcode
4012:30 June
3979:Bibcode
3934:8384563
3914:Bibcode
3818:30 June
3785:Bibcode
3745:4470363
3724:Bibcode
3677:Bibcode
3633:Bibcode
3532:Bibcode
3507:30 June
3464:Bibcode
3359:Bibcode
3315:4392636
3295:Bibcode
3240:Bibcode
3138:Bibcode
3130:Science
2948:24 June
2888:Bibcode
2772:Bibcode
2720:Bibcode
2680:Bibcode
2588:3351140
2482:Bibcode
2446:Bibcode
2406:Bibcode
2372:4 March
2342:24 June
2290:Bibcode
2206:24 June
2059:logging
1847:incense
1815:Pompeii
1770:Culture
1691:aerosol
1657:sulphur
1631:Sulfate
1531:23,000
1356:36,600
1276:â1,400
1226:Unknown
1085:Volcano
1055:Sumbawa
1015:tsunami
1007:Sumbawa
977:, near
927:Batavia
896:Sumatra
882:on the
880:Ternate
857:dormant
840:islands
633:olivine
625:leucite
617:biotite
613:apatite
453:caldera
387:Sumbawa
347:climate
323:Sumatra
290:in the
288:Sumbawa
272:Tomboro
201:-recent
188:Geology
174:Sumbawa
96:118°0âČE
40:Tomboro
18:Sanggar
5609:Maluku
5539:Pecatu
5424:Canggu
5376:Toraja
5225:Tretes
5155:Puncak
5115:Mrapen
5085:Malang
5005:G-Land
4902:Sipura
4892:Sabang
4603:. USGS
4487:
4258:
4250:
3997:
3932:
3803:
3752:
3742:
3695:
3651:
3492:
3432:
3392:
3313:
3287:Nature
3164:
3156:
3031:
2906:
2738:
2586:
2308:
1965:sulfur
1796:, the
1755:typhus
1744:barley
1582:
1566:1,202
1547:
1512:
1480:Mexico
1477:
1442:
1407:
1372:
1337:
1292:
1257:
1197:
1162:
1127:
1103:
1099:
1094:Column
1059:Lombok
1026:. The
931:tephra
903:pumice
834:Borneo
817:active
791:tephra
718:scoria
687:mantle
676:zircon
457:cashew
438:hiking
341:, and
331:Borneo
168:&
93:8°15âČS
5613:Papua
5549:Sanur
5544:Rinca
4940:Anyer
4570:(PDF)
4485:S2CID
4349:(PDF)
4334:(PDF)
4267:(PDF)
4256:S2CID
4248:JSTOR
4228:(PDF)
4006:(PDF)
3995:S2CID
3967:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3930:S2CID
3902:(PDF)
3812:(PDF)
3801:S2CID
3773:(PDF)
3693:S2CID
3649:S2CID
3569:(PDF)
3562:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3490:S2CID
3452:(PDF)
3430:S2CID
3311:S2CID
3259:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
3194:(PDF)
3162:S2CID
3082:(8).
2904:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2584:JSTOR
2306:S2CID
2170:Notes
2135:lahar
1878:hajji
1873:Allah
1845:(for
1811:magma
1763:Wales
1736:wheat
1673:polar
1585:Tonga
1207:38â43
988:Dompo
861:magma
779:epoch
722:tuffs
683:magma
496:brown
480:hawks
442:Dompu
270:, or
5611:and
5589:Ubud
5489:Kuta
4922:Java
4872:Nias
4633:2018
4609:2018
4582:2018
4546:2018
4520:2018
4445:2018
4419:2018
4388:2018
4357:2018
4313:2019
4275:2018
4210:2018
4180:2006
4144:2018
4118:2018
4088:2018
4014:2019
3949:2018
3884:2006
3850:2019
3820:2019
3750:PMID
3577:2018
3509:2019
3390:ISBN
3267:2018
3209:2018
3154:PMID
3061:2018
3029:ISBN
3010:2018
2976:2018
2950:2021
2819:2018
2654:2018
2627:2018
2595:2018
2520:2018
2374:2021
2344:2021
2238:2018
2208:2021
2105:Java
2042:and
2013:and
1852:The
1748:oats
1746:and
1730:and
1728:Elbe
1714:and
1682:and
1589:2022
1563:â0.5
1554:1991
1519:1985
1484:1982
1449:1980
1423:â0.4
1414:1912
1379:1902
1353:â0.3
1344:1883
1315:â0.5
1300:1815
1273:â0.8
1264:1600
1260:Peru
1238:â0.5
1229:1452
1213:â1.2
1204:1257
1091:Year
1069:and
1067:Bali
921:and
754:Tahe
752:and
750:Molo
736:and
728:and
712:and
710:lava
681:The
666:and
635:and
599:and
522:and
498:and
446:Bima
444:and
432:and
424:and
339:Java
300:1815
242:1967
166:Bima
4729:in
4477:doi
4240:doi
4049:doi
3987:doi
3922:doi
3793:doi
3740:PMC
3732:doi
3685:doi
3641:doi
3540:doi
3528:286
3480:hdl
3472:doi
3422:doi
3367:doi
3355:134
3303:doi
3291:393
3248:doi
3236:161
3146:doi
3134:224
3084:doi
2896:doi
2884:159
2780:doi
2728:doi
2688:doi
2574:hdl
2566:doi
2490:doi
2454:doi
2414:doi
2298:doi
1990:of
1829:or
1740:rye
1611:'s
1595:5â6
1461:57
1169:946
1134:181
1101:VEI
993:...
