Domestic worker - Knowledge (XXG)

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agricultural workers, and state and local government employees were added in 1954.) This is because the New Dealer politicians were more worried about losing support from the Southern Democrats in Congress who supported segregation rather than refusing coverage for many African Americans. Unlike their white counterparts, African Americans did not form labor unions because they lacked the resources, consciousness, and the access to networks used for union recruiting. On top of that, the domestic workers would not typically have earned enough money to be able to afford being a part of a union. Even if the African American domestic workers wanted to advance in society, it was nearly impossible because the racial structures in the United States rarely allowed them class mobility. However, domestic workers that were white such as the Irish and the Germans utilized working in middle-class homes to their advantage. Working in the middle-class homes served to Americanize, allowing the workers to identify more with their employers than women of their own class and instilled an aspiration to become middle-class status.

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domestic workers. At the turn of the nineteenth century, there was also a high concentration of African Americans working as domestic workers in the North. Many African American women migrated to the North for better work opportunities and higher wages compared to their employment options in the South. The African American women who worked as domestic workers were generally treated as poor, childlike beings that were seen as victims of their own ignorance of living in communities of crime and other societal infringements. However, despite the stereotypes labeled upon domestic workers, these women still settled for these positions because the only occupations that were open to African American women before World War I were domestic services. It was necessary they worked along with their husbands in order to keep their families financially supported.

1178:(FDW) in Singapore. The demand for Foreign Domestic Workers came about from the desire of the Singapore government to employ local women in the workforce. Starting with the Foreign Maid Scheme in 1978, Malaysia (with whom there were special immigration arrangements), Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand were recruiting grounds for domestic workers. Nearly 20% of Singapore household has a domestic worker which has been attributed to rising wealth, parents who both work as well as the ageing population. As of 2019, MOM require that employers of FDWs must purchase them medical insurance with a minimum coverage of S$ 15,000 per year. 766:, any persons “moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family,” engaged in a work relationship performing “in or for a household or households.” Domestic work itself can cover a "wide range of tasks and services that vary from country to country and that can be different depending on the age, gender, ethnic background and migration status of the workers concerned." These particular workers have been identified by some academics as situated within "the rapid growth of paid domestic labor, the feminization of transnational migration, and the development of new public spheres.” 1095:), live together in the house of their master's family with usually only a day off per month. This practice has eventually influenced the architecture of some houses or apartment condos where it has become a norm to section a room where domestic maidservants sleep as their personal room, usually near the kitchen or laundry area. Some wealthy families also section off an area or house where all the maidservants sleep or a part of the kitchen where they eat separate from the master's table. There are also employment agencies and special government laws regarding the regulation of domestic worker employment, such as the "Domestic Workers Act" or "Batas Kasambahay" in 668:. In traditional portrayals, the attire of domestic workers especially was typically more formal and conservative than that of those whom they serve. For example, in films of the early 20th century, a butler might appear in a tailcoat, while male family members and guests appeared in lounge suits or sports jackets and trousers depending on the occasion. In later portrayals, the employer and guests might wear casual slacks or even jeans, while a male domestic worker wore a jacket and tie or a white dress shirt with black trousers, necktie or bowtie, maybe even a waistcoat, or a female domestic worker either a blouse and skirt (or trousers) or a uniform. 454:

caregivers, and home health workers make less than the minimum wage in the states in which they work, and nearly half – 48 percent – are paid less than needed to adequately support a family. Many of these workers are subjected to abuse, sexual harassment, and social inequality. However, because domestic workers work in the home, their struggles are hidden in the home and out of the public spotlight. Nowadays with an increase of power, the domestic workers' community has formed many organizations, such as the National Domestic Workers Alliance, Domestic Workers United, and The South African Domestic Service and Allied Workers Union.

427:, remunerated vacations and a remunerated weekly day off. It is not uncommon, however, for employers to hire servants illegally and fail to offer a work contract. Since domestic staff predominantly come from disadvantaged groups with less access to education, they are often vulnerable and uninformed of their rights, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, domestics employed without a proper contract can successfully sue their employers and be compensated for abuse committed. It is common in Brazil for domestic staff, including childcare staff, to be required to wear uniforms, while this requirement has fallen out of use in other countries. 2104: 1351:

and imprisoned. However, the domestic workers utilized imprisonment to educate other African American women on the Civil Rights Movement and what to do to contribute. Additionally, the domestic workers frequently rebelled in an informal manner, such as resisting to live in the same home in which they worked. By doing this, the African American domestic workers transformed the domestic services, and collective organizations came about promoting a better work environment for African American domestic workers. Their act of rebellion gave way for a change of how they were treated, how they were paid, and how they were respected.

2125: 2159: 2137: 1372: 1210:. Domestic workers estimated approximately 600,000 from Indonesia, 275,000 from Sri Lanka and 200,000 from Philippines. However, HRW reported that a number of domestic workers in Saudi Arabia face a range of abuses. Besides, the organization also interviewed Saudi labor and social affairs official, who acknowledged the issue of domestic worker abuse. The report stated that no accurate figure exists to highlight the total violations of labor rights and other human rights that women migrant domestic workers confront in the Arab nation. 900: 1874: 1380: 499:

signs of transformation. There are several specific causes that are credited to continuing the cycle of the demand for domestic work. One of these causes is that with more women taking up full-time jobs, a dually employed household with children places a heavy burden on parents. It is argued however that this burden would not result in the demand for outside domestic work if men and women were providing equal levels of effort in domestic work and child-rearing within their own home.

416:, it is estimated that 11.8% percent of all women working in 2020 were employed as domestic workers. They hardly have any legal protection. According to Guatemalan labor law, domestic work is "not subject to schedules or limitations of working day." However, by law, domestic workers are still entitled to ten hours of free time in 24 hours, and an additional six hours off on Sundays. But very often, these minimal employment laws are disregarded, and so are basic civil liberties. 1316:” or the “service pan”. The service pan augmented wages in almost two-thirds of the employers' households in Athens, Georgia, in 1913. The pan system was used by employers to justify paying a lower wage, and used by domestic workers to counter their employers' dishonesty. Whites also pointed to the practice of pan toting as proof that “a Negro could not help but steal”, thereby reinforcing stereotypes of “black inferiority and dependency” and rationalizing racist paternalism. 775: 4220: 579: 891:

contents on labor conditions and labor relations in accordance with the following articles and clauses of the Labor Code: Labor management; Labor contract; Labor outsourcing; Organize dialogue and implement grassroots democracy at work; Salary; Working time, rest time; Labor discipline, material responsibility; Insurance for the domestic worker; Female labor and gender equality; Labor is the housekeeper; Settlement of labor disputes.

