466:. However, the Sankritisation movement was a failure initially and the Nadar climbers, who lived as minorities, were still discriminated by the majority castes. However these confrontations aided the community to protest for the required rights and privileges, with integrity, and also test how much other communities were willing to accept the Nadar claims of high status. The Northern Nadar leaders then sought to unite their community by encouraging intermarriages within the five major Nadar subcastes and also uplift the depressed palmrya Nadar climbers. They also sought to maintain amiable relationships with other communities. This led to the formation of the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910.
533:
Tirunelveli, sought to remove it to aid the depressed climbers. The
British advisor government in turn suspended the act. However, the prohibition act was reintroduced after the independence. Under the rules of the act, the climbers could only tap between 4 am to 2pm and sell sweet toddy between 6am and 2pm. These procedures can also only be practiced by climbers who have license. The rigid government rules pressurized the depressed climbers. The two prominent Nadars Sangams constantly pressurized the government and eventually the enforcement of these regulations gradually eased. By the mid-1950s, the government assigned cooperative societies to promote jaggery production.
524:
production of toddy. The Sangam urged the Nadar climbers to abandon their traditional occupation of toddy tapping and not to sell hard toddy. However many Nadar climbers were reluctant to give up their profitable occupation. The situation got out of hand when Nadar leaders tried to intimidate the climbers, by using tenets of their cult, to give up their occupation as toddy tappers. To ease the situation the district magistrate issued a proclamation restricting the climbers to sell hard toddy only in specific regions, where toddy can be legally drawn. However the Sangam's campaign was effective for only about a year.
352:
considered lower than other middle castes, but relatively higher than the low castes, and were also prohibited to enter temples built by higher ranked castes. Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it. The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.
575:
550:. Education was also the primary concern of the Nadar Mahajana Sangam from inception. In 1921, the Sangam began to provide scholarship loans to needy students, and by 1964 more than 3000 such loans were offered. Some students were given assistance for foreign studies. The Sangam also aided the establishment of village schools. Education formed the largest portion of expenditure by the Nadar Mahajana Sangam. The
708:
483:
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would cause the Sangam to investigate the situation and determine the validity of any Nadar claims. Then, if necessary, the Sangam would request police intervention or support a claim in court. In situations where the matter went to court, the Sangam would not provide financial support for the Nadar claimant to contest the case, but would rather see that the claim is properly heard. After
879:
746:
726:. They claim to be the descendants of the Pandyans. It is the largest of the five subcastes and constitutes about 80 percent of the entire community, including the aristocratic Nelamaikkarars and the climbers beneath them. The Nelamaikarrars and the climbers are endogamous groups, forming sub-subcastes that each marry only among themselves.
567:, the Sangam took advantage of the constitutional provisions encouraging a caste-less society and also supported government attempts to promote this vision. The support included urging their own community members to allow use of their schools, tanks, temples and wells by other communities. The name of the Nadar bank was changed to
336:, known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land. These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority
328:. Although numerically dominant in the area, the Nadars had a minimal interaction with other communities and they were themselves divided by their various endogamous subcastes, and thus lacked communal cohesion. While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were poor, landless
851:
would assemble at least once a year at the family temple. With the birth of a child, the family would traditionally go to the family deity temple, where the hair of the child is shaved for the first time and offered to the deity. At the time of marriage the first invitation is presented to the family
634:
The social and economical development achieved by the Nadars have evoked academic interest. According to N.S.Ramnath, of Forbes, the Nadars are a close knit, powerful community. The Nadars, who were once predominantly not allowed to enter Hindu temples built by castes above them, now occupy respected
562:
In villages where there were few Nadar climbers, they were oppressed by those in the majority. The Nadar
Mahajana Sangam acted in the interests of such climbers, using the strength and influence of the community at large. The climbers could ask the Sangam to intervene in inter-community issues, which
510:
district, a new association was formed. This resulted from
Rattinasami Nadar inviting prominent community leaders to attend a plenary session in February 1910, with the intent of establishing an organization to represent the entire community. Rattinasami Nadar's uncle, V. Ponnusami Nadar, was elected
382:
Discontented with their social status, a large number of Nadar climbers embraced
Christianity and became upwardly mobile. Although they improved their status with the aid of Christian missionaries, the outcome of their conversion did not conform to the intent of those missionaries. Both the Christian
678:
The legend of the origin of the Nadars tell of the birth of seven sons; with the death of two, the remaining five father the separate divisions of the community. There were five major divisions among the Nadars. The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related
523:
The campaign against toddy was one of the first steps taken by the Nadar
Mahajana Sangam to enhance the social advancement of the entire Nadar community. Though majority of the Nadar climbers were engaged in the production of jaggery, a significant number of Nadar climbers were also involved in the
323:
In the early nineteenth century, the Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy. However, there were a few subsects comprising wealthy landlords and money lenders. At this time, the majority of Nadars lived south of the
Thamirabarani River, and
656:
Today, the Nadars are recognized as an "advanced" community – a status reversal accomplished over the past century through caste horizontal mobilization of caste solidarity, challenge to servile traditional ascription through ritual transformations, effective utilization of modern opportunity
351:
Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from major upper castes. Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were
820:
In 1680, the first congregation of Nadars was started at
Vaddakankulam with the conversion of Nadar women and a church was built accordingly in 1685. A permanent mission was established in 1701. Some Nadars accepted Christianity through will and some accepted it due to their aversion to local
532:
The Sangam then in order to aid the climbers, sought to abolish the tax levied on palmyra trees. After the establishment of the
Prohibition (of toddy) act in the Northern districts of Madras Presidency, the Nadar Mahajana Sangam along with its sister association, Dakshina Mara Nadar Sangam of
369:
or
Vellalar landlords. These aristocratic Nadars called themselves Nadans and some of them had direct control over their lands. The Nadans enjoyed special privileges under the Raja and claimed that they were superior to the climbers. The climbers of Travancore fared a little better than their
302:(ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise. According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of
769:
district. There they were traditionally cultivators, traders and money lenders. Legendary accounts claim that the
Nattathis are descendants born of the Pandyas and Cholas. The community was mostly Christian and remained an endogamous unit. The overlord of Nattathi was a retainer of the
378:
stated, the Keralite hierarchy was a lunatic asylum of castes. One example of the social disabilities was that Nadar climber women were not allowed to cover their bosoms to punctuate their low status. However, the Nadan women of the region were exempted from this restriction.
643:
temples of Tamil Nadu. They are financially strong and are politically influential in the Southern districts of Tamil Nadu. A political observer points out that there is a Nadar leader in almost every political party. The community has influential Tamil media houses, such as
364:
migrated there from Tirunelveli in the 16th century after the invasion of Tirunelveli by the Raja of Travancore. Like their Tirunelveli counterparts, the Nadars of Travancore were mostly palmyra climbers. However, a significant number of Nadars were subtenants to
461:
The upward mobility and kshatriya pretensions of the Nadars of the six towns of Ramanad caused resentment among both the Vellalar and the Maravar castes, who were ritually ranked above the Nadars. The outcome was a series of caste conflicts, including the
795:
means "false". They are believed originally to have been palanquin bearers for the Pandyan kings or menial slaves of the Nelamaikkarar family, having descended from illegal unions within the Nadar community. They are traditionally toddy tappers.
310:. However, there is little evidence to support the community's claim to be descendants of the later Pandya rulers. The identity or caste of the Pandyan kings remains a mystery. This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the
799:
The subsect culture is not present today among the Nadars north of Tirunelveli but it still exists among those of southern Tirunelveli. The Karkuppatayathars, the endogamaous Nelamaikkarars and the Nadar climbers beneath them, are today known as
774:. The Nattathi overlord was invested with Zamindari rights under the British. The last of the Nattathi zamindars, Tiruvarudi Vaihunda Nadan, died in 1892. The properties of the Zamindar were eventually divided among a number of claimants.
626:, whose opinions had originally been disliked by his own community. After the end of Kamaraj's era, the Nadars' political support has become diffused across various parties and the Nadar Sangam has become less politicized.
909:. In recent years, since 1958, these have been referred to as Southern-style Kalaripayattu, although they are distinct from the ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu itself that was historically the style found in Kerala.
314:
of the Nadar community in the 19th century. According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.