611:of
494:),
462:pos
278:in
5663::
4619:.
4599:.
4497:^
4483:.
4475:.
4465:57
4463:.
4409:.
4405:.
4378:.
4374:.
4342:18
4340:.
4336:.
4321:^
4303:.
4292:^
4254:.
4246:.
4236:46
4234:.
4230:.
4196:.
4166:.
4152:^
4104:.
4063:^
4047:.
4037:12
4035:.
4031:.
4001:.
3993:.
3985:.
3975:36
3973:.
3969:.
3928:.
3920:.
3910:96
3908:.
3904:.
3870:.
3866:.
3836:.
3807:.
3799:.
3791:.
3781:10
3779:.
3775:.
3748:.
3738:.
3730:.
3720:77
3718:.
3714:.
3691:.
3683:.
3673:77
3671:.
3647:.
3639:.
3629:60
3627:.
3607:.
3538:.
3526:.
3496:.
3488:.
3478:.
3470:.
3460:31
3458:.
3454:.
3428:.
3418:23
3416:.
3404:^
3365:.
3353:.
3309:.
3301:.
3289:.
3275:^
3254:.
3246:.
3234:.
3230:.
3174:^
3160:.
3152:.
3144:.
3132:.
3096:^
3080:36
3078:.
2996:.
2992:.
2941:.
2935:.
2916:^
2902:.
2894:.
2882:.
2794:^
2778:.
2768:53
2766:.
2762:.
2748:^
2734:.
2726:.
2716:51
2714:.
2700:^
2686:.
2676:30
2674:.
2662:^
2603:^
2582:.
2572:.
2562:60
2560:.
2556:.
2528:^
2488:.
2478:41
2476:.
2452:.
2442:24
2440:.
2426:^
2412:.
2402:27
2400:.
2382:^
2364:.
2360:.
2335:.
2329:.
2318:^
2304:.
2296:.
2286:27
2284:.
2246:^
2228:.
2224:.
2199:.
2193:.
2178:^
2125:.
2078:.
2066:,
2038:,
2030:,
2019:.
1742:,
1738:,
1686:.
1601:6
1592:58
1557:34
1522:27
1487:32
1452:24
1426:2
1417:32
1382:34
1347:80
1305:44
1267:46
1241:?
1216:?
1181:?
1172:25
1137:51
763:.
748:,
744:,
724:,
662:,
631:,
627:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
588:.
586:BP
574:ka
526:.
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
337:,
333:,
282:,
180:,
176:,
4719:e
4712:t
4705:v
4654::
4635:.
4611:.
4584:.
4548:.
4522:.
4491:.
4479::
4471::
4447:.
4421:.
4390:.
4359:.
4315:.
4277:.
4242::
4212:.
4182:.
4146:.
4120:.
4090:.
4057:.
4051::
4043::
4016:.
3989::
3981::
3951:.
3924::
3916::
3886:.
3852:.
3822:.
3795::
3787::
3756:.
3734::
3726::
3699:.
3687::
3679::
3655:.
3643::
3635::
3609:2
3579:.
3546:.
3542::
3534::
3511:.
3482::
3474::
3466::
3436:.
3424::
3398:.
3373:.
3369::
3361::
3317:.
3305::
3297::
3269:.
3250::
3242::
3211:.
3168:.
3148::
3140::
3090:.
3086::
3063:.
3037:.
3012:.
2978:.
2952:.
2910:.
2898::
2890::
2821:.
2788:.
2782::
2774::
2742:.
2730::
2722::
2694:.
2690::
2682::
2656:.
2629:.
2597:.
2576::
2568::
2522:.
2496:.
2492::
2484::
2460:.
2456::
2448::
2420:.
2416::
2408::
2376:.
2346:.
2312:.
2300::
2292::
2240:.
2210:.
1598:?
1560:6
1525:3
1493:?
1490:5
1455:5
1420:6
1385:6
1350:6
1310:7
1270:6
1235:7
1232:?
1210:7
1178:?
1175:7
1143:?
1140:7
645:2
490:(
214:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.