794:. Feminist critics of women working in the domestic sphere argue that this woman-dominated market is reinforcing gender inequalities by potentially creating mistress-servant relationships between domestic workers and their employers and continuing to put women in a position of lesser power. Other critics point out that working in a privatized sphere robs domestic workers of the advantages of more socialized work in the public sphere. 591: 470: 1808: 458: 409:(ILO), based on national surveys or censuses of 232 countries and territories, estimated the number of domestic workers at 67.1 million, but the ILO itself states that "experts say that due to the fact that this kind of work is often hidden and unregistered, the total number of domestic workers could be as high as 100 million". The ILO also states that 83% of domestic workers are women and many are migrant workers. 1138:, etc., hence some maidservants continue living with the same mindset of how domestic worker culture was practiced in the Philippines. This has also, at times, been used as a cause to look down upon overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in the countries where they can be found. It has sometimes created controversies in other countries such as abuse charges in several countries in the Middle East or like the case of 700: 957: 520: 50: 1360: 164: 924: 147: 1223:, recognising domestic work as work and formalising it through labour contracts, wages, social protection, health and safety in the workplace, and rights to organising as well as social dialogue. However, significant challenges remain with implementation. Furthermore, the minimum wage of domestic workers is set to 75 per cent of the national minimum wage. 1106:. Many live underpaid since many are informally hired or salaries are not declared truthfully to government offices or have an agreement instead to pay through other means, such as paying for their education, pension, or to send money back to their families. This practice was eventually exported to neighboring countries and all other countries that 1325:

cleaning. They house jumped, looking for any job that they could get. The domestic workforce was significantly impacted by the Great Depression which caused a decrease in their wages and an intolerable 18 hour workday. Also, agricultural workers and the African American women working as domestic workers at this time were explicitly excluded from

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in which servants were held; therefore men they associated with were likely to include some with criminal tendencies. The servant and writer Margaret Powell expressed the view that "follower" was a degrading term; the only way the two could meet was by the servant getting out to the road with an excuse such as needing to post a letter.

562:(ILO) Governing Body agreed to place an item on decent work for domestic workers on the agenda of the 99th Session of the International Labour Conference (2010) with a view to the setting of labour standards. In July 2011, at the annual International Labour Conference, held by the ILO, conference delegates adopted the 1301:, whereas the majority of women participated in domestic work. Not only were they not qualified for other jobs, but they were denied other jobs and segregated from American society purely based on the color of their skin. The South wanted to keep segregation alive and hence passed legislation such as the 1346:

Nearly ninety percent of African American women worked as domestic workers during the Civil Rights Movement era. Their participation in the Civil Rights Movement went fairly undocumented. Despite their low-status career in the United States, they were beneficial for the betterment of society and the

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The domestic work sector occupies around 6 per cent of the total work force in South Africa, with domestic workers being largely Black African women. As in other countries, working conditions in the sector are generally characterised by informality and exploitation. In 2013, South Africa ratified ILO

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considers domestic work to be among the lowest status, and reports that most child domestic workers are live-in workers and are under the round-the-clock control of their employers. Child domestic work is common in countries such as Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Pakistan, since January 2010 to December

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The so-called "servant problem" in such countries as the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada was the problem that middle-class families had with cleaning, cooking, and especially entertaining at the level that was socially expected. It was too much work for any one person to do herself, but

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While the domestic work industry was once believed to be an industry that belonged to a past type of society and did not belong in a modern world, trends are showing that although elements of the domestic work industry have been changing the industry itself has shown no signs of fading away, but only

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Since many white households relied on the African American domestic workers for housework, the workers were able to have a direct impact on the white race when rebelling for their civil rights. The African American domestic workers boycotted buses and tried to register to vote, and many were denied

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No. 145/2020 / ND-CP about the Labor Code regarding working conditions and labor relations. Including detailed provisions and guidance for the implementation of Clause 2, Article 161 of the Labor Code regarding domestic worker labor. This Decree details and guides the implementation of a number of

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Additionally, domestic laborers face other disadvantages. Their isolation is increased by their invisibility in the public sphere and the repetitive, intangible nature of their work decreases its value, making the workers themselves more dispensable. The level of isolation women face also depends on

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legislation; domestic workers of all races were excluded from Social Security until 1950. (Household employees working at least two days a week for the same person were added to Social Security coverage in 1950, along with nonprofit workers and the self-employed. Hotel workers, laundry workers, all

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Domestic helpers (DHs, foreign domestic workers, FDWs) from certain other countries, especially the Philippines and Indonesia, work in Hong Kong on specific visas that exempt employers from many obligations received by other workers, and receive a lower minimum salary. Approximately five percent of

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In 19th- and early 20th-century England the close supervision exercised by mistresses over their servants (including the rule "no followers", "followers" being any men whom the servant might wish to meet when she was not working) was a great disadvantage. This policy was justified by the low esteem

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through the idea that domestic work is an industry that should be dominated by women. Within the domestic work industry, the much smaller proportion of jobs that is occupied by men are not the same jobs that are typically occupied by women. Within the childcare industry, men make up only about 3–6%

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Some domestic workers live within their employer's household. In some cases, the contribution and skill of servants whose work encompassed complex management tasks in large households have been highly valued. However, for the most part, domestic work tends to be demanding and is commonly considered

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Minimal rules of domestic work (special regime of domestic work in the Work Code) 7. Schedules and Working days: domestic work is not subject to schedules or limitations of working day and neither it is applicable to the articles 126 and 127 of the Work Code (article 164), but the workers have the

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The Central Luzon Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board approved Wage Order RBH-DW-O4 on March 4, 2024, "increasing the monthly wage rate of kasambahay by P1,000 in chartered cities and first class municipalities, and P1,500 in other municipalities, effectively bring the monthly minimum

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describes the characteristics of the manservants (lackeys) of pre-revolutionary Paris. "An army of useless servants is kept entirely for show"; he observes that the presence of these servants in the capital has left the countryside rather empty. A tax-farmer's household consists of 24 servants in

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While working in a dominantly female privatized world can prove disadvantageous for domestic workers, many women have learned how to help one another move upward economically. Women find that informal networks of friends and families are among the most successful and commonly used means of finding

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from other countries who flock to wealthier nations to fulfill the demand for help at home. This trend of domestic workers flowing from poorer nations to richer nations creates a relationship that on some levels encourages the liberation of one group of people at the expense of the exploitation of

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informed the former slaves now classified as freedmen and women that they could either sign labor contracts with white planters or be evicted from the land that they had lived on. Most freedmen in the South signed labor contracts with their former white slave owners because that was the only work

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Gaining employment in the domestic labor market can prove to be difficult for immigrant women. Many subcontract their services to more established women workers, creating an important apprenticeship type of learning experience that can produce better, more independent opportunities in the future.

