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by changing the angle of inclination of a pivoted 'arms'. A single arm that pivots is attached to a vertical post and can take one of three positions. The horizontal position indicates stop, the vertical means all clear and the inclined indicates go ahead under control, but expect to stop. Designs
378:
or by interrupting the sunlight with a shutter. The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century. The main uses were for the military, survey and forest protection work. Heliographs were
421:
to each tower at separations of 10–30 km (5–20 mi). On the top of each tower was an apparatus, which uses pivoted indicator arms and conveys information according to the direction the indicators point. An observer at each tower would watch the neighbouring tower through a
342:. They are brightly coloured and easily distinguishable, serving purposes such as spelling out messages, identifying letters and numbers, signalling distress or requests for assistance and communicating nautical procedures. Standardized by the
327:
system conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags, rods, disks, paddles, or occasionally bare or gloved hands. Information is encoded by the position of the flags. It is still used during
180:. The main line of beacons stretched over some 720 km (450 mi) with stations placed from 100 km (60 mi) to 60 km (35 mi). A message could be sent along the line in approximately one hour. A
417:, which uses pivoted indicator arms and conveys information according to the direction the indicators point and was popular in the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Relay towers were built with a
554:. By the 1840s, with the combination of the telegraph and Morse code, the semaphore system was replaced. The telegraph continued to be used commercially for over 100 years and Morse code is still used by
426:
and when the semaphore arms began to move spelling out a message, they would pass the message on to the next tower. This early form of telegraph system was much more effective and efficient than
354:
1269:
149:, would be visible to the next tower, usually 30 km (20 mi) distant. Flames were lit on one tower, then the next tower would light a flame in succession.
3911:
191:
is one of the oldest forms of semaphore for long-distance communication. The smoke is used to transmit news, signal danger or gather people to a common area.
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445:. This form of visual communication was so effective that messages that normally took days to communicate could now be transmitted in mere hours.
28:
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were introduced in the late 18th century. The source of light is called the "lamp" and the light is concentrated, by the "lens" or "optic".
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346:(IMO), these flags ensure global uniformity. They allow maritime professionals a tool for effective and clear communication at sea.
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for the transmission of specific prearranged messages. Towers were built on selected mountaintops, so that one tower, the
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are a system used by ships for communication at sea, each flag representing a specific letter, numeral, or message in the
199:
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standard issue in the
British and Australian armies until the 1960s and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.
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is a semaphore using a tower, building, or another type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and
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have altered over the intervening years and colour light signals have replaced semaphore signals in most countries.
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at sea and is acceptable for emergency communication in daylight or using lighted wands instead of flags, at night.
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945:"J-M. Dilhac, "The Telegraph of Claude Chappe: An Optical Telecommunication Network for the XVIIIrd Century.""
157:
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which automatically lit the lamp at nightfall and extinguished it at dawn. The advent of electrification and
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The
Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-line Pioneers
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and weather. In addition, the visual communication would not be able to cross large bodies of water.
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707:"Semaphore - Traffic Signals - Road Signs and Traffic Signals - Dating - Landscape Change Program"
430:
for conveying a message over long distances. The sightline between relay stations was limited by
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was gradually invented allowing a message to be sent over a wire. In 1835, the
American inventor
4063:
453:
282:
began to make lighthouse keepers obsolete. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety with
990:
105:
transmitted over distance. A semaphore can be performed with devices including: fire, lights,
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Constitution and
Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)
1080:
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can refer to either one of two different semaphore systems. The earliest one was developed in
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enthusiasts. Telecommunication evolved replacing the electric telegraph with the advent of
538:
created a dots and dashes language system representing both letters and numbers, called the
274:) began replacing kerosene around the turn of the 20th century. Carbide was promoted by the
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Youtube: "2nd March 1791: Claude Chappe sends the first message by semaphore machine"
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290:(GPS) have led to the phasing out of non-automated lighthouses across the world.
242:
at sea or on inland waterways. Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous
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441:, stations were constructed to send and receive messages using the coined term
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was set at the first beacon and transmitted down the line to
Constantinople.
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868:. Retrieved on 1 June 2008. Discussion of heliograph use in the Boer War.
367:
267:
110:
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3128:
3014:
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2004:
1618:
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is a semaphore system using a visual signaling device, often utilizing
181:
101: 'bearer, carrier') is the use of an apparatus to create a visual
866:
WIRE AT WAR – Signals communication in the South
African War 1899–1902
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5157:
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4886:
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2014:
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began using signal lamps. In 1867, then
Captain, later Vice Admiral,
165:
102:
94:
73:
542:, enabling text-based transmissions. In 1837, the British inventors
223:
for the first time began using dots and dashes from a signal lamp.
