1816:
233:
443:. These schools prohibited the use of Indigenous languages in speech and in writing, resulting in two to three generations of students who were severely punished for not using English. Although some children forced to attend these residential schools can still speak their mother tongue, they have experienced much trauma which has great negative consequences on the future generations.
467:(Eastern dialect) Community Portal for language learning. A November 2012 article estimated about 150 fluent speakers, mostly over 65, adding that "an estimated 400 students are learning the language, and "the majority of Secwepemctsin learners are under age 19." Secwépemc language applications are available for
475:
software in 2013 that teaches
Secwepemctsin to young children. A language authority of ten elder fluent speakers, from East, West, and the North, are recording pronunciation. As of 2013, a language tutor was also in preparation, exportable onto CD for use offline. David Lacho, a University of British
1662:
In addition to reduplication, root morphemes can be modified by interior glottalization, such that a root CVC appears as CʔVC. Although the process is not productive, many recorded forms refer to a state, for example (cooled off) from (he cools it off). Consonant reduplication can proceed as usual
535:
between consonantal and vocalic pronunciation, and (3) alternation of plain velars, uvulars, and laryngeals with the corresponding rounded sounds. The
Bouchard style system does not appear to require the reader to know so many alternation rules. Examples of words written in the Bouchard style can
511:
The
Shuswap language has many consonants which the Roman alphabet is typically not used to represent. Two systems of representing Shuswap sounds are in use. One is the system used in Kuipers' 298-page monograph on the language. It uses some letters which are not part of the Roman alphabet. The
519:
The
Bouchard style system appears to be the one in use among Shuswap people themselves. Aside from the different symbols used, other differences exist between the two systems. The Kuipers' system makes extensive use of automatic alternations. For example, the letter n is sometimes pronounced ,
1787:
The suffixal form: for intransitive verbs, and also transitive verbs and nouns (third person singular only). This form is sometimes optional and sometimes obligatory. Examples of use include as an imperative substitute (, "run till you get there") and in "if" and "when" sentences (, "when I grew
446:
After residential schools were shut down, Aboriginal children entered the mainstream schooling system which is dominated by
English. Inter-generational transmission of Indigenous languages was severely disrupted due to the dominance of English in education and in the workplace. This further
1491:
Although
Kuipers (1974) does not specify, in many cases the glottalized or rounded version of a consonant seems to represent an allophonic variation. For example, consonants which have a rounded form are rounded before and after . However, glottalization can be contrastive (the root
700:, are subject to an automatic process called darkening, which changes how these vowels are pronounced. Automatic darkening is predictable; it occurs before uvular obstruents and before or after uvularized sonorants. It is not reflected in the Kuipers spelling system.
1791:
The nominalized form: for nouns and intransitive verbs. A nominalized intransitive verb refers to the goal object of the action, as in "this is the groundhog I shot yesterday." Nominalization is also used in questions, either yes-or-no or introduced with
1542:
are unchanged. The environment around uvulars and velars produces a different set of variants, including occasional slight diphthongs. Additionally, some roots cause darkened vowels to appear in suffixes; one example is the prefix
536:
be seen on two websites. These websites do not contain enough examples to show how all the automatic alternations are handled in the
Bouchard style system. Therefore the Kuipers' system of spelling is used in this article.
512:
other system is based on one devised by Randy
Bouchard of the British Columbia Language Project. It is based entirely on the Roman alphabet. The one exception is the symbol 7, which is used to represent a
1783:
The plain form: nouns and intransitive verbs, conjugated for person. Additionally, a distinction is made between object-centered and subject-centered words; compare "the one I saw" with "the one that saw
1659:
Not all types of reduplication are productive and functional. Total reduplication indicates plurality and consonant reduplication is diminutive, but most other reduplications are difficult to explain.
497:
is conducted entirely in the
Secwepemc language. A language nest program in Secwepemctsín also takes place with the Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Centre) Society where the grandmothers (
1469:
A Shuswap word consists of a stem, to which can be added various affixes. Very few words contain two roots. Any stressed root can have an unstressed alternative, where the vowel is replaced by .
