558:
764:
1113:
960:
693:, which had been ruled as an independent kingdom by Sultan Uwais Barlas since 1408, was also subdued. The area under Shah Rukh's rule continued to be extended and consolidated over the following years, either through voluntary subjugation by minor rulers or through alliances. By 1420, the eastern portion of Timur's empire, as well as central and southern Persia, had been brought under Shah Rukh's rule.
496:
886:, who along with her sons and some state officials, maintained orderly continuity of state affairs. Some of the highest state officials appear to have been unusually talented individuals who were able to endure in their positions for several decades. These include Jalal-ud-din Firuz Shah, who was supreme commander of the army for thirty-five years,
728:, the Qara Qoyunlu had established themselves as dangerous neighbours to the Timurids. This threat was one which remained unresolved for decades. Shah Rukh made many attempts to pacify his western border, both through political and military means (having launched three campaigns against Azerbaijan), none of which proved entirely successful.
64:
798:, approached the emperor under the pretence of presenting a petition, before stabbing him in the stomach. Lur however, failed to give a fatal blow and was quickly killed by Shah Rukh's servant. Shah Rukh recovered within a few days and an investigation was launched, which linked Lur to the Hurufis as well as to the family of Astarabadi.
2692:
621:, a maternal grandson of Timur who later aligned himself with Khalil Sultan, before betraying him in order to reassert his own claim. Sultan Husayn was defeated by his former ally and fled to Shah Rukh, who had him executed, with his body parts being displayed in the bazaars of Herat. Two more of Timur's grandsons,
395:, "unlike his father, Shahrukh ruled the Timurid empire, not as a Turco-Mongol warlord-conqueror, but as an Islamic sultan. In dynastic chronicles he is exalted as a man of great piety, diplomacy, and modesty—a model Islamic ruler who repaired much of the physical and psychological damage caused by his father."
1159:
The succession struggle among Shah Rukh's family continued for several years, initially between Ulugh Beg and Ala al-Dawla, in which the former emerged victorious. However, he was murdered by his son Abdal-Latif in 1449, and in the subsequent civil wars, control of the
Timurid Empire passed from Shah
881:
Shah Rukh's reign saw a marked improvement in economic standards and cultural achievements in many areas of the empire. Although this may partly be accredited to Shah Rukh's more diplomatic character in contrast to the ruthlessness of Timur, evidence does not assign Shah Rukh with superior skill as a
636:
in
Samarqand. His wife Shadi Mulk had been given a large amount of authority in court. Under her influence, low-ranking individuals were given high positions instead of Timur's old nobles. Additionally, several of the old emperor's widows and concubines were remarried (somewhat forcefully) to men of
659:
Following the deaths of Khalil Sultan, Sultan Husayn and Pir
Muhammad, Shah Rukh had no immediate Timurid rivals to contest his rule and he began his reign as Timur's successor. However, rather than ruling from Samarqand as his father had done, Shah Rukh held court in Herat, which had formerly been
522:
Historical sources give no explanation for their relationship, though there is some evidence which suggests that it was Shah Rukh's ancestry which had affected Timur's lack of favour, being the son of a concubine as opposed to a freeborn wife. Alternatively, there have been suggestions that Timur
950:
The
Timurid author Sain ad-Din Ali Turka Isfahani praised Shah Rukh for ruling by Islamic Law in the following words: “Absolutely everyone with a legal case has it heard in accordance with the Sharia, and thanks to the felicity of the favour of this Faith-promoting padshah (i.e. Shahrukh), not a
1131:
in March 1447. Despite initial attempts to conceal it, news of the emperor's death quickly spread. Chaos erupted in the military camp, rendering transport of Shah Rukh's body to the capital for burial impossible. It was only on the third day following his death that the body, accompanied by the
801:
There was an immediate backlash against the sect, which resulted in the execution of
Astarabadi's grandson, Azud. High-ranking members of the group were subject to extensive interrogations. These eventually extended beyond the sect, with many intellectuals residing in Herat having to defend
616:
In the years following Timur's death, Shah Rukh and Khalil Sultan had a series of unproductive negotiations as well as many military encounters, with Khalil Sultan frequently emerging victorious. During this time, other pretenders also pursued their own claims to the throne. Among these was
934:
Shah Rukh's religious advisor Jalal-Din al-Qayini, described the abolishment of the Mongol tribunals in 1411: "His
Majesty’s correct thinking on the subject of giving currency to the Sharia and reviving the customs of the Sunna has progressed so far at this time that, in Dhul-Qada 813
629:, also made bids for the throne. They were defeated by Shah Rukh and Khalil Sultan respectively, with each being spared by their subjugator. Pir Muhammad was later assassinated by one of his nobles in 1407, while Iskandar was executed in 1415 following a failed rebellion.
557:
832:
In the early part of his reign, in what was likely an attempt to stave off rebellion amongst his relations, Shah Rukh regularly made transfers between the governorships they held. For example, Khalil Sultan was moved from
Samarqand to Rayy, Umar Mirza from Azerbaijan to
538:
in 1402. Shah Rukh commanded the left wing of the army, Miran Shah the right and Timur himself in the centre. The vanguard was headed by two of Shah Rukh's nephews. The battle resulted in a
Timurid victory, as well as the capture and subjugation of the Ottoman Sultan,
523:
believed Shah Rukh did not possess the personal qualities required for ruling; the prince by this point had acquired a reputation for excessive modesty as well as personal piety. It might also have been this
Islamic adherence and subsequent rejection of the laws of
731:
Qara Yusuf died during the first of the campaigns in
November 1420, which ended in the Timurid capture of Azerbaijan and Armenia. However, less than a year later Shah Rukh was forced to face off a rebellion by the late Turkoman prince's sons. One of these sons,
386:
Shah Rukh was a great patron of the arts and sciences, which flourished under his rule. He spent his reign focusing on the stability of his lands, as well as maintaining political and economic relations with neighbouring kingdoms. In the view of historians
652:. Samarqand, having been left abandoned, was taken unopposed by Shah Rukh. When he later captured Shadi Mulk, Khalil Sultan was forced to go to his uncle in Samarqand and submit to him. The prince had his wife returned to him and was appointed governor of
823:
The extent to which the Hurufis were involved in the assassination attempt has not yet been clearly established. However, the subsequent purges served to worsen the already strained relations between the Timurid court and the intellectuals of the empire.
