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Germany, and the Holy See. It was concluding its own political and commercial treaties and using the apparatus of international relations to pursue its interests. It had received the accolade of election to a non-permanent seat on the council of the League of
Nations and asserted its full equality with Britain and the other dominions within the Commonwealth.
1713:). Furthermore, Ireland's main political parties; Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil and Labour, all had an inherently corporatist outlook. The government was the subject of intense lobbying by leading Church figures throughout the 1930s in calling for reform of the State's framework. Much of this was reflected in the new 1937 Constitution.
1705:, as Catholicism was perceived to be deeply imbedded with the perception of Irish identity). A clear example of this is the model of the reconstituted Seanad Éireann (the Senate), which operates based on a system of vocational panels, along with a list of appointed nominating industry bodies, a corporatist concept (seen in
1144:, who had headed English and British administrations in Ireland since the Middle Ages. Governors-General were appointed by the king initially on the advice of the British Government, but with the consent of the Irish Government. From 1927, the Irish Government alone had the power to advise the king whom to appoint.
1805:) the term Dominion was very ambiguous. At the time of the founding of the League of Nations in 1924, the League Covenant made provision for the admission of any "fully self-governing state, Dominion, or Colony", the implication being that "Dominion status was something between that of a colony and a state"
1826:), being recognized as sovereign states in their own right. Unlike what happened in Australia in 1942 and New Zealand in 1947, the whole statute was applied to the Dominion of Canada, the Irish Free State, and the Union of South Africa without the need for any acts of ratification.
1168:
Ireland, not specifically to the King of the United
Kingdom. Secondly, it was to the king explicitly in his role as part of the Treaty settlement, not in terms of pre-1922 British rule. The Oath itself came from a combination of three sources, and was largely the work of Michael Collins in the Treaty
1035:
The Treaty allowed for the creation of a separate state to be known as the Irish Free State, with dominion status, within the then
British Empire—a status equivalent to Canada. The Parliament of Northern Ireland could, by presenting an address to the king, opt not to be included in the Free State, in
1423:
It sought, and got, the king's acceptance to have an Irish minister, to the complete exclusion of
British ministers, formally advise the king in the exercise of his powers and functions as king in the Irish Free State. This gave the President of the Executive Council the right to directly advise the
1411:
The
Statute of Westminster of 1931, embodying a decision of an Imperial Conference, enabled each dominion to enact new legislation or to change any extant legislation, without resorting to any role for the British Parliament that may have enacted the original legislation in the past. It also removed
2298:
it was legally clear that the treaty, and the associated provisional parliament and government, applied only to the 26 counties... implied politically – but not legally – that the Irish Free State had some right to
Northern Ireland. But partition was acknowledged expressly in the treaty...following
1180:
a direct oath to the Crown, a fact arguably incorrect by an examination of its wording, but in 1922 Ireland and beyond, many argued that the fact remained that as a dominion the King (and therefore the
British) was still Head of State and that was the practical reality that influenced public debate
1548:
The Irish Free State was an established element in the
European system and a member of the League of Nations. It had blazed a trail in asserting the rights of the dominions to their own foreign policy, in the process establishing full diplomatic relations with the United States, France, Belgium,
1859:
which gave it force of law, had the legal effect under United
Kingdom law of making Northern Ireland a part of the Irish Free State for one or two days is a point legal writers have disagreed on. One writer has argued that the terms of the Treaty legally applied only to the 26 counties, and the
2343:
67 ILTR 253 it was held that, because the notice took effect after the
Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) had come into operation, most of those domiciled in Northern Ireland had become Irish citizens under Article 3 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát
1398:
document between a dominion and the United Kingdom. Entitlement of citizenship of the Free State was defined in the Irish Free State Constitution, but the status of that citizenship was contentious. One of the first projects of the Free State was the design and production of the
1480:". He was advised by senior law officers and other constitutional experts that, as the crown and governor-generalship existed separately from the constitution in a vast number of acts, charters, orders-in-council, and letters patent, they both still existed. A second bill, the "
1219:, the main Sinn Féin organiser. On resigning, he then sought re-election but was defeated two days later on a vote of 60–58. The pro-Treaty Arthur Griffith followed as President of the Irish Republic. Michael Collins was chosen at a meeting of the members elected to sit in the
130:
132:
1860:
government of the Free State never had any powers—even in principle—in Northern Ireland. Another writer has argued that on the day it was established the jurisdiction of the Free State was the island of Ireland. A 1933 court decision in Ireland took the latter view. The
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In the conduct of external relations, the Free State tried to push the boundaries of its status as a Dominion. It 'accepted' credentials from international ambassadors to Ireland, something no other dominion up to then had done. It registered the treaty with the
131:
1658:
in 1998 to remove jurisdictional claim over the entire island and to recognise that "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island".
1460:
The Statute of Westminster allowed de Valera, on becoming President of the Executive Council (February 1932), to go even further. With no ensuing restrictions on his policies, he abolished the Oath of Allegiance (which Cosgrave intended to do had he won the
1003:
party won a large majority of the Irish seats in the British parliament: 73 of the 105 constituencies returned Sinn Féin members (25 uncontested). The elected Sinn Féin MPs, rather than take their seats at Westminster, set up their own assembly, known as
1592:
Irish society during this period was extremely Roman Catholic, with Roman Catholic thinkers promoting anti-capitalist, anti-communist, anti-Protestant, anti-Masonic, and antisemitic views in Irish society. Through the works of priests such as
1359:
As with the other dominions, the Free State had a status of association with the UK rather than being completely legally independent from it. However, the meaning of 'Dominion status' changed radically during the 1920s, starting with the
1601:, Irish society saw capitalism, individualism, communism, private banking, the promotion of alcohol, contraceptives, divorce, and abortion as the pursuits of the old 'Protestant-elite' and Jews, with their efforts combined through the
1443:
and its replacement by the Great Seal of Saorstát Éireann, which the king awarded to the Irish Free State in 1931. (The Irish Seal consisted of a picture of King George V enthroned on one side, with the Irish state harp and the words
2510:
1456:
When Éamon de Valera became President of the Executive Council (prime minister) in 1932 he described Cosgrave's ministers' achievements simply. Having read the files, he told his son, Vivion, "they were magnificent, son".
1412:
Westminster's authority to legislate for the Dominions, except with the express request and consent of the relevant Dominion's parliament. This change had the effect of making the dominions, including the Free State,
1567:
According to one report, in 1924, shortly after the Free State's establishment, the new dominion had the "lowest birth-rate in the world". The report noted that amongst countries for which statistics were available
1553:
By contrast, the military was drastically reduced in size and scope, with its budget cut by 82% from 1924 to 1929. The active duty forces were reduced from 28,000 men to 7,000. Cooperation with London was minimal.
