788:
5111:
1964:
5141:
5875:
5152:
168:
5136:
5118:
5146:
5130:
1179:(2011) proposed a third hypothesis is dubbed the "woodland hypothesis": Retallack argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water, in woodlands, as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation. He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded floodplains.
600:. The physical structure of tetrapodomorphs, fish bearing resemblance to tetrapods, provides valuable insights into the evolutionary shift from aquatic to terrestrial existence. Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. The first tetrapod land vertebrates, basal amphibian organisms, possessed legs derived from these fins. Sarcopterygians also possess two
4934:
889:
699:
5124:
127:
903:
733:
981:
563:
1187:
A fourth, minority hypothesis posits that advancing onto land achieved more safety from predators, less competition for prey, and certain environmental advantages not found in water—such as oxygen concentration, and temperature control—implying that organisms developing limbs were also adapting to
604:
with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin in ray-finned fish. The braincase of sarcopterygians primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Early sarcopterygians commonly exhibit a symmetrical tail, while all sarcopterygians possess teeth that are coated
656:
Taxonomists who adhere to the cladistic approach include
Tetrapoda within this classification, encompassing all species of vertebrates with four limbs. The fin-limbs found in lobe-finned fishes like the coelacanths display a strong resemblance to the presumed ancestral form of tetrapod limbs.
743:
Dipnoi, commonly referred to as lungfish, but also known as salamanderfish, are a subclass of freshwater fish. Lungfish are best known for retaining characteristics primitive within the bony fishes, including the ability to breathe air, and structures primitive within the lobe-finned fishes,
1188:
spending some of their time out of water. However, studies have found that sarcopterygians developed tetrapod-like limbs suitable for walking well before venturing onto land. This suggests they adapted to walking on the ground-bed under water before they advanced onto dry land.
1100:
period; today fewer than a dozen genera remain, having evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs, adapting to living outside a submerged water environment by the middle
Devonian (397–385 Ma). The tetrapodomorphs, on the other hand, evolved into the fully-limbed
1201:, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch (385–359 Ma), with the appearance of tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods and
685:
and also reflects evolutionary relationships. Benton included the
Superclass Tetrapoda in the Subclass Sarcopterygii in order to reflect the direct descent of tetrapods from lobe-finned fish, despite the former being assigned a higher taxonomic rank.
583:
with fleshy, lobed, paired fins, which are joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-finned fishes differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body that resembles a
764:, the fossil record suggests advanced lungfish had a widespread freshwater distribution and the current distribution of modern lungfish species reflects extinction of many lineages following the breakup of
805:(four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish. Advanced forms transitional between fish and the early
3254:
Hohn-Schulte, B.; Preuschoft, H.; Witzel, U.; Distler-Hoffmann, C. (2013). "Biomechanics and functional preconditions for terrestrial lifestyle in basal tetrapods, with special consideration of
523:, this would make the tetrapods a subgroup within Sarcopterygii and thus sarcopterygians themselves. As a result, the phrase "lobe-finned fish" normally refers to not the entire clade but only
575:, 419 million years ago). It has the combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features places it closer to lobe-finned fish.
3034:
3088:
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle
Devonian period of Poland".
6307:
5776:
2427:
651:
815:, have been referred to as "fishapods" by their discoverers, being half-fish, half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. The Tetrapodomorpha contain the
709:
Actinistia, coelacanths, are a subclass of lobe-finned fishes, all but two of which are species only known through fossils. The subclass
Actinistia contains the
6333:
5693:
1040:. There are otherwise vast differences in fin, respiratory and circulatory structures between the Sarcopterygii and the Actinopterygii, such as the presence of
2760:
4965:
6438:
6132:
6281:
5110:
1081:
still live today in the open oceans and retained many primordial features of ancient sarcopterygians, earning them a reputation as living fossils.
6320:
4417:
4296:
1209:
6137:
3486:
Witzmann, F.; Schoch, R. R. (2012). "A megalichthyid sarcopterygian fish from the Lower
Permian (Autunian) of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany".
2793:
3688:
3142:
5698:
1144:
The first, traditional explanation is the "shrinking waterhole hypothesis", or "desert hypothesis", posited by the
American paleontologist
1052:. They closely resembled the acanthodians (the "spiny fish", a taxon that became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic). In the early–middle
2628:
2520:
Zhu, M.; Zhao, W.; Jia, L.; Lu, J.; Qiao, T.; Qu, Q. (2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters".
835:
unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition. Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a
3008:
2701:
Clack, J.A. (2009). "The fin to limb transition: New data, interpretations, and hypotheses from paleontology and developmental biology".
1148:, who believed that limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up.
839:
with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint). Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early
6453:
5769:
6443:
3735:
3533:
3030:
3002:
2689:
2678:
1096:, and both of them evolved their swim bladders into air-breathing lungs. Lungfish radiated into their greatest diversity during the
5140:
6395:
657:
Lobe-finned fishes seemingly underwent two distinct evolutionary paths, leading to their classification into two subclasses: the
6448:
4958:
4764:
3059:
787:
495:
superclass of vertebrates, are now recognized as having evolved from sarcopterygian ancestors and are most closely related to
5762:
4565:
6325:
5874:
638:, reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length and weighing up 110 kg (240 lb). The largest lungfish is the
426:
5703:
2422:
1056:(416–385 Ma), while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas, some sarcopterygians came into freshwater habitats.
5710:
2475:"The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split"
714:
703:
635:
167:
141:
2838:
A popular exposition of the doctrine of evolution in general, and of that of Darwin, Goethe, and
Lamarck in particular.
1205:
are the only tetrapodomorphs which survived after the
Devonian, with the latter group disappearing during the Permian.
1059:
In the Early
Devonian (416–397 Ma), the sarcopterygians, or lobe-finned fishes, split into two main lineages: the
6433:
6242:
6219:
5896:
4410:
4289:
588:. The scales of sarcopterygians are true scaloids, consisting of lamellar bone surrounded by layers of vascular bone,
1160:. (2010) proposed a second, the "inter-tidal hypothesis": That sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from
5151:
407:
5988:
5824:
4990:
4951:
5145:
6423:
6338:
5678:
2316:
1208:
Non-tetrapod sarcopterygians continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the
2850:
Amemiya, C.T.; Alfoldi, J.; Lee, A.P.; Fan, S.H.; Philippe, H.; MacCallum, I.; Braasch, I.; et al. (2013).
