1292:
683:
1391:
1328:
436:
444:
1316:
1403:
1367:
1340:
1470:
1434:
1446:
1458:
1415:
675:
452:
1280:
1304:
894:
1379:
1060:" for home service ("Tuchuniform"/"Tuchrock") or khaki ("Feldrock") for the tropics. Schutztruppen in Southwest Africa could wear the home service uniform in the protectorate. A khaki service dress was worn by all ranks while a white dress uniform was worn by European officers and NCOs for ceremonial occasions, both white and khaki uniforms were cut the same with four patch pockets and a stand and fall collar. The Schutztruppe arm of service color was blue so their uniforms were trimmed blue down the trousers seam, the fly of their tunic, collar edge, plus NCO's wore silver on blue inverted chevrons on the left sleeve only They were also supplied a grey or khaki
46:
1109:
70:
1356:
691:
1044:
2051:
1180:
1166:
1146:
1173:
253:
1077:
1159:
1055:
When the
Schutztruppe for German East Africa was founded in 1891, special uniforms were created which, among other things, were intended to underline the special position of the Schutztruppe as an independent part of the Reichsheer. The uniforms corresponded to the cut of the Prussian Army, initially
1064:
called the
Schutztruppenhut (aka Südwester) on which the edge of the hat and the cap band were in the color of the respective Schutztruppe. The protectorate colours were as follows; German East Africa white, Cameroon dark red, German South West Africa cornflower blue, Togo yellow, German New Guinea
1099:
over which a khaki cover could be worn in the field. Company numbers were often worn on the front of the fez. In field conditions the askari wore either a khaki cover over their red fez or a khaki tarbush consisting of a khaki cloth over a wicker frame. Later in the war
African troops wore a large
1116:
The rank insignia of
Africans differed by one chevron from German ranks (eg. a German Gefreiter wore no chevrons, an African wore one, a German Unteroffizier wore one chevron, and African wore two etc). Despite them having nominally similar ranks, European NCOs always outranked Native NCOs.
407:) was established as part of the Colonial Department. Despite its name, this agency exercised no military leadership but served as an administrative authority. It was located at Berlin’s Mauerstrasse, in proximity to the Colonial Office. At the beginning of the
1100:
floppy hat en lieu of the fez. The arm of service color for
African/native troops was red so their uniforms, when trimmed, were trimmed red down the trousers seam, the tunic fly, collar edge, plus NCO's wore red, later brown, chevrons on the left sleeve only.
1026:
Togoland had a total police force of 673 personnel deployed throughout the colony. Approximately 1,000 troops were raised after the outbreak of the war. With very little arms, ammunition, or provisions, by the end of August 1914, all units had surrendered to
637:
were originally composed of white settlers, their sons, plantations administrators and trading company employees but some units became racially mixed as the war dragged on. Numerous other small detachments were also formed. Several, possibly four, Reserve
708:
in German
Southwest Africa was structured in 12 companies of mounted infantry totalling 1,500 men, primarily Germans. The 7th Company, stationed in the northern desert area of the colony, was mounted on imported camels. A single unit, called the
1017:
The companies were assigned to 49 garrisons in
Kamerun and consisted of 61 officers, 23 physicians, 23 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 98 German NCOs and 1,650 African enlisted ranks for a total personnel count of 1,855.
879:
At the outbreak of the war the force had a total strength of 91 officers, 22 physicians, 9 veterinarians, 59 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 342 NCOs and 1,444 German other ranks for a total of 1,967 personnel.
184:
consisted of volunteer
European commissioned and non-commissioned officers, medical and veterinary officers. Most enlisted ranks were recruited from indigenous communities within the German colonies or from elsewhere in Africa.
717:
white
European-black Africans, was raised and deployed. Relations between the German administration and the natives in this colony had deteriorated to the point that few local Africans were recruited. Some
157:
733:) but essentially consisted of members of German regiments. Before their deployment to Africa these troops were prepared for their special tasks and future environment. Such a training base was at
1243:
Many of the original East
African Askaris were Sudanese therefore the East African Schutztruppen utilized existing Turkish rank titles. The following ranks existed for East African other ranks:
1291:
1390:
1327:
1457:
622:. Lastly there was the Polizietruppe, formed in 1909, with 60 German and around 2,000 experienced askari which was reintegrated into the Schutztruppe as soon as war erupted.