416:
Western: Canim Lake (Tsq’escen), Chu Chua (Simpcw), Deadman's Creek (Skitsestn/Skeetchestn)–Kamloops (Tk'emlups), Fraser River (Splatsin, Esk’et), and
Pavilion (Tsk’weylecw)–Bonaparte (St’uxtews)
3645:
1256:
The variation of sonorants between consonantal and vocalic pronunciations is automatic, and is not indicated in the Kuipers’ spelling system. The rule for determining this as follows:
1221:
The sonorants are voiced. Since they can be consonantal or vocalic, a pair of pronunciations is given for each in the table. Vocalic variants occur only in unstressed syllables.
503:) interact with and teach the children. On January 21, 2013, Thompson Rivers University began offering a Secwepemctsín language class taught by fluent speaker Janice Billy.
1511:
There are a number of ways in which sounds are affected by their environments. Resonants in the vocalic position are preceded by an automatic schwa, for example the word
3660:
1603:. Suffixes are also used to indicate transitive, intransitive, and imperative verbs. Below are a few examples taken from the extensive collection of Shuswap suffixes:
1215:
The pronunciation of the dental-palatal obstruents c, c', and s ranges from palatal , and to dental , and , although c' tends more towards the dental pronunciation.
447:
contributed to the drastic decline of Indigenous languages. For example, the number of fluent speakers of Secwepemctsín had dwindled to 3.5 per cent by the mid-1990s.
1483:
Stress in Shuswap is not very prominent, and occurs only in longer words. Since and are always stressed and never is, stress is usually fairly simple to predict.
2987:
657:. Its description is ambiguous. Kuipers gave its phonetic value as , indicating a mid unrounded back vowel, but described it in words as a mid central vowel.
1579:
s- is used to derive nouns from verbs, and prefixes to indicate a resulting state are added to verbs. A sample of Shuswap's small number of prefixes is below:
2673:
243:
3650:
2937:
2289:
405:
Shuswap is the northernmost of the Interior Salish languages, which are spoken in Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. There are two
2509:
Ellis, David W. and Luke Swan. 1981. Teachings of the tides: uses of marine invertebrates by the Manhousat people. Nanaimo, B.C. : Theytus Books
2424:
Language Nest Programs in BC. Early childhood immersion programs in two First Nations Communities. Practical questions answered and guidelines offered
1475:
Suffixes begin either with a stressed vowel (dropped in forms where the root is stressed) or a consonant. Prefixes generally have the form C- or CC-.
440:
2264:
3655:
520:
sometimes , and sometimes . The choice of pronunciation is based on automatically applied rules. The reader is expected to know these rules.
3614:
2151:
2422:
2316:
2168:
175:
1652:
In addition, there are several types of complex reduplication, involving patterns such as 11V12, 112V23, and 1123V34 (where 1 represents C
3640:
2392:
Developing an augmented reality app in Secwepemctsín in collaboration with the Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Centre) Society
399:
101:
87:
2980:
1265:
Then, beginning from the right hand side of the word, a sonorant in any one of the following situations is changed to consonantal:
2666:
484:, to help people learn the Splatsin dialect of Secwepemctsín in support of the community's language revitalization initiatives.
3065:
2340:
803:
255:
3545:
3113:
2519:
1309:
Kuipers (1974) uses the alphabet shown in the Phonology section. The Shuswap Language Department uses a different alphabet:
2752:
3449:
2454:
Mortenson, Joani. 2008.“The Gift of the Kia7as: Splats’in First Nation Language Nest Program.” Early Childhood Educators.
3469:
2973:
2599:
2486:
2290:"Native language learns to talk tech : Language of Shuswap Nation has promising future thanks to modern technology"
219:
3591:
3355:
2659:
1736:
of a transitive verb; and the relative, for all other cases (for example, the actor of a passive verb, or an adverb).
170:
2641:
2631:
3015:
2922:
2881:
387:
126:
72:
1227:
The plain sonorants when vocalic have a different pronunciation at the beginning of a word: , , , , , , , and .
464:
369:
265:
3429:
3365:
3312:
3123:
2927:
2841:
2834:
2798:
2364:
1808:(listed separately or as their simplest derivatives), and a selection of words derived from these roots by
3610:
3597:
3576:
2706:
1539:
1535:
1512:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1046:
697:
693:
689:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
650:
646:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
1824:
1815:
1102:
308:
3178:
3070:
318:
3581:
3393:
3282:
3138:
3105:
3032:
839:
439:
Many Indigenous languages, like Secwepemctsín, experienced rapid decline with the institution of the
463:
website has a Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal, a Secwepemc Community Portal, and a
3586:
3550:
3226:
3095:
2996:
2783:
2294:
1795:
The ʔs- form: refers to a fact, with overtones of goal-directedness. For example: "I want to eat."