819:
tetrapods (the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants) and several groups of early
6372:
5688:
4891:
3363:"Behavioural evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes"
2768:
2328:
1114:
5135:
5117:
2833:
The History of Creation, or, the Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes
5736:
5129:
2740:
1963:
744:
including the presence of lobed fins with a well-developed internal skeleton. Today, lungfish live only in
6159:
6127:
6071:
6066:
6051:
4403:
4282:
3728:
3541:
1122:
1088:, left the marine world and migrated into freshwater habitats. They then split into two major groups: the
419:
389:
1044:
layers in the scales of sarcopterygians. The earliest sarcopterygian fossils were found in the uppermost
6428:
6359:
6142:
1995:
757:
718:
469:
2181:
396:
6400:
6255:
6247:
6206:
6081:
5993:
5731:
5683:
5370:
4933:
4862:
3634:
3575:
3435:
3374:
3267:
3184:
3099:
2932:
2865:
2710:
2584:
2529:
2486:
2235:
2118:
531:
4721:
4496:
2305:
2096:
1071:, from 385 to 299 Ma, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the
6076:
6003:
4824:
4523:
2783:
2341:
2192:
2129:
1165:
737:
145:
3031:"Research project: The Mid-Palaeozoic biotic crisis: Setting the trajectory of Tetrapod evolution"
2246:
2140:
2025:
6197:
6091:
6056:
5809:
5419:
5267:
4792:
4742:
3696:
3459:
3283:
3200:
3123:
2919:
Lu, Jing; Zhu, Min; Long, John A.; Zhao, Wenjin; Senden, Tim J.; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo (2012).
2610:
2553:
2502:
2447:
2151:
2017:
1982:
1564:
801:
Tetrapodomorpha, tetrapods and their extinct relatives, are a clade of vertebrates consisting of
492:
162:
6364:
4732:
2107:
1951:
262:
2640:
894:
Spindle diagram for the evolution of lobe-finned fishes, tetrapods and other vertebrate classes
6346:
6107:
6086:
6046:
5926:
5844:
5593:
5541:
5498:
5492:
5455:
5443:
5413:
5068:
4974:
3721:
3670:
3652:
3603:
3451:
3402:
3334:
3172:
3115:
2998:
2992:
2960:
2901:
2789:
2685:
2674:
2602:
2545:
2074:
1512:
1498:
1176:
1049:
1000:
682:
294:
1137:
There are three major hypotheses as to how lungfish evolved their stubby fins (proto-limbs).
760:
would suggest this represents an ancient distribution limited to the Mesozoic supercontinent
626:
which may have exceeded 7 meters in length. Among the two groups of living species, the
6387:
6351:
6117:
5891:
5726:
5637:
5620:
5334:
5249:
3660:
3642:
3621:
Choo, Brian; Zhu, Min; Qu, Qingming; Yu, Xiaobo; Jia, Liantao; Zhao, Wenjin (8 March 2017).
3593:
3583:
3495:
3443:
3426:
3392:
3382:
3326:
3275:
3231:
3192:
3107:
3090:
2950:
2940:
2891:
2881:
2873:
2856:
2718:
2592:
2537:
2494:
1164:
rather than inland bodies of water, based on the discovery of the 395 million-year-old
806:
639:
335:
6312:
5123:
2722:
642:
which can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and weigh up to 50 kg (110 lb).
6061:
5965:
5948:
5819:
5606:
5569:
5449:
5400:
5221:
5023:
4880:
4540:
4274:
4137:
3891:
3857:
3784:
3311:
2169:
2165:
1622:
1580:
1536:
1486:
1357:
1161:
1033:
824:
781:
666:
438:
313:
1125:
on dry land and become the dominant terrestrial animals during the Carboniferous and the
3638:
3579:
3439:
3378:
3271:
3188:
3103:
2936:
2869:
2714:
2588:
2533:
2490:
6122:
6013:
5936:
5883:
5854:
5814:
5789:
5581:
5559:
5504:
5486:
5437:
5429:
5406:
5364:
5340:
5085:
4753:
4554:
4006:
3978:
3885:
3665:
3622:
3598:
3563:
3397:
3362:
2896:
2851:
2173:
2085:
1986:
1862:
1447:
1320:
1247:
1202:
1102:
1093:
1006:
921:
820:
612:
Most species of lobe-finned fishes are extinct. The largest known lobe-finned fish was
524:
508:
473:
149:
6211:
3521:(Version 01 January 1997 (under construction) ed.). The Tree of Life Web Project.
1084:
The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in the oceans near river mouths and
6417:
6224:
5943:
5859:
5377:
5352:
5301:
5214:
5096:
5076:
4640:
4629:
4465:
4426:
4337:
4154:
3961:
3236:
3219:
3204:
3147:
2827:
2736:
2506:
2474:
2214:
1870:
1681:
1634:
1595:
1463:
1118:
1110:
1068:
929:
851:
749:
619:
567:
535:
500:
481:
255:
153:
136:
84:
3287:
6008:
5642:
5521:
5461:
5346:
5279:
5174:
4802:
4582:
4343:
4129:
4084:
3989:
3933:
3770:
3463:
3127:
2614:
2257:
1649:
1424:
1290:
1198:
1145:
1064:
1021:
1014:
1010:
960:
952:
916:
681:
The classification below follows Benton (2004), and uses a synthesis of rank-based
606:
580:
227:
209:
42:
3499:
3421:
2557:
3647:
3588:
3279:
2831:
6294:
6191:
6020:
5970:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5629:
5615:
5551:
5480:
5285:
5240:
5187:
5032:
4851:
4842:
4661:
4609:
4046:
3946:
3514:
2290:
2268:
2224:
1907:
1275:
1072:
1029:
828:
816:
658:
543:
304:
299:
59:
3312:"Devonian climate change, breathing, and the origin of the tetrapod stem group"
1067:. Coelacanths never left the oceans and their heyday was the late Devonian and
5921:
5864:
5834:
5829:
5647:
5546:
5391:
5328:
5273:
5255:
5054:
5045:
4830:
4813:
4711:
4681:
4671:
4650:
4486:
4450:
4361:
4353:
4331:
4242:
4181:
4034:
3919:
3873:
3807:
2498:
2363:
2279:
2006:
1940:
1929:
1885:
1702:
1397:
1262:
1060:
970:
912:
857:
845:
823:, and several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the
710:
698:
692:
670:
627:
601:
547:
520:
504:
446:
284:
269:
245:
104:
69:
17:
6182:
3656:
6268:
6025:
5998:
5601:
5358:
5322:
5313:
5227:
4701:
4691:
4619:
4511:
4173:
3863:
3837:
3764:
3387:
2385:
2374:
2352:
2203:
2162:
1979:
1918:
1896:
1727:
1372:
1117:
bottlenecked and selected against the more aquatically adapted groups among
1085:
1077:
1037:
1025:
993:
937:
888:
863:
832:
811:
794:
753:
546:. The only known extant non-tetrapod sarcopterygians are the two species of
453:
179:
109:
53:
3674:
3607:
3455:
3406:
3338:
3119:
2964:
2905:
2606:
2549:
126:
6234:
3713:
3422:"Three-dimensional limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega"
6176:
6030:
5953:
5931:
5839:
5564:
5509:
5466:
5261:
5060:
5038:
5000:
4897:
4868:
4599:
4444:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4325:
4143:
4071:
4059:
3821:
3792:
3745:
3689:"Ancient southern China fish may have evolved prior to the 'Age of Fish'"
3330:
2852:"The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution"
2745:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1053:
1045:
1018:
989:
945:
909:
840:
802:
773:
769:
761:
726:
662:
631:
623:
613:
585:
572:
551:
512:
496:
488:
465:
461:
442:
276:
199:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
46:
5754:
3447:
3111:
2994:
When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions
2877:
2541:
5958:
5652:
5192:
5182:
5164:
4256:
4095:
3941:
2945:
2920:
2035:
1126:
1041:
836:
765:
732:
597:
589:
539:
114:
89:
2955:
1220:
The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Janvier
980:
902:
6299:
5916:
5015:
4438:
4319:
4162:
4119:
4108:
3758:
2981:, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 2.10 on page 35 and Fig 3.25 on page 73
2886:
2400:
1972:
1335:
745:
593:
449:
189:
6153:
4943:
3220:"Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates"
2597:
2572:
562:
6286:
6273:
3564:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of western North America"
3196:
3175:(May 2011). "Woodland hypothesis for Devonian tetrapod evolution".
2921:"The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the lower Devonian of China"
134:
From top to bottom and left to right, examples of sarcopterygians:
5471:
1962:
979:
561:
434:
530:
Non-tetrapod sarcopterygians were once the dominant predators of
6112:
5980:
5793:
4985:
4395:
4187:
4085:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
516:
477:
6157:
5758:
4947:
4399:
4278:
3717:
5801:
5785:
1017:(which share ancestry with lungs) as well as the evolution of
6260:
3979:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
3623:"A new osteichthyan from the late Silurian of Yunnan, China"
460:. These vertebrates are characterised by prominent muscular
344:
3361:
King, H.M.; Shubin, N.H.; Coates, M.I.; Hale, M.E. (2011).
969:
Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as
472:. This is in contrast to the other clade of bony fish, the
380:
374:
359:
6377:
3143:"Oldest footprints of a four-legged vertebrate discovered"
2450:
taxa were not addressed by Ahlberg & Johanson (1998).
414: 'wing, fin') — sometimes considered synonymous with
371:
350:
3249:
3247:
3083:
3081:
368:
2473:
Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Jia, G.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, M. (2021).
3060:"Fish-tetrapod transition got a new hypothesis in 2011"
2830:(1892). Lankester, Edwin Ray; Schmitz, L. Dora (eds.).
1197:
The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic
571:, the earliest-known bony fish, lived during the Late
3054:
3052:
2671:
Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1168:, the oldest discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods.
347:
341:
338:
5634:
5589:
5556:
5538:
5388:
5310:
5237:
5204:
5092:
5081:
5072:
5065:
5050:
5028:
5011:
4798:
4788:
4738:
4728:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4657:
4646:
4636:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4595:
4507:
4492:
4482:
3420:
Pierce, S.E.; Clack, J.A.; Hutchinson, J.R. (2012).
542:
periods, but suffered significant decline after the
365:
356:
353:
6166:
6100:
6039:
5979:
5882:
5800:
5719:
5671:
5580:
5529:
5520:
5428:
5387:
5309:
5300:
5236:
5203:
5173:
5163:
4999:
4879:
4850:
4841:
4812:
4775:
4752:
4580:
4553:
4538:
4506:
4463:
4370:
4352:
4172:
4153:
4128:
4117:
4093:
4069:
4044:
4015:
3987:
3959:
3932:
3917:
3872:
3846:
3820:
3805:
3783:
3367:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
362:
2836:(8th, German ed.). D. Appleton. p. 289.
3695:(Press release). PLoS. March 2017. Archived from
3167:
3165:
1934:Yu 1998 sensu Zhu, Yu, Wang, Zhao & Jia, 2006
941:with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
2428:Cladistic Classification of Class Sarcopterygii
1228:, Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Swartz (2012).
1005:Lobe-finned fishes and their sister group, the
652:Cladistic Classification of Class Sarcopterygii
3218:Carroll, R.L.; Irwin, J.; Green, D.M. (2005).
2807:
2805:
5770:
4959:
4411:
4290:
3729:
2703:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1193:History through to the end-Permian extinction
8:
3300:Carroll, Irwin, & Green (2005), cited in
713:, including the two living coelacanths: the
3183:(3). University of Chicago Press: 235–258.
377:
6154:
5777:
5763:
5755:
5526:
5306:
5170:
4966:
4952:
4944:
4847:
4781:
4588:
4550:
4546:
4475:
4471:
4460:
4418:
4404:
4396:
4297:
4283:
4275:
4169:
4125:
4101:
4077:
4052:
4027:
3999:
3971:
3929:
3925:
3878:
3850:
3830:
3817:
3813:
3780:
3736:
3722:
3714:
2468:
2466:
125:
33:
6133:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3664:
3646:
3597:
3587:
3396:
3386:
3235:
3224:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2991:George r. Mcghee, Jr (12 November 2013).
2954:
2944:
2895:
2885:
2596:
2573:"Palaeontology: Beyond the age of fishes"
1121:. The surviving tetrapods then underwent
2208:Ahlberg, Luksevic & Mark-Kurik, 2000
1956:Choo, Zhu, Qu, Yu, Jia & Zhaoh, 2017
688:
669:, which includes the Tetrapoda) and the
3864:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
2462:
2439:
925:— exhibited a sequence of adaptations:
318:four-limbed vertebrates & relatives
2828:Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August
2723:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124146
1133:Hypotheses for means of pre-adaptation
515:eventually evolved into air-breathing
3037:from the original on 12 December 2013
3011:from the original on 27 December 2019
2673:(second ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill.