2435:
was passed, as were other Acts concerning her Style in other parts of the Empire. Until then the British monarch had only one style. The king was never simply the "King of Ireland" or the "King of the Irish Free
2299:
the text of article 12, requested that the powers of the parliament and government of the Irish Free State should no longer extend to Northern Ireland. This does not mean they had so extended on 6 December 1922.
1649:
was instituted in place of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The new constitution claimed jurisdiction over all of Ireland while recognising that legislation would not apply in Northern Ireland (see
1584:, Australia, the United States, Britain, New Zealand, Finland, and the Irish Free State), Ceylon had the highest birth rate at 40.8 per 1,000 while the Irish Free State had a birth rate of just 18.6 per 1,000.
122:
2338:
The jurisdiction of the Free State was the island of Ireland. The Northern Ireland Parliament gave notice, as it was entitled to do, that it did not wish to come under the jurisdiction of the Free State. In
1300:
had not been on offer, the Treaty still afforded Ireland more internal independence than it had possessed in over 400 years, and far more autonomy than had ever been hoped for by those who had advocated for
1334:, the UK government continued to have a role in Irish governance. Officially the representative of the king, the Governor-General also received instructions from the British Government on his use of the
3070:
1697:
The 1937 Constitution saw a notable ideological slant to the changes of the framework of the State in such a way as to create one that appeared to be distinctly Irish. This was done so by implementing
1496:
from its inception; there is no reference in the Treaty or in either of the enabling Acts to currency. Nonetheless, and within a few years, the Dáil passed the Coinage Act, 1926 (which provided for a
3282:
1224:
1666:
The State recognises the special position of the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens. The State also recognises the
1346:, explicitly named Bills that were to be rejected if passed by the Dáil and Seanad, such as any attempt to abolish the Oath. In the event, no such Bills were ever introduced, so the issue was moot.
1292:
Michael Collins described the Treaty as "the freedom to achieve freedom". In practice, the Treaty offered most of the symbols and powers of independence. These included a functioning, if disputed,
1176:
Although 'a new departure', and notably indirect in its reference to the monarchy, it was criticised by nationalists and republicans for making any reference to the Crown, the claim being that it
917:
relinquished nearly all of its remaining authority to legislate for the Free State and the other dominions. This had the effect of granting the Free State internationally recognised independence.
1028:
and guaranteeing the British presence in Ireland. In October negotiations opened in London between members of the British government and members of the Dáil, culminating in the signing of the
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1123:
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In 1937 the Fianna Fáil government presented a draft of an entirely new Constitution to Dáil Éireann. An amended version of the draft document was subsequently approved by the Dáil. A
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932:, which refused to recognise the state. The Civil War ended in victory for the government forces, with its opponents dumping their arms in May 1923. The Anti-Treaty political party,
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negotiations. It came in part from a draft oath suggested prior to the negotiations by President de Valera. Other sections were taken by Collins directly from the Oath of the
5627:
1655:
3147:
1126:. In practice, most of the real power was exercised by the Executive Council, as the Governor-General was almost always bound to act on the advice of the Executive Council.
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1476:
One major policy error occurred in 1936 when he attempted to use the abdication of King Edward VIII to abolish the crown and governor-general in the Free State with the "
3991:
3320:
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1605:. Denis Fahey described Ireland as "the third most Masonic country in the world" and saw this alleged order as contrary to the creation of an independent Irish State.
2030:
1932:
1152:
As with all dominions, provision was made for an Oath of Allegiance. Within dominions, such oaths were taken by parliamentarians personally towards the monarch. The
4837:
1651:
2213:
It is certainly true that the Treaty went through the motions of including Northern Ireland within the Irish Free State while offering it the provision to opt out
1691:
4057:
5622:
5096:
1965:
1235:'s Crown-appointed Provisional Government effectively subsumed Griffith's republican administration with the death of both Collins and Griffith in August 1922.
862:, which was made up of the remaining six counties, exercised its right under the Treaty to opt out of the new state. The Free State government consisted of the
1338:, namely a Bill passed by the Dáil and Seanad could be Granted Assent (signed into law), Withheld (not signed, pending later approval) or Denied (vetoed). The
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1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.
1040:
would be established to determine where the boundary between them should lie. Members of the parliament of the Free State would be required to take an
1016:, fought between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British security forces, continued until July 1921 when a truce came into force. By this time the
3944:
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902:. The oath was a key issue for opponents of the Treaty, who refused to take it and therefore did not take their seats. Pro-Treaty members, who formed
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king in his capacity as His Majesty's Irish Prime Minister. Two examples of this are the signing of a treaty between the Irish Free State and the
1374:
1074:. The following day, the Commons and the Senate of Northern Ireland passed resolutions "for the express purpose of opting out of the Free State".
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1781:
and the Irish Free State considered each other as states with equal status within the British Empire. However, for other sovereign states (i.e.
4188:
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declared the equality of all member states of the Commonwealth. The Conference also led to a reform of the king's title, given effect by the
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Except perhaps by inference: the Treaty assigned to the Irish Free State the same status in the Empire as Canada and the latter had already
2264:
1897:
1856:
1173:(IRB), of which he was the secret head. In its structure, it was also partially based on the form and structure used for 'Dominion status'.
3115:
891:
479:
5597:
5587:
4892:
4275:
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1215:, who had resigned as President of the Republic on the treaty's ratification. His resignation outraged some of his own supporters, notably
1103:
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1419:
The Free State symbolically marked these changes in two mould-breaking moves soon after winning internationally recognised independence:
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By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
1354:
Poster promoting Irish Free State farm goods for breakfast to Canadians ("Irish Free State butter, eggs and bacon for our breakfasts")
1207:
The compromises contained in the agreement caused the civil war in the 26 counties in June 1922 – April 1923, in which the pro-Treaty
93:
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1524:. British coinage remained acceptable in the Free State at an equal rate. In 1937, when the Free State was superseded by Ireland (
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in July of that year. The Free State came to an end with the coming into force of the new constitution on 29 December 1937, when
949:
914:
296:
5127:
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4282:
3728:
1484:" was quickly introduced to repeal the necessary elements. De Valera retroactively dated the second act back to December 1936.
1118:
Executive authority was vested in the king, with the Governor-General as his representative. He appointed a cabinet called the
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in 1923, held an effective majority in the Dáil from 1922 to 1927 and thereafter ruled as a minority government until 1932.
2026:
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2316:"A Legal Analysis of Incorporating Into UK Law the Birthright Commitment under the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement 1998"
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and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.
1170:
1153:
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899:
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644:
628:
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3226:
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1958:
1815:
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1623:
1508:). The new Saorstát pound was defined by the 1927 Act to have exactly the same weight and fineness of gold as was the
1462:
1331:
1228:
996:
953:
910:
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5321:
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Peace by Ordeal: An Account, from first-hand sources, of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921
87:
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3178:
2393:
1995:
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with its own executive, judiciary and written constitution which could be changed by the Oireachtas. Although an
1037:
1013:
944:
failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin and led most of its membership into a new party,
828:
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and to declare that they would be "faithful" to the king (a modification of the oath taken in other dominions).