951:
trace has remained anywhere of the Yarghu Tribunal which (God preserve us!) had for a long time exercised its tyranny over the minds of rulers and polluted the lands of Islam, and no creature has the power this type of interrogation except in secret."
1136:, began its journey east. However, within a few days Abdal-Latif took both his grandmother and the corpse hostage, possibly in the hopes of launching his own bid for the vacant throne, or to support that of his father, Shah Rukh's last surviving son
856:
These attempts did not prove to be entirely successful, as Shah Rukh had to repeatedly suppress rebellions by his various family members. Iskandar Mirza, after encouraging his brother to revolt in 1413, himself rebelled and devastated the cities of
360:, the western territories having been lost to invaders in the aftermath of Timur's death. In spite of this, Shah Rukh's empire remained a cohesive dominion of considerable extent throughout his reign, as well as a dominant power in
1056:
in 1419–22 and were hosted with lavish banquets and the exchange of gifts. Shah Rukh sent two letters in Arabic & Persian to the Yongle emperor inviting him to Islam & praising the virtues of Islamic Law (as opposed to the
751:. Although this campaign did not result in a final resolution of the Turkoman issue, it did achieve stability in the region for the remainder of Shah Rukh's reign with the installation of Qara Iskander's less bellicose brother
483:. Khwandamir used a genealogical record written during Shah Rukh's reign as his source for this assertion. Regardless of his maternal origins, the prince was personally raised by Saray Mulk, alongside Timur's grandson
869:, after his initial defeat in Fars, rebelled once more soon after in Shiraz. These insurrections even continued into Shah Rukh's old age. In 1446, at nearly seventy years old, he had to march against his grandson
600:
but made no offensive move against his nephew at this point. This was likely due to Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan's father, who posed a serious threat as he, along with his other son Abu Bakr, had led an army out of
736:, continued his attempts to reassert Turkoman authority over the following years, necessitating the second campaign in 1429. This too resulted in a Timurid victory and the installation of a Qara Qoyunlu prince,
983:
was finished in 1418. The mixed ethnic origins of the ruling dynasty led to a distinctive character in its cultural outlook, which was a combination of Persian civilization and art, with borrowings from
474:
princess and Timur's chief consort; she had been captured by Timur from the harem of Amir Husayn Qara'unas several years prior to Shah Rukh's birth. However, it was stated by the 15th-century historian
783:
sect who based their doctrine on the mysticism of letters. In the late 14th century, the group was accused of heresy by traditional Islamic scholars. As a result, in 1394 the founder of the movement,
613:, who took advantage of the death of the old emperor to seize territory. Miran Shah was killed in battle in 1408 whilst attempting to repel the invaders, with Abu Bakr dying similarly the year after.
1104:, however, were increasingly tense due to Shah Rukh's attempts to assert dominance. They eventually normalised on the ascension of Sultan Jaqmaq, under whom the two rulers were amicable, but equal.
816:
was expelled from the capital on Shah Rukh's orders. These accusations even went beyond Shah Rukh's court in Herat, with Ma'ruf-i Khattat, a prominent calligrapher under the patronage of Prince
383:. This was to become the political centre of the Timurid empire and residence of his principal successors, though both cities benefited from the wealth and privilege of Shah Rukh's court.
581:. He was reported to have said on his deathbed that he "had no other desire than to see the Mirza Shah Rukh once more" and had lamented the fact that he did not have time to do so.
1064:
Through his promotion of commercial and political relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Shah Rukh also maintained contact with several other contemporary rulers. Monarchs of the
503:
Timur appears not to have had particularly close relations with Shah Rukh, despite the latter never having incurred his displeasure. In 1397, Shah Rukh was appointed governor of
1390:
Alternatively, historian Maria Subtelny attributes the final transfer of Shah Rukh's body, as well as the commissioning of his marble tombstone, to his daughter Payanda Sultan.
747:
This action prompted the third and final campaign in 1434, in which Qara Iskander was once more forced to flee. He was later assassinated by his son Qubad in the fortress of
1235:(1397–1433) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Shah Rukh's artistic third son never had a vice-royal position, but played an important part in his father's government in Samarqand.
515:
when the latter had been thirteen years old. Shah Rukh was never promoted beyond this position during his father's lifetime. Further to this, during Timur's campaign to
463:, Timur, who was a talented chess player, was involved in a match when he received the news of Shah Rukh's birth, using this chess move as a name for the newborn child.
640:
Following a famine which further spread discontent among the populace, Khalil Sultan was eventually taken captive by the powerful emir Khudaidad Hussain, leader of the
787:, had been arrested and executed on Timur's orders by his son Miran Shah. The death of their leader led Astarabadi's followers to have a specific hatred against the
2530:
2501:
1381:
Khalil Sultan's marriage to Shadi Mulk several years earlier had caused a great scandal due to her being the widow of one of Timur's most powerful amirs.