1971:and other fauna from the Silurian of
1945:Choo, Zhu, Zhao, Jia, & Zhu, 2014
468:, which are supported by articulated
7:
3515:"Vertebrata: Animals with backbones"
3513:Janvier, Philippe (1 January 1997).
2639:(blog). 1 April 2009. Archived from
831:Tetrapoda are the stem tetrapoda, a
3319:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1923:Zhu, Yu, Wang, Zhao & Jia, 2006
1672:
1665:
1640:
1614:
1586:
1555:
1527:
1504:
1478:
1439:
1416:
1363:
1312:
1281:
1239:
1231:
1013:, characterized by the presence of
956:, which had feet with eight digits,
2816:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Science.
25:
6439:Extant Silurian first appearances
3141:Barley, Shanta (6 January 2010).
2229:Thomson, Shubin & Poole, 1998
2186:(Vorobyeva, 1960) Vorobyeva, 1992
1210:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1156:Niedźwiedzki, Szrek, Narkiewicz,
5873:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5109:
4932:
4007:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
3237:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00151.x
1105:and later the fully terrestrial
948:in weed-filled swamps, such as:
901:
887:
827:. The Tetrapodamorpha minus the
786:
731:
697:
527:members that are not tetrapods.
334:
166:
2357:emend Warren & Turner, 2004
2156:Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992
2101:Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992
881:Evolution of lobe-finned fishes
984:Tooth from the sarcopterygian
673:(represented by coelacanths).
1:
3500:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.03.002
2997:. Columbia University Press.
2767:. Lung fishes. Archived from
2423:List of sarcopterygian genera
2251:(Goldenberg, 1873) Kuhn, 1938
634:, the largest species is the
579:Early lobe-finned fishes are
5711:List of transitional fossils
3648:10.1371/journal.pone.0170929
3589:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
3280:10.1080/08912963.2012.755677
2669:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1998).
2479:Science China Earth Sciences
2240:Colbert & Cosgriff, 1974
715:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
704:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
636:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
142:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
3838:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
1075:. Coelacanths of the genus
933:, suited to muddy shallows;
915:speciation, descendants of
661:(comprising the Dipnoi, or
289:coelacanths & relatives
6470:
6454:Taxa named by Alfred Romer
5989:Flying and gliding animals
5825:Fin and flipper locomotion
4991:Timeline of fish evolution
4265:denote paraphyletic groups
4144:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
2782:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
2182:Parapanderichthys stolbovi
1901:Janvier & Phuong, 1999
998:
708:
649:
452:which includes a group of
425:
406:
403: 'flesh' and
395:
6444:Pridoli first appearances
5871:
5745:
5679:Lists of prehistoric fish
5107:
4981:
4930:
4784:
4591:
4549:
4478:
4474:
4459:
4433:
4314:
4236:
4182:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
4138:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
4104:
4080:
4055:
4030:
4002:
3974:
3928:
3881:
3853:
3833:
3816:
3779:
3753:
3538:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
2788:. John Wiley & Sons.
2761:"Protopterus aethiopicus"
2499:10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8
2368:Baird & Carroll, 1968
2346:Clack & Ahlberg, 2004
2097:Platyethmoidia antarctica
1725:
1698:
1686:Campbell & Bell, 1977
1677:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1596:Panderichthys rhombolepis
1591:
1584:
1560:
1553:
1532:
1525:
1509:
1502:
1483:
1476:
1460:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1414:
1393:
1368:
1361:
1333:
1317:
1310:
1286:
1279:
1260:
1244:
1237:
1184:Habitual escape onto land
1173:Woodland swamp adaptation
1009:, make up the superclass
240:
235:
163:Scientific classification
161:
154:Panderichthys rhombolepis
133:
124:
36:
4243:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
4035:Actinistia (coelacanths)
2979:Vertebrate Palaeontology
2765:Fishing-worldrecords.com
2741:"Family Lepidosirenidae"
2739:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2379:Bolt & Lombard, 2006
2197:Long & Holland, 2008
2130:Thaumatolepis edelsteini
2007:Canningius groenlandicus
1682:Metaxygnathus denticulus
1226:Tree of Life Web Project
1115:Late Devonian Extinction
792:Advanced tetrapodomorph
456:commonly referred to as
309:lungfish & relatives
5737:Vertebrate paleontology
3793:Leptocardii (lancelets)
3532:Haaramo, Mikko (2003).
3388:10.1073/pnas.1118669109
2814:Vertebrate Paleontology
2749:. January 2009 version.
2236:Austrobrachyops jenseni
2119:Sterropterygion brandei
1897:Langdenia campylognatha
433: 'fringe') — is a
6449:Taxa described in 1955
6128:Terrestrial locomotion
6072:Evolution of cetaceans
6067:Origin of avian flight
6052:Evolution of tetrapods
3947:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
3542:University of Helsinki
3351:Clack (2007), cited in
2375:Sigournea multidentata
2204:Livoniana multidentata
2193:Howittichthys warrenae
2086:Megadonichthys kurikae
1975:
1890:(Chang & Yu, 1984)
1153:Inter-tidal adaptation
1028:like the skeletons of
996:
919:lobe-finned fish—like
576:
470:appendicular skeletons
6360:Paleobiology Database
6143:Undulatory locomotion
6092:Homologous structures
3476:King (2011), cited in
2977:Benton, M. J. (2005)
2925:Nature Communications
2812:Benton, M.J. (2004).
2658:. Indiana University.
2571:Coates, M.I. (2009).
2247:Broilisaurus raniceps
2152:Vorobjevaia dolonodon
2011:Säve-Söderbergh, 1937
1996:Bogdanovia orientalis
1966:
1402:Chang & Zhu, 1993
983:
843:onwards, and include
719:Indonesian coelacanth
565:
532:freshwater ecosystems
484:supporting the fins.
464:(lobes) within their
6087:Analogous structures
6082:Convergent evolution
5732:Transitional fossils
5371:Pseudopetalichthyida
4163:Testudines (turtles)
3310:Clack, J.A. (2007).
2654:Clack, J.A. (2002).
2364:Romeriscus periallus
2280:Jakubsonia livnensis
1967:Life restoration of
1941:Megamastax ambylodus
1398:Kenichthys campbelli
1291:Styloichthys changae
513:foregut diverticulum
6138:Rotating locomotion
6077:Comparative anatomy
4257:Reptilia (reptiles)
3965:(jawed vertebrates)
3639:2017PLoSO..1270929C
3580:2012PLoSO...733683S
3562:Swartz, B. (2012).