5457:
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4917:
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made more detailed provision for the state's system of government, with a three-tier parliament, called the
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the ambiguity is dispelled for the international community with three British Dominions (Irish Free State,
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3772:
3723:
3127:
1594:
1343:
1335:
1320:
937:
5366:
2321:. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. para. 91.
1544:
According to Gerard Keown, by 1932 much had been achieved in the quest for an independent foreign policy.
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in 1973. After the setting up of the Free State in 1923, unionism in the south largely came to an end.
1216:
1378:, which changed the king's royal title so that it took account of the fact that there was no longer a
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2596:
Ireland as a Catholic Corporatist State: A Historical Institutional Analysis of Healthcare in Ireland
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610:
286:
110:
2900:
First of the Small Nations: The Beginnings of Irish Foreign Policy in the Inter-war Years, 1919-1932
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First of the Small Nations: The Beginnings of Irish Foreign Policy in the Interwar Years, 1919–1932
1263:
1062:
The Irish Free State was established on 6 December 1922, and the Provisional Government became the
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2358:"The Commonwealth and the Oath of Allegiance Crisis: A Study in Inter-War Commonwealth Relations"
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independent nations—thus fulfilling Collins' vision of having "the freedom to achieve freedom".
1394:
as an international document, over the objections of the United Kingdom, which saw it as a mere
1259:
The following were the principal parties of government of the Free State between 1922 and 1937:
1212:
1122:
to "aid and advise" him. The Executive Council was presided over by a prime minister called the
941:
435:
3095:
2874:
Girvin, Brian. "Beyond Revisionism? Some Recent Contributions to the Study of Modern Ireland."
1864:
position was that Northern Ireland was treated as at all times being within the United Kingdom.
30:
This article is about the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937. For the current Irish state, see
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on the issue. The Free State was not a republic. The Oath became a key issue in the resulting
73:
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Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State and to declare fidelity to the king
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226:
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898:(the upper house), also known as the Senate. Members of the Dáil were required to take an
624:
163:
79:
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in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.
2507:"Otautau Standard and Wallace County Chronicle, Vol. XVIX, Iss. 971, 11 March 1924, p. 1"
1738:
1382:. The king adopted the following style by which he would be known in all of his empire:
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Drafting the Irish Constitution, 1935–1937: Transnational Influences in Interwar Europe
1778:
1730:
1642:
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1365:
1339:
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1232:
1164:. That second fidelity element, however, was qualified in two ways. It was to the King
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879:
851:
832:
820:
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Kissane, Bill. "Eamon De Valera and the Survival of Democracy in Inter-War Ireland".
5556:
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4448:
4322:
3797:
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Corcoran, Donal. "Public policy in an emerging state: The Irish Free State 1922-25."
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2000:
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ratified the Treaty on 7 January 1922, causing a split in the republican movement. A
988:
381:
283:
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2390:
Green Against Green–The Irish Civil War: A History of the Irish Civil War, 1922–1923
1516:
at 1:1 with sterling. The State circulated its new national coinage in 1928, marked
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1008:(Assembly of Ireland). It affirmed the formation of an Irish Republic and passed a
273:
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2357:
933:
121:
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1698:
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882:, who had led both of these administrations since August 1922, became the first
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defeated the anti-Treaty Republican forces. The latter were led, nominally, by
5000:
4644:
4523:
4433:
4397:
4387:
4193:
1720:
1324:
1323:
on Ireland's south and north-west coasts which were to remain occupied by the
5538:
5525:
2555:
1140:
The office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State replaced the previous
198:
185:
5133:
5032:
4753:
4537:
4392:
4367:
4342:
3767:
2598:. Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Limerick.
1634:) repealed the 1922 Constitution, and came into effect on 29 December 1937.
1285:
991:
of 1916 and its aftermath caused a profound shift in public opinion towards
840:
339:
4718:
4438:
3298:
2716:
The Ireland of Edward Cahill SJ 1868–1941: A Secular or a Christian State?
5432:
5296:
5109:
4944:
4877:
4542:
4428:
4372:
3777:
1798:
1662:
With regard to religion, a section of Article 44 included the following:
1425:
847:
315:
158:
2621:
Neo-corporatism, New Realism and Social Partnership in Ireland 1970–1999
17:
5183:
5173:
4862:
4847:
4746:
4533:
4513:
3487:
2913:
2879:
2534:"The Problem of Capitalism in Irish Catholic Social Thought, 1922–1950"
1638:
1386:. That was the king's title in Ireland just as elsewhere in his empire.
737:(6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its
268:
2903:
2463:
936:, refused to take its seats in the Dáil, leaving the relatively small
5265:
5163:
5153:
4732:
4725:
4570:
4503:
4362:
1819:
1790:
1786:
177:
2027:"The Irish War of Independence – A Brief Overview – The Irish Story"
2977:
2831:
Big Fellow, Long Fellow: A Joint Biography of Collins and De Valera
1448:
on the reverse. It is now on display in the Irish National Museum,
1223:(a body set up under the Government of Ireland Act 1920) to become
4782:
4352:
1794:
1436:
in 1936 separately from the recognition by the British Parliament.
1349:
1280:
1242:
1081:
3456:
1162:
fidelity, to His Majesty, King George V, his heirs and successors
2636:
Fianna Fail and Irish Labour Party: From Populism to Corporatism
1156:
was fundamentally different. It had two elements; the first, an
940:
as the only opposition party. In 1926, when Sinn Féin president
5078:
4308:
4098:
3919:
3525:
3460:
3302:
2981:
4470:
1231:
in June gave overwhelming support for the pro-Treaty parties.
1225:
Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State
784:
764:
2952:
Defending Ireland: The Irish State and Its Enemies since 1922
2477:
Defending Ireland: The Irish State and Its Enemies since 1922
2257:
Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution 1910-1922
2055:, Routledge, 2013, chapter 2 "The Easter Rising", pp. 26–28.
773:
1469:, university representation in the Dáil, and appeals to the
959:
De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and embarked on
787:
2418:
Long after the Irish Free State had ceased to exist, when
1626:, when a relatively narrow majority approved it. The new
1892:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 17.
1364:
in 1922 and quickly followed by the directly negotiated
1042:
oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State
3899:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1801:, etc) and the international community as a whole (i.e
1622:
was held on 1 July 1937, which was the same day as the
1185:
that divided the pro and anti-treaty sides in 1922–23.