1312:
reconstructed the facial features of Timur, his son Shah Rukh and grandson Ulugh Beg. Relative to the others, Timur appears to have been phenotypically
605:
in support of the younger prince. They were both forced to withdraw prior to joining with Khalil Sultan however, due to invasions to their rear by the
584:
Timur had no unambiguously appointed heir at the time of his death; as a result, a succession dispute erupted among his surviving sons and grandsons.
1044:(the first emperor of Ming China) who almost started a war with each other (which was only averted by the death of Timur). Chinese embassies, led by
2778:
1008:, the history of Shah Rukh's reign through 1413-14 (816 AH). It was later incorporated by its author into larger "universal history" compilations,
1148:
in Herat. When Ulugh Beg captured the city the following year, he ordered his father's body to be exhumed before reburying it with Timur's in the
1061:). The letters were also meant to assert Shah Rukh's independence & to clarify that the Timurids were not the vassals of the Ming dynasty.
3286:
882:
statesman. It is instead believed that other influences on his government led to the relative success of his rule. These include his empress,
2660:
2589:
2098:
2071:
2016:
1921:
1879:
1801:
1729:
1687:
1516:
1486:
1449:
1422:
913:. He did not however, claim the title of Küregen (son-in-law) which had been enjoyed by Timur. He similarly did not employ Timur's title of
632:
It was not until 1409 that the war started to turn in Shah Rukh's favour. During this time, Khalil Sultan began to lose support among his
2270:
681:
The new emperor began his reign by launching expeditions against regions which had begun to break away during the war of succession.
2459:
2430:
2401:
2372:
2345:
2128:
2044:
1745:
Richardson, S.; Osborne, T.; Hitch, C.; Millar, A.; Rivington, John; Crowder, S.; Davey, P.; Law, B.; Longman, T.; Ware, C. (1759).
1648:
1048:, visited Samarqand and Herat several times in 1414–1420, while a large embassy sent by Shah Rukh (and immortalized by its diarist,
3058:
3162:
3081:
2921:
2866:
1297:
1275:
887:
1049:
3281:
1309:
69:
352:
in 1370. However, Shah Rukh ruled only over the eastern portion of the empire established by his father, comprising most of
3220:
2909:
2836:
1144:, another grandson, defeated his cousin's troops and liberated Gawhar Shad, and afterwards had Shah Rukh interred in the
3152:
3113:
2771:
527:, which had always been so strongly revered by Timur, that had resulted in the alienation of Shah Rukh from his father.
3271:
3028:
2946:
2931:
2871:
2114:
807:
3266:
3018:
2992:
838:
622:
31:
3276:
3135:
3008:
2981:
2961:
2951:
2914:
2806:
2209:
1787:
1597:
1124:
1045:
870:
626:
552:
511:. Although this was a significant region, it was also the same post that had been awarded to Shah Rukh's brother
2903:
897:
concepts of authority. He abandoned the institution of a figurehead Khan and replaced the Mongol tribunals with
890:, supreme secretary for thirty-one years and Amir Alika Kokultash, head of state finance for forty-three years.
3053:
3003:
2971:
2703:
2646:
1097:
3188:
3013:
2986:
2881:
2764:
2419:(1978), "Chapter 10, Communications and commerce", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
2318:
1502:
803:
737:
618:
3183:
2841:
2387:
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In regards to his policies, Shah Rukh distanced himself from Timur, with less importance being placed on
3230:
3142:
3118:
3038:
3033:
3023:
2998:
2966:
2897:
2876:
1293:
1271:
1145:
1093:
794:
While leaving a mosque in 1426, Shah Rukh became the victim of an assassination attempt. The attacker,
763:
1414:
Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters
592:
soon after his grandfather's death and seized the royal treasury, as well as Timur's imperial capital
3256:
3251:
3193:
3157:
3043:
2936:
2680:
2204:
1865:
1222:
784:
225:
2425:, vol. 8, "The Ming Dynasty: 1368–1644", Part 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 583–584,
3215:
3203:
2976:
2956:
2856:
1508:
Amir Timur Beg (1336-1396): English rendering of Molana Sharf-ud-din Ali Yezdi's Persian Zafarnamah
1188:
910:
1534:
1270:
Maryam Sultan Agha (d. 1441) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Married to Muhammad Jahangir Mirza, son of
530:
Shah Rukh, alongside most of the royal family, accompanied Timur west in his campaign against the
3178:
3086:
2941:
2851:
2524:
2495:
2226:
1560:
1548:
1141:
519:, Shah Rukh's young sons took pride of place in the procession while he himself was passed over.
460:
2846:
1766:
2675:
1581:
1564:
1088:, exchanged embassies with the Timurid court and swore their loyalty to the emperor, while the
3048:
2861:
2826:
2656:
2650:
2585:
2455:
2426:
2420:
2397:
2391:
2368:
2341:
2266:
2124:
2118:
2094:
2067:
2061:
2040:
2012:
2002:
1917:
1875:
1869:
1797:
1791:
1746:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1683:
1644:
1512:
1482:
1445:
1418:
1412:
1313:
1133:
993:
467:
353:
212:
2579:
2449:
2260:
2088:
1621:
3147:
2926:
2642:
2331:
2218:
1677:
1089:
989:
980:
535:
504:
471:
408:
322:
1127:'s revolt, Shah Rukh, by this point weakened by ill-health, died in his winter quarters in
1112:
3198:
3130:
3063:
2720:
2575:
1842:. Vol. V The Delhi Sultanat: (A.D. 1206-1526. People's Publishing House. p. 131.
1468:
1081:
1000:. Shah Rukh commissioned the production of a number of historical and geographic works by
997:
866:
690:
686:
448:
388:
349:
278:
1580:
McNeill, William; Bentley, Jerry; Christian, David; Croizier, Ralph; McNeill, J. (2010).