3448:10.1038/nature11124
3440:2012Natur.486..523P
3379:2011PNAS..10821146K
3373:(52): 21146–21151.
3272:2013HBio...25..167H
3189:2011JG....119..235R
3112:10.1038/nature08623
3104:2010Natur.463...43N
2937:2012NatCo...3.1160L
2878:10.1038/nature12027
2870:2013Natur.496..311A
2785:Fishes of the World
2715:2009AREPS..37..163C
2589:2009Natur.458..413C
2542:10.1038/nature07855
2534:2009Natur.458..469Z
2491:2021ScChD..64.1784Z
2225:Antlerpeton clarkii
2141:Thysanolepis micans
2108:Shirolepis ananjevi
1886:Diabolepis speratus
1703:Ventastega curonica
1141:Shrinking waterhole
738:Queensland lungfish
550:and six species of
146:Australian lungfish
6434:Silurian bony fish
6057:Evolution of birds
5810:Aquatic locomotion
5420:Ischnacanthiformes
5268:Cephalaspidomorphi
4385:Lepidosireniformes
4309:orders by subclass
4109:Mammalia (mammals)
4021:(lobe-finned fish)
3993:(bony vertebrates)
3331:10.1093/icb/icm055
3260:Historical Biology
3177:Journal of Geology
3173:Retallack, Gregory
3066:. 27 December 2011
2946:10.1038/ncomms2170
2401:Ymeria denticulata
2353:Ossinodus puerorum
2342:Occidens portlocki
2291:Limnerpeton dubium
2258:Densignathus rowei
2075:Lohsania utahensis
1976:
1565:Platycephalichthys
1373:Tungsenia paradoxa
1295:Zhu & Yu, 2002
1123:adaptive radiation
997:
577:
476:, which have only
37:Lobe-finned fishes
6411:
6410:
6347:Open Tree of Life
6160:Taxon identifiers
6151:
6150:
6108:Animal locomotion
6047:Evolution of fish
5927:facultative biped
5752:
5751:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5594:Palaeonisciformes
5542:Onychodontiformes
5499:Petalodontiformes
5493:Iniopterygiformes
5456:Phoebodontiformes
5444:Ctenacanthiformes
5414:Diplacanthiformes
5296:
5295:
5069:Myllokunmingiidae
4975:Evolution of fish
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4576:
4575:
4534:
4533:
4393:
4392:
4380:Ceratodontiformes
4362:Coelacanthiformes
4354:Coelacanthimorpha
4272:
4271:
4254:³orders of class
4240:¹orders of class
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4060:Dipnoi (lungfish)
3955:
3954:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3801:
3800:
3434:(7404): 523–526.
2864:(7445): 311–316.
2795:978-0-471-25031-9
2771:on 3 August 2011.
2583:(7237): 413–414.
2528:(7237): 469–474.
2485:(10): 1784–1797.
2410:
2395:
2380:
2369:
2358:
2347:
2334:
2322:
2311:
2300:
2285:
2274:
2269:Doragnathus woodi
2263:
2252:
2241:
2230:
2209:
2198:
2187:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2080:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2030:
2012:
2001:
1957:
1946:
1935:
1930:Psarolepis romeri
1924:
1913:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1714:
1713:
1687:
1601:
1570:
1542:
1513:Tristichopteridae
1499:Eotetrapodiformes
1403:
1382:
1347:
1346:
1296:
1224:. (1997) for the
1048:, about 418
1007:ray-finned fishes
1001:Evolution of fish
871:
870:
683:Linnaean taxonomy
615:Rhizodus hibberti
437:(traditionally a
327:
326:
319:
310:
295:Onychodontiformes
290:
231:
16:(Redirected from
6461:
6424:Lobe-finned fish
6404:
6403:
6391:
6390:
6381:
6380:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6342:
6341:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6303:
6302:
6290:
6289:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6155:
6118:Robot locomotion
5892:Limb development
5877:
5850:Lobe-finned fish
5779:
5772:
5765:
5756:
5727:Prehistoric life
5638:Pycnodontiformes
5636:
5621:Acipenseriformes
5591:
5558:
5540:
5527:
5390:
5335:Brindabellaspida
5312:
5307:
5250:Pteraspidomorphi
5239:
5206:
5171:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5094:
5083:
5074:
5067:
5052:
5030:
5013:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4848:
4800:
4790:
4782:
4740:
4730:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4659:
4648:
4638:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4589:
4551:
4547:
4509:
4494:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4461:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4276:
4170:
4126:
4122:
4102:
4098:
4078:
4074:
4053:
4049:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3942:Myxini (hagfish)
3930:
3926:
3922:
3879:
3851:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3781:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3693:ScienceDaily.com
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3591:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3316:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3256:Tiktaalik roseae
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2643:on 9 March 2012.
2625:
2619:
2618:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2470:
2451:
2444:
2404:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2345:
2332:
2320:
2309:
2294:
2283:
2272:
2261:
2250:
2239:
2228:
2207:
2196:
2185:
2155:
2144:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2029:
2010:
1999:
1969:Sparalepis tingi
1955:
1952:Sparalepis tingi
1944:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1874:
1685:
1673:
1666:
1641:
1615:
1599:
1587:
1568:
1556:
1540:
1528:
1505:
1479:
1440:
1425:Rhizodontiformes
1417:
1401:
1376:
1364:
1313:
1294:
1282:
1240:
1232:
1166:Zachełmie tracks
1162:intertidal zones
1034:chondrichthyians
905:
891:
790:
735:
701:
689:
640:marbled lungfish
596:), and external
458:lobe-finned fish
429:
410:
399:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
317:
308:
288:
251:?†"Psarolepids"
226:
171:
170:
129:
119:
56:
40:Temporal range:
34:
21:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6399:
6394:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6337:
6332:
6324:
6319:
6311:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6285:
6280:
6272:
6267:
6259:
6254:
6246:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6218:
6210:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6162:
6152:
6147:
6096:
6062:Origin of birds
6035:
5975:
5897:Limb morphology
5878:
5869:
5855:Ray-finned fish
5820:Fish locomotion
5796:
5783:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5715:
5659:
5607:Polypteriformes
5576:
5570:Tetrapodomorpha
5516:
5450:Hybodontiformes
5424:
5401:Acanthodiformes
5383:
5292:
5232:
5222:Paraconodontida
5199:
5167:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5127:
5115:
5105:
5024:Cephalochordate
4995:
4977:
4972:
4942:
4937:
4904:
4892:Tetrapodomorpha
4881:Tetrapodomorpha
4875:
4837:
4808:
4771:
4748:
4585:
4572:
4543:
4541:Eugnathostomata
4530:
4502:
4468:
4455:
4429:
4424:
4394:
4389:
4366:
4348:
4310:
4303:
4273:
4268:
4248:²subclasses of
4192:
4168:
4149:
4118:
4113:
4094:
4089:
4070:
4065:
4045:
4040:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4011:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3951:
3918:
3897:
3892:Aplousobranchia
3868:
3858:Stolidobranchia
3842:
3824:
3823:
3806:
3797:
3785:Cephalochordata
3775:
3749:
3742:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3699:on 8 March 2017
3687:
3686:
3682:
3633:(3): e0170929.