1111:, made up of the king and two houses, Dáil Éireann and
1482:
Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937
1403:
which was carried out on behalf of the Government by
1093:
The Treaty established that the new state would be a
799:
790:
767:
761:
758:
3629:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3278:
Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937
2289:. The Belfast Press. pp. 66, 68. Archived from
1500:
coinage) and the Currency Act, 1927 (which provided
1086:
A symbol most often associated with the new state's
776:
770:
5289:
5116:
4953:
4891:
4828:
4768:
4681:
4629:
4584:
4551:
4496:
4461:
4411:
4330:
4321:
4239:
4142:
4111:
4004:
3932:
3866:
3654:
3538:
3414:
3391:
3350:
3260:
3240:
3194:
3187:
3156:
3103:
3048:
2405:Michael Gallagher, "The changing constitution." in
1203:
Funeral procession of Michael Collins, Dublin, 1922
781:
643:
635:
607:
594:
571:
557:
548:
540:
532:
527:
510:
497:
485:
470:
455:
445:
429:
417:
403:
387:
375:
363:
349:
333:
321:
309:
295:
279:
267:
235:
214:
170:
154:
41:
2773:
2750:
1964:. Dublin: The Stationery Office. 1938. p. 2.
827:of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year
3992:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
2309:
2307:
2283:The Belfast Agreement: A Practical Legal Analysis
870:(cabinet), which replaced both the revolutionary
2714:Morrissey, Thomas; Morrissey, Thomas J. (2021).
2362:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1439:The unprecedented replacement of the use of the
4838:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
2185:. In Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (eds.).
1846:Co-official and the most widely spoken language
1664:
1760:– first issued by the Irish Free State in 1928
5633:States and territories disestablished in 1937
5090:
3472:
3428:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
3314:
2993:
1701:policies (based on the concepts of the Roman
1158:oath to the Free State, as by law established
8:
5603:History of the Republic of Ireland by period
2187:The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture
1024:, presenting the republican movement with a
27:State in north-west Europe from 1922 to 1937
5508:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence
3601:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3376:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2135:The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics
1380:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
920:In the first months of the Free State, the
866:– the representative of the king – and the
742:
684:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
107:
46:
5628:States and territories established in 1922
5097:
5083:
5075:
5024:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
4327:
4318:
4305:
4108:
4095:
3929:
3916:
3535:
3522:
3479:
3465:
3457:
3321:
3307:
3299:
3191:
3148:Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann
3000:
2986:
2978:
2189:. Liverpool University Press. p. 68.
1078:Governmental and constitutional structures
143:
38:
2545:
2373:
2117:p. 40, Cambridge University Press (1989)
1690:Following a referendum, this section was
1319:Britain retained the so-called strategic
1308:However, a number of conditions existed:
1064:Executive Council of the Irish Free State
4843:Association football in Northern Ireland
3268:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
2920:Ireland, 1912-1985: politics and society
2794:Eamon de Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland
2259:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 342.
2158:
2156:
2154:
2075:The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000
1931:. Central Statistics Office. p. 1.
1198:
1136:Governor-General of the Irish Free State
1099:Governor-General of the Irish Free State
924:was waged between the newly established
5608:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
5593:Former countries of the interwar period
4039:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
3288:Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland
3071:Vice-President of the Executive Council
1877:
1770:
1680:Religious Society of Friends in Ireland
1471:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1375:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
963:with the UK. In 1937, he drafted a new
948:, which entered the Dáil following the
823:established in December 1922 under the
606:
593:
547:
544:70,000 km (27,000 sq mi)
539:
536:84,000 km (32,000 sq mi)
526:
469:
3283:Chairman of the Provisional Government
2743:Éamon de Valera § Further reading
2115:Ireland 1912–1985 Politics and Society
2092:from the original on 22 September 2021
1886:O'Day, Alan (1987). Alan O'Day (ed.).
501:Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
2033:from the original on 1 September 2021
1857:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922
1512:at the time, making the new currency
1428:in 1931, and the act recognising the
952:. It formed the government after the
814:
556:
552:
531:
509:
496:
492:
454:
428:
416:
412:
402:
386:
374:
362:
358:
348:
332:
320:
308:
304:
294:
7:
5623:Modern history of the United Kingdom
3030:Constitution of the Irish Free State
2890:(Macmillan 1928); detailed coverage.
2649:Tovey, Hilary; Share, Perry (2003).
2203:from the original on 29 January 2017
2053:The Republican Revolution, 1916–1923
1938:from the original on 20 October 2019
1221:House of Commons of Southern Ireland
1104:Constitution of the Irish Free State
1101:as representative of the Crown. The
956:, when it became the largest party.
846:The Free State was established as a
816:[ˈsˠiːɾˠsˠt̪ˠaːt̪ˠˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]
149:The Irish Free State (green) in 1929
2922:(Cambridge University Press, 1989)
2776:De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow
2690:"New Seanad could cause turbulence"
2676:Corporatist Developments in Ireland
2407:Politics in the Republic of Ireland
2328:from the original on 9 October 2022
2139:Elections, Revolution and Civil War
2007:from the original on 30 August 2019
1971:from the original on 9 October 2022
1492:The new state continued to use the
1478:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act
1227:in accordance with the Treaty. The
4068:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3843:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3641:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
3066:President of the Executive Council
2930:McCardle, Dorothy (January 1999).
2753:Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945
2532:Beatty, Aidan (30 December 2021).
1906:from the original on 14 April 2016
1528:), the pound became known as the "
1124:President of the Executive Council
1072:President of the Executive Council
1020:had opened, established under the
884:President of the Executive Council
405:President of the Executive Council
25:
5578:1937 disestablishments in Ireland
3853:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
2902:(Oxford University Press, 2016).
2513:from the original on 1 April 2012
1884:Officially adopted in July 1926.
909:In 1931, with the passage of the
5246:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5058:
4022:Tallest buildings and structures
3094:
2859:Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power
1737:
1723:
915:Parliament of the United Kingdom
754:
715:
690:
676:
119:
86:
72:
2910:Journal of Contemporary History
2888:The Irish Free State, 1922-1927
2851:De Valera's Finest Hour 1932–59
2547:10.4000/etudesirlandaises.11722
2492:(Macmillan 1928);. pp.176–190
2490:The Irish Free State, 1922-1927
1342:to the first Governor-General,
1272:under Éamon de Valera (1932–37)
1160:, the second part a promise of
993:the republican cause in Ireland
5568:1922 establishments in Ireland
3858:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
2820:Irish Journal of Public Policy
1889:Reactions to Irish nationalism
1672:Presbyterian Church in Ireland
1401:Great Seal of Saorstát Éireann
1266:under W. T. Cosgrave (1922–32)
1022:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1018:Parliament of Northern Ireland
997:December 1918 General Election
1:
3086:Ministers and Secretaries Act
2876:The English Historical Review
2409:(Routledge, 2009) pp.94-130.
2392:(Gill & Macmillan, 2004)
2375:10.1080/03086534.2016.1175735
2314:Harvey, Alison (March 2020).