2390:; Tay, C. N. (1976), "Ch'en Ch'eng", in Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (eds.),
959:
3261:
2831:
2787:
2738:
1907:
1829:
1617:
1472:
1321:
1077:
1041:
1033:
531:
392:
334:
78:
3245:
3225:
3106:
2811:
2731:
2445:
2416:
2313:
2032:
1249:
894:
813:
733:
725:
696:
However, despite Shah Rukh's successes, the western portion of the empire, including
682:
585:
484:
238:
1511:. Vol. 1. Translated by K̲h̲ān Muḥammad ʻĀt̤if. New Royal Book Co. p. 93.
3125:
1833:
1679:
Lives of the Prophets: The Illustrations to Hafiz-i Abru's "Assembly of Chronicles"
1180:
1029:
1001:
902:
768:
748:
709:
610:
578:
562:
524:
444:
424:
341:
190:
1036:
and his descendants, were normalised. This was contrasted by the preceding era of
802:
themselves against accusations of blasphemy. These included the Persian historian
2362:
2335:
2262:
Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran
2006:
1911:
1837:
1638:
1601:
1506:
1476:
1439:
716:
several years previously. With the conquests of several prominent cities such as
3210:
3101:
1762:
1342:
1216:
1184:
1174:
968:
906:
883:
701:
665:
480:
375:, and became immensely wealthy as a result. He chose to have his capital not in
357:
306:
177:
3096:
2222:
1232:
1149:
1117:
1085:
1065:
817:
752:
713:
705:
697:
606:
602:
512:
495:
476:
451:,"a fabulous bird; perhaps the condor". This is also the Persian term for the
230:
166:
158:
1606:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 19.
443:
means "the face or figure; also, the cheek; the countenance", "the castle or
2821:
2748:
1337:
1325:
1212:
1153:
1137:
1128:
795:
661:
653:
597:
593:
540:
376:
372:
220:
162:
146:
129:
106:
577:
Timur died in 1405, whilst leading his army east in a campaign against the
63:
1748:
The Modern Part of an Universal History: From the Earliest Account of Time
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1317:
927:
842:
834:
788:
776:
645:
641:
589:
456:
54:
50:
1292:
Payanda Sultan Agha with Aq Sultan Agha. Married to Yahya Mirza, son of
947:
which had been observed by Turko-Mongolian rulers since ancient times."
712:(Black Sheep Turkoman), who had defeated and killed Shah Rukh's brother
660:
his viceregal capital. Samarqand was instead bestowed on his eldest son
431:, "used as a prefix meaning 'the best, greatest, main', etc. Ex. شاهکار
17:
2230:
1257:
1253:
1053:
976:
858:
846:
717:
649:
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tribe and a former mentor of the prince. Hussain took Khalil Sultan to
566:
273:
1839:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat: (A.D. 1206-1526)
2581:
Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
1243:
1226:
972:
921:
901:
courts. Like his father, Shah Rukh was married to a Mongol princess;
898:
862:
850:
780:
741:
721:
420:
368:
46:
2337:
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433
740:, as a puppet ruler. However, Qara Iskander reoccupied the city of
656:, but died in 1411, with Shadi Mulk committing suicide soon after.
2801:
2123:. Translated by Hubert Evans. London: Athlone Press. p. 260.
1239:
1116:
Shah Rukh's headstone (third from the left) beside Timur's in the
1111:
1101:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1037:
1028:
During Shah Rukh's reign, relations between the Timurid state and
985:
958:
812:, and his teacher Sain-ud-din Turka. The prominent poet and Sufi,
762:
556:
516:
508:
494:
452:
428:
404:
380:
345:
288:
96:
2756:
1569:. Translated by J.H. Sanders. London: Luzac & Co. p. 47.
1324:
Europoids. Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg, however, had predominantly
479:
that Shah Rukh's mother was a certain Taghay Tarkhan Agha of the
1238:
Soyurghatmish Mirza (1399–1426) – with Malikat Agha. Viceroy of
915:
633:
416:
361:
2760:
1721:
Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
2545:
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations
2451:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
367:
Shah Rukh controlled the main trade routes between Asia and
2704:
Ich suchte Gesichter. Author:Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich Gerasimov
1796:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1132:
now-dowager empress Gawhar Shad and Shah Rukh's grandson
1196:
Aq Sultan Agha, daughter of Charkas bin Timan Ilchigiday
435:, masterpiece" or "a bridegroom" (synonymous with داماد
2393:
Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Volume I (A-L)
1586:(2 ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 2514.
333:; 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447) was the ruler of the
2207:(1988). "Tamerlane and the symbolism of sovereignty".
1316:, while Shah Rukh, the son of a Tajik woman, had more
1096:, had sought his military support. Relations with the
873:, who had revolted in the empire's western provinces.
403:
Shah Rukh was born on 20 August 1377, the youngest of
919:, instead adopting the Islamic and Persian styles of
466:
Some sources suggest that his mother was the Empress
2488:اسناد و مکاتبات تاریخی ایران از تیمور تا شاه اسماعیل
3171:
3074:
2890:
2794:
2547:. Harvard University Press. 1968. pp. 211–212.
302:
294:
284:
272:
258:
211:
183:
173:
153:
136:
116:
112:
102:
92:
84:
76:
39:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2454:, University of California Press, pp. 34–38,
1441:Mughal-Iranian relations: during sixteenth century
759:Conflict with Hurufis and anti-intellectual purges
704:, remained out of his control. These were held by
499:Shahrukh Mirza illustration from Timurid miniature
411:, his name's elements have multiple meanings: شاه
1913:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World
1640:The state under Timur: a study in empire building
1252:(1402–1444) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Viceroy of
1215:(1394–1449) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Viceroy of
596:. Shah Rukh marched his army out of Herat to the
507:by his father, with his viceregal capital being
2396:, Columbia University Press, pp. 144–145,
2367:, University of Washington Press, p. 162,
2191:
2011:. Vol. 1. Variorum Reprints. p. 176.