3620:
3619:
3615:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3534:"Sarcopterygii"
3531:
3530:
3526:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3098:(7277): 43–48.
3087:
3086:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3005:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2598:10.1038/458413a
2570:
2569:
2565:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2419:
2317:L. dunkardensis
2295:Fritsch, 1901 (
2262:Daeschler, 2000
2170:Panderichthyida
2166:Elpistostegalia
2145:Vorobyeva, 1977
2090:Vorobyeva, 1962
2066:Vorobyeva, 1977
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1715:
1623:Elpistostegidae
1581:Elpistostegalia
1569:Vorobyeva, 1959
1537:Tinirau clackae
1487:Osteolepiformes
1358:Tetrapodomorpha
1348:
1218:
1212:(251 Ma).
1195:
1135:
1103:stegocephalians
1094:tetrapodomorphs
1003:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
906:
897:
896:
895:
892:
883:
882:
876:
807:labyrinthodonts
798:
782:Tetrapodomorpha
740:
706:
679:
667:Tetrapodomorpha
654:
648:
560:
558:Characteristics
499:. Their paired
337:
333:
314:Tetrapodomorpha
225:
165:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
41:
38:
28:
27:Class of fishes
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6416:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6392:
6382:
6369:
6356:
6343:
6330:
6317:
6304:
6291:
6278:
6265:
6252:
6239:
6229:
6216:
6203:
6188:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6026:Pterosaur wing
6023:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:Cephalopod fin
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5598:
5597:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Porolepiformes
5549:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5505:Symmoriiformes
5501:
5495:
5489:
5487:Eugeneodontida
5477:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5438:Elasmobranchii
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5407:Climatiiformes
5403:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5365:Acanthothoraci
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5341:Petalichthyida
5337:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5215:Protoconodonta
5210:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5090:
5086:Myllokunmingia
5063:
5058:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4765:Actinopterygii
4758:
4756:
4754:Actinopterygii
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4722:Ramirosuarezia
4715:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4655:
4644:
4634:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4566:Chondrichthyes
4559:
4557:
4555:Chondrichthyes
4544:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4517:
4515:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4497:Ramirosuarezia
4490:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4246:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3886:Phlebobranchia
3882:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3710:
3680:
3613:
3554:
3524:
3505:
3494:(2): 241–248.
3478:
3469:
3412:
3353:
3344:
3302:
3293:
3266:(2): 167–181.
3243:
3230:(3): 345–358.
3210:
3197:10.1086/659144
3161:
3133:
3077:
3048:
3022:
3003:
2983:
2970:
2911:
2842:
2819:
2801:
2794:
2774:
2752:
2737:Froese, Rainer
2728:
2709:(1): 163–179.
2693:
2679:
2661:
2656:Gaining Ground
2646:
2629:"Pharyngula –
2620:
2563:
2512:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2386:Sinostega pani
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:Langston, 1966
2324:
2306:Limnosceloides
2301:
2286:
2275:
2273:Smithson, 1980
2264:
2253:
2242:
2231:
2218:incertae sedis
2212:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2174:incertae sedis
2160:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2136:
2134:Obruchev, 1941
2125:
2114:
2112:Vorobeva, 1977
2103:
2092:
2081:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2031:
2021:
2013:
2002:
2000:Obrucheva 1955
1987:incertae sedis
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1912:Schultze, 1968
1903:
1892:
1881:
1863:incertae sedis
1860:Sarcopterygii
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:Thysanolepidae
1443:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:Porolepiformes
1316:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:(coelacanths)
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:Onychodontidae
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:Sarcopterygii
1230:
1217:
1214:
1203:megalichthyids
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1119:stem-tetrapods
968:
967:
966:
965:
957:
942:
934:
922:Eusthenopteron
907:
900:
899:
898:
893:
886:
885:
884:
880:
879:
878:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
825:osteolepiforms
821:stem tetrapods
799:
791:
784:
778:
777:
741:
736:
729:
723:
722:
707:
702:
695:
678:
675:
647:
646:Classification
644:
559:
556:
474:Actinopterygii
416:Crossopterygii
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
311:
297:
291:
282:
281:
280:
273:
266:
259:
249:
238:
237:
233:
232:
220:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
159:
158:
150:tetrapodomorph
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
39:
26:
24:
18:Sarcopterygian
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6466:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6225:Sarcopterygii
6221:
6217:
6213:
6212:Sarcopterygii
6208:
6204:
6199:
6198:Sarcopterygii
6193:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6168:Sarcopterygii
6165:
6161:
6156:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Pectoral fins
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5694:cartilaginous
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5430:Cartilaginous
5427:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5378:Stensioellida
5375:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:Ptyctodontida
5350:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5112:
5099:
5098:
5097:Zhongxiniscus
5091:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5078:
5077:Haikouichthys
5070:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5008:Basal member
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4935:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Sarcopterygii
4774:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:Entelognathus
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:Gnathostomata
4462:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4427:Gnathostomata
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:Gnathostomata
4335:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4307:Sarcopterygii
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4250:Sarcopterygii
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4155:Archelosauria
4152:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4018:Sarcopterygii
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3962:Gnathostomata
3958:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3825:(Urochordata)
3819:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3771:Deuterostomia
3768:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:(3): e33683.