1637:The state was named Ireland (
4923:Northern Ireland flags issue
3874:List of conflicts in Ireland
3618:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
2653:. Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
2141:Gill & Macmillan (2005)
1926:"1926 Census Vol.3 Table 1A"
1532:" and the coins were marked
1522:national series of banknotes
1330:Prior to the passage of the
1239:"Freedom to achieve freedom"
1171:Irish Republican Brotherhood
890:or legislature consisted of
854:. It comprised 26 of the 32
5598:Former monarchies of Europe
5588:Former countries in Ireland
3894:Gaelic clothing and fashion
3273:External Relations Act 1936
2878:124#506, 2009, pp. 94–107.
2449:(with the Canadian Dollar).
2072:Ferriter, Diarmuid (2004).
1959:"Census of Population 1936"
1855:Whether the Treaty, or the
1816:Statute of Westminster 1931
1676:Methodist Church in Ireland
1580:, the Netherlands, Canada,
1130:Representative of the Crown
1010:Declaration of Independence
5649:
5583:Former Commonwealth realms
3179:Courts of Justice Act 1924
2912:(2007). 42 (2): 213–226.
2740:
2718:. Messenger Publications.
2447:replaced the British Pound
2183:"The Origins of Partition"
1996:Collins English Dictionary
1609:After the Irish Free State
1192:
1133:
831:between the forces of the
29:
5502:Annexed by Canada in 1949
5497:
5054:
4317:
4304:
4107:
4094:
3928:
3915:
3534:
3521:
3497:
3443:
3336:
3092:
3015:
2954:(2000); on the military;
2866:Modern Ireland, 1600-1972
2674:Moylan, M. T. C. (1983).
2462:(Oxford UP, 2016) p. 243
2422:ascended the Throne, the
2356:Coffey, Donal K. (2016).
1654:). Articles 2 and 3 were
1248:Irish Free State passport
967:, which was adopted by a
878:set up under the Treaty.
829:Irish War of Independence
743:
655:
567:
553:
523:
493:
441:
413:
399:
359:
345:
305:
142:
108:
102:
68:
63:
2800:Coogan, Tim Pat (1990).
2772:Coogan, Tim Pat (1993).
2078:. Profile. p. 183.
1370:1926 Imperial Conference
1277:Constitutional evolution
1154:Irish Oath of Allegiance
5015:Prostitution (Republic)
3330:Irish states since 1171
2849:Dwyer, T. Ryle (1982).
2845:excerpt and text search
2829:Dwyer, T. Ryle (2006).
2749:Carroll, J. T. (1975).
2619:McGinley, Jack (2000).
2594:Adshead, Maura (2003).
2280:Morgan, Austen (2000).
2255:Fanning, Ronan (2013).
1753:Irish states since 1171
1645:), and a new office of
1628:Constitution of Ireland
1441:Great Seal of the Realm
1312:The king remained king
1294:parliamentary democracy
1250:(holder's name removed)
1095:constitutional monarchy
514:Constitution of Ireland
290:constitutional monarchy
3884:List of Irish kingdoms
3035:Statute of Westminster
3025:Provisional Government
2780:. London: Hutchinson.
2651:A Sociology of Ireland
2634:Allen, Kieran (1995).
2296:on 26 September 2015.
1688:
1597:, Richard Devane, and
1551:
1355:
1332:Statute of Westminster
1289:
1251:
1209:Provisional Government
1204:
1090:
1053:Provisional Government
911:Statute of Westminster
894:(the lower house) and
886:(prime minister). The
876:Provisional Government
47:
5226:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4991:Mass media (Republic)
4935:National coat of arms
3823:IRA Northern Campaign
2757:. David and Charles.
2741:Further information:
2576:See Donal K. Coffey,
2479:(2000) pp.87, 92-93.
2424:Royal Titles Act 1953
2233:Lee (1989), pp. 54–55
2224:Lee (1989), pp. 53–54
1824:Union of South Africa
1632:Bunreacht na hÉireann
1624:1937 general election
1546:
1504:for banknotes of the
1463:1932 general election
1353:
1284:
1246:
1202:
1085:
954:1932 general election
950:1927 general election
837:Irish Republican Army
541:After 8 December 1922
533:Until 8 December 1922
394:Domhnall Ua Buachalla
370:Timothy Michael Healy
257:0.12% Other religions
5539:53.34778°N 6.25972°W
5194:Realm of New Zealand
4913:County coats of arms
4805:List of Irish people
3879:List of Irish tribes
3729:Cromwellian conquest
3715:Plantation of Ulster
3646:Ireland (since 1922)
3399:Republic of Connacht
2431:30 June 2013 at the
2181:Martin, Ged (1999).
1684:Jewish Congregations
1647:President of Ireland
1115:(the Irish Senate).
1032:on 6 December 1921.
609:• Summer (
117:"The Soldiers' Song"
5535: /
5474:Trinidad and Tobago
5124:Antigua and Barbuda
5106:Commonwealth realms
5028:in Northern Ireland
5019:in Northern Ireland
4760:Legendary creatures
4673:Traditional singing
4509:Saint Patrick's Day
4144:Republic of Ireland
4073:Tourist attractions
4058:ROI–UK border
4043:of Northern Ireland
3996:in Northern Ireland
3828:IRA Border Campaign
3803:War of Independence
3773:Second Great Famine
3758:Act of Union (1800)
3710:Flight of the Earls
3567:Lordship of Ireland
3502:Republic of Ireland
3422:Confederate Ireland
3364:Lordship of Ireland
3339:Republic of Ireland
2934:. Wolfhound Press.
2388:Michael Hopkinson,
1426:Portuguese Republic
1264:Cumann na nGaedheal
1038:Boundary Commission
1014:War of Independence
904:Cumann na nGaedheal
856:counties of Ireland
711:Republic of Ireland
195: /
32:Republic of Ireland
5544:53.34778; -6.25972
5065:Ireland portal
4383:Skirts and kidneys
3889:List of High Kings
3808:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3748:First Great Famine
3733:Settlement of 1652
3705:Tyrone's Rebellion
3695:Desmond Rebellions
3584:Kingdom of Ireland
3434:Patriot Parliament
3370:Kingdom of Ireland
3143:Oath of Allegiance
3020:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2932:The Irish Republic
2623:. Trinity College.
2538:Études irlandaises
1991:"Saorstat Eireann"
1758:Series A Banknotes
1356:
1290:
1252:
1205:
1148:Oath of Allegiance
1091:
1030:Anglo-Irish Treaty
825:Anglo-Irish Treaty
215:Official languages
5518:
5517:
5072:
5071:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
4457:
4456:
4348:Bacon and cabbage
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4167:Foreign relations
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4017:Notable buildings
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3454:
3453:
3378: (1801–1922)
3296:
3295:
3256:
3255:
3076:Executive Council
2950:O'Halpin, Eunan.