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Due to the Great Depression, many domestic workers lost their jobs. This is because many white families lost their source of income and were not able to pay domestic workers to work in their home. At this time, many domestic workers relied on asking strangers on the street for housework such as

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Up until the mid-twentieth century, domestic work was a prominent source of income for many women of different ethnic backgrounds. Many of these women were either African American or immigrants. More specifically, the post-civil war South had a high concentration of African Americans working as

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Traditionally domestic workers have mostly been women and are likely to be immigrants. Currently, there are 1.8 million domestic workers, and tens of thousands of people are believed to be in forced labor in the United States. America's domestic home help workers, most of them female members of

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1823 was the first of its kind; the terms referred generally to employers and employees. The Act influenced the creation of domestic service laws in other nations, although legislation tended to favour employers. However, before the passing of such Acts servants, and workers in general, had no

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Without the security of legal protection, many women who work without the requisite identity or citizenship papers are vulnerable to abuse. Some have to perform tasks considered degrading showing a manifestation of employer power over worker powerlessness. Employing domestic work from foreign

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as part of their salaries. In some countries, because of the large gap between urban and rural incomes, and the lack of employment opportunities in the countryside, even an ordinary middle class urban family can afford to employ a full-time live-in servant. The majority of domestic workers in

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identified that these risks include: long and tiring working days; use of toxic chemicals; carrying heavy loads; handling dangerous items such as knives, axes and hot pans; insufficient or inadequate food and accommodation, and humiliating or degrading treatment including physical and verbal

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Domestic workers are also excluded from vacation time, sick time, and overtime, and only thirteen percent of domestic workers get health insurance provided by their employers. A report from the National Domestic Workers Alliance and affiliated groups found that nearly a quarter of nannies,

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to be undervalued, despite often being necessary. Although legislation protecting domestic workers is in place in many countries, it is often not extensively enforced. In many jurisdictions, domestic work is poorly regulated and domestic workers are subject to serious abuses, including

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is an older English word for "domestic worker", though not all servants worked inside the home. Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employer's residence, was sometimes simply called "service" and has often been part of a hierarchical system. In

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Women who work as domestic workers also gain some employment mobility. Once established they have the option of accepting jobs from multiple employers increasing their income and their experience and most importantly their ability to negotiate prices with their employers.

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or other "domestic workers' clothes" when in their employers' residence. The uniform is usually simple, though aristocratic employers sometimes provided elaborate decorative liveries, especially for use on formal occasions. Female servants wore long, plain, dark-coloured

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following rights: a) Absolute minimum and compulsory resting time of 10 daily hours, from which 8 must be at night and continuous, and 2 must be destined for food intake. b) During Sundays and holidays they must have an additional resting time of 6 daily hours.

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The domestic work industry is dominated throughout the world by women. While the domestic work industry is advantageous for women in that it provides them a sector that they have substantial access to, it can also prove to be disadvantageous by reinforcing

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Such children are very vulnerable to exploitation: often they are not allowed to take breaks or are required to work long hours; many suffer from a lack of access to education, which can contribute to social isolation and a lack of future opportunity.

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Many domestic workers are live-in domestics. Though they often have their own quarters, their accommodations are not usually as comfortable as those reserved for the family members. In some cases, they sleep in the kitchen or small rooms, such as a

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the type of domestic work they are involved with. Live-in nannies for example may sacrifice much of their own independence and sometimes become increasingly isolated when they live with a family of which they are not part and away from their own.

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As women currently dominate the domestic labor market throughout the world, they have learned to navigate the system of domestic work both in their own countries and abroad in order to maximize the benefits of entering the domestic labor market.

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During the COVID-19 epidemic, all foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong have to be vaccinated before their contracts can be renewed, the government announced as it ordered them to undergo mandatory COVID-19 testing on 9 May 2021.

2529: 1744:– Known as the "gentleman's gentleman", a valet is responsible for the master's wardrobe and assisting him in dressing, shaving, etc. In the armed forces, some officers have a soldier (in the British army called a 353:

and elderly dependents, and other household errands. The term "domestic service" applies to the equivalent occupational category. In traditional English contexts, such a person was said to be "in service".

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post-Civil war which denied African Americans of legal equality and political rights. These laws kept many African Americans as a second-class status up until new laws ended segregation in the 1960s.

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adopted a law banning employers from requiring domestic workers to wear a uniform at public places. However, it has not explained which punishments will be given to employers violating the law.

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protection in law. The only real advantage that domestic service provided was the provision of meals, accommodation, and sometimes clothes, in addition to a modest wage. Service was normally an

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of all workers. Additionally, in the child care industry men are more likely to fill roles that are not domestic in nature but administrative such as a managerial role in a daycare center.

2103: 1067:), pool cleaners have been a norm in upper class Philippine society for an uncertain amount of time already, perhaps even connected to or influenced from the household slaves/servants in 806:

countries can perpetuate the idea that domestic or service work is reserved for other social or racial groups and plays into the stereotype that it is work for inferior groups of people.

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2013, 52 cases of tortures on child domestic workers are reported including 24 deaths. It has been estimated that globally, at least 10 million children work in domestic labor jobs.

4250: 1079:, as indentured household servants. In modern times, it has been a norm among upper and upper-middle-class families in the Philippines to hire at least one maidservant-caretaker ( 3718: 1928: 1264:

portrayed these roles. The wealthy in the city would also have domestic workers, but fewer and with less distinctive roles. Domestic workers were mostly considered part of the

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The conditions faced by domestic workers have varied considerably throughout history and in the contemporary world. In the course of twentieth-century movements for

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Andall, Jacqueline. "Organizing domestic workers in Italy: the challenge of gender, class and ethnicity." Gender and Migration in Southern Europe (2000): 145–171.