659:
1378:
1469:
1433:
1402:
1366:
1315:
1339:
1928:
1445:
682:
504:) of 50 to 60 men each, including two machine-gun teams. Each of the 14 companies also had a minimum 250 man carrier contingent as well as native irregulars known as
2157:
1414:
435:
1250:- Sudanese officers (East Africa only) inherited from the Wissmann-Truppe - originally wore one to three, but later only three, silver stars on the shoulder straps
1279:
443:
1303:
674:
451:
2152:
625:
During the First World War, companies numbered 15 through 30 were added, plus eight (A through G, and L) temporary companies; and 1st through 10th
417:
military commands, one in each of the German colonial regions in East Africa, South-West Africa, and in Kamerun, subordinate to each governor.
893:
1737:
1686:
1670:
1654:
1604:
1502:
737:. Because of the often humid conditions in the upper Rhine valley of the grand-duchy of Baden, the area provided some early acclimatisation.
616:, 132 non-combatant medical officers, civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, and 2 African officers and 184 African NCOs and 2,286
2147:
1921:
428:
2162:
1832:
1817:
1803:
1789:
1575:
747:(modern Windhoek) consisted of headquarters, administration and legal (judge advocate), medical corps, surveying and mapping units.
45:
1069:
in black, white and red was worn on the folded brim of the Schutztruppenhut, a black, white and red cord could be worn around the
1120:
German/European Ranks: Standard Imperial Army collar and or shoulder rank insignia was worn by German/European Officers and men.
968:
2076:
2050:
1914:
1937:
1665:
King's African Rifles Soldier versus Schutztruppe Soldier East Africa 1917–18, Osprey Combat 20, Gregg Adams, Copyright 2016
982:
612:
Overall strength was 300 European recruits and 2,472 Africans, specifically 68 combatant officers, 60 warrant officers and
1952:
1900:
236:
administration was a notable exception. As part of the East Asian Station the navy garrisoned Qingdao with the marines of
229:
2088:
1131:
729:
The colonial forces for German Southwest Africa consisted of volunteers from the imperial army and navy (including some
480:
365:
115:
665:
361:
123:
483:
assumed command in German East Africa. He led his units throughout the First World War, eventually being promoted to
1108:
669:
300:
1703:
1081:
1781:
335:
2167:
1977:
1753:
479:. Including carriers and labourers, the force had about 14,000 personnel. On 13 April 1914, Lieutenant Colonel
379:
369:
209:
150:
1355:
609:
The Dar es Salaam garrison further included a recruitment depot, a signals department and quartermaster unit.
1896:
690:
495:
in East Africa became the last German formation to surrender – days after the armistice in November 1918.
175:
2172:
1043:
389:
1073:(Tropenhelm), and black, white and red intertwined shoulder straps were worn on both tunic shoulders.
339:
233:
2001:
2061:
1982:
1960:
1812:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1981; and London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. 1981.
867:
695:
466:
205:
189:
1590:
Armies in East Africa 1914-18, Osprey Men-at-Arms 379, Peter Abbott, 2002 ISBN 978-1-84176-489-4
2029:
1828:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1733:
1682:
1666:
1650:
1600:
1571:
1498:
1179:
912:
The Kamerun force in 1914 consisted of 12 companies, totalling 1,600 men with headquarters at
364:, though German military law and discipline applied to its units. Initially supervised by the
261:
213:
1095:
and ankle boots, which replaced bare lower legs and feet. African personnel also wore a red
319:
1906:
1827:. London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1974; and New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974.
1965:
1070:
837:
730:
408:
314:
296:
167:
111:
1165:
951:
357:
1497:. Hoover Institution publications. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 116.