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3148:New Scientist
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3004:9780231160575
3000:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:0-697-28654-1
2687:
2682:
2680:0-07-115356-X
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2637:Science Blogs
2634:
2632:
2631:Guiyu oneiros
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2329:L. brahycoles
2325:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:Lebedev, 2004
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:Stegocephalia
2213:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:Thomson, 1972
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2048:(Gross, 1933)
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:Meemannia eos
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:Guiyu oneiros
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:Stegocephalia
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:Canowindridae
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:(lungfishes)
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Late Devonian
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:Carboniferous
1066:
1065:rhipidistians
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:swim bladders
1012:
1008:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
982:
972:
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
947:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:Panderichthys
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
914:
911:
910:Late Devonian
904:
890:
873:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
852:Panderichthys
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
800:
797:
796:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:South America
747:
742:
739:
734:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Carboniferous
617:
616:
610:
608:
605:with genuine
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
574:
570:
569:
568:Guiyu oneiros
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Carboniferous
533:
528:
526:
522:
521:Cladistically
518:
514:
510:
507:evolved into
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
420:Ancient Greek
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
390:Ancient Greek
385:
331:
330:Sarcopterygii
315:
312:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
296:
292:
286:
283:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:
253:
252:
250:
248:
247:
242:
241:
239:
234:
229:
224:
223:Sarcopterygii
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
164:
160:
156:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
137:Guiyu oneiros
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
48:
44:
43:Late Silurian
35:
32:
30:
19:
6429:Fish classes
6373:Tree of Life
6167:
5849:
5684:spiny sharks
5643:Halecomorphi
5530:
5462:Xenacanthida
5347:Phyllolepida
5280:Pituriaspida
5241:Ostracoderms
5175:Cyclostomata
5165:Jawless fish
5114:
5095:
5084:
5075:
5053:
5031:
5014:
4803:Styloichthys
4801:
4791:
4776:
4741:
4731:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4660:
4649:
4639:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4583:Osteichthyes
4495:
4485:
4344:Osteichthyes
4336:Infraphylum
4306:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4188:Aves (birds)
4130:Lepidosauria
4017:
3990:Euteleostomi
3934:Cyclostomata
3769:Superphylum
3701:. Retrieved
3697:the original
3692:
3683:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3537:
3527:
3518:
3508:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3431:
3425:
3415:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3347:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3296:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3152:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3095:
3089:
3068:. Retrieved
3063:
3039:. Retrieved
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
2993:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2861:
2855:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2813:
2784:
2777:
2769:the original
2764:
2755:
2744:
2731:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2670:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2641:the original
2636:
2630:
2623:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2482:
2478:
2442:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2340:
2327:
2315:
2304:
2297:nomen dubium
2296:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2172:
2163:paraphyletic
2150:
2139:
2128:
2117:
2106:
2095:
2084:
2079:Vaughn, 1962
2073:
2062:
2057:Jarvik, 1948
2053:
2045:L. grewingki
2044:
2034:
2026:Geiserolepis
2024:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1980:paraphyletic
1968:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1726:
1701:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1650:Elginerpeton
1648:
1646:
1620:
1594:
1592:
1563:
1561:
1541:Swartz, 2012
1535:
1533:
1510:
1484:
1461:
1445:
1422:
1396:
1394:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1334:
1318:
1306:
1289:
1287:
1261:
1245:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1207:
1196:
1157:
1146:Alfred Romer
1136:
1083:
1076:
1058:
1030:acanthodians
1022:endoskeleton
1011:Osteichthyes
1004:
985:
961:Ichthyostega
959:
953:Acanthostega
951:
936:
928:
920:
862:
856:
850:
844:
833:paraphyletic
810:
793:
680:
655:
614:
611:
592:(similar to
578:
566:
529:
511:, and their
486:
457:
430:
423:
415:
411:
404:
400:
393:
329:
328:
275:
268:
261:
254:
244:
222:
216:
210:Osteichthyes
206:Superclass:
152:
135:
31:
29:
6295:iNaturalist
6192:Wikispecies
6021:Insect wing
5971:Webbed foot
5912:unguligrade
5907:plantigrade
5902:digitigrade
5704:lobe-finned
5630:Neopterygii
5616:Chondrostei
5552:Rhipidistia
5531:Lobe-finned
5481:Holocephali
5286:Osteostraci
5188:Hyperoartia
5033:Cathaymyrus
5001:Forerunners
4863:Dipnomorpha
4852:Dipnomorpha
4843:Rhipidistia
4831:coelacanths
4793:Ptyctolepis
4743:Terenolepis
4662:Ligulalepis
4610:Andreolepis
4449:Subphylum:
4342:Superclass
4174:Archosauria
4047:Rhipidistia
3763:(unranked)
3325:(4): 1–14.
3064:Science 2.0
2448:Osteolepida
2321:Romer, 1952
2310:Romer, 1952
2018:Chrysolepis
1983:Osteolepida
1908:Ligulalepis
1600:Gross, 1941
1307:Dipnomorpha
1276:Rhipidistia
1113:, when the
1109:during the
1073:Phanerozoic
1061:coelacanths
1024:instead of
964:with limbs.
829:crown group
817:crown group
711:coelacanths
659:Rhipidistia
628:coelacanths
602:dorsal fins
548:coelacanths
544:Great Dying
534:during the
505:pelvic fins
493:terrestrial
491:, a mostly
482:bony spines
388:; from
305:Dipnomorpha
300:Rhipidistia
52:425–0
6418:Categories
5949:Cephalopod
5865:Pelvic fin
5835:Dorsal fin
5830:Caudal fin
5689:placoderms
5648:Ginglymodi
5582:Ray-finned
5547:Coelacanth
5392:Acanthodii
5329:Arthrodira
5314:Placoderms
5302:Jawed fish
5274:Galeaspida
5256:Thelodonti
5055:Haikouella
5046:Olfactores
4825:Actinistia
4814:Actinistia
4733:Sparalepis
4712:Psarolepis
4682:Megamastax
4672:Lophosteus
4651:Janusiscus
4524:Placodermi
4512:Placodermi
4487:Janusiscus
4451:Vertebrata
4332:Vertebrata
4330:Subphylum
3920:Vertebrata
3874:Enterogona
3808:Olfactores
3547:4 November
3519:tolweb.org
2956:1885/69314
2458:References
2063:L. obrutus
2054:L. porosus
1263:Actinistia
1199:rhizodonts
1038:placoderms
1026:cartilages
999:See also:
971:coelacanth
913:vertebrate
858:Kenichthys
846:Osteolepis
758:vicariance
693:Actinistia
671:Actinistia
665:, and the
650:See also:
632:lungfishes
622:period of
552:lungfishes
497:lungfishes
447:vertebrate
418:(from
285:Actinistia
270:Psarolepis
263:Sparalepis
246:Megamastax
236:Subgroups
6040:Evolution
5999:Bird wing
5944:Arthropod
5937:quadruped
5747:† extinct
5602:Cladistia
5359:Rhenanida
5323:Antiarchi
5228:Conodonta
5207:Conodonts
4898:tetrapods
4896:includes
4867:includes
4829:includes
4702:Orvikuina
4692:Naxilepis
4620:Dialipina
4437:Kingdom:
4072:Tetrapoda
3765:Bilateria
3657:1932-6203
3205:128827936
3154:3 January
3070:2 January
2887:1912/5869
2507:236438229
2434:Footnotes
1728:Tetrapoda
1216:Phylogeny
1177:Retallack
1129:periods.