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another. Although domestic work has far from begun to fade from society, the demand for it and the people who fill that demand has changed drastically over time.

2158: 4344: 707:. Child domestic workers are common in India, with the children often being sent by their parents to earn extra money, although it is banned by the government. 337:

is a person who works within a residence and performs a variety of household services for an individual, from providing cleaning and household maintenance, or

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by a vote of 396 to 16, with 63 abstentions. The Convention recognized domestic workers as workers with the same rights as other workers. On 26 April 2012,

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wage in the region to P6,000." The National Wages and Productivity Commission affirmed the Order on March 12, 2024, and will take effect on April 1, 2024.

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Hong Kong's population are FDWs, about 98.5% of them are women, performing household tasks such as cooking, serving, cleaning, dishwashing and child care.

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that work and may live in the household, but are not considered domestic workers, as they would not be housed with the domestic staff. Professions like:

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livery, besides scullions, kitchen maids and six lady's maids. Some lackeys would adopt the manners of their masters and affect a similar mode of dress.

1068: 931: 723:, parents in the rural poverty make an agreement with someone in the cities who would house and send their child to school in return for domestic work. 2313: 3523: 4284:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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including domestic workers, drivers, and gardeners. The report stated that the Gulf country employed nearly 1.5 million women domestic workers from

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status of the African American race. It has been noted that the southern African American women were the backbone of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Among the disadvantages of working as a domestic worker is the fact that women working in this sector are working in an area often regarded as a

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middle-class families, unlike wealthy families, could not afford to pay the wages necessary to attract and retain skilled household employees.

2683:"Feminists and Domestic Workers; Muchachas No More: Domestic Workers in Latin America and the Caribbean" by Elsa M. Chaney; Mary Garcia Castro 1460:– A maid whose chief focus is on cleaning and maintaining bedrooms, ensuring fires are lit in fireplaces when needed, and supplying hot water. 1312:

Frequently underpaid, African American servants commonly took food scraps and discarded clothing from their employers in a practice known as “

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have been brought in to the UK to fill the demand for low-cost workers. Human rights groups have added that they are often subject to abuse.

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and immigrant rights, the conditions faced by domestic workers and the problems specific to their class of employment have come to the fore.

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Pratt, Geraldine. "From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny: Discursive Geographies of Filipina Domestic Workers in Vancouver, BC*."

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minority groups, earn low wages and often receive no retirement or health benefits because of the lack of basic labor protections.

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Just Another Job? Paying for Domestic Work, Bridget Anderson Gender and Development, Vol. 9, No. 1, Money (Mar., 2001), pp. 25–33

2227: 1171: 978: 67: 423:, domestic workers must be hired under a registered contract and have many of the rights of any other workers, which includes a 1326: 3124: 114: 2197: 1583: 1440:– A senior employee usually found in larger households, traditionally a man, whose duties customarily include overseeing the 1220: 982: 759: 563: 555: 71: 3702:"Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK: Enacting Exclusions, Exemptions, and Rights, by Siobhán Mullally & Clíodhna Murphy" 3435: 3081: 2708:

Silvey, R. (2004), "Transnational Migration and the Gender Politics of Scale: Indonesian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia".

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Martha De Regt "Ways to Come, Ways to Leave: Gender, Mobility, and Il/legality among Ethiopian Domestic Workers in Yemen",

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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May, Vanessa (March 2012). "Working at Home: Domestic Workers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century United States".

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In Kenya, domestic workers – nearly all female – are known as 'housegirls'. Often from poor villages in neighbouring

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adopted a similar law in 2014, also banning employers to require domestic workers to wear uniform at public places.

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movies made in the Philippines about the plight or life of domestic workers, particularly maidservant-caretakers (

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than any other category of child labor. Usually, in a practice often called "confiage" or entrusting, such as for

60: 4354: 3973:; by a member of the aristocracy, author of 'Manners and Rules of Good Society'. London: F. Warne & Co., 1894 3106: 2725:

Arat-Koc, S. (1992) 'In the Privacy of Our Own Home: Foreign Domestic Workers as a Solution to the Crisis of the

2285: 2031: 665: 100: 38: 4300: 3516:"The Big Read: As maids become a necessity for many families, festering societal issues could come to the fore" 1897: 1885: 1862: 1330: 1272: 1175: 1107: 749: 628:, and other populous developing countries, are people from the rural areas who are employed by urban families. 503: 31: 4321: 4160: 3621: 3474: 2776: 3925: 3082:"The ISJ demands immediate ban on child domestic labour in Pakistan | The Institute for Social Justice" 2321: 2290: 2115: 82: 3411: 2648: 899: 4269: 2059: 1481: 528: 306: 4017:--do.--"Yells, Bells and Smells ... from royal visits ... to the case of the cook and the freezer", in: 3544: 2168: 2087: 2001: 1905: 1235: 3569: 3157: 3138: 2182: 1873: 1400:– A person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another. 3218:; Vol. 41, No. 1, Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America (Feb., 1994), pp. 50–64 2457: 1598:– A woman's personal attendant, helping her with her clothes, shoes, accessories, hair, and cosmetics. 4314: 1830: 1713:) – A servant, especially one who has been with one family for a long time (chiefly British English). 1293: 1096: 4349: 4145: 2695:

Susan B. Murray, "'We all love Charles': men in child care and the social construction of gender",

1791: 1710: 1589: 1484:– This is either a cook who works alone or the head of a team of cooks who work for their employer. 1379: 3295:"After Another Nightmare Surfaces in Hong Kong's Domestic Worker Community, Will Anything Change?" 1434:– A young male servant, employed mostly to perform footwear maintenance and minor auxiliary tasks. 578: 3214:

Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo "Regulating the Unregulated?: Domestic Workers' Social Networks", in:

2430: 2248: 2110: 1754:– A nurse who provides suckling for infants if mothers cannot or do not wish to do so themselves. 1722: 1445: 1187: 1139: 3941: 3002: 4172: 2344:"ILO Global estimates of migrant workers and migrant domestic workers: results and methodology" 4296: 4125: 4108: 4090: 4069: 4052: 4031: 4001: 3991:; by the author of "Manners and Tone of Good Society." (the same work under a different title) 3838: 3806: 3639: 3263: 3041: 2810: 2759: 2537: 2409: 2258: 1949: 1941: 1745: 1403: 1243: 1142:, who was executed in Singapore for murder allegations. There have also been documentaries or 839: 774: 544: 491: 196: 2298: 838:

Domestic helpers in Canada, mainly from the Philippines, work in Canada, including under the

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See the UN Human Rights Committee's report, "Domestic Workers' Rights in the United States."