1065:
green, German Samoa light pink. Additionally, as Imperial Troops, the 'Reichskokarde'
2141:
1773:
1219:
1001:
588:
476:
285:
75:
252:
2120:
2034:
1866:. German Soldier Yearbook 2000 and 2001 (2 parts). Munich: Signal Publishing House.
1172:
1032:
861:
808:
289:
271:
239:
217:
98:
244:
III, the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.
1028:
989:
955:
873:
544:
127:
119:
1076:
260:
The name of the German colonial force dates back to the parlance of Chancellor
2115:
1993:
1061:
1057:
801:
723:
559:
498:
A pre-war company consisted of 160 (expandable to 200) men in three platoons (
1599:
Armies in East Africa 1914-1918 by Peter Abbot (Men-at-Arms 379) 2002 Osprey
17:
2006:
1228:
1194:
1096:
995:
734:
525:
506:
322:
to subdue the uprising. Upon the establishment of German East Africa, these
308:
372:
by the act of 7 and 18 July 1896. In 1907 the Colonial Department with the
338:
parliament on 22 March 1891. The police forces for South-West Africa under
1876:
510:, called Fita-Fita in German Samoa, of approximately the same size units.
178:
from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the
2011:
1970:
1210:
916:
and established in 1894 from the existing police force (formed in 1891).
906:
714:
582:
368:, they were under the authority of the Colonial Department in the German
221:
85:
2081:
1987:
1881:
1649:
Armies in East Africa 1914–18, Osprey Men-at-Arms, Peter Abbott, 2002,
1256:
Sergeant - Sargenten/Bet Schausch - three flat-topped inverted chevrons
1247:
1092:
1066:
972:
940:
902:
831:
777:
744:
597:
548:
201:
1864:
The Command Authorities of the Imperial Colonial Force in the Homeland
1810:
Guerilla. Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire
1681:
Armies in East Africa 1914-18 Osprey Men-at-Arms, Peter Abbott, 2002,
897:
Schutztruppe contingent of 5th field company at Ebolowa, Kamerun, 1894
439:
Schutztruppen, colonial volunteer contingent, German East Africa, 1914
1259:
Corporal - Unteroffizier/Schausch - two flat-topped inverted chevrons
978:
934:
824:
710:
576:
569:
552:
531:
521:
304:
275:
225:
195:
171:
1253:
Senior Sergeant - Feldwebel/Sol - four flat-topped inverted chevrons
1091:
Askaris wore a pocketless cotton khaki tunic and breeches with blue
1891:
1354:
1107:
1075:
1042:
964:
923:
913:
892:
768:
764:
755:
689:
681:
673:
538:
450:
442:
434:
251:
447:
Schutztruppen, Askari company formation, German East Africa, 1914
1158:
927:
719:
613:
1910:
1845:
German Colonial Encyclopaedia, 1920, Volume III, p. 321ff.
1825:
Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa
1262:
Private - Gefreiter/Ombascha - one flat-topped inverted chevron
944:
740:
The structure of the Southwest African forces was as follows:
475:) with 2,500 men under arms, with headquarters at the capital
1857:
Askari und Fitafita. Farbige Söldner in den deutsche Kolonien
933:
1st Company (headquarters company) and artillery detachment:
292:
units, where German colonizers met with stronger resistance.
726:
were able to be recruited, bolstering the fledgling force.
50:
Schutztruppe Askari flag carrier, German East Africa, 1906
1698:
1696:
1694:
823:
7th and 8th Company (camel cavalry), military hospital:
901:
German West Africa encompassed two colonial entities,
1897:
Mauerstraße 45/46: The Oberkommando der Schutztruppen
919:
The structure of the Kamerun forces was as follows:
2108:
2101:
2069:
2060:
2022:
1951:
1944:
107:
91:
81:
63:
55:
34:
660:Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa
1882:A German language naval and military history site
848:Military hospital and medical depot: Keetmanshoop
455:Schutztruppen, carriers, German East Africa, 1899
1570:(2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 89.