1989:
1970:
1951:
1939:
1816:
2584:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 79.
2242:
2240:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1935:
1933:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1771:. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 136.
1463:
1461:
1328:features, and no obvious Caucasoid influence.
943:court of investigation and the customs of the
2772:
2340:. New York: Pearson Longman. pp. 60–61.
1320:features. Shah Rukh appeared more similar to
27:Ruler of the Timurid Empire from 1405 to 1447
8:
2693:Greater Iran: a 20th-century odyssey. Author
2364:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
2143:
1871:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran
1444:. Indian Bibliographies Bureau. p. 17.
1289:Sa'adat Sultan Agha – with Gawhar Shad Begum
1280:Qutlugh Turkan Agha – with Gawhar Shad Begum
2066:. Cambridge University Press. p. 302.
1874:. Cambridge University Press. p. 163.
1623:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1417:. Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
744:two years later and had Abu Said executed.
2779:
2765:
2757:
2711:
2529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
62:
36:
2676:BĀYSONḠOR, ḠĪĀT-AL-DĪN B. ŠĀHROḴ B. TĪMŪR
2655:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 350.
2517:مطلع سعدين و مجمع بحرين؛ جلد دوم؛ جزء أول
2312:Maria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville,
1916:. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 396.
1626:. Vol. 2. Brill Archive. p. 24.
1076:and (in the early part of his reign) the
2652:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2616:
2562:
2473:
2298:ابن محمد الترکه, صائن الدین علی (1351).
2285:
2246:
1894:
1852:
1702:
1663:
820:, also being arrested and interrogated.
1583:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
1403:
1354:
685:, which was held by Shah Rukh's nephew
2522:
2519:(in Persian). لاهور. pp. 131–134.
2493:
2490:(in Persian). طهران. pp. 133–137.
2179:
2167:
2155:
255:
2093:. Oneworld Publications. p. 34.
1199:Mihr Nigar Agha, an Uzbek Bisut lady;
689:, was taken in 1414. Two years later
7:
2910:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)
2628:
2604:
2090:Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
1283:Qutlugh Sultan Agha – with Tuti Agha
1751:. Vol. V. London. p. 366.
1286:Taghay Turkan Agha – with Tuti Agha
1177:, daughter of Ghiyas-ud-din Tarkhan
326:
264:Sultan Mahmud Moin-ud-din Shah Rukh
3029:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)
2947:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)
1566:Tamerlane or Timur: The Great Amir
771:'s Majma al-tawarikh. "Noah's Ark"
244:
68:Forensic facial reconstruction by
25:
3163:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi
2641:Asimov, Muchammed Sajfiddinoviĉ;
2302:(in Persian). تهران. p. 171.
2060:Ames, Christine Caldwell (2015).
971:, funded the construction of two
2982:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)
2922:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)
2008:Medieval Iran and its neighbours
1618:Barthold, Vasilii Vladimirovitch
664:, who was appointed governor of
648:and had him proclaimed ruler in
565:'s Majma al-tawarikh. "Story of
88:20 February 1405 – 13 March 1447
3082:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2972:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)
2915:Battle of the Terek River(1395)
2867:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
1676:Ghiasian, Mohamad Reza (2018).
1438:Barzegar, Karim Najafi (2000).
1080:made homage to him. Successive
1012:(a universal history work) and
888:Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ahmad Khvafi
379:as his father had done, but in
2422:The Cambridge History of China
2361:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002),
1546:New Persian-English dictionary
1532:New Persian-English dictionary
1310:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
1193:Tuti Agha, a Narin Mughal lady
1018:Zobdat al-tawāriḵ-e Bāysonḡori
588:proclaimed himself emperor at
415:means "a king, a sovereign. ,
1:
3287:15th-century monarchs in Asia
3221:Timurid relations with Europe
3153:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif
2837:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
2039:. Brill Archive. p. 89.
1793:The Cambridge History of Iran
1790:; Lockhart, Lawrence (1986).
1219:, later succeeded his father.
637:undistinguished backgrounds.
570:
569:", commissioned by Shah Rukh
348:(Tamerlane), who founded the
2515:سمرقندي, عبد الرزاق (1946).
2192:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
2115:Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich
1990:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1971:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1952:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1940:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1817:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1411:Binbas, İlker Evrim (2016).
988:, and literature written in
975:and theological colleges in
3044:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)
2937:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)
2932:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
2872:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
1481:. Smithsonian. p. 80.
1478:Timur & Princely Vision
3303:
3019:Occupation of Balkh (1447)
2993:Timurid wars of succession
2977:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)
2957:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)
550:
534:, which culminated in the
371:, including the legendary
32:Shah Rukh (disambiguation)
29:
3064:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)
3059:Siege of Samarkand (1494)
3009:Battle of Nishapur (1447)
2962:Siege of Samarkand (1501)
2952:Siege of Samarkand (1497)
2807:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir
2745:
2736:
2728:
2714:
2647:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2607:, pp. 257–8, 263–64)
2223:10.1080/00210868808701711
1724:. ABC-CLIO. p. 140.
1643:. Har-Anand. p. 78.
1637:Jamaluddin, Syed (1995).
1503:Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʻAlī
937:i.e., February–March 1411
909:and widow of his brother
677:War with the Qara Qoyunlu
553:Timurid War of Succession
263:
254:
61:
44:
3054:Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
3049:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)
3004:Battle of Damghan (1447)
2942:Battle of Qarabagh(1469)
2259:Subtelny, Maria (2007).