6068:
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2881:
2782:
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1380:
521:
452:
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27:
1238:
YouTube: Information Theory part 4: Semaphores & signal fires
6010:
3731:
3626:
1204:
Description of the
Universal Telegraph for Day and Night Signals
411:
247:
106:
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3648:
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3175:
3060:
2402:
1616:
1378:
1361:
1251:
1162:
991:"Napoleonic Telecommunications: The Chappe Semaphore Telegraph"
884:
Communications: an international history of the formative years
842:
734:
Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
5256:
1181:
510:
fires, while the latter British system was operated purely by
250:, rocks, and safe entries to harbors; they also assist in
737:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 209.
270:
became popular in the 1870s and electricity and carbide (
374:. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the
156:
was a semaphore developed in the 9th century during the
475:. These signals display their different indications to
254:. Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the
965:"How Napoleon's semaphore telegraph changed the world"
914:. Vol. 10 (6th ed.). 1824. pp. 645–651.
550:
obtained a patent for the first commercially viable
506:. The Greek system was deployed in combination with
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1314:
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759:"Maritime Heritage Program – National Park Service"
1190:. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press; 1st edition.
1079:). The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
689:). The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
1170:) The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
266:was also used with wicks as the source of light.
1214:. Phillimore & Co. Chichester, West Sussex.
805:Royal Navy Communications Branch Museum/Library
168:to transmit messages from the border with the
113:, and moving arms. Semaphores can be used for
5126:
3870:
1263:
1243:YouTube: TeleCommunication: Semaphore Systems
8:
831:
829:
6141:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1053:. Bloomsbury USA; Second Edition, Revised.
44:
6177:
5133:
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5111:
4240:
3939:
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1635:
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1613:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1290:
1270:
1256:
1248:
1097:"Telegraph - The end of the telegraph era"
780:"Visual Signalling in the RCN - Semaphore"
366:is a semaphore that signals by flashes of
16:Mechanical apparatus used to send messages
570:, mobile phone, Internet and broadband.
1207:. T. Egerton Military Library. Egerton.
596:
121:, or for traffic signalling such as in
32:Coastal semaphore using moving arms at
959:
957:
731:Sterling, Christopher H., ed. (2008).
471:is one of the earliest forms of fixed
410:, a clergyman from France, invented a
80: 'mark, sign, token' and
5014:American Printing House for the Blind
4790:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4442:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1128:International Telecommunication Union
1009:"The Origin of the Railway Semaphore"
7:
6187:
657:
655:
653:
651:
632:
630:
628:
1036:The Guardian: International Edition
502:, while the other was developed in
344:International Maritime Organization
336:International maritime signal flags
315:International maritime signal flags
1187:The Early History of Data Networks
840:. In Sterling, Christopher (ed.).
340:international maritime signal code
14:
1032:"Final telegram to be sent. STOP"
933:. Vol. 17. pp. 664–667.
880:"Chapter 2: Semaphore Signalling"
638:"Semaphore | communications"
6186:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6155:
5776:Free-space optical communication
566:, telephone, radio, television,
141:were a semaphore system used in
530:In the early 19th century, the
1343:Languages by writing system /
1030:Moss, Stephen (10 July 2013),
663:"semaphore | FactMonster"
1:
4782:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4738:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
6162:Telecommunication portal
5943:Telecommunications equipment
4993:National Braille Association
4972:Braille Institute of America
4690:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
925:David Brewster, ed. (1832).
215:. In the 19th century, the
5679:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4873:Refreshable braille display
4852:Optical braille recognition
4449:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
3981:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3124:New Epoch Notation Painting
931:The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia
611:Online Etymology Dictionary
119:visually connected networks
6229:
5383:Telecommunications history
4940:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
487:
460:
391:
308:
176:to the Byzantine capital,
66:
21:Semaphore (disambiguation)
18:
6150:
5991:Public Switched Telephone
5803:telecommunication circuit
5764:Fiber-optic communication
5509:Francis Blake (telephone)
5304:Optical telecommunication
4676:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
3854:
3657:
3644:
3612:
3599:
3505:
3492:
3190:Chinese family of scripts
3184:
3171:
3069:
3056:
2411:
2398:
2260:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
1625:
1612:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1345:by first written accounts
1289:
1069:Beauchamp, K. G. (2001).
844:. ABC-CLIO. p. 208.
679:Beauchamp, K. G. (2001).