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in a standard formal pose with hands covered by long sleeve cuffs in the traditional fashion

478: 386: 230: 175: 3985:; by the author of 'Manners and Tone of Good Society'. London: Frederick Warne & Co., 3834: 3828: 3069: 2498: 2442: 2222: 1981: 1601: 1428:– An in-between maid whose duties are half in the reception rooms and half in the kitchen. 1143: 1103: 653: 641: 590: 469: 390: 289: 182: 155: 3883: 1394:– A foreign-national domestic assistant working for and living as part of, a host family. 382: 1242:

employed many live-in domestic workers with distinctive roles and chain of command. The

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A Research Project entitled "Servants Pasts" which traces domestic service historically

4119: 3657: 3210: 3208: 2889:"Housemaid-turned-rapper gives voice to suffering of domestic helpers in Latin America" 2149: 2042: 2023: 1976: 1968: 1889: 1719:– The lowest-ranking of the domestic workers who act as assistants to the kitchen maid. 1663: 1595: 1541: 1232: 791: 612: 482: 462: 457: 370: 171: 2743:

Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1989

2400: 2279: 4338: 3802: 3180: 2835: 2629: 2144: 2027: 1996: 1901: 1877: 1728: 1716: 1565: 1559: 1302: 1298: 1260: 1111: 1087:) to care for the household and children. Most, particularly maidservant-caretakers ( 915:, girls are open to exploitation, and there are calls for stronger legal protection. 583: 540: 431: 374: 223: 4232: 2625:"Without Labor Protections, Domestic Workers Earn Low Wages And Receive No Benefits" 2402:

Rights of remunerated domestic workers in the Americas: PROGRESS AND PERSISTENT GAPS

1297:

experience they had. With limited skills and illiteracy, many men turned to become

652:, and black shoes, and male servants and butlers would wear something from a simple 4152:

List of digitized books on domestic workers in German, English, and other languages

2217: 2064: 2007: 1893: 1669: 1627: 1451: 1425: 1195: 1131: 688: 424: 3908: 699: 1466:(Char or Saturday's woman) – A female house or office cleaner, usually part-time. 385:), perhaps reaching its most complicated and rigidly structured state during the 3989:

The Management of Servants: a practical guide to the routine of domestic service

3701: 2253: 1962: 1607: 1550:– The lowest ranking male servant who is usually found only in large households. 1523: 1457: 1441: 1409: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1207: 1135: 1024: 956: 943: 657: 519: 474: 394: 373:, a highly developed system of domestic service peaked towards the close of the 256: 49: 4180:

Amnesty International paper on the abuse of domestic workers in the Middle East

3830:

To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War

3607:

Women and gender relations in the South African labour market: A 20 year review

1406:– A job that is similar to a nanny's. Mostly found in South and Southeast Asia. 1359: 4207: 3545:""As If I Am Not Human" Abuses against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia" 2458:"Situation of women domestic workers, maquila and rural workers, in Guatemala" 2212: 2207: 2187: 1988: 1759: 1693: 1535: 1511: 1419: 1397: 1313: 735:

Children face a number of risks that are common in domestic work service. The

533: 378: 249: 208: 189: 163: 3810: 3643: 3622:"Domestic Work and the Gig Economy in South Africa: Old wine in new bottles?" 2541: 4063: 2863:"Peru: Domestic servants can no longer be forced to wear uniforms in public" 2238: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1751: 1699: 1657: 1631: 1623: 1617: 1469: 1463: 1422:– A worker who rearranges and organizes bedding to prepare it for later use. 1203: 1199: 1123: 1119: 413: 350: 219: 204: 3859:

Cooking in Other Women's Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865-1960

3634: 3499:"Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore: Social and Historical Perspectives" 2661: 3742:

The hidden help : black domestic workers in the civil rights movement

146: 3719:"UK Gov., Independent Review Of The Overseas Domestic Workers Visa, 2015" 3362:"Quy định về lao động là người giúp việc gia đình trong Bộ Luật lao động" 2192: 2048: 2012: 1958: 1641: 1571: 1553: 1547: 1529: 1487: 1431: 1334: 935: 716: 694: 608: 270: 242: 200: 4210:

Clip from documentary film 'At Your Service' (2010, director Jorge Leon)

4121:

Servants' Pasts: Late-Eighteenth to Twentieth-Century South Asia, Vol. 2

2999:"Counting Cinderellas Child Domestic Servants – Numbers and Trends" 923: 17: 4303:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4196: 3313:"Hong Kong domestic workers will need Covid-19 jabs to renew contracts" 2456:

Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar, a Domicilio y de Maquila (2018).

1706: 1637: 1517: 1495: 1475: 1391: 904: 661: 632: 567: 502:

The demand for domestic workers has also become primarily fulfilled by

359: 346: 342: 338: 281: 277: 238: 215: 4165:

Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (June 16, 2011)

3750: 1684:– A worker who trains their employer in fitness, swimming, and sports. 1526:- Care and maintaining the bird and deer population on a large estate. 1954: 1868: 1735: 1437: 1415: 1115: 1076: 1072: 927: 912: 887: 728: 649: 636: 621: 420: 285: 234: 4105:

Servants' Pasts: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century, South Asia, Vol. 1

1725:– A worker who handles the management of the horses and the stables. 3998:

Not in Front of the Servants: domestic service in England 1850–1939

3182:

Migrant Domestic Workers: A New Public Presence in the Middle East?