1080:An Askari trumpeter of the Schutztruppe wearing
1796:Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918
1627:
1625:
960:4th Company: (expedition/survey company): Soppo
342:and for German Cameroon were re-established as
166:Protection Force) was the official name of the
1922:
8:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1150:
1129:
791:Military hospital and medical depot: Windhuk
703:
678:Camel cavalry, German Southwest Africa, 1904
645:
639:
632:
626:
617:
515:
499:
490:
484:
470:
460:
459:At the outbreak of the First World War, the
412:
402:
396:
383:
373:
356:formations under the supreme command of the
351:
343:
329:
323:
312:
279:
265:
237:
193:
179:
139:
96:
35:
27:African colonial troops of the German Empire
686:Camel patrol, German Southwest Africa, 1907
163:
2105:
2066:
1948:
1929:
1915:
1907:
360:were organizationally never a part of the
1798:. Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 1984.
1051:officer and soldier wearing grey uniforms
103:III (3rd Marine Battalion) and 200 camels
1938:Former German colonies and protectorates
650:, they were prefixed by the letter "R".
1485:
1429:
1362:
1275:
845:Artillery and train depot: Keetmanshoop
469:was organised into 14 field companies (
2158:Military history of German East Africa
1495:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914
872:Local headquarters and quartermaster:
800:Local headquarters and quartermaster:
378:command was set up as the independent
31:
857:Garrison administration: Keetmanshoop
644:were also raised consisting of older
593:11th Company: Kissenji and Mruhengeri
149:
7:
1543:Haupt, p. 34, Schutztruppe garrisons
1493:Gann, L. H.; Duignan, Peter (1977).
1013:12th Company: Bumo, Fianga, and Gore
388:) agency directly answerable to the
212:. Control of the German colonies of
188:Military contingents were formed in
1850:The German colonial force 1889/1918
854:Office for provisions: Keetmanshoop
750:Northern district command: Windhuk
743:German Southwest Africa Command at
429:East African Campaign (World War I)
1778:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918
820:5th Company: Chamis and Churutabis
788:Artillery and train depot: Windhuk
773:2nd Battery: Johann-Albrechts-Höhe
299:broke out in the dominions of the
25:
1010:11th Company: Akoafim and Minkebe
842:Transport platoon 2: Keetmanshoop
713:Company, consisting of non-local
565:6th Company: Udjidiji and Kassulo
2153:People of former German colonies
2049:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1144:
68:
44:
1730:Armies in East Africa 1914-1918
1892:Protection and Overseas Troops
1568:20th Century Military Uniforms
1007:10th Company: Ojem and Mimwoul
782:Office for provisions: Karibib
605:14th Company: Muansa and Ikoma
192:, where they became famous as
1:
284:contingents arose from local
224:was performed by small local
1758:s400910952.websitehome.co.uk
1708:GermanColonialUniforms.co.uk
1132:Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee
851:Clothing depot: Keetmanshoop
481:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
2148:German Army (German Empire)
1732:. Men-at-Arms 379. Osprey.
1617:Deutschlands Schutzgebiete
1359:African Feldwebel, ca 1910.
988:7th Company: Garua, Marua,
807:Southern district command:
797:Local headquarters: Windhuk
694:Cavalry of Schutztruppe in
666:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
602:13th Company: Kondoa Irangi
348:by the act of 9 June 1895.
303:, Bismarck's government in
124:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
2189:
1852:, Dörfler Publishing House
1782:W. W. Norton & Company
1754:"German Colonial Uniforms"
670:South-West Africa Campaign
663:
657:
411:in 1914, there were three
404:Kommando der Schutztruppen
301:German East Africa Company
2045:
1142:
1128:
754:1st Company: Regenstein,
95:80,330 troops (including
43:
2163:German words and phrases
1877:German Colonial Uniforms
380:Imperial Colonial Office
210:German South West Africa
1887:German language sites:
1554:The Great War in Africa
1384:Vizefeldwebel, Sergeant
1112:Schutztruppen in Afrika
794:Clothing depot: Windhuk
654:German Southwest Africa
1360:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1151:
1130:
1113:
1085:
1056:in grey but later in "
1052:
898:
760:4th Company: Okanjande
704:
699:
687:
679:
646:
640:
633:
627:
618:
572:, Ussuwi and Kifumbiro
558:5th Company: Massoko (
516:
500:
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485:
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280:
266:
257:
238:
194:
180:
176:German colonial empire
140:
97:
36:
1901:German History Museum
1728:Abbot, Peter (2002).