1681:
1054:
1472:
Most roots have the form CVC or CC (the latter only if unstressed). Other roots are CVCC or CCVC.
3635:
3560:
3495:
3337:
3274:
3259:
3128:
3050:
3045:
2866:
2792:
2682:
1805:
157:
121:
2431:
1676:
Word order in Shuswap is relatively free; syntactical relationships are easily conveyed by the
1218:
Glottalized dental-lateral plosive t’ can also be pronounced as a glottalized dental plosive .
3540:
3490:
3345:
3327:
3322:
3302:
3297:
3249:
3183:
2932:
2906:
2896:
2848:
2803:
2746:
2560:
2147:
1725:
1721:
844:
425:
421:
1230:
The long vowels representing plain vocalic sonorants are variable in length and may be short.
3535:
3525:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3375:
3264:
3211:
3173:
3118:
3080:
3040:
3010:
2827:
2767:
2732:
2403:
2395:
1820:
1733:
834:
819:
814:
688:
The previous table shows the normal pronunciation of the vowels. Three of the full vowels,
383:
333:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3474:
3383:
3350:
3307:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3193:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3133:
3085:
3075:
2762:
2696:
2646:
2585:
2573:
1779:
Nouns and verbs appear in for different forms, depending on their syntactic surroundings.
1729:
1518:
The distribution of vowels is quite complex. The vowels have the following main variants:
877:
829:
481:
395:
113:
3143:
1515:("daughter"), pronounced . The darkening of vowels, as described below, is another case.
1452:
1438:
1427:
1410:
1399:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1347:
3464:
3414:
3388:
3287:
3148:
3090:
2956:
2809:
2772:
2721:
2076:
1156:
1001:
915:
373:
293:
150:
211:
3629:
3454:
3060:
3055:
2757:
2523:
1632:
592:
584:
3555:
3459:
3216:
1677:
1457:
1237:. Where this ought to occur due to phonological processes, what occurs instead is
824:
513:
472:
460:
391:
3360:
402:, 200 people speak Shuswap as a mother tongue, and there are 1,190 semi-speakers.
2621:
1508:-qn, "shed"). Consonant reduplication can also have an effect on glottalization.
3201:
2739:
870:
862:
854:
599:
579:
232:
224:
1212:
Plain plosives are usually unaspirated, and can be voiced in some environments.
476:
Columbia master's student, developed an augmented reality storybook app called
3292:
2726:
2192:
2109:
2104:
802:. In the tables which follow, pronunciations are given in square brackets in
630:
589:
494:
17:
3206:
795:
614:
204:
188:
83:
2317:"Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C."
2212:
195:
2626:
2236:
950:
799:
456:
273:
261:
51:
2616:
1298:
Example 4: l , w , y and n in ‘I catch something in a trap’ lélwyn-kn
1289:
Example 1: l , m and m in variants of ‘go ahead!’ x̌ílme and x̌ílmxe
2399:
406:
269:
2965:
2407:
2651:
2080:
1600:
1576:
672:
also occur in unstressed syllables, but only in a few words. Vowels
240:
62:
2464:
806:
transcription. The notation is the same as that of Kuipers (1974).
1224:
Consonantal forms of glottalized sonorants occur only after vowels.
1814:
1809:
660:
There are restrictions on the distribution of vowels. The vowel
413:
Eastern: Kinbasket (Kenpesq’t) and Shuswap Lake (Qw7ewt/Quaaout)
2969:
2655:
2543:
2193:"FirstVoices: Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal"
1262:
To start, all sonorants in a word are to be considered vocalic.
532:
1639:
Initial reduplication: (bitterroot) to (prepare bitterroots)
527:
of vowels (Non-automatic darkening of vowels is covered under
468:
2320:
Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly
431:
Most of the material in this article is from Kuipers (1974).