437:An example is during the
402:Napoleonic semaphore line
370:using a mirror, often in
288:Global Positioning System
87:
5902:Orbital angular-momentum
5339:Satellite communications
5178:Communications satellite
4663:Chinese semi-syllabaries
3926:Unicode braille patterns
3912:International uniformity
2367:Thomas Natural Shorthand
838:"Heliograph and Mirrors"
544:William Fothergill Cooke
469:railway semaphore signal
463:Railway semaphore signal
54:apparatus for signalling
5781:Molecular communication
5604:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5433:Undersea telegraph line
5168:Cable protection system
5000:Blindness organizations
4979:Braille Without Borders
4768:Canadian currency marks
4390:Egyptian lineage family
3573:Southwest Paleohispanic
1101:Encyclopedia Britannica
1047:Standage, Tom. (2014).
912:Encyclopædia Britannica
642:Encyclopedia Britannica
580:Military communications
504:19th-century AD Britain
280:automatic lamp changers
256:Argand hollow wick lamp
203:Sailor with signal lamp
154:Byzantine beacon system
5923:Communication protocol
5709:Charles Sumner Tainter
5524:Walter Houser Brattain
5469:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5277:Information revolution
4317:Russian lineage family
3717:Great Lakes Algonquian
2626:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2559:Gabelsberger shorthand
1502:Inscriptional Parthian
1201:Pasley, C. W. (1823).
1130:, 2012, archived from
836:Woods, Daniel (2008).
798:"History of Semaphore"
527:
458:
403:
359:
330:underway replenishment
306:
204:
37:
5897:Polarization-division
5629:Narinder Singh Kapany
5594:Erna Schneider Hoover
5514:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5494:Alexander Graham Bell
5225:online video platform
5081:Accessible publishing
5007:Schools for the blind
4986:Japan Braille Library
4775:Computer Braille Code
4429:Indian lineage family
3809:Old Persian cuneiform
2676:Carolingian minuscule
1482:Ancient North Arabian
1123:ITU Radio Regulations
1072:History of Telegraphy
878:Burns, R. W. (2004).
682:History of Telegraphy
585:Optical communication
525:
500:4th-century BC Greece
456:
401:
357:
301:
202:
31:
5739:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5699:Almon Brown Strowger
5669:Charles Grafton Page
5324:Prepaid mobile phone
5252:Electrical telegraph
4845:Mountbatten Brailler
4200:(largely reassigned)
3983:(largely reassigned)
3532:Southeastern Iberian
3527:Northeastern Iberian
1425:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1160:Burns, R.W. (2003).
532:electrical telegraph
443:Napoleonic semaphore
284:satellite navigation
221:Philip Howard Colomb
19:For other uses, see
5689:Johann Philipp Reis
5448:Wireless revolution
5410:The Telephone Cases
5267:Hydraulic telegraph
4797:Nemeth braille code
4583:(reassigned vowels)
4108:(extended to 8-dot)
3682:Canadian Aboriginal
3568:Khitan small script
3290:Khitan large script
2480:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1210:Wilson, G. (1976).
1182:Holzmann, Gerard J.
864:Major J. D. Harris
667:www.factmonster.com
560:wireless telegraphy
496:hydraulic telegraph
490:Hydraulic telegraph
415:semaphore telegraph
260:parabolic reflector
158:Arab–Byzantine wars
5887:Frequency-division
5864:Telephone exchange
5734:Charles Wheatstone
5664:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5639:Innocenzo Manzetti
5574:Reginald Fessenden
5309:Optical telegraphy
5142:Telecommunications
4831:Braille translator
4808:Braille technology
4784:(science; GS8/GS6)
4753:Symbols in braille
4683:Taiwanese Mandarin
4198:Taiwanese Mandarin
3804:Nwagu Aneke script
3356:Other logosyllabic
3278:Chinese-influenced
3217:Oracle bone script
3199:Chinese characters
3134:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2524:Eclectic shorthand
2512:Duployan shorthand
2465:Caucasian Albanian
2265:Canadian syllabics
1301:History of writing
1212:The Old Telegraphs
548:Charles Wheatstone
528:
526:Electric telegraph
459:
457:Railway pivot arms
404:
360:
307:
234:and to serve as a
205:
38:
6200:
6199:
5938:Store and forward
5933:Data transmission
5847:Network switching
5798:Transmission line
5644:Guglielmo Marconi
5609:Internet pioneers
5474:Mohamed M. Atalla
5443:Whistled language
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5026:tactile alphabets
4954:William Bell Wait
4947:Sabriye Tenberken
4748:
4747:
4613:
4612:
4598:(Japanese vowels)
4396:-mediated scripts
4323:-mediated scripts
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3702:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3640:
3639:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3308:
3307:
3167:
3166:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2243:
2242:
1608:
1607:
1595:Teeline Shorthand
1353:
1352:
893:978-0-86341-327-8
744:978-1-85109-732-6
604:Harper, Douglas.