3658:"What Are the Rights of Domestic Workers in South Africa in 2021?" 1872: 1763: 1741: 1651: 1647: 1505: 1501: 1378: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1127: 922: 898: 773: 720: 704: 698: 676: 645: 625: 617: 595: 589: 577: 518: 468: 456: 145: 4065:

Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India

1690:- Like a hall boy, but older with added building security duties. 1478:– A worker who cleans homes, institutions or commercial premises. 4261: 4191: 2974:"In Togo, a 10-Year-Old's Muted Cry: 'I Couldn't Take Any More'" 2756:

Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet

2233: 1922: 1817:

deal primarily with the Anglophone world and do not represent a

1734:

Storeroom maid - Maintaining the stores of linens, foodstuffs,

1613: 672: 4086:

Labours Lost: Domestic Service and the Making of Modern England

3125:"International Organization for Migration: Key Migration Terms" 1672:- Cleaning the sitting rooms, drawing rooms, library and alike. 4213: 4186:

A Global Justice Center paper about domestic workers worldwide

4012:

Life below Stairs in the Victorian and Edwardian Country House

2530:"The New Labor Movement Fighting for Domestic Workers' Rights" 1801: 1194:

provided official figures of 1.2 million household workers in

950: 43: 4192:

An international campaign for domestic workers' labour rights

3983:

The Servants' Practical Guide: a handbook of duties and rules

3685:"Class and the Domestic Service System through Downton Abbey" 4049:

Up and Down Stairs: the history of the country house servant

3388:"Người giúp việc được pháp luật bảo vệ cùng nhiều quyền lợi" 1626:– The senior-most staff member of a very large household or 1027:, domestic household workers/helpers such as maidservants ( 4273:

to this template: there are already 1,436 articles in the

3338:"Nghị định 145/2020/NĐ-CP: quy định chi tiết và hướng ..." 737:

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

4208:

Interview with an Indonesian domestic worker in Singapore

4202:

Human Rights Watch article about migrant domestic workers

4151: 1580:– A housekeeper usually denotes a female senior employee. 3977:

A Few Rules for the Manners of Servants in Good Families

2562:"Illinois Expands Employment Rights to Domestic Workers" 1568:– A worker who trains the horses for those who own them. 1448:

and some oversight of the other, usually male, servants.

1174:(MOM), showed that in June 2019 there were some 255,800 461:

Memorial valuing the work of Maria Home, the servant in

4044:. London: Michael O'Mara ISBN 9781782434351 (pbk. 2015) 3861:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, p. 74 3769:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 856–858. 1826: 1666:

or Tea boy - An Apprentice footman, 10 to 16 years old.

1620:) – Female servants who perform typical domestic tasks. 631:

Employers may require their domestic workers to wear a

3884:

https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v48n4/v48n4p33.pdf

1904:, author of proletarian literature, kitchen maid; and 1884:

Some domestic workers have become notable, including:

782:

and female maid with a traditional fan (Korea c. 1904)

556:

Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers

4173:

Decent work for domestic workers, Report IV(1) (2010)

3767:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States

558:. Previously, at its 301st Session (March 2008), the 438:. However, in recent years, advocacy groups like the 4257: 3185:. Social Science Research Council. pp. 177–202. 1929:

Category:Canonised servants of the Romanov household

1544:– A worker who tends to the person's large property. 1532:(Grounds keeper) – A worker who tends to the garden. 536:

system with room for advancement through the ranks.

4253:

a machine-translated version of the French article.

4042:

Life Below Stairs: true lives of Edwardian servants

3909:"Article 046--Servants--Their Hierarchy and Duties" 3833:, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 1654:) – A woman who takes care of infants and children. 1538:- Job of guarding the main entrance to the estate. 1387:The following is a list of known domestic workers: 1375:

A terracotta statue of a washerwoman (18th century)