1566:McNab, Chris (2002).
1358:
1111:
1079:
1046:
896:
776:Transport platoon 1:
693:
685:
677:
454:
446:
438:
390:Chancellor of Germany
255:
151:[ˈʃʊtsˌtʁʊpə]
1899:(Africa in Berlin –
1532:Battle for the Bundu
785:Horse depot: Okawayo
366:Imperial Navy Office
362:Imperial German Army
1704:"NCO Rank Insignia"
1426:African other ranks
814:2nd Company: Ukamas
274:", used instead of
264:, who had the term
174:territories of the
1361:
1351:German other ranks
1267:German West Africa
1239:German East Africa
1114:
1104:Ranks and insignia
1086:
1053:
899:
884:German West Africa
817:3rd Company: Kanus
700:
696:German East Africa
688:
680:
634:Schützenkompagnies
628:Schützenkompagnies
467:German East Africa
457:
449:
441:
421:German East Africa
395:In 1896 a central
258:
206:German West Africa
190:German East Africa
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2097:
2096:
2043:
2042:
1978:South West Africa
1862:Reith, Wolfgang.
1855:Morlang, Thomas.
1823:Miller, Charles.
1739:978-1-84176-489-4
1687:978-1-84176-489-4
1671:978-1-4728-1327-5
1655:978-1-84176-489-4
1605:978-1-84176-489-4
1504:978-0-8047-0938-5
1236:
1235:
926:near the capital
922:Central Command:
866:Camel stud farm:
385:Reichskolonialamt
340:Curt von François
334:by an act of the
295:When in 1888 the
262:Otto von Bismarck
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
2180:
2124:
2106:
2067:
2053:
2002:Kapitaï and Koba
1996:
1949:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1762:
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1743:
1725:
1719:
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1607:
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1563:
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1550:
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1541:
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1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1472:
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1448:
1436:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1232:
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1205:
1198:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1123:
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707:
649:
643:
636:
630:
621:
519:
503:
494:
488:
474:
464:
416:
406:
400:
387:
377:
355:
347:
333:
328:were changed to
327:
320:Hermann Wissmann
318:
283:
269:
256:Hermann Wissmann
243:
199:
183:
165:
161:
160:
159:
153:
148:
143:
116:Adamawa campaign
102:
74:
72:
71:
48:
39:
32:
21:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2168:Colonial troops
2138:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2093:
2056:
2039:
2018:
1992:
1966:Kionga Triangle
1940:
1935:
1873:
1842:
1808:Hoyt, Edwin P.
1794:Haupt, Werner.