351:
342:
2636:
386:. An endangered language, Shuswap is spoken mainly in the
345:
339:
272:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2144:
Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 re Stsq'ey's-kucw
2487:"First Aboriginal language course teaches Secwepemctsín"
1680:
system. However, it is common but not necessary for the
1504:- appears with a glottalized final consonant in s-t-q‘e
2064:
to tell somebody about mysterious sight or experience
1575:
Shuswap's affixation system is robust. A nominalizing
1241:
when a consonantal form is required, and (unstressed)
239:
Shuswap is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
348:
2169:"Facebook in Your Indigenous or Endangered Language"
471:. The Secwepemc Cultural Education Society released
354:
3569:
3483:
3442:
3402:
3374:
3336:
3273:
3225:
3192:
3104:
3031:
3024:
3003:
2915:
2889:
2880:
2858:
2819:
2714:
2705:
2689:
2341:"Tablet tools teach endangered aboriginal language"
664:is restricted to unstressed syllables. The vowels
336:
314:
299:
289:
284:
218:
202:
186:
181:
169:
164:
147:
110:
94:
78:
68:
58:
46:
32:
3646:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
2642:Bibliography of Materials on the Shuswap Language
2622:Map of British Columbia indigenous language-areas
2617:First Nations Languages of British Columbia entry
420:The other Northern Interior Salish languages are
388:Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia
73:Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia
1720:Shuswap uses two cases: the absolutive, for the
1295:Example 3: l and ɣ in ‘waterfall’ k’°əλlɣʔép
1547:kst ("hand, arm"), which is darkened in x°əl’-
1233:There is no glottalized plain uvular sonorant
524:
523:The rules cover three classes of changes: (1)
2981:
2667:
2237:"Splatsin (Eastern dialect) Community Portal"
1635:. Some examples of simple reduplication are:
775:
762:
749:
725:
719:
713:
707:
498:
488:
377:
363:
38:
8:
2142:Ignace, Marianne; Ignace, Ronald E. (2017).
1642:Final reduplication: (blow) to (swell up)
572:Main phonetic values of the Shuswap vowels
544:The Shuswap language has five full vowels,
528:
3028:
2988:
2974:
2966:
2886:
2711:
2674:
2660:
2652:
2146:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 121–144.
1622:/-el’txʷ/: a sheet-like object, skin, bark
1252:Consonantal-vocalic variation of sonorants
231:
29:
1645:Total reduplication: (white) to (flour)
1551:kst. The darkened vowels are as follows:
794:Consonants are divided into two classes,
1830:
1589:/t-/ or /tk-/: on top of, on the outside
1275:a vocalic sonorant on its right side; or
808:
734:
570:
244:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3661:Native American language revitalization
2258:
2256:
2092:
1595:/ʔ-/: second person singular possessive
1500:-, "write") or allophonic (the root q’e
266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2581:
2569:
2558:
2520:"Land of the Shuswap, Secwepemcúl'ecx"
2054:to frighten people by spooky behavior
1936:a fungus that was used in making fire
680:are restricted to stressed syllables.
451:Language revitalization and technology
281:
50:
2265:"Nintendo scores for native language"
2100:
2098:
2096:
1704:Sentences with subject first (rare):
1292:Example 2: w in ‘downstream’ wtemtk
811:
7:
2637:Secwepemc Cultural Education Society
2555:. Shuswap Language Department. 2000.
2137:
2135:
1823:and Secwepemctsín (Shuswwap) on the
1583:/t’l’-/: during a period in the past
176:Secwepemc Cultural Education Society
1496:-, "set up a structure," versus q’e
459:is available in Secwepemctsín. The
2627:Ubuntu Secwepemc Localization Team
1770:(the subject is in the Absolutive)
533:automatic alternation of sonorants
27:Interior Salish language of Canada
25:
3651:First Nations languages in Canada
2365:"Tuwitames: Splatsin Stsptakwla"
1687:Sentences with predicate first:
1610:/-tem’/: bottom, canyon, lowland
1245:when a vocalic form is required.
649:, is rare and often replaced by
332:
2647:Languagegeek.com: Secwepemctsín
1766:m-cuntməs ɣ-sq°yic t-x̌°ʕ°elmx
1631:Shuswap makes extensive use of
400:First Peoples' Cultural Council
3656:Languages of the United States
2465:"Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn Society"
2390:Lacho, David Dennison (2018).
2315:Wood, Stephanie (2014-01-22).
2167:Scannell, Kevin (2012-10-16).