1107:tetrapods
1086:estuaries
1078:Latimeria
1036:and most
994:Wisconsin
988:from the
986:Onychodus
946:tetrapods
938:Tiktaalik
874:Evolution
864:Tungsenia
812:Tiktaalik
803:tetrapods
795:Tiktaalik
754:Australia
618:from the
581:bony fish
489:tetrapods
480:-covered
462:limb buds
454:bony fish
431:(krossós)
186:Kingdom:
180:Eukaryota
6232:BioLib:
6177:Wikidata
6031:Wingspan
6014:feathers
6009:skeleton
5994:Bat wing
5954:Tetrapod
5840:Fish fin
5565:Lungfish
5510:Chimaera
5262:Anaspida
5061:Tunicate
5039:Lancelet
4869:lungfish
4600:Achoania
4445:Chordata
4443:Phylum:
4439:Animalia
4326:Chordata
4320:Animalia
4318:Kingdom
3822:Tunicata
3759:Animalia
3757:Kingdom
3746:chordate
3703:11 March
3675:28273081
3627:PLOS ONE
3608:22448265
3568:PLOS ONE
3456:22722854
3407:22160688
3339:21672860
3288:85407197
3120:20054388
3035:Archived
3009:Archived
2965:23093197
2931:: 1160.
2906:23598338
2746:FishBase
2607:19325614
2550:19325627
2417:See also
1098:Triassic
1092:and the
1090:lungfish
1063:and the
1054:Devonian
1046:Silurian
1019:ossified
990:Devonian
973:species.
841:Devonian
774:Laurasia
770:Gondwana
762:Gondwana
756:. While
717:and the
677:Taxonomy
663:lungfish
630:and the
624:Scotland
586:limb bud
573:Silurian
501:pectoral
443:subclass
412:(ptérux)
277:Achoania
200:Chordata
196:Phylum:
190:Animalia
176:Domain:
148:and the
6183:Q160830
6101:Related
5959:dactyly
5845:Flipper
5720:Related
5653:Teleost
5193:Lamprey
5183:Hagfish
4324:Phylum
4305:Extant
4263:italics
4096:Amniota
3748:classes
3744:Extant
3666:5342173
3635:Bibcode
3599:3308997
3576:Bibcode
3488:Geobios
3464:3127857
3436:Bibcode
3398:3248479
3375:Bibcode
3268:Bibcode
3185:Bibcode
3128:4428903
3100:Bibcode
3015:1 March
2933:Bibcode
2897:3633110
2866:Bibcode
2711:Bibcode
2615:4384525
2585:Bibcode
2530:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2036:Latvius
1127:Permian
1042:cosmoid
917:pelagic
837:humerus
809:, like
766:Pangaea
598:keratin
590:cosmine
540:Permian
525:aquatic
450:animals
427:κροσσός
47:Present
6401:163509
6388:113875
6385:uBio:
6365:266392
6352:458402
6326:161048
6274:1SARCC
6235:165130
6123:Samara
5932:triped
5917:uniped
5016:Pikaia
4372:Dipnoi
4120:Sauria
3673:
3663:
3655:
3606:
3596:
3462:
3454:
3427:Nature
3405:
3395:
3337:
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3203:
3126:
3118:
3091:Nature
3041:31 May
3001:
2963:
2904:
2894:
2857:Nature
2792:
2688:
2677:
2613:
2605:
2577:Nature
2558:669711
2556:
2548:
2522:Nature
2505:
2409:, 2012
2407:et al.
2405:Clack
2394:, 2002
2392:et al.
2323:(Type)
1973:Yunnan
1879:, 2009
1877:et al.
1381:, 2012
1379:et al.
1336:Dipnoi
944:Early
861:, and
772:, and
752:, and
746:Africa
727:Dipnoi
607:enamel
594:dentin
408:πτέρυξ
401:(sárx)
230:, 1955
6396:WoRMS
6378:14922
6308:IRMNG
6300:85497
5981:Wings
5966:Digit
5922:biped
5884:Limbs
5794:wings
5790:limbs
5672:Lists
5472:Shark
4641:Guiyu
3847:Acopa
3460:S2CID
3315:(PDF)
3284:S2CID
3201:S2CID
3124:S2CID
2611:S2CID
2554:S2CID
2503:S2CID
1730:s.s.
1222:et al
1158:et al
517:lungs
509:limbs
445:) of
439:class
435:clade
422:
392:
256:Guiyu
228:Romer
217:Clade
6339:8287
6334:NCBI
6321:ITIS
6313:1531
6282:GBIF
6269:EPPO
6261:8909
6243:BOLD
6113:Gait
6004:keel
5802:Fins
5792:and
5786:Fins
5699:bony
5522:Bony
4986:Fish
4890:see
4861:see
4823:see
4763:see
4564:see
4522:see
3705:2017
3671:PMID
3653:ISSN
3604:PMID
3549:2013
3452:PMID
3403:PMID
3335:PMID
3156:2010
3116:PMID
3072:2012
3043:2014
3017:2016
2999:ISBN
2961:PMID
2902:PMID
2790:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2603:PMID
2546:PMID
2446:The
2390:Zhu
1875:Zhu
538:and
503:and
487:The
478:skin
466:fins
397:σάρξ
60:PreꞒ
6287:238
6256:EoL
6220:AFD
6207:ADW
5467:Ray
5071:? (
3661:PMC
3643:doi
3594:PMC
3584:doi
3496:doi
3444:doi
3432:486
3393:PMC
3383:doi
3371:108
3327:doi
3276:doi
3258:".
3232:doi
3228:143
3193:doi
3181:119
3108:doi
3096:463
2951:hdl
2941:doi
2892:PMC
2882:hdl
2874:doi
2862:496
2719:doi
2593:doi
2581:458
2538:doi
2526:458
2495:doi
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992:of
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441:or
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