394:Optical telegraph
388:Optical telegraph
286:systems like the
252:aerial navigation
170:Abbasid Caliphate
164:used a system of
117:when arranged in
6220:
6190:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6031:Notable networks
6021:Wireless network
5961:Cellular network
5953:Types of network
5928:Computer network
5815:Network topology
5729:Thomas A. Watson
5584:Oliver Heaviside
5569:Philo Farnsworth
5544:Daniel Davis Jr.
5519:Charles Bourseul
5479:John Logie Baird
5188:Data compression
5183:Computer network
5135:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5097:
5090:
5088:Braille literacy
5083:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4889:
4882:
4880:Slate and stylus
4875:
4868:
4866:Perkins Brailler
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4824:Braille embosser
4819:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4741:
4733:
4726:
4708:
4701:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4648:
4645:American Braille
4629:
4626:Algerian Braille
4606:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4421:
4413:
4406:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3890:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3646:
3601:
3507:
3499:Semi-syllabaries
3494:
3195:
3186:
3173:
3058:
2413:
2400:
2302:Japanese Braille
1887:Zanabazar square
1756:Nepalese scripts
1646:Bengali–Assamese
1636:
1627:
1614:
1531:Pitman shorthand
1376:
1372:
1359:
1291:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1137:on 19 March 2015
1136:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
952:
951:
949:
941:
935:
934:
922:
916:
915:
904:
898:
897:
875:
869:
862:
856:
855:
833:
824:
823:
821:
819:
813:
807:. Archived from
802:
794:
788:
787:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
755:
749:
748:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
703:
697:
677:
671:
670:
659:
646:
645:
634:
623:
622:
620:
618:
601:
514:fluid pressure.
236:navigational aid
162:Byzantine Empire
98:
91:
77:
70:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6156:
6154:
6146:
6088:
6025:
5947:
5911:
5868:
5817:
5809:
5750:
5743:
5649:Robert Metcalfe
5504:Tim Berners-Lee
5452:
5272:Information Age
5144:
5139:
5109:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4912:Charles Barbier
4910:
4903:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4744:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4651:
4643:
4637:Frequency-based
4632:
4624:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:Bharati Braille
4430:
4424:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4007:Unified English
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3936:Braille scripts
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3838:
3653:
3636:
3632:Stokoe notation
3608:
3587:
3546:
3501:
3480:
3464:
3428:
3407:Logoconsonantal
3402:
3351:
3304:
3273:
3180:
3163:
3144:Siglas poveiras
3065:
3044:
3003:
2907:Younger Futhark
2611:Gregg shorthand
2407:
2386:
2239:
1891:
1621:
1604:
1383:
1366:
1349:
1322:Writing systems
1310:
1285:
1283:writing systems
1276:
1229:
1157:
1155:Further reading
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1068:
1064:
1046:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:. Mysite.du.edu
1007:
1006:
1002:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
955:
947:
943:
942:
938:
924:
923:
919:
906:
905:
901:
894:
877:
876:
872:
863:
859:
852:
835:
834:
827:
817:
815:
811:
800:
796:
795:
791:
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
756:
752:
745:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
705:
704:
700:
678:
674:
661:
660:
649:
636:
635:
626:
616:
614:
603:
602:
598:
593:
576:
520:
492:
486:
473:railway signals
465:
451:
396:
390:
385:
352:
317:
309:Main articles:
296:
240:maritime pilots
197:
135:
123:railway systems
56:
53:
50:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6226:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Space-division
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Camille Tissot
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5694:Claude Shannon
5691:
5686:
5684:Tivadar Puskás
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5654:Antonio Meucci
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:Charles K. Kao
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Harold Hopkins
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Emile Berliner
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Videotelephony
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5334:Radiotelephone
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Internet video
5212:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5073:Related topics
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5049:New York Point
5045:
5038:
5030:
5028:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4933:Harris Mowbray
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4817:Braille e-book
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3944:French-ordered
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Linear Elamite
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:Sign languages
3604:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3583:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Espanca script
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Linear Elamite
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3398:Yi (Classical)
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3222:Bronze scripts
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3035:Flag semaphore
3032:
3030:New York Point
3027:
3025:Telegraph code
3022:
3020:Maritime flags
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Visible Speech
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Sorang Sompeng
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Galik alphabet
2825:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:Tironian notes
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2569:Garay alphabet
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Sorang Sompeng
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:Déné syllabics
2272:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Proto-Sinaitic
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1227:External links
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:978-0900592799
1208:
1199:
1196:978-0818667824
1179:
1176:978-0863413278
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1106:
1088:
1085:978-0852967928
1062:
1040:
1022:
1000:
997:. 15 May 2020.