2087:Bashir, Shahzad (2012).
1225:(1394–1435). Viceroy of
1032:, under the rule of the
419:, title of the ruler of
3189:Turco-Persian tradition
3014:Battle of Tarnab (1448)
2987:Battle of Bajaur (1519)
2927:Battle of Ankara (1402)
2388:Goodrich, L. Carrington
1763:Sykes, Percy Molesworth
1123:Soon after suppressing
1010:Majmuʿa-ye Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru
804:Sharaf-ud-din Ali Yazdi
755:as the Turkoman ruler.
619:Sultan Husayn Tayichiud
337:between 1405 and 1447.
3194:Indo-Persian tradition
3184:Turco-Mongol tradition
2842:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
2576:Sengupta, Nitish Kumar
1308:Soviet anthropologist
1185:Khizr Ughlan Chaghatay
1120:
1050:Ghiyāth-ud-dīn Naqqāsh
964:
772:
574:
500:
340:He was the son of the
3282:People from Samarkand
3231:Karsakpay inscription
3143:Great Mosque of Herat
3131:Herat Musalla Complex
3119:Ulugh Beg Observatory
3092:Registan of Samarkand
3039:Siege of Herat (1448)
3034:Siege of Balkh (1447)
3024:Siege of Herat (1448)
2999:Siege of Balkh (1447)
2967:Siege of Kabul (1504)
2898:Siege of Balkh (1370)
2891:Battles and conflicts
2877:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
2265:. Brill. p. 25.
2205:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
1866:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
1666:, pp. 32–33, 37)
1304:Facial reconstruction
1294:Muhammad Sultan Mirza
1272:Muhammad Sultan Mirza
1146:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1115:
1094:Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah
962:
766:
560:
498:
2904:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
2882:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
2681:Encyclopedia Iranica
2319:Encyclopædia Iranica
2037:Secrecy in Religions
1834:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
1819:, pp. 100, 102)
1682:. BRILL. p. 7.
1223:Sultan Ibrahim Mirza
1160:Rukh's descendants.
1108:Death and succession
939:), he abolished the
785:Fazlallah Astarabadi
447:" in chess; and the
70:Mikhail M. Gerasimov
30:For other uses, see
3216:Timurid Renaissance
2857:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
1768:A History of Persia
1603:The Timurid dynasty
1561:ibn Arabshah, Ahmad
1250:Muhammad Juki Mirza
1189:Umar Shaikh Mirza I
911:Umar Shaikh Mirza I
298:Taghay Tarkhan Agha
3272:Monarchs of Persia
3087:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
2852:Sultan Ahmed Mirza
2300:چهارده رساله فارسی
2144:Petrushevsky (1985
2003:Minorsky, Vladimir
1121:
1014:Majmaʿ al-tawāriḵ
981:Gawhar Shad Mosque
967:Shah Rukh's wife,
965:
963:Gawhar Shad Mosque
955:Cultural influence
773:
672:Military campaigns
575:
501:
3267:People from Herat
3239:
3238:
3114:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
2862:Mirza Shah Mahmud
2827:Abdal-Latif Mirza
2755:
2754:
2746:Succeeded by
2662:978-81-208-1595-7
2643:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
2591:978-0-14-341678-4
2565:, pp. 13–14)
2332:Dreyer, Edward L.
2170:, pp. 17–18)
2100:978-1-78074-192-5
2073:978-1-107-02336-9
2063:Medieval Heresies
2018:978-0-86078-114-1
1954:, pp. 101–2)
1923:978-0-00-736973-7
1897:, pp. 70–71)
1881:978-1-139-46284-6
1855:, pp. 65–66)
1803:978-0-521-20094-3
1731:978-1-59884-429-0
1689:978-90-04-37722-6
1518:978-81-89267-61-2
1488:978-0-87474-706-5
1451:978-81-85004-60-0
1424:978-1-107-05424-0
1024:Foreign relations
1006:Tāriḵ-e Šāhroḵ(i)
547:War of succession
468:Saray Mulk Khanum
407:'s four sons. In
312:
311:
268:
267:
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3277:Timurid monarchs
3148:Goharshad Mosque
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2729:Preceded by
2712:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2328:
2322:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2217:(1–2): 105–122.
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1784:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1469:Lentz, Thomas W.
1465:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1359:
1090:Sultan of Bengal
1084:, starting with
1082:Sultans of Delhi
1004:. Among them is
806:, author of the
572:
536:Battle of Ankara
459:". According to
328:
256:
149:, Timurid Empire
143:
132:, Timurid Empire
126:
124:
66:
37:
21:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3199:Timurid dynasty
3167:
3070:
2886:
2847:Abu Sa'id Mirza
2790:
2785:
2751:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2721:Timurid dynasty
2717:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2210:Iranian Studies
2203:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1969:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1908:Marozzi, Justin
1906:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1830:Habib, Mohammad
1828:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1716:Tucker, Spencer
1714:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1473:Lowry, Glenn D.
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1334:
1306:
1267:
1209:
1202:La'l Takin Agha
1171:
1166:
1125:Sultan Muhammad
1110:
1052:) travelled to
1026:
979:and Herat. The
957:
879:
871:Sultan Muhammad
830:
767:Miniature from
761:
679:
674:
561:Miniature from
555:
549:
493:
401:
389:Thomas W. Lentz
350:Timurid dynasty
250:
207:
204:La'l Takin Agha
201:Mihr Nigar Agha
169:
145:
141:
128:
122:
120:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Abdallah Mirza
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:Timurid Empire
2786:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:Timurid Empire
2735:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2685:
2668:
2661:
2633:
2631:, p. 262)
2621:
2619:, p. 179)
2617:Subtelny (2007
2609:
2597:
2590:
2567:
2563:Ghiasian (2018
2550:
2536:
2507:
2486:نوائى (1977).