74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2915:"Brazil rapper voices Latin housemaids' suffering" 2278: 2130:A poster of an American maid in uniform (ca. 1939) 1412:– A worker who minds the children of someone else. 903:Kenyan domestic worker Lucy Nyangosi working in a 886:On December 14, the Government of Viet Nam issued 1660:(Nursery maid) – A maid who oversees the nursery. 1504:- Hand milks the animals, makes butter and other 3870: 3868: 2731:Feminism in Action: Studies in Political Economy 2729:in Canada', P. Connelly and P. Armstrong (eds.) 570:was the first country to ratify the convention. 27:Person who works within the employer's household 1702:- Rode the left horse if there was no coachman. 1592:– A runner who may be overworked and underpaid. 754:Migrant domestic workers are, according to the 446:in New York, Hawaii, California, and Illinois. 37:"The help" redirects here. For other uses, see 4299:accompanying your translation by providing an 4244:Click for important translation instructions. 4231:expand this article with text translated from 3059: 3057: 30:"Servant" redirects here. For other uses, see 3822: 3820: 3672:Servants in husbandry in early modern England 3366:Cổng thông tin điện tử - Sở Tư Pháp Thanh Hóa 2649:Domestic Workers' Rights in the United States 2647:See the UN Human Rights Committee's report, " 2000:, a British television series set in a large 1815:The examples and perspective in this section 1284:Black Americans post-Civil War to World War I 1246:would hire a butler to oversee the servants. 712: 314: 150:Domestic workers in the United States in 1914 8: 3570:"'Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 3'" 2399:Inter-American Commission of Women. (2022). 2320:. Anti-Slavery International. Archived from 1869:Butler § Historically important butlers 377:(a period known in the United States as the 154: 2891:. South China Morning Post. 4 August 2016. 2721: 2719: 2717: 2495:D+C Development and Cooperation No. 09 2009 2083:, a British television series set in London 2075:, a British television series set in London 985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4028:The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant 3620:Hunt, Abigail; Samman, Emma (2020-09-28). 3194: 3192: 1833:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1696:– A worker who works by the swimming pool. 321: 307: 153: 4089:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 3749: 3633: 3450:"Region 3 household workers get pay hike" 3436:The hidden lives of ‘housegirls’ in Kenya 3107:"Resources on child domestic work (IPEC)" 2941:"Child domestic workers: Finding a voice" 2691: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2675: 1908:, Scottish poet, stonemason and footman. 1849:Learn how and when to remove this message 1556:– A worker who handles household repairs. 1472:– A personal driver (for motor vehicles). 1005:Learn how and when to remove this message 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 3412:"Bảo hiểm bồi thường cho người lao động" 2607:"The Home Economics of Domestic Workers" 764:International Organization for Migration 4068:. Stanford University Press, Stanford. 3926:The Book of Household Management (1861) 3139:"Child labour and domestic work (IPEC)" 2809:. Idwn.info. 2012-05-03. Archived from 2710:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 2270: 2099: 1980:, a British television series based on 1925:, the patron saint of domestic servants 1320:Black Americans in the Great Depression 4278: 4146:International Domestic Workers Network 3046:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3039: 2807:"Uruguay First Country to Ratify C189" 2613:from the original on January 31, 2013. 2581:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago 2438: 2428: 1731:- Responsible for running the stables. 1342:Black Americans in 1960s United States 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3609:. Cape Town: Labour Research Service. 3448:Depasupil, William (March 15, 2024). 3283:. London: George Routledge; pp. 21-23 3179:Moors, Annelies; et al. (2009). 2758:. New York: Oxford University Press. 869:Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong 7: 4345:Cleaning and maintenance occupations 3979:. Ladies' Sanitary Association, 1901 3948:from the original on 18 January 2018 3744:(Thesis). University of Louisville. 2972:Sullivan, Kevin (26 December 2008). 2921:from the original on 19 January 2017 2917:. New Straits Times. 4 August 2016. 2895:from the original on 19 January 2017 2787:from the original on October 4, 2013 2777:"Resource guide on domestic workers" 2299:participating institution membership 2244:National Union of Domestic Employees 2091:, a British television comedy series 1574:– A worker who does personal chores. 1292:legally ended in 1865, however, the 1069:precolonial times of the Philippines 983:adding citations to reliable sources 72:adding citations to reliable sources 4157:ILO resources on domestic workers: 4118:Sinha, Nitin; Varma, Nitin (2019). 3160:. International Labour Organization 3156:International Labour Organization. 1110:(OFWs) have worked in, such as the 834:Filipino domestic helpers in Canada 440:National Domestic Workers' Alliance 4161:Resource guide on domestic workers 2953:from the original on April 3, 2013 2733:, Toronto: Canadian Studies Press. 2666:National Domestic Workers Alliance 1644:– A servant who performs massages. 1586:– A worker who works for the cook. 1454:- Part-time extra external worker. 1254:and slowly died out. The British 1019:Category:Filipino domestic workers 648:skirts with white belts and white 594:A domestic servant ironing a lace 25: 4062:Ray, Raka; Qayum, Seemin (2009). 3293:Miquiabas, Bong (31 March 2015). 2781:International Labour Organization 2605:Bello, Grace (January 17, 2013). 2375:International Labour Organization 2351:International Labour Organization 1678:– A person who does the shopping. 756:International Labour Organization 560:International Labour Organization 552:International Labour Organization 407:International Labour Organization 4218: 3803:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00832.x 2865:. Living in Peru. Archived from 2861:Guerra, Isabel (30 March 2009). 2637:from the original on 2013-10-04. 2465:ccprcentre.org/country/guatemala 2228:The Book of Household Management 2203:Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights 2157: 2135: 2123: 2102: 1992:, a fairytale, cartoon, and film 1945:, a book made into several films 1806: 955: 930:(Slaves/Indentured Servants) in 444:Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights 162: 48: 3586:from the original on 2018-11-13 3088:from the original on 2014-01-11 2587:from the original on 2009-05-13 2381:from the original on 2016-12-27 1957:'s faithful butler, created by 582:Parisian maid (1906) (Image by 59:needs additional citations for 4309:You may also add the template 4124:. Orient Blackswan New Delhi. 4107:. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan 3944:. Collins English Dictionary. 3479:Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2528:Hilgers, Lauren (2019-02-21). 2198:Convention on Domestic Workers 1984:'s memoirs of domestic service 1221:Convention on Domestic Workers 1186:According to a 2008 report by 564:Convention on Domestic Workers 1: 4311:{{Translated|fr|Domesticité}} 4021:; Autumn 2011, pp. 70–73 2491:"Hard work new opportunities" 1520:– A lower-ranking manservant. 1355:Varieties of domestic workers 1134:, and other countries in the 4030:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing 2489:Verfürth, Eva-Maria (n.d.). 2312:Anti-Slavery International. 2080:Upstairs Downstairs (remake) 2026:-winning American novel and 740:violence, and sexual abuse. 711:More girls under 16 work as 442:have succeeded in passing a 436:National Labor Relations Act 389:which reflected the limited 4322:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 4281:will aid in categorization. 3857:Sharpless, Rebecca (2010), 3475:"Foreign workforce numbers" 3368:(in Vietnamese). 2020-12-23 3343:(in Vietnamese). 2020-12-16 3260:A Ballad History of England 2754:Levenstein, Harvey (1988). 2577:"Domestic Work and Workers" 2314:"Domestic Work and Slavery" 1972:, children's comedy fiction 1880:, butler at the White House 1829:, discuss the issue on the 1562:in charge of all gardening. 