982:
971:. 16 June 2013
953:
936:
917:
899:
892:
870:
857:
851:978-1851097326
850:
825:
814:on 11 May 2021
789:
771:
750:
743:
723:
698:
695:978-0852967928
672:
647:
624:
595:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
582:
575:
572:
519:
516:
488:Main article:
485:
482:
461:Main article:
450:
449:Railway signal
447:
439:Napoleonic era
392:Main article:
389:
386:
384:
381:
351:
348:
321:flag semaphore
311:Flag semaphore
295:
292:
196:
193:
178:Constantinople
143:Ancient Greece
134:
131:
127:traffic lights
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6225:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6193:
6185:
6183:
6175:
6173:
6165:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5907:Code-division
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Time-division
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:and switching
5816:
5812:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5769:optical fiber
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Coaxial cable
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Radia Perlman
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:Lee de Forest
5562:
5560:
5559:Thomas Edison
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Donald Davies
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Claude Chappe
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Smoke signals
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5356:Semiconductor
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:Digital media
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:Night writing
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:Organisations
4962:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:Valentin Haüy
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:Louis Braille
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:Braille watch
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:Braille music
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:Luxembourgish
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:Other scripts
4521:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4315:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4295:Northern Sámi
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:Nordic family
4242:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:South African
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Luxembourgish
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:ASCII braille
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Attic (Greek)
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Proto-Elamite
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Elder Futhark
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Old Hungarian
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Masaram Gondi
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Gunjala Gondi
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:Old Sundanese
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:Old Maldivian
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:Bilang-bilang
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Sylheti Nagri
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Brahmi script
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:South Arabian
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Inscriptional
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:"Article 1.3"
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:9781620405925
1056:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
995:Shannon Selin
992:
986:
983:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
946:
940:
937:
932:
928:
921:
918:
913:
909:
903:
900:
895:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
867:
861:
858:
853:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
810:
806:
799:
793:
790:
785:
781:
775:
772:
760:
754:
751:
746:
740:
736:
735:
727:
724:
712:
708:
702:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
658:
656:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
633:
631:
629:
625:
613:
612:
607:
600:
597:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:amateur radio
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
524:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
483:
481:
478:
477:train drivers
474:
470:
464:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:Claude Chappe
400:
395:
387:
382:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
326:
322:
316:
312:
305:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:acetylene gas
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
194:
192:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
69:
65:
62:
61:Ancient Greek
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5874:Multiplexing
5749:Transmission
5714:Nikola Tesla
5704:Henry Sutton
5659:Samuel Morse
5589:Robert Hooke
5554:Amos Dolbear
5489:John Bardeen
5408:
5388:Telautograph
5343:
5292:Mobile phone
5247:Edholm's law
5230:social media
5163:Broadcasting
4596:Thai and Lao
4273:Scandinavian
3905:1829 braille
3897:Braille cell
3697:Cypro-Minoan
3563:Pahawh Hmong
3476:Sitelen Pona
3440:Hindu-Arabic
2773:Mundari Bani
2347:Pahawh Hmong
2156:Tamil-Brahmi
2062:Eveyla Akuru
2057:Dhives Akuru
1524:Paleo-Hebrew
1391:
1327:undeciphered
1211:
1202:
1185:
1165:
1161:
1143:
1132:the original
1122:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
985:
973:. Retrieved
968:
939:
930:
920:
911:
902:
883:
873:
860:
841:
816:. Retrieved
809:the original
804:
792:
784:www.jproc.ca
783:
774:
762:. Retrieved
753:
733:
726:
714:. Retrieved
711:glcp.uvm.edu
710:
701:
686:
680:
675:
666:
641:
615:. Retrieved
609:
599:
536:Samuel Morse
529:
493:
466:
442:
436:
405:
361:
334:
318:
225:
206:
189:smoke signal
186:
151:
146:
136:
95:
92:
85:
74:
71:
64:
40:
39:
36:, circa 1799
34:Scheveningen
25:
6074:NPL network
5786:Radio waves
5724:Alfred Vail
5634:Hedy Lamarr
5619:Dawon Kahng
5579:Elisha Gray
5539:Yogen Dalal
5464:Nasir Ahmed
5398:Teleprinter
5262:Heliographs
5095:RoboBraille
4919:Róża Czacka
4859:Perforation
4656:Independent
4554:(Bhutanese)
4289:Greenlandic
3960:Azerbaijani
3762:Jindai moji
3651:Syllabaries
3622:SignWriting
3522:Celtiberian
3424:Hieroglyphs
3227:Seal script
3212:Traditional
3084:Blissymbols
2989:Warang Citi
2964:Tolong Siki
2917:Marcomannic
2897:Dalecarlian
2887:Anglo-Saxon
2867:Pau Cin Hau
2758:Medefaidrin
2711:Merovingian
2671:Blackletter
2579:Asomtavruli
2372:Warang Citi
2181:Ulu scripts
2126:New Tai Lue
2069:Mon–Burmese
1923:Bhattiprolu
1751:Nandinagari
1578:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1337:constructed
975:23 December
927:"Telegraph"
908:"Telegraph"
606:"semaphore"
564:teleprinter
428:post riders
412:terrestrial
383:Moving arms
276:Dalén light
226:The modern
209:signal lamp
139:Phryctoriae
129:in cities.
59:; from
6120:Antarctica
6079:Toasternet
6001:Television
5484:Paul Baran
5416:Television
5400:(teletype)
5393:Telegraphy
5371:transistor
5349:Phryctoria
5319:Photophone
5297:Smartphone
5287:Mass media
4647:(obsolete)
4628:(obsolete)
4420:(Pakistan)
4331:Belarusian
4213:Vietnamese
4156:Portuguese
4142:Philippine
4099:Lithuanian
3752:Hentaigana
3747:Man'yōgana
3207:Simplified
3094:Ersu Shaba
3008:Non-linear
2813:Old Uyghur
2803:Old Permic
2798:Old Italic
2731:Visigothic
2666:Beneventan
2601:Glagolitic
2564:Gadabuursi
2228:Kolezhuthu
2223:Vatteluttu
2161:Tanchangya
2084:Saurashtra