541:
The Nadar community did not completely rely on the Backward Class Commission for educational advancement. In 1885, the Northern Nadars established the Kshatriya Vidhyasala High School in Virudhunagar by using the
383:
and Hindu Nadar climber women wore the upper jacket in the manner of upper-class women, in order to improve their social status. In turn, upper-class men abused and discriminated against them. One Nadan family of
515:. The association was open to any Nadar male of any subcaste or religion, and had as its general purpose the upliftment of the community. The early Sangam conferences were dominated by the Northern Nadars.
782:
They are traditionally palmrya climbers. They are supposed to have migrated to the Pandyan country from the banks of the Cauvery River in Tanjore to serve the Pandyan kings as their flag bearers.
875:
is the tutelary deity of the Nadar community. The Nadars also claim that they are the descendants of Bhadrakali. A Bhadrakali temple is usually at the centre of almost every Nadar settlement.
403:
Some petty Nadar traders migrated from southern Tirunelveli to northern Tirunelveli and Virudhunagar. Over time they became commercially skilled and by the late 19th century were socially aspirant.
839:
The Hindu Nadars, like other Hindus, have a variety of religious rituals and ceremonies. These include procedures relating to birth, adulthood, marriage and death. Every Hindu Nadar belongs to a
615:. The Northern Nadars joined the Justice party in its attack against Brahmins on cultural and religious front. They also practiced self-respect marriages during the non-Brahmin movement.
554:
along with other cooperative societies gave 5 percent of their profit to the scholarship fund. The Nadar Mahajana Sangam also established a college, Senthilkumara Nadar College, in 1947.
738:(western country). Mel-nattars lived traditionally in the Southern Travancore and Western Tirunelveli districts. They claim to be descendants of the Chera kings who settled in the area of the
387:, instead of supporting their depressed counterparts, supported the upper-class men and claimed that only their women had the right to wear an upper cloth. The situation became known as the
250:
is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was
450:. Many tried to disassociate themselves from their Nadar climber counterparts and the term Shanar (the term generally used to call a Tamil palmrya climber). They adopted the title of
2219:
Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page232- 237
407:
played a crucial role in facilitating their upward mobility but religion was also perceived as a vehicle. Around 10 percent of the community converted to Christianity, both
847:
has a common family deity. During migration, families would often take soil from their family temple and enshrine it at their new home. Traditionally, all the members of a
498:
The separate Nadar associations of the six Ramanad towns were unable to support a community that was becoming more dispersed as many began to migrate to other parts of
967:
282:
must have been their original abode. In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the
418:
British rule in the southern districts introduced new opportunities for trade and commerce, of which the Nadars took advantage. They established sophisticated
199:
The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related subcastes, which in course of time came under the single banner Nadar.
2541:
226:
The socio-economic development achieved by the Nadars in southern India has elicited academic interest. Nadars are classified and listed as an
2079:
2394:
2319:
2278:
2238:
2022:
1556:
454:, previously used only by the Nelamaikkarars. To demonstrate their wealthy and powerful social position, the Nadars of Sivakasi hired
2526:
722:
The Karukkupattaiyathar are supposed to be the original inhabitants of the country around Manadu. This sub-division was later known as
2531:
2546:
2496:
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2443:
2123:
2047:
1946:
1921:
1816:
1737:
1529:
1485:
1269:
1107:
935:
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At the time that Robert Hardgrave conducted his study, in the 1960s, the Nattathis were predominant in the village of Nattathi near
1663:"Seventeenth century Tamilaham as gleaned from Jesuit letters", by M. Arumairaj, p. 200, original from = University of California
980:
486:
2551:
1627:
996:
944:
1259:
1234:
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and to improve the common good. As the wealth of the Northern Nadars increased they began also to adopt the customs of the
604:
791:
The Kalla Shanars were considered as the lowest division of the Nadar community. They are also known as Servai. The term
922:
395:, the depressed Nadar climber women won the right to wear their upper cloth in the manner of their Nadan counterparts.
1836:
2217:
2150:
1673:
Carroll, Lucy (February 1978). "Colonial Perceptions of Indian Society and the Emergence of Caste(s) Associations".