4371: 4256:Machine translation, like 4083:Steedman, Carolyn (2009). 3942:"Definition of 'retainer'" 3765:Norton, Mary Beth (2001). 2038:The Diary of a Chambermaid 1866: 1860: 1514:– A worker who walks dogs. 1016: 866: 831: 747: 692: 686: 36: 29: 4233:the corresponding article 4103:Sinha; Varma; Jha (2019) 3913:www.literary-liaisons.com 3740:Armstrong, Trena (2012). 2575:Graff, Daniel A. (n.d.). 2286:Oxford English Dictionary 1108:overseas Filipino workers 778:Male servants carrying a 39:The Help (disambiguation) 3827:Hunter, Tera W. (1997), 3386:Anh, Tien (2021-06-02). 3341:soldtbxh.thaibinh.gov.vn 3317:South China Morning Post 2832:"Domestic Workers Chart" 1898:Diana, Princess of Wales 1886:Abdul Karim (the Munshi) 1863:List of domestic workers 1331:Fair Labor Standards Act 1273:migrant domestic workers 1176:Foreign Domestic Workers 932:Pre-colonial Philippines 750:Migrant domestic workers 744:Migrant domestic workers 504:migrant domestic workers 156:Feudal titles and status 32:Servant (disambiguation) 4320:For more guidance, see 4040:Maloney, Alison (2011) 4019:National Trust Magazine 4014:. National Trust Books 3894:Kessler-Harris, Alice. 3626:Anti-Trafficking Review 3577:Statistics South Africa 3231:; 75.3 (1999): 215–236. 3068:April 10, 2009, at the 2291:Oxford University Press 1892:of the United Kingdom; 1738:and household supplies. 1268:and some middle class. 1192:Saudi Ministry of Labor 1071:that were divided into 856:Louis-Sébastien Mercier 602:electric iron, ca. 1908 477:(202 BC – 220 AD) 4051:. London: John Murray 4047:Musson, Jeremy (2009) 3971:The Duties of Servants 3635:10.14197/atr.201220156 3279:Mercier, L. S. (1929) 2060:The Remains of the Day 1881: 1384: 1376: 1368: 1288:In the United States, 1236:English country houses 1170:Data from Singapore's 948: 908: 783: 708: 703:Child maid servant in 603: 587: 529:Master and Servant Act 524: 486: 466: 151: 4293:copyright attribution 4026:Horn, Pamela (1990 ) 2169:William Henry Jackson 2002:English country house 1876: 1494:and in charge of the 1382: 1374: 1362: 1097:Republic Act No 10361 941:, as depicted in the 926: 902: 777: 702: 593: 581: 527:The United Kingdom's 522: 472: 460: 381:and in France as the 149: 3996:Dawes, Frank (1973) 3896:In Pursuit of Equity 3550:. Human Rights Watch 3281:The Picture of Paris 3200:Gender & Society 2697:Gender & Society 2564:. 27 September 2016. 2324:on 30 September 2014 2116:Jean-Étienne Liotard 2072:Upstairs, Downstairs 1827:improve this section 1610:– A laundry servant. 1172:Ministry of Manpower 1059:), security guards ( 979:improve this section 823:Situation by country 68:improve this article 4010:Evans, Siân (2011) 3605:Orr, Liesl (2014). 3262:, London: Batsford 3258:Palmer, Roy (1979) 3084:. ISJ. 2014-01-07. 2946:. Antislavery.com. 2745:; by Phyllis Palmer 2289:(Online ed.). 2225:("Mrs Beeton") and 1912:Cultural depictions 1723:Stable boy or Groom 1604:- Royal Lady's maid 1077:aliping saguiguilid 1039:), family drivers ( 802:and securing jobs. 158: 4301:interlanguage link 4000:. London: Wayland 3874:Sharpless, p. 154. 3438:, BBC, 20 May 2019 3229:Economic Geography 3145:. 28 January 2024. 2869:on 16 January 2017 2842:on October 4, 2013 2534:The New York Times 2249:Reproductive labor 2183:Servants' quarters 2111:The Chocolate Girl 2019:Gone with the Wind 1882: 1748:) for such duties. 1385: 1383:A French wet nurse 1377: 1369: 1258:television series 1250:dates back to the 1188:Human Rights Watch 1140:Flor Contemplacion 1102:2019-12-07 at the 949: 909: 784: 760:Convention No. 189 709: 671:On 30 March 2009, 604: 588: 525: 487: 467: 152: 4333: 4332: 4245: 4241: 4113:978-9-3528-7664-8 4057:978-0-7195-9730-5 4036:978-0-7509-0978-5 2764:978-0-19-504365-5 2415:978-0-8270-7554-2 2297:(Subscription or 2259:Geraldine Roberts 2088:You Rang, M'Lord? 1950:Alfred Pennyworth 1942:A Little Princess 1859: 1858: 1851: 1367:in India, c. 1870 1294:Freedmen's Bureau 1271:In modern times, 1244:lord of the manor 1073:aliping namamahay 1047:), laundrywomen ( 1015: 1014: 1007: 840:Live-In Caregiver 515:Legal protections 492:gender inequality 351:care for children 331: 330: 197:Lord of the manor 144: 143: 136: 118: 83:"Domestic worker" 16:(Redirected from 4362: 4355:Domestic workers 4312: 4306: 4280: 4279:|topic= 4277:, and specifying 4262:Google Translate 4243: 4240:(September 2020) 4239: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4154:at de.wikisource 4135: 4100: 4079: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3930:Internet Archive 3923: 3917: 3916: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3786: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3522:. Archived from 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3454:The Manila Times 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3022:. Archived from 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3001:. Archived from 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2838:. Archived from 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2773: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2699:; (1996) 10: 368 2693: 2684: 2681: 2670: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2497:. Archived from 2486: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2377:. 16 June 2011. 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2318:Anti-Slavery.Org 2309: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2282: 2275: 2161: 2139: 2127: 2106: 2054:Kathryn Stockett 2011:, the butler of 1854: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1792:Lady's companion 1788:personal trainer 1758:There are other 1682:Personal trainer 1676:Personal shopper 1256:historical drama 1010: 1003: 999: 996: 990: 959: 951: 852:Tableau de Paris 713:domestic workers 387:Edwardian period 323: 316: 309: 264:Domestic servant 176:Territorial lord 166: 159: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4310: 4304: 4246: 4223: 4219: 4142: 4132: 4117: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4061: 3967: 3965:Further reading 3962: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3924: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3898:, 2001. p. 150. 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3791:History Compass 3788: 3787: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3751:10.18297/etd/46 3739: 3738: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3660:. 8 April 2021. 3656: 3655: 3651: 3628:(15): 102–121. 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3418:(in Vietnamese) 3416:bTaskee Vietnam 3410: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3216:Social Problems 3213: 3206: 3202:; 2010 24: 237. 3197: 3190: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3158:"Domestic work" 3155: 3154: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3123: 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Retrieved 2322:the original 2317: 2307: 2284: 2280:"in service" 2273: 2226: 2218:Housekeeping 2164: 2142: 2109: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2065:Booker Prize 2058: 2047: 2036: 2017: 2008:Edwin Jarvis 2006: 1995: 1987: 1975: 1967: 1948: 1940: 1896:, butler to 1894:Paul Burrell 1883: 1845: 1836: 1816: 1757: 1670:Parlour maid 1650:(children's 1628:stately home 1584:Kitchen maid 1452:Casual staff 1426:Between maid 1386: 1349: 1345: 1323: 1311: 1307: 1287: 1270: 1259: 1240:great houses 1230: 1217: 1214:South Africa 1196:Saudi Arabia 1185: 1182:Saudi Arabia 1169: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1132:Saudi Arabia 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1001: 992: 977:Please help 965: 942: 938: 910: 885: 876: 872: 851: 849: 837: 817: 808: 804: 800: 796: 789: 785: 753: 734: 725: 710: 689:Child labour 670: 630: 605: 554:adopted the 549: 538: 526: 509: 501: 497: 488: 452: 448: 429: 425:minimum wage 418: 411: 404: 383:Belle Époque 365: 364: 356: 334: 332: 263: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 3164:10 December 3143:www.ilo.org 3111:www.ilo.org 2766:; pp. 60–71 2470:January 22, 2421:January 22, 2254:French maid 2148:drawing by 1977:Beryl's Lot 1963:Bill Finger 1955:Bruce Wayne 1917:In religion 1760:professions 1694:Pool person 1630:. 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