1749:m-tʔeyns ɣ-x̌°ʕ°elmx ɣ-sk’lep
1663:with interior glottalization.
1:
2632:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
2288:Catherine Litt (2013-02-04).
1708:ɣ-sq°yic m-cunsəs ɣx̌°ʕ°elmx
3470:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2600:Oxford Dictionary of English
2213:"Secwepemc Community Portal"
372:traditionally spoken by the
3592:Plains Indian Sign Language
2071:Words borrowed into English
1804:The following is a list of
3677:
3443:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
1862:covering around something
1272:a vowel on its right side;
3641:Interior Salish languages
3607:
2950:
2485:Devan Tasa (2013-01-20).
2263:Mike Youds (2012-11-29).
2125:Kuipers, Aert H. (1974).
2036:
2004:
1972:
1940:
1908:
1876:
1844:
1278:a vowel on its left side.
1101:
1053:
949:
876:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
684:Automatic vowel darkening
564:, and one reduced vowel,
252:
230:
37:
3450:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
370:Interior Salish language
52:[ʃəxwəpməxˈtʃin]
2115:(subscription required)
1648:Consonant reduplication
1627:Morphological processes
1613:/-itʃeʔ/: surface, hide
776:
763:
750:
744:Darkened pronunciation
726:
720:
714:
708:
499:
489:
378:
364:
225:Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)
39:
3615:Canadian dictionaries
3598:Maritime Sign Language
3577:American Sign Language
3066:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2083:, comes from Shuswap.
1828:
1768:Rabbit was told by Fox
1710:Rabbit was told by fox
1684:to head the sentence.
1592:/wλ-/: group of people
1487:Phonological processes
529:Phonological Processes
254:This article contains
3611:Canadian style guides
2907:Thompson River Salish
2544:Connecting Traditions
2032:fishing spot, bucket
1926:to glow / be red hot
1825:Bonaparte/Stuctwesemc
1818:
741:Normal pronunciation
645:An additional vowel,
3582:Quebec Sign Language
3025:Indigenous languages
2129:. The Hague: Mouton.
2127:The Shuswap Language
1819:A stop sign in both
1607:/-eps/: back of neck
1586:/c-/ or /s-/: hither
3551:Pennsylvania German
2997:Languages of Canada
2295:Kamloops Daily News
2269:Kamloops Daily News
2051:t-q°əx-q°əx-n’t-es
1872:skin door-covering
1728:, the subject of a
1699:my grandfather said
1599:Most nouns contain
573:
525:automatic darkening
493:(language nest) at
480:, available on the
441:residential schools
398:. According to the
285:Secwépemc (Shuswap)
106:1,190 semi-speakers
3587:Inuk Sign Language
3546:Newfoundland Irish
3511:Tagalog (Filipino)
3484:Minority languages
3356:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3114:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3004:Official languages
2683:Salishan languages
2400:10.14288/1.0363946
1829:
1465:Syllable structure
712:in 'he shoots it'
571:
368:, ) is a northern
158:Duployan shorthand
3623:
3622:
3541:Doukhobor Russian
3438:
3437:
2963:
2962:
2957:extinct languages
2946:
2945:
2933:Colville-Okanagan
2876:
2875:
2603:, 3rd ed., p 977.
2580:Missing or empty
2568:Missing or empty
2369:App Store Preview
2153:978-0-7735-5203-6
2113:(18th ed., 2015)
2068:
2067:
2043:wild man, bugbear
1745:the house is high
1739:Absolutive Case:
1726:intransitive verb
1693:the house is high
1207:
1206:
787:
786:
643:
642:
324:
323:
280:
279:
262:rendering support
258:phonetic symbols.
171:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
3668:
3536:Hutterite German
3029:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2887:
2753:Northern Straits
2712:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2522:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2430:. Archived from
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2339:Jackey Sharkey.
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2102:
1990:to call, summon
1965:cəq°-cq°eq°sxn’
1904:to cross a road
1831:
1541:
1537:
1514:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1048:
809:
779:
766:
753:
735:
729:
724:in 'I shoot it'
723:
717:
711:
699:
695:
691:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
652:
648:
574:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
502:
492:
455:An interface to
435:Language decline
384:British Columbia
381:
367:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
328:Shuswap language
282:
246:
235:
214:
198:
191:
153:
116:
100:200 (2014,
54:
42:
30:
21:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3603:
3565:
3531:Canadian Gaelic
3479:
3434:
3430:Coast Tsimshian
3398:
3370:
3332:
3269:
3221:
3188:
3100:
3020:
2999:
2994:
2964:
2959:
2942:
2911:
2882:Interior Salish
2872:
2854:
2815:
2701:
2685:
2680:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2421:McIvor, Onowa.