2725:978-1-78812-430-0
2660:978-0-7171-3501-1
2605:978-1-874653-74-5
2580:(Springer, 2018)
2266:978-0-571-29739-9
2171:Lee (1989), p. 51
2162:Lee (1989), p. 50
1899:978-0-907628-85-9
1836:National language
1803:League of Nations
1711:Quadragesimo anno
1682:, as well as the
1668:Church of Ireland
1614:1937 Constitution
1392:League of Nations
1120:Executive Council
1055:was formed, with
1012:. The subsequent
999:, the republican
868:Executive Council
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
703:
702:
431:• 1932–1937
419:• 1922–1932
389:• 1932–1936
377:• 1928–1932
365:• 1922–1927
335:• 1936–1937
311:• 1922–1936
260:0.30% Unspecified
135:
111:Amhrán na bhFiann
16:(Redirected from
5640:
5618:Island countries
5613:Irish Free State
5573:1930s in Ireland
5563:1920s in Ireland
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5511:
5503:
5216:Papua New Guinea
5099:
5092:
5085:
5076:
5063:
5062:
5061:
4740:Tuatha Dé Danann
4328:
4319:
4306:
4241:Northern Ireland
4219:
4209:
4199:
4109:
4096:
3930:
3917:
3793:Home Rule crisis
3623:Northern Ireland
3536:
3523:
3510:Northern Ireland
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3382:Irish Free State
3351:Governing states
3343:Northern Ireland
3341:(from 1937) and
3323:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3192:
3098:
3061:Governor-General
3009:Irish Free State
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2967:Pakenham Frank.
2945:
2857:Fanning, Ronan.
2854:
2844:
2815:
2796:(New York, 1993)
2791:
2779:
2768:
2756:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2475:Eunan O'Halpin,
2473:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2131:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1882:
1865:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1775:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1709:1931 encyclical
1652:Articles 2 and 3
1588:Cultural outlook
1518:Saorstát Éireann
1450:Collins Barracks
1446:Saorstát Éireann
1434:King Edward VIII
1229:general election
864:Governor-General
860:Northern Ireland
818:
813:
806:
802:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
753:
748:
747:
745:Saorstát Éireann
735:Irish Free State
719:
718:
707:
706:
694:
693:
680:
679:
673:
672:
657:
656:
622:
603:
519:29 December 1937
351:Governor-General
210:
209:
207:
206:
205:
200:
199:53.350°N 6.267°W
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
173:and largest city
159:British Dominion
147:
137:
136:
115:
114:
90:
76:
58:
50:
48:Saorstát Éireann
43:Irish Free State
39:
21:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5553:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5285:
5256:Solomon Islands
5112:
5103:
5073:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5042:
5010:outside Ireland
4981:Historic houses
4949:
4930:Irish Wolfhound
4901:Brighid's Cross
4887:
4858:Gaelic handball
4853:Gaelic football
4824:
4795:Hiberno-Normans
4764:
4677:
4625:
4580:
4561:Hiberno-English
4547:
4492:
4453:
4407:
4313:
4292:
4235:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4138:
4129:Ulster loyalism
4103:
4082:
4000:
3924:
3903:
3862:
3788:Dublin lock-out
3724:Confederate War
3675:Norman invasion
3662:Battles of Tara
3650:
3606:1801–1923
3594:1691–1800
3589:1536–1691
3577:1169–1536
3530:
3517:
3493:
3485:
3455:
3450:
3439:
3410:
3392:Declared states
3387:
3346:
3332:
3327:
3297:
3292:
3252:
3236:
3183:
3152:
3133:Ceann Comhairle
3099:
3090:
3081:Extern minister
3044:
3011:
3006:
2964:
2962:Primary sources
2942:
2929:
2898:Keown, Gerard.
2848:
2841:
2828:
2812:
2802:Michael Collins
2799:
2788:
2771:
2765:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2737:Further reading
2734:
2733:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2694:The Irish Times
2688:
2687:
2683:
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2668:
2661:
2648:
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2643:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2540:(46–2): 43–68.
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2433:Wayback Machine
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
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2197:
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2166:
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2152:
2137: : p. 143
2132:
2128:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2051:Marie Coleman,
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1745:Monarchy portal
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1703:Catholic Church
1616:
1611:
1590:
1565:
1560:
1542:
1490:
1279:
1257:
1241:
1217:Seán T. O'Kelly
1213:Éamon de Valera
1197:
1195:Irish Civil War
1191:
1189:Irish Civil War
1183:Irish Civil War
1150:
1142:Lord Lieutenant
1138:
1132:
1080:
1057:Michael Collins
985:
975:took the name "
961:an economic war
942:Éamon de Valera
930:Anti-Treaty IRA
922:Irish Civil War
872:Dáil Government
811:
804:
800:
780:
757:
751:
750:
716:
691:
677:
617:
614:
598:
590:
560:
516:
506:6 December 1922
503:
476:
461:
436:Éamon de Valera
432:
420:
390:
378:
366:
336:
324:
312:
263:
239:
231:
203:
201:
197:
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189:
186:
184:
182:
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180:
174:
164:Sovereign state
162:
150:
138:
120:
116:
98:
97:
96:
91:
83:
82:
77:
59:
52:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5635:
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5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
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5565:
5555:
5554:
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5513:
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5495:
5494:
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5481:
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5429:
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5409:
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5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5304:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5276:United Kingdom
5273:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5181:
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5040:
5035:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4976:Heritage Sites
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
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4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:Irish diaspora
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:Gaelic Ireland
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
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4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
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4665:
4660:
4659:
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4648:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
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4618:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4529:Rose of Tralee
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:List of dishes
4334:
4332:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4254:D'Hondt method
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4215:Seanad Éireann
4211:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Extreme points
3952:
3947:
3945:Climate change
3942:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:1803 Rebellion
3760:
3755:
3753:1798 Rebellion
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:Williamite War
3735:
3726:
3720:1641 Rebellion
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Spanish Armada
3697:
3692:
3690:Tudor conquest
3687:
3682:
3680:Bruce campaign
3677:
3672:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:(1921–present)
3620:
3615:
3613:Irish Republic
3610:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3572:800–1169
3563:Gaelic Ireland
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3405:Irish Republic
3402:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3358:Gaelic Ireland
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3121:Seanad Éireann
3118:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2927:
2916:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2886:Gwynn, Denis.
2883:
2882:
2872:
2864:Foster, R. F.
2862:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2833:. Gill Books.
2826:
2816:
2810:
2804:. Hutchinson.
2797:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2706:
2681:
2666:
2659:
2641:
2638:. Pluto Press.
2626:
2611:
2604:
2586:
2569:
2524:
2498:
2481:
2468:
2458:Gerard Keown,
2451:
2438:
2411:
2398:
2381:
2368:(3): 492–512.