1661:Devanagari
1519:Phoenician
1472:Manichaean
591:References
540:Morse code
508:semaphoric
372:Morse code
364:heliograph
358:Heliograph
325:telegraphy
228:lighthouse
217:Royal Navy
213:Morse code
174:Asia Minor
147:phryctoria
115:telegraphy
6213:Semaphore
6104:Americas
6093:Locations
6064:Internet2
5825:Bandwidth
5529:Vint Cerf
5426:streaming
5404:Telephone
5344:Semaphore
5235:streaming
5063:Vibratese
5042:Moon type
5035:Decapoint
4716:Eight-dot
4669:Cantonese
4618:Reordered
4581:Inuktitut
4470:Malayalam
4380:Ukrainian
4359:Mongolian
4338:Bulgarian
4301:Norwegian
4266:Icelandic
4057:Hungarian
4015:Esperanto
3967:Cantonese
3551:Redundant
3363:Anatolian
3314:Cuneiform
3242:bird-worm
3178:Logograms
3149:Testerian
3063:Ideograms
3040:Moon type
2927:Staveless
2818:Mongolian
2763:Molodtsov
2721:Sütterlin
2589:Mkhedruli
2455:Bassa Vah
2405:Alphabets
2377:Mwangwego
2342:Mwangwego
2317:Kharosthi
2270:Blackfoot
2233:Malayanma
2104:Sundanese
2099:Sukhothai
2047:Malayalam
1998:Khom Thai
1958:Goykanadi
1882:Tocharian
1835:ʼPhags-pa
1706:Khudabadi
1651:Bhaiksuki
1546:Samaritan
1477:Nabataean
1332:inventors
1167:Chapter 2
1077:Chapter 3
716:15 August
687:Chapter 1
617:15 August
568:satellite
552:telegraph
512:hydraulic
484:Hydraulic
432:geography
424:telescope
419:sightline
264:Whale oil
41:Semaphore
6207:Category
6172:Category
6059:Internet
6049:CYCLADES
5966:Ethernet
5916:Concepts
5840:terminal
5791:wireless
5614:Bob Kahn
5457:Pioneers
5282:Internet
5173:Cable TV
4699:Japanese
4560:Georgian
4552:Dzongkha
4538:Armenian
4456:Gujarati
4321:Cyrillic
4252:Estonian
4227:Yugoslav
4163:Romanian
4135:Nigerian
4050:Hawaiian
4036:Ghanaian
3953:Albanian
3814:Sumerian
3779:Linear B
3742:Katakana
3737:Hiragana
3687:Cherokee
3617:ASLwrite
3578:Bopomofo
3433:Numerals
3419:Hieratic
3378:Isthmian
3347:Sumerian
3327:Assyrian
3322:Akkadian
2979:Vithkuqi
2954:Tifinagh
2922:Medieval
2877:Pisidian
2872:Phrygian
2843:Vagindra
2788:Ol Chiki
2696:Interlac
2651:Kayah Li
2641:Jenticha
2596:Veso Bey
2584:Nuskhuri
2574:Georgian
2544:Formosan
2539:Etruscan
2534:Enochian
2490:Cyrillic
2475:Coelbren
2433:Armenian
2332:Meroitic
2322:Mandombe
2312:Jenticha
2176:Tigalari
2141:Tai Viet
2136:Tai Tham
2116:Tagbanwa
1968:Javanese
1918:Baybayin
1908:Balinese
1896:Southern
1791:Pracalit
1786:Pachumol
1761:Bhujimol
1721:Mahajani
1681:Gurmukhi
1671:Gujarati
1639:Northern
1619:Abugidas
1600:Ugaritic
1588:Maḏnḥāyā
1462:Tifinagh
1455:Solitreo
1393:Numerals
1306:Grapheme
1294:Overview
1184:(1994).
969:BBC News
574:See also
406:In 1792
368:sunlight
350:Sunlight
304:alphabet
268:Kerosene
160:. The
111:sunlight
6192:Commons
6182:Outline
6135:Oceania
6054:FidoNet
6039:ARPANET
5852:circuit
5421:digital
5150:History
4604:Tibetan
4545:Burmese
4531:Amharic
4514:(India)
4491:Sinhala
4484:Punjabi
4463:Kannada
4411:Persian
4366:Russian
4306:Swedish
4284:Finnish
4259:Faroese
4234:Zambian
4206:Turkish
4191:Spanish
4114:Maltese
4092:Latvian
4085:Italian
4064:Iñupiaq
4043:Guarani
4003:English
3974:Catalan
3891:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
3886:Braille
3769:Kikakui
3707:Eskayan
3692:Cypriot
3542:Dunging
3414:Demotic
3393:Tenevil
3337:Hittite
3332:Elamite
3285:Jurchen
3264:Sawndip
3259:Chữ Nôm
3159:Zapotec
3154:Yerkish
3129:Nsibidi
3114:Miꞌkmaw
3104:Isotype
3074:Adinkra
3015:Braille
2999:Zaghawa
2969:Vellara
2949:Sunuwar
2939:Sidetic
2934:Shavian
2862:Osmanya
2852:Ol Onal
2706:Kurrent
2691:Insular
2681:Fraktur
2656:Klingon
2646:Kaddare
2620:Archaic
2529:Elbasan
2517:Chinook
2507:Deseret
2495:Bosnian
2450:Avoiuli
2438:Avestan
2428:Ariyaka
2357:Tengwar
2255:Bharati
2216:Serawai
2206:Pasemah
2191:Lampung
2146:Lai Tay
2131:Tai Noi
2094:Sinhala
2074:Pallava
2042:Makasar
2030:Lontara