2420:
2419:
2415:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2073:
2022:to fetch water
1802:
1777:
1756:Relative Case:
1730:transitive verb
1718:
1674:
1669:
1655:
1629:
1573:
1568:
1489:
1481:
1467:
1462:
1307:
1254:
792:
686:
542:
509:
482:Apple App Store
453:
437:
396:Rocky Mountains
335:
331:
319:Secwepemcúl̓ecw
307:
260:Without proper
248:
247:
238:
210:
194:
187:
165:Official status
154:
149:
143:
127:Interior Salish
117:
114:Language family
112:
105:
97:
96:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3570:Sign languages
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Chinook Jargon
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3366:Nuu-chah-nulth
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2938:Montana Salish
2935:
2930:
2928:Columbia-Moses
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2842:Upper Chehalis
2838:
2835:Lower Chehalis
2831:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2611:External links
2609:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2547:
2536:
2511:
2502:
2477:
2456:
2447:
2413:
2382:
2356:
2331:
2307:
2280:
2252:
2228:
2204:
2184:
2159:
2152:
2131:
2118:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:to speak, talk
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:x-pət-cin’-tn
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1801:
1800:Sample lexicon
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1751:Fox met Coyote
1747:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1697:cut l-nx̌peʔe
1695:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:/-eq/: berries
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:Writing system
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
924:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
889:
883:
880:
874:
873:
868:
865:
860:
857:
852:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
791:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:
772:
771:
769:
767:
759:
758:
756:
754:
746:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
731:
730:
685:
682:
641:
640:
638:
635:
633:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
596:
595:
587:
582:
577:
541:
538:
508:
505:
452:
449:
436:
433:
418:
417:
414:
374:Shuswap people
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
278:
277:
264:, you may see
250:
249:
237:
236:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
208:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
182:Language codes
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
162:
161:
155:
151:Writing system
148:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
98:
95:
92:
91:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:Native to
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3673:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Broken Slavey
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Coeur d’Alene
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2575:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2526:on 2008-10-04
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2437:on 2013-12-05
2433:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2174:
2173:Rising Voices
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:, a type of
2078:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:wist t-citx°
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
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47:Pronunciation
45:
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40:Secwepemctsín
36:
31:
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18:Secwepemctsin
3609:
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3317:
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1987:c-q°l-nt-es
1978:
1973:
1955:cəq°-cin-tn
1946:
1941:
1933:tik°-n’k-tn
1914:
1909:
1901:x-ptək-ew’s
1894:finish line
1882:
1877:
1850:
1845:
1803:
1778:
1767:
1762:a high house
1761:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:wist ɣ-citx
1738:
1719:
1716:Case marking
1709:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1691:wist ɣ-citx
1686:
1678:case marking
1675:
1661:
1658:
1651:
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988:
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963:
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920:
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825:Alveopalatal
793:
687:
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644:
543:
522:
518:
514:glottal stop
510:
486:
477:
473:Nintendo DSi
461:First Voices
454:
445:
438:
430:
419:
409:of Shuswap:
404:
392:Fraser River
390:between the
327:
325:
303:
253:
203:
160:(historical)
134:
3394:Assiniboine
3283:Bella Coola
3202:Inuinnaqtun
2740:Lushootseed
2690:Bella Coola
2241:FirstVoices
2217:FirstVoices
2061:q°ex-s-n-s
1997:q°l-t-əmiʔ
1923:tətʔiʔk°-m
1891:x-ptetk-tn
1859:x-pət-min’
1837:Derivative
1775:Other forms
1157:Glottalized
1103:Approximant
1002:Glottalized
916:Glottalized
268:instead of
3630:Categories
3293:Halkomelem
3106:Athabaskan
3096:Potawatomi
3033:Algonquian
2727:Halkomelem
2582:|url=
2530:2008-11-12
2496:2013-01-20
2441:2013-06-02
2408:2429/64689
2394:(Thesis).