1770:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:
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1722:
1712:
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1701:
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1307:
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1283:
1269:
1241:
1145:
1143:
1106:
1082:swallow's nests
1071:tropical helmet
1041:
1024:
891:
886:
672:
662:
656:
423:
409:First World War
315:Reichskommissar
297:Abushiri Revolt
250:
232:in China under
168:colonial troops
156:
155:
154:
146:
136:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:Abushiri Revolt
69:
67:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2077:Kiautschou Bay
2073:
2071:
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240:Seebattaillon
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18:Schutztruppen
2173:Schutztruppe
2121:Nazi Germany
2119:(claimed by
2102:Unrecognised
1886:
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1780:. New York:
1777:
1768:Bibliography
1757:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:
1677:
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1645:
1640:Haupt, p. 79
1636:
1631:Haupt, p. 70
1616:
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1152:Schutztruppe
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1089:Schutztruppe
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806:
749:
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705:Schutztruppe
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624:
611:
608:
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492:Schutztruppe
486:Generalmajor
462:Schutztruppe
458:
426:
414:Schutztruppe
398:Schutztruppe
394:
375:Schutztruppe
353:Schutztruppe
350:
345:Schutztruppe
331:Schutztruppe
307:had to send
294:
290:paramilitary
281:Schutztruppe
259:
187:
141:Schutztruppe
138:
137:
99:Seebataillon
37:Schutztruppe
29:
2062:Concessions
1983:West Africa
1961:East Africa
1186:No insignia
1126:Rank group
868:Kalkfontain
827:and Arahoab
545:Kilimatinde
288:or private
128:World War I
120:Herero Wars
108:Engagements
2142:Categories
2116:New Swabia
2109:Antarctica
2030:New Guinea
1994:Neukamerun
1840:Literature
1062:slouch hat
1058:field gray
1039:Appearance
1004:and Baturi
802:Swakopmund
724:Afrikaners
664:See also:
641:Kompagnien
560:Langenburg
534:and Unbena
248:Deployment
214:New Guinea
204:colony of
64:Allegiance
2007:Mahinland
1552:Farwell,
1481:Footnotes
1475:Gefreiter
1439:Feldwebel
1408:Gefreiter
1372:Feldwebel
1321:Hauptmann
1229:Gefreiter
1195:Feldwebel
1138:Enlisted
996:Ngaundere
985:and Nguku
947:and Kentu
735:Karlsruhe
731:Austrians
526:Neu Moshi
517:Kompagnie
507:Ruga-Ruga
427:See also
401:command (
336:Reichstag
309:mercenary
220:, and in
208:, and in
200:, in the
59:1891–1918
2089:Tientsin
2082:Tsingtao
2012:Togoland
1971:Wituland
1945:Colonies
1784:. 1989.
1556:, p. 109
1530:Miller,
1521:, p. 175
1519:Guerilla
1451:Sergeant
1420:Gemeiner
1345:Leutnant
1272:Officers
1211:Sergeant
1022:Togoland
907:Togoland
874:Lüderitz
715:biracial
583:Usumbura
555: ?)
276:colonies
230:Jiaozhou
222:Togoland
86:Infantry
2023:Oceania
1988:Kamerun
1713:14 July
1619:, p. 56
1615:Haupt,
1534:, p. 18
1248:Effendi
1093:puttees
1067:cockade
973:Ebolowa
956:Kusseri
941:Bamenda
903:Kamerun
889:Kamerun
832:Narubis
778:Karibib
745:Windhuk
598:Mahenge
549:Singida
202:Kamerun
172:African
170:in the
147:German:
1953:Africa
1831:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1736:
1685:
1669:
1653:
1603:
1574:
1517:Hoyt,
1501:
1285:Oberst
1084:(1914)
1029:French
979:Mbaiki
969:Carnot
935:Douala
838:Gibeon
825:Gochas
711:Baster
698:(1911)
647:Askari
631:. The
619:Askari
577:Tabora
570:Bukoba
553:Dodoma
532:Iringa
522:Arusha
489:. The
305:Berlin
226:police
196:Askari
73:
56:Active
2070:China
2035:Samoa
1309:Major
965:Bouar
924:Soppo
914:Soppo
769:Otavi
765:Outjo
756:Seeis
720:Boers
539:Lindi
218:Samoa
216:, in
1829:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1715:2021
1683:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1031:and
1002:Dume
990:Mubi
983:Nola
971:and
954:and
952:Mora
928:Buea
905:and
767:and
722:and
702:The
668:and
614:NCOs
547:and
501:Züge
164:lit.
92:Size
82:Type
1097:fez
945:Wum
862:Aus
520:):
465:in
270:, "
2144::
1776:.
1756:.
1706:.
1693:^
1624:^
1047:A
1035:.
981:,
967:,
943:,
909:.
392:.
278:.
162:,
2123:)
1930:e
1923:t
1916:v
1903:)
1835:.
1820:.
1760:.
1742:.
1717:.
1580:.
1507:.
562:)
551:(
524:/
382:(
145:(
20:)
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