2005:Kulitan
1978:Kannada
1973:Kadamba
1963:Hanunoo
1953:Grantha
1948:Fakkham
1865:Tibetan
1850:Soyombo
1845:Siddhaṃ
1840:Sharada
1816:Litumol
1806:Tirhuta
1796:Ranjana
1781:Kvemmol
1741:Multani
1726:Marchen
1691:Kalinga
1631:Brahmic
1568:Sogdian
1507:Psalter
1487:Pahlavi
1467:Mandaic
1445:Cursive
1430:Elymaic
1401:Aramaic
1015:17 June
764:6 April
518:Decline
323:is the
182:bonfire
172:across
166:beacons
96:-phóros
48:
6130:Europe
6100:Africa
6084:Usenet
6044:BITNET
5981:Mobile
5857:packet
5366:MOSFET
5361:device
5158:Beacon
5024:Other
4897:People
4887:Braigo
4706:Korean
4574:Hebrew
4505:Telugu
4404:Arabic
4394:Arabic
4352:Kyrgyz
4345:Kazakh
4279:Danish
4177:Slovak
4170:Samoan
4149:Polish
4128:Navajo
4029:German
4022:French
3889:
3834:Yugtun
3824:Woleai
3774:Kpelle
3757:Sōgana
3677:Byblos
3455:Muisca
3373:Cretan
3342:Luwian
3300:Tangut
3119:Mixtec
3089:Dongba
2994:Yezidi
2984:Wancho
2959:Todhri
2912:Gothic
2892:Cipher
2833:Manchu
2823:Evenki
2808:Orkhon
2753:Manchu
2748:Lydian
2743:Lycian
2686:Gaelic
2636:Hanifi
2631:Hangul
2606:Gothic
2554:Fraser
2549:Fox II
2485:Coptic
2460:Carian
2443:Pazend
2416:Linear
2362:Thaana
2307:Sarati
2248:Others
2211:Rejang
2196:Lembak
2186:Incung
2166:Telugu
2121:Tai Le
2015:Langdi
1938:Chakma
1828:Karani
1801:Tamyig
1776:Kummol
1771:Himmol
1766:Golmol
1746:Nagari
1731:Meitei
1716:Lepcha
1701:Khojki
1686:Kaithi
1573:Syriac
1561:Musnad
1440:Ashuri
1435:Hebrew
1418:Elifba
1413:Arabic
1406:Hatran
1381:Abjads
1218:
1194:
1174:
1083:
1057:
890:
848:
818:16 May
741:
693:
376:mirror
244:shoals
232:lenses
195:Lights
103:signal
89:-φόρος
6113:South
6108:North
6069:JANET
6006:Telex
5996:Radio
5835:Nodes
5830:Links
5751:media
5329:Radio
5314:Pager
5242:Drums
5208:video
5203:image
5193:audio
4740:(GS8)
4731:Kanji
4589:Khmer
4567:Greek
4498:Tamil
4431:i.e.
4392:i.e.
4373:Tatar
4319:i.e.
4220:Welsh
4121:Māori
4078:Irish
3996:Dutch
3989:Czech
3799:Nüshu
3667:Bamum
3662:Afaka
3469:Other
3460:Roman
3445:Abjad
3368:Bagam
3269:Bowen
3254:Kanji
3249:Hanja
3237:small
3232:large
3139:Olmec
3109:Kaidā
3099:Emoji
3079:Aztec
2882:Runic
2857:Osage
2838:Oirat
2783:Ogham
2716:Sigla
2661:Latin
2616:Greek
2500:Early
2470:Cirth
2423:Adlam
2292:Geʽez
2287:Fox I
2151:Tamil
2010:Lanna
1993:Khmer
1983:Karen
1933:Buhid
1913:Batak
1870:Uchen
1860:Takri
1811:Limbu
1711:Laṇḍā
1696:Khema
1676:Gupta
1666:Dogri
1583:Serṭā
1556:Zabur
1541:Punic
1514:Pegon
1450:Rashi
1364:Types
1315:Lists
1279:Types
1135:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
302:Flag
294:Flags
248:reefs
125:, or
107:flags
84:
82:Greek
63:
6125:Asia
6011:UUCP
5971:ISDN
4512:Urdu
4477:Odia
4418:Urdu
3794:Loma
3789:Lisu
3732:Kana
3722:Iban
3712:Geba
3672:Bété
3627:si5s
3537:Khom
3510:Full
3383:Maya
2778:N'Ko
2337:Miao
2282:Dham
2201:Ogan
2171:Thai
2089:Shan
2025:Leke
1988:Kawi
1943:Cham
1928:Buda
1903:Ahom
1823:Odia
1736:Modi
1492:Book
1216:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1017:2013
977:2020
888:ISBN
846:ISBN
820:2020
766:2017
739:ISBN
718:2021
691:ISBN
619:2021
546:and
467:The
313:and
258:and
238:for
152:The
137:The
133:Fire
75:sêma
68:σῆμα
45:lit.
6016:WAN
5986:NGN
5976:LAN
5257:Fax
5198:DCT
4071:IPA
3819:Vai
3727:Idu
3295:Sui
2768:Mru
2738:Luo
2701:IPA
2382:Rma
2079:Pyu
2020:Lao
1875:Umê
1281:of
1164:. (
1075:. (
685:. (
6209::
3829:Yi
1126:,
1120:,
1099:.
1034:,
993:.
967:.
956:^
929:.
910:.
886:.
882:.
828:^
803:.
782:.
709:.
665:.
650:^
640:.
627:^
608:.
562:,
494:A
362:A
319:A
246:,
207:A
187:A
109:,
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1198:.
1178:.
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979:.
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854:.
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