2350:2013-01-19
2325:2014-02-27
2301:2013-02-09
2274:2013-01-13
2246:2012-10-22
2222:2012-10-22
2198:2012-10-22
2178:2012-10-22
2110:Ethnologue
2087:References
2029:x-yew’-mn
2000:talkative
1851:spread out
1732:, and the
1672:Word order
1566:Morphology
1513:/stʼmkelt/
1055:Fricatives
840:Pharyngeal
796:obstruents
790:Consonants
495:Adams Lake
3636:Secwepemc
3561:Ukrainian
3496:Cantonese
3361:Kwakʼwala
3260:Tuscarora
3227:Iroquoian
3207:Inuktitut
3179:Tsuutʼina
3129:Chipewyan
3124:Chilcotin
3051:Blackfoot
3046:Algonquin
2955:indicate
2867:Tillamook
2859:Tillamook
2793:Pentlatch
2778:Semiahmoo
2491:The Omega
2075:The word
1958:lipstick
1682:predicate
1656:, etc.).
800:sonorants
706:Example:
593:(Rounded)
507:Phonology
490:cseyseten
478:Tuwitames
379:Secwépemc
294:Secwépemc
205:Glottolog
189:ISO 639-3
84:Secwepemc
79:Ethnicity
3491:Mandarin
3346:Ditidaht
3338:Wakashan
3328:Thompson
3323:Squamish
3313:shíshálh
3303:Okanagan
3298:Lillooet
3275:Salishan
3250:Onondaga
3184:Tutchone
3139:Gwichʼin
2916:Southern
2897:Lillooet
2890:Northern
2849:Quinault
2820:Tsamosan
2804:Squamish
2799:shíshálh
2784:T'Sou-ke
2768:Songhees
2747:Nooksack
2561:cite web
2038:s-q°ex-t
2019:x-yew-m
2011:scoop up
1840:Meaning
1827:Reserve.
1601:suffixes
951:Plosives
531:.), (2)
465:Splatsin
457:Facebook
426:Thompson
422:Lillooet
407:dialects
394:and the
300:Language
274:Help:IPA
212:shus1248
131:Northern
122:Salishan
3526:Italian
3506:Spanish
3501:Punjabi
3425:Tlingit
3420:Kutenai
3410:Beothuk
3318:Shuswap
3308:Saanich
3265:Wyandot
3212:Inupiaq
3174:Tahltan
3119:Carrier
3081:Naskapi
3071:Miꞌkmaq
3041:Abenaki
3011:English
2953:Italics
2902:Shuswap
2828:Cowlitz
2763:Saanich
2733:Klallam
2715:Central
2371:. Apple
2105:Shuswap
2077:kokanee
1883:pass by
1821:English
1810:affixes
1792:"what".
1722:subject
1571:Affixes
871:Rounded
863:Rounded
855:Rounded
845:Glottal
585:Central
500:kikia7a
382:, ) of
315:Country
270:Unicode
135:Shuswap
86:(2014,
33:Shuswap
3521:German
3516:Arabic
3475:Michif
3460:Bungee
3384:Stoney
3376:Siouan
3351:Haisla
3255:Seneca
3245:Oneida
3240:Mohawk
3235:Cayuga
3169:Tagish
3164:Slavey
3159:Sekani
3154:Nicola
3134:Dogrib
3091:Ottawa
3086:Ojibwe
3076:Munsee
3016:French
2773:Samish
2697:Nuxálk
2150:
2081:salmon
1968:penny
1734:object
1724:of an
1667:Syntax
1577:prefix
1479:Stress
1195:) ,
1107:Plain
955:Plain
882:Plain
867:Plain
859:Plain
851:Plain
835:Uvular
820:Dental
815:Labial
738:Vowel
718:, but
696:, and
540:Vowels
290:People
241:UNESCO
82:9,860
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63:Canada
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3403:other
3389:Sioux
3288:Comox
3194:Inuit
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2758:Lummi
2722:Comox
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1788:up").
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878:Nasal
830:Velar
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715:qemns
600:Close
580:Front
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1942:ciq°
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676:and
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424:and
326:The
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2404:hdl
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2107:at
2006:yew
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653:or
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647:/ʌ/
637:a
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615:Mid
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