2348:
2303:
2272:
2265:
2247:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2195:
2173:
2164:
2150:
2126:
2123:978-0521266482
2103:
2084:
2064:
2044:
2018:
1982:
1950:
1917:
1898:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1848:
1839:
1828:
1807:
1779:United Kingdom
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1734:
1731:Ireland portal
1718:
1715:
1707:Pope Pius XI's
1643:Irish language
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1589:
1586:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1541:
1540:Foreign policy
1538:
1506:Saorstát pound
1494:Pound sterling
1489:
1486:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1366:Halibut Treaty
1348:
1347:
1340:letters patent
1328:
1317:
1298:Irish republic
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1237:
1233:W. T. Cosgrave
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1149:
1146:
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1113:Seanad Éireann
1079:
1076:
1068:W. T. Cosgrave
984:
981:
896:Seanad Éireann
880:W. T. Cosgrave
852:British Empire
833:Irish Republic
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
713:
704:
701:
700:
698:Irish Republic
695:
687:
686:
681:
669:
668:
663:
653:
652:
647:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
615:
608:
605:
604:
596:
592:
591:
589:
588:
585:Saorstát pound
582:
575:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
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529:
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521:
520:
517:
511:
508:
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504:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
483:
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477:
471:
468:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
427:
426:
424:W. T. Cosgrave
421:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
385:
384:
379:
376:
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372:
367:
364:
361:
360:
357:
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353:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
334:
331:
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325:
322:
319:
318:
313:
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307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
281:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
262:
261:
258:
255:
249:
247:Roman Catholic
242:
240:
237:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
218:
216:
212:
211:
204:53.350; -6.267
175:
172:
168:
167:
156:
152:
151:
148:
140:
139:
118:
100:
99:
92:
85:
84:
78:
71:
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69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5645:
5634:
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5609:
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5489:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5469:
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5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
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5410:
5408:
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5375:
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5323:
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5308:
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5298:
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5264:
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5093:
5088:
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5077:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Public houses
5031:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
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4909:
4908:
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4899:
4898:
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4890:
4884:
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4879:
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4874:
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3838:Peace process
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3818:The Emergency
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3798:Easter Rising
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3783:Fenian Rising
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3558:Early history
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3174:Chief Justice
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3164:Supreme Court
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2811:0-09-174106-8
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:published as
2789:
2787:9780091750305
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2764:9780844805658
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2159:
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2148:
2147:0-7171-3967-0
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:Garvin, Tom:
2130:
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2085:1-86197-307-1
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2001:HarperCollins
1998:
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1596:
1595:Edward Cahill
1587:
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1385:
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1371:
1368:of 1923. The
1367:
1363:
1362:Chanak crisis
1358:
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1125:
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1100:
1096:
1089:
1088:postal system
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:as chairman.
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:which case a
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:fait accompli
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Easter Rising
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:National Army
923:
918:
916:
912:
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905:
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893:
889:
885:
881:
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873:
869:
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857:
853:
849:
844:
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841:British Crown
838:
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822:
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808:
795:
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712:
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502:
488:
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460:
451:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
425:
422:
408:
406:
398:
395:
392:
383:
382:James McNeill
380:
371:
368:
354:
352:
344:
341:
338:
329:
326:
317:
314:
300:
298:
291:
288:
287:parliamentary
285:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
259:
256:
254:
253:Protestantism
250:
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228:
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223:
220:
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208:
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112:
105:
101:
95:
89:
81:
75:
67:
62:
56:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5520:
5454:South Africa
5444:Sierra Leone
5431:
5407:Newfoundland
5356:
5199:Cook Islands
5056:
5026: /
5017: /
5008: /
4986:Homelessness
4905:
4873:Road bowling
4868:Martial arts
4815:Ulster Scots
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4696:Mythological
4643:
4603:
4576:Ulster Scots
4536: /
4475:
4403:Three-in-One
4214:
4205:Dáil Éireann
4204:
4194:
4152:Constitution
4041: /
4012:Architecture
3994: /
3867:Other topics
3848:Celtic Tiger
3833:The Troubles
3731: /
3722: /
3668: /
3664: /
3640:
3565: /
3553:Protohistory
3381:
3360:(until 1607)
3128:Royal Assent
3116:Dáil Éireann
3008:
2968:
2951:
2931:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2830:
2822:1.1 (2009).
2819:
2801:
2793:
2775:
2752:
2715:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2577:
2572:
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2501:
2489:
2488:Denis Gwynn,
2484:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2441:
2420:Elizabeth II
2414:
2406:
2401:
2389:
2384:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2340:
2337:
2330:. Retrieved
2297:
2291:the original
2282:
2275:
2256:
2250:
2242:Lee (1989),
2238:
2229:
2220:
2212:
2205:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:
2167:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2074:
2067:
2052:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1975:10 September
1973:. Retrieved
1953:
1940:. Retrieved
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1888:
1880:
1861:
1851:
1842:
1831:
1810:
1773:
1696:
1689:
1665:
1661:
1636:
1631:
1617:
1591:
1578:South Africa
1566:
1558:Demographics
1552:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:Hugh Kennedy
1395:
1383:
1373:
1336:Royal Assent
1321:Treaty Ports
1313:
1307:
1291:
1258:
1206:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1139:
1117:
1102:
1092:
1066:, headed by
1061:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1006:Dáil Éireann
986:
965:constitution
958:
938:Labour Party
919:
908:
892:Dáil Éireann
845:
839:(IRA) – and
744:
734:
732:
666:Succeeded by
665:
660:
559:• 1936
323:• 1936
161:(1922–1931)
103:
36:
5542: /
5236:Saint Lucia
5204:New Zealand
5006:Place names
4883:Rugby union
4778:Anglo-Irish
4663:Instruments
4519:The Twelfth
4483:Set dancing
4283:LGBT rights
4189:LGBT rights
4119:Nationalism
3685:Black Death
3430:(1649–1660)
3424:(1642–1653)
3407:(1919–1922)
3384:(1922–1937)
3372:(1541–1800)
3366:(1171–1541)
3345:(from 1922)
3104:Legislative
2918:Lee, J. J.
2207:8 September
2037:1 September
1948:(1861–1926)
1699:corporatist
1599:Denis Fahey
1530:Irish pound
1452:in Dublin.)