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and became violent. Eventually, with assistance from the Travancore authorities, British Christian Missionaries and
370:
Tirunelveli counterparts but suffered severe social disabilities not found in Tirunelveli due to Travancore's rigid
551:
278:
The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's
1021:
2536:
771:
619:
568:
927:
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was the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. Nadars are predominant in the south Indian districts of
388:
38:
219:
trade. Nadar climbers had faced discrimination from major upper castes in some regions. The martial art of
2521:
2516:
608:
463:
371:
333:
204:
31:
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subcastes and classes of different origins, which in course of time, came under the single banner Nadar.
931:
612:
600:
564:
512:
307:
287:
207:, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders. Historically, most Nadars were cultivators of
203:
were the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. A few subsects of the Nadar community, such as the
1239:. web: University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies. pp. 71–94
986:
715:
503:
227:
1808:
1802:
821:
beliefs. In 1970, Christian Nadars numbered 150,000 as opposed to 1.5 to 2 million Hindu Nadars in
361:
2115:
2109:
1894:
1886:
1698:
1690:
1521:
1156:
1148:
579:
82:
1198:. Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research. pp. 233–242.
2492:
2484:
2469:
2439:
2390:
2315:
2307:
2274:
2234:
2119:
2105:
2043:
2018:
1942:
1917:
1812:
1733:
1562:
1552:
1525:
1481:
1265:
1140:
1103:
976:
649:
499:
375:
306:, where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the
259:
1546:
1380:
1097:
1878:
1682:
1132:
972:
963:
953:
940:
345:
574:
474:
Some Nadars emigrated from South India to Sri Lanka during the British colonial era.
1623:
455:
447:
283:
948:
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through education and commerce, and skilful communal exploitation of the political arena.
298:
were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed
2432:
667:
392:
384:
110:
1341:
Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950
2510:
2485:""More Kshatriya than thou!" Debating caste and ritual ranking in colonial Tamilnadu"
2266:
2152:
Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Page 233-242
1898:
1702:
1310:
1160:
992:
739:
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680:
329:
295:
200:
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as the president of Nadar Mahajana Sangam led the effort to ally the community with
599:
In the 1920s and 1930s, Nadar Mahajan Sangam supported the non-Brahmin movement and
2338:
The Political Career of K. Kamaraj: A Study in the Politics of Tamilnadu, 1920-1975
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696:
688:
645:
404:
325:
279:
193:
170:
146:
130:
98:
1074:
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2336:
1099:
Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)
864:
762:
707:
692:
587:
482:
220:
189:
185:
181:
94:
90:
86:
66:
1882:
1548:
Ritualizing on the boundaries: continuity and innovation in the Tamil diaspora
1136:
959:
918:
878:
872:
834:
623:
583:
412:
1566:
1144:
883:
766:
684:
507:
443:
426:(local caste associations) to ensure safety for their goods. Members of the
216:
134:
114:
78:
2465:
The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Change
2015:
The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Change
1844:
895:
The Nadars, traditionally practised a Tamil martial art variously known as
1964:
Wives, widows, and concubines: the conjugal family ideal in colonial India
1049:
1381:
Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity
897:
408:
337:
208:
126:
1869:
Duncan B. Forrester (1970). "Kamaraj: A Study in Percolation of Style".
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2231:
From mission to church: the Reformed Church in America mission to India
1694:
1236:
The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change
868:
856:
745:
636:
511:
to become the first president of the association, which was called the
438:(literally, to glorify oneself), in order to use the facilities of the
341:
212:
74:
62:
17:
2434:
The Nadars of Tamilnad: the political culture of a community in change
1890:
1730:
India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India
1152:
571:. These activities earned the Nadar community respect and recognition.
303:
267:
263:
70:
1686:
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in order to improve their social status, in a process now known as
434:, would contribute a portion of their income to the association as
877:
744:
706:
640:
573:
481:
332:, there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic
311:
177:
173:
2387:
India Inc: how India's top ten entrepreneurs are winning globally
1022:"New Business Class Rises in Ashes of South India's Caste System"
825:. Nadar Christians, like Hindus, marry within their caste.
2487:. In Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (eds.).
366:
1939:
The press in Tamil Nadu and the struggle for freedom, 1917–1937
1050:"List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu"
270:. However, there is no evidence to support these claims.
258:(noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar.