2478:
2474:Subtelny (2007
2466:
2460:
2446:Brook, Timothy
2437:
2431:
2417:Brook, Timothy
2408:
2402:
2379:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2323:
2314:"Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru"
2305:
2290:
2286:Subtelny (2007
2278:
2272:978-9004160316
2271:
2251:
2247:Ghiasian (2018
2236:
2196:
2194:, p. 104)
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 262)
2136:
2129:
2106:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2052:
2045:
2033:Bolle, Kees W.
2024:
2017:
1994:
1992:, p. 103)
1975:
1973:, p. 102)
1956:
1944:
1942:, p. 101)
1929:
1922:
1899:
1895:Barthold (1963
1887:
1880:
1857:
1853:Barthold (1963
1845:
1821:
1809:
1802:
1788:Jackson, Peter
1774:
1754:
1737:
1730:
1707:
1703:Barthold (1963
1695:
1688:
1668:
1664:Barthold (1963
1656:
1649:
1629:
1609:
1598:Woods, John E.
1589:
1572:
1552:
1538:
1524:
1517:
1494:
1487:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1423:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1361:Alternatives:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1322:brachycephalic
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:Jahangir Mirza
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:Jahangir Mirza
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1183:, daughter of
1178:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1109:
1106:
1078:Ottoman Empire
1042:Hongwu Emperor
1034:Yongle Emperor
1025:
1022:
956:
953:
905:, daughter of
878:
877:Administration
875:
839:Iskandar Mirza
829:
826:
760:
757:
678:
675:
673:
670:
551:Main article:
548:
545:
532:Ottoman Empire
492:
491:Reign of Timur
489:
400:
397:
393:Glenn D. Lowry
335:Timurid Empire
319:Shahrukh Mirza
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
252:
251:
249:
248:
245:Several others
241:
236:
233:
228:
226:Sultan Ibrahim
223:
217:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:Aq Sultan Agha
196:
193:
187:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
157:
155:
151:
150:
144:(aged 69)
138:
134:
133:
127:20 August 1377
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
79:Timurid Empire
74:
73:
67:
59:
58:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Mughal Empire
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
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3185:
3182:
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3177:
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3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:Dorut Tilavat
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
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3017:
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3010:
3007:
3005:
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3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
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2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Khalil Sultan
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2732:Khalil Sultan
2727:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2637:
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2559:
2557:
2555:
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2540:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2476:, p. 25)
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2461:0-520-21091-3
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2432:0-521-24333-5
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2403:0-231-03801-1
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2374:0-295-98124-5
2370:
2366:
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2357:
2354:
2349:
2347:9780321084439
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2288:, p. 27)
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2249:, p. 13)
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:, p. 18)
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:, p. 17)
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2130:9780887060700
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:Islam in Iran
2116:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2046:90-04-08342-1
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
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1915:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
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1733:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 33)
1704:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
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1650:9788124102589
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1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:Personal life
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1114:
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1083:
1079:
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1007:
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991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
961:
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952:
948:
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942:
938:
932:
930:
929:
924:
923:
918:
917:
912:
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904:
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896:
891:
889:
885:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
827:
825:
821:
819:
815:
814:Qasem-e Anvar
811:
810:
805:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:Qara Iskander
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
676:
671:
669:
667:
663:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Khalil Sultan
582:
580:
568:
564:
559:
554:
546:
544:
542:
537:
533:
528:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
490:
488:
486:
485:Khalil Sultan
482:
478:
473:
470:, formerly a
469:
464:
462:
461:Ibn 'Arabshah