1286:Overprinted
1270:Fianna Fáil
1097:, with the
946:Fianna Fáil
661:Preceded by
636:Date format
587:(1928–1937)
581:(1922–1927)
474:Lower house
459:Upper house
446:Legislature
328:Edward VIII
202: /
166:(1931–1937)
5557:Categories
5527:53°20′52″N
5464:Tanganyika
5322:The Gambia
4907:Cláirseach
4810:Travellers
4668:Rock music
4651:Folk music
4586:Literature
4388:Soda bread
4271:Government
4198:parliament
4195:Oireachtas
4172:Government
4112:Ideologies
3743:Penal Laws
3634:since 1922
3548:Prehistory
3217:1927 (Sep)
3212:1927 (Jun)
3169:High Court
3111:Oireachtas
3040:Great Seal
2840:0717140849
2699:23 January
2517:21 October
2332:7 February
2196:0853239517
2061:140827910X
1872:References
1620:plebiscite
1603:Freemasons
1563:Birth rate
1502:inter alia
1430:abdication
1325:Royal Navy
1255:Governance
1109:Oireachtas
983:Background
969:plebiscite
888:Oireachtas
639:dd/mm/yyyy
549:Population
450:Oireachtas
280:Government
269:Demonym(s)
94:Great Seal
5530:6°15′35″W
5397:Mauritius
5134:Australia
5110:dominions
5038:Squatting
4754:Fomorians
4683:Mythology
4553:Languages
4538:Halloween
4514:Bealtaine
4497:Festivals
4488:Stepdance
4393:Spice Bag
4378:Irish fry
4368:Colcannon
4343:Barmbrack
4266:Education
4224:President
4162:Education
4078:Transport
4053:Provinces
3975:Mountains
3950:Coastline
3922:Geography
3813:Civil War
3768:Tithe War
3188:Elections
3157:Judiciary
3049:Executive
2564:245340404
2556:0183-973X
2344:Éireann).
2111:J. J. Lee
2011:30 August
1814:With the
1576:, Spain,
1572:, Chile,
1510:sovereign
1344:Tim Healy
1303:Home Rule
1001:Sinn Féin
995:. In the
973:the state
934:Sinn Féin
819:), was a
752:English:
645:Drives on
595:Time zone
563:2,968,420
340:George VI
236:Religion
64:1922–1937
5488:monarchy
5478:monarchy
5468:monarchy
5458:monarchy
5448:monarchy
5438:monarchy
5433:Rhodesia
5426:monarchy
5422:Pakistan
5416:monarchy
5401:monarchy
5391:monarchy
5381:monarchy
5371:monarchy
5361:monarchy
5346:monarchy
5336:monarchy
5326:monarchy
5316:monarchy
5301:monarchy
5297:Barbados
5280:monarchy
5270:monarchy
5260:monarchy
5250:monarchy
5240:monarchy
5230:monarchy
5220:monarchy
5188:monarchy
5178:monarchy
5168:monarchy
5158:monarchy
5148:monarchy
5138:monarchy
5128:monarchy
4996:Monastic
4961:Calendar
4945:Shamrock
4940:Red Hand
4878:Rounders
4543:Wren Day
4477:Sean-nós
4429:Guinness
4373:Drisheen
4249:Assembly
4231:Taxation
4134:Unionism
4101:Politics
4034:Counties
3778:Land War
3670:Clontarf
3666:Glenmama
3540:Timeline
3415:See also
3261:See also
2511:Archived
2429:Archived
2341:Re Logue
2323:Archived
2201:Archived
2096:19 March
2090:Archived
2031:Archived
2005:Archived
1966:Archived
1933:Archived
1910:28 April
1904:Archived
1862:de facto
1799:Ethiopia
1717:See also
1656:reworded
1498:Saorstát
1488:Currency
1396:internal
1316:Ireland;
928:and the
874:and the
848:dominion
843:forces.
579:Sterling
572:Currency
316:George V
18:Saorstat
5412:Nigeria
5357:Ireland
5184:Jamaica
5174:Grenada
5144:Bahamas
5117:Current
4966:Castles
4893:Symbols
4863:Hurling
4848:Camogie
4747:Firbolg
4733:Immrama
4726:Echtrai
4656:session
4639:Ballads
4616:Theatre
4605:Gaeilge
4599:Fiction
4534:Samhain
4449:Whiskey
4323:Cuisine
4311:Culture
4261:Economy
4157:Economy
3965:Islands
3940:Climate
3933:Natural
3528:History
3488:Ireland
3195:General
2971:(1921)
2868:(1989)
2436:State".
1942:3 March
1692:removed
1641:in the
1582:Germany
1465:), the
1414:de jure
977:Ireland
850:of the
803:-staht
512:•
499:•
486:History
472:•
457:•
297:Monarch
284:Unitary
245:92.57%
227:English
187:53°21′N
171:Capital
104:Anthem:
5484:Uganda
5377:Malawi
5342:Guyana
5307:Ceylon
5290:Former
5266:Tuvalu
5164:Canada
5154:Belize
4971:Cinema
4770:People
4719:Aos Sí
4706:Ulster
4701:Fenian
4691:Cycles
4621:Triads
4611:Poetry
4594:Annals
4571:Shelta
4524:Lúnasa
4504:Imbolc
4439:Poitín
4419:Coffee
4412:Drinks
4363:Coddle
4029:Cities
3980:Rivers
3970:Loughs
3655:Events
3513:topics
3505:topics
3491:topics
3436:(1689)
3401:(1798)
3241:Seanad
2973:online
2956:online
2938:
2924:online
2914:online
2904:online
2892:online
2880:online
2870:online
2861:(2016)
2837:
2824:online
2808:
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2761:
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1791:Brazil
1787:France
1678:, the
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1670:, the
1570:Ceylon
1520:and a
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1467:Seanad
913:, the
835:– the
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190:6°16′W
178:Dublin
155:Status
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5387:Malta
5367:Kenya
5352:India
5332:Ghana
5001:Names
4954:Other
4918:Flags
4830:Sport
4783:Gaels
4711:Kings
4645:Céilí
4631:Music
4566:Irish
4463:Dance
4424:Cream
4358:Champ
4353:Boxty
4276:local
4177:local
4063:Towns
4048:Ports
4005:Human
3960:Fauna
2560:S2CID
2326:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
2287:(PDF)
2244:p. 94
1969:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1795:Japan
1765:Notes
1574:Japan
1288:stamp
821:state
741:name
739:Irish
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274:Irish
222:Irish
55:Irish
5312:Fiji
5209:Niue
5108:and
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4331:Food
3985:list
3248:1925
3232:1937
3227:1933
3222:1932
3207:1923
3202:1922
3056:King
2936:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2701:2022
2655:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2552:ISSN
2519:2009
2334:2022
2261:ISBN
2209:2015
2191:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2098:2019
2080:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2039:2021
2013:2019
1977:2022
1944:2020
1912:2011
1894:ISBN
1822:and
1777:The
1639:Éire
1534:Éire
1526:Éire
1049:Dáil
1047:The
987:The
801:SAIR
733:The
650:left
629:WEST
528:Area
480:Dáil
80:Flag
4471:Jig
4444:Tea
4184:Law
2542:doi
2370:doi
1432:of
1178:was
1070:as
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