1123:
Richard G. Fox (January 1970). "Avatars of Indian Research".
324:
formed 80 – 90 per cent of the population between there and
2269:; Ronald Wesley Neufeldt; Eva K. Neumaier-Dargyay (2007).
1914:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
1478:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
618:
However, in the late 1940s the Nadars' support shifted to
290:
captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several
2017:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. vii (Preface).
344:. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered
1189:
1187:
1185:
1551:. University of South Carolina press. pp. 88–90.
2357:. Vol. 22. Panjab University. 2014. p. 277.
1912:
Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1967).
886:
was pioneered and patronized by the Nadar community.
1261:
Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India
843:(assemblage) through patrilineal descent, and each
140:
120:
104:
56:
2489:Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India
2431:
2389:. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2009. p. 179.
2371:Liberation of the Oppressed: A Continuous Struggle
2233:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 71.
871:has been widely popular among the Nadars. Goddess
2374:. Kanniyakumari Institute of Development Studies.
2312:Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia. A – L
1804:Transforming societies, transforming anthropology
1518:Mixed messages: materiality, textuality, missions
1476:Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1967).
670:by the governments of both Tamil Nadu and India.
230:by the governments of both Tamil Nadu and India.
37:"Chanar" redirects here. For places in Iran, see
2273:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 88.
968:Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
808:, and the remaining four subcastes are known as
223:was historically practiced by the Nadars.
1916:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 48.
1480:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 36–38.
1196:Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1
654:
2414:. University of California Press. p. 247.
2201:
2199:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2114:. The University of Wisconsin press. pp.
1830:
1828:
1499:
1497:
1364:
1362:
622:, in part because of the political success of
2042:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii.
1290:
1288:
997:Member of Parliament of the Republic of India
945:Member of Parliament of the Republic of India
502:. With the rise of the politically ambitious
180:. Nadars are predominant in the districts of
8:
2438:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2073:
2071:
2040:India working: essays on society and economy
1864:
1862:
1624:"Sri Lankan Nadars born with business flair"
1172:
1170:
51:
2253:
1988:
1966:. Indian University of Press. p. 144.
1732:. Columbia University Press. p. 167.
1598:
1305:
1303:
1125:Comparative Studies in Society and History
50:
2341:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 20.
2293:
2205:
2190:
2173:
2161:
2138:
2062:
2000:
1976:
1807:. University of Michigan press. pp.
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1715:
1610:
1586:
1516:Jamie S. Scott, Gareth Griffiths (2005).
1503:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1368:
1353:
1327:
1294:
1220:
1208:
1176:
1015:
1013:
360:Hardgrave conjectures that the Nadars of
1009:
742:after the fall of their dynasty.
2314:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 177.
2013:Templeman, Dennis (19 December 1996).
666:Nadars are classified and listed as a
489:, founder of the Nadar Mahajana Sangam
238:The community was previously known as
1630:from the original on 4 September 2014
1020:Polgreen, Lydia (10 September 2010).
981:Home Affairs of the Republic of India
855:The Hindu Nadars are almost entirely
7:
1069:
1067:
1044:
1042:
215:and a few were also involved in the
57:Regions with significant populations
1941:. Mittal Publications. p. 67.
1317:. Orient Longman. pp. 103–104.
558:Resolution of inter-caste conflicts
2453:Mandelbaum, David Goodman (1970).
2111:The politics of cultural pluralism
1075:"Central list of backward classes"
242:but legally changed their name to
27:Caste in South India and Sri Lanka
25:
2483:Venkatachalapathy, A. R. (2011).
2457:. University of California Press.
2080:"Nadar vote bank remains divided"
1343:. Anthem Press. 2006. p. 62.
1264:. web: University of Heidelberg.
993:Vijayakumar (Alias) Vijay Vasanth
936:Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry
2354:Social Sciences Research Journal
2229:Eugene P. Heideman (June 2001).
1102:. Curzon Press Ltd. p. 86.
882:The socio-religious movement of
752:, the last Zamindar of Nattathi.
506:, a wealthy Nadar of Porayar in
487:Rao Bahadur T. Rattinasami Nadar
2078:Das, Sanchita (17 March 2004).
2038:Harriss-White, Barbara (2003).