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Central Asian
338:
336:
332:
324:
320:
316:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
262:
257:
253:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:Muhammad Juki
237:
235:Soyurghatmish
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
216:
214:
210:
203:
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:13 March 1447
139:
135:
131:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
77:Ruler of the
75:
71:
65:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3158:Green Mosque
3126:Shah-i-Zinda
3075:Architecture
2991:
2902:
2816:
2737:
2719:
2699:
2688:
2679:
2671:
2651:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2580:
2570:
2544:
2539:
2516:
2510:
2487:
2481:
2469:
2450:
2440:
2421:
2411:
2392:
2382:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2187:
2180:Binbas (2016
2175:
2168:Binbas (2016
2163:
2156:Binbas (2016
2151:
2139:
2119:
2109:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2055:
2036:
2027:
2007:
1997:
1947:
1912:
1902:
1890:
1870:
1860:
1848:
1838:
1824:
1812:
1792:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1740:
1720:
1710:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1507:
1497:
1477:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1406:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1307:
1181:Malikat Agha
1158:
1142:Ala al-Dawla
1122:
1063:
1027:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:Hafiz-i Abru
966:
949:
944:
940:
936:
933:
926:
920:
914:
903:Malikat Agha
892:
880:
855:
831:
822:
808:
800:
793:
774:
769:Hafiz-i Abru
746:
730:
710:Qara Qoyunlu
695:
680:
658:
639:
631:
627:Pir Muhammad
615:
611:Qara Qoyunlu
583:
579:Ming Dynasty
576:
563:Hafiz-i Abru
529:
525:Genghis Khan
521:
502:
465:
440:
436:
432:
412:
402:
385:
366:
339:
330:
318:
314:
313:
243:
191:Malikat Agha
142:(1447-03-13)
45:
3257:1447 deaths
3252:1377 births
3211:Timurid art
3204:family tree
3102:Shakhrisabz
1343:Miraj Nameh
1217:Transoxiana
1187:, widow of
1175:Gawhar Shad
1134:Abdal-Latif
992:as well as
969:Gawhar Shad
907:Khizr Khoja
884:Gawhar Shad
702:Mesopotamia
666:Transoxiana
481:Qara Khitai
358:Transoxiana
307:Sunni Islam
178:Gawhar Shad
93:Predecessor
3246:Categories
3179:Persianate
3097:Gur-e-Amir
2743:1405–1447
2716:Shah Rukh
2629:Manz (2007
2605:Manz (2007
1549:p. V1-0926
1535:p. V2-0164
1398:References
1314:East Asian
1233:Baysunghur
1150:Gur-e-Amir
1118:Gur-e-Amir
1086:Khizr Khan
1066:Aq Qoyunlu
1046:Chen Cheng
1030:Ming China
828:Rebellions
818:Baysunghur
753:Jahan Shah
726:Diyarbakır
714:Miran Shah
706:Qara Yusuf
698:Azerbaijan
607:Jalayirids
603:Azerbaijan
598:Oxus river
513:Miran Shah
477:Khwandamir
399:Early life
344:conqueror
231:Baysunghur
167:Uzbekistan
159:Gur-e-Amir
123:1377-08-20
2822:Ulugh Beg
2817:Shah Rukh
2749:Ulugh Beg
2525:cite book
2496:cite book
1338:Ahmed Lur
1326:Mongoloid
1296:, son of
1274:, son of
1265:Daughters
1213:Ulugh Beg
1154:Samarqand
1138:Ulugh Beg
1016:(section
809:Zafarnama
796:Ahmed Lur
662:Ulugh Beg
594:Samarqand
541:Bayezid I
472:Chaghatai
377:Samarqand
373:Silk Road
315:Shah Rukh
221:Ulugh Beg
195:Tuti Agha
163:Samarkand
130:Samarkand
107:Ulugh Beg
103:Successor
40:Shah Rukh
3172:See also
3136:Minarets
2795:Emperors
2649:(1992).
2578:(2011).
2448:(1998),
2334:(2007).
2117:(1985).
2035:(1987).
2005:(1931).
1910:(2012).
1868:(2007).
1836:(1970).
1765:(1915).
1718:(2011).
1620:(1963).
1600:(1990).
1563:(1936).
1505:(2008).
1475:(1989).
1371:Shāhrukh
1367:Shāhrokh
1332:See also
1318:Europoid
1169:Consorts
1040:and the
994:Chagatay
843:Ferghana
835:Astrabad
789:Timurids
738:Abu Said
646:Ferghana
623:Iskandar
609:and the
590:Tashkent
505:Khorasan
457:castling
423:", "the
303:Religion
18:Shahrukh
2231:4310596
1363:Shāhruh
1258:Khuttal
1254:Garmsir
1098:Mamluks
1054:Beijing
990:Persian
977:Mashhad
973:mosques
928:Padshah
867:Bayqara
859:Isfahan
847:Hamadan
779:were a
777:Hurufis
718:Baghdad
708:of the
687:Bayqara
650:Andijan
642:Dughlat
567:Hushang
433:shahkar
409:Persian
331:Šāhrokh
323:Persian
279:Timurid
274:Dynasty
174:Consort
55:Bahadur
51:Padshah
2659:
2588:
2458:
2429:
2400:
2371:
2344:
2269:
2229:
2127:
2097:
2070:
2043:
2015:
1920:
1878:
1800:
1728:
1686:
1647:
1515:
1485:
1448:
1421:
1244:Ghazni
1227:Persia
1074:Hurmuz
998:Arabic
941:yarghu
922:Sultan
899:Sharia
895:Mongol
863:Kerman
851:Shiraz
749:Alinja
742:Tabriz
722:Qazvin
691:Kirman
455:move "
439:); رخ
421:Persia
369:Europe
354:Persia
295:Mother
285:Father
154:Burial
47:Sultan
3262:Herat
2802:Timur
2227:JSTOR
1349:Notes
1240:India
1102:Egypt
1070:India
1038:Timur
986:China
853:etc.
841:from
634:emirs
517:China
509:Herat
453:chess
437:dâmâd
429:chess
427:" in
405:Timur
381:Herat
346:Timur
327:شاهرخ
289:Timur
259:Names
213:Issue
184:Wives
97:Timur
85:Reign
2678:in
2657:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2531:link
2502:link
2456:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1256:and
1242:and
1207:Sons
1129:Rayy
1059:Yasa
996:and
945:törä
925:and
916:Amir
861:and
781:Sufi
775:The
724:and
700:and
683:Fars
654:Rayy
625:and
573:1400
445:rook
441:rokh
425:king
417:shah
413:shah
391:and
362:Asia
356:and
147:Rayy
137:Died
117:Born
2316:at
2219:doi
1369:or
1152:in
1100:of
1020:).
849:to
845:to
449:roc
317:or
3248::
2645:;
2553:^
2527:}}
2523:{{
2498:}}
2494:{{
2239:^
2225:.
2215:21
2213:.
1978:^
1959:^
1932:^
1832:;
1777:^
1471:;
1460:^
1365:,
1156:.
1140:.
1092:,
1072:,
1068:,
931:.
865:.
837:,
791:.
720:,
668:.
571:c.
543:.
487:.
364:.
329:,
325::
165:,
161:,
53:,
49:,
2780:e
2773:t
2766:v
2665:.
2594:.
2533:)
2504:)
2350:.
2275:.
2233:.
2221::
2133:.
2103:.
2076:.
2049:.
2021:.
1926:.
1884:.
1806:.
1734:.
1692:.
1653:.
1521:.
1491:.
1454:.
1427:.
1260:.
1246:.
1229:.
935:(
321:(
125:)
121:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