1651:The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon
734:The term Mel-nattar comes from
2385:Pota, Vikas (7 January 2010).
2368:Peter, Ivy; Peter, D. (2009).
1728:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003).
537:Nadar educational institutions
294:(divisions) for each of which
1:
2542:Brewing and distilling castes
2455:Society in India, Volumes 1–2
2310:. In Green, Thomas A. (ed.).
2271:Readings in eastern religions
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605:W. P. A. Soundrapandian Nadar
1835:N.S. Ramnath (3 July 2009).
1675:The Journal of Asian Studies
923:Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
2527:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
2468:. Oxford University Press.
2335:P. Kandaswamy, ed. (2001).
2306:Zarilli, Philip B. (2001).
1258:Bergunder, Michael (2010).
2568:
2462:Templeman, Dennis (1996).
2430:Hardgrave, Robert (1969).
1052:. Government of Tamil Nadu
832:
590:, are owned by the Nadars.
478:Nadars of the 20th century
422:(fortified compounds) and
319:Nadars of the 19th century
36:
29:
2532:Surnames of Indian origin
1883:10.1017/s0026749x00010970
1545:Clothey, Fred W. (2006).
1137:10.1017/s0010417500005624
1096:Bugge, Henriette (1994).
750:Tiruvarudi Vaihunda Nadan
662:Government classification
458:palanquin bearers.
145:
125:
109:
61:
2547:South Indian communities
2412:The Nadars of Tamil Nadu
1801:Emilio F. Morán (1996).
1315:Caste in Indian Politics
620:Indian National Congress
569:Tamilnad Mercantile Bank
528:Prohibition of toddy act
1653:. Continuum. p. 6.
1466:, pp. 44&71–72
989:, Self Respect movement
928:Tamilisai Soundararajan
444:North Indian Kshatriyas
389:Upper cloth controversy
262:is a title used by the
2552:Other Backward Classes
887:
753:
719:
659:
609:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
591:
490:
464:Sivakasi riots of 1899
286:kingdom and that when
32:Nadar (disambiguation)
1841:Forbes India Magazine
1077:. Government of India
932:Governor of Telangana
881:
748:
710:
652:has said that:
613:Self-respect movement
578:Most of the shops in
577:
565:independence of India
546:funds from the Nadar
513:Nadar Mahajana Sangam
494:Nadar Mahajana Sangam
485:
157:(also referred to as
141:Related ethnic groups
1962:Sreenivas, Mytheli.
1871:Modern Asian Studies
987:V. V. Ramasamy Nadar
716:Tirunelveli district
504:T. Rattinasami Nadar
430:, who were known as
356:Nadars of Travancore
228:Other Backward Class
30:For other uses, see
2410:Hardgrave, Robert.
1937:A. Ganesan (1988).
995:, Indian actor and
913:Some Notable Nadars
867:). Of the deities,
703:Karukkupattaiyathar
362:Southern Travancore
246:in 1921. The title
53:
2256:, pp. 511–512
2164:, pp. 269–270
1979:, pp. 186–188
1791:, pp. 159–162
1779:, pp. 145–146
1767:, pp. 138–140
1755:, pp. 136–138
1718:, pp. 130–132
1649:Peebles, Patrick.
1613:, pp. 109–129
1522:Palgrave Macmillan
1026:The New York Times
888:
754:
720:
592:
580:Ranganathan Street
491:
83:Thiruvananthapuram
2396:978-1-85788-524-8
2321:978-1-57607-150-2
2280:978-0-88920-435-5
2240:978-0-8028-4900-7
2084:Business Standard
2024:978-0-19-563788-5
1589:, pp. 95–109
1558:978-1-57003-647-7
977:Minister of State
829:Religious customs
772:Kattabomma Nayaka
500:Madras Presidency
376:Swami Vivekananda
152:
151:
16:(Redirected from
2559:
2502:
2491:. Primus Books.
2479:
2458:
2449:
2437:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2303:
2297:
2296:, pp. 36–38
2291:
2285:
2284:
2267:Harold G. Coward
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:, pp. 32–34
2136:
2130:
2129:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1843:. Archived from
1832:
1823:
1822:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1507:
1506:, pp. 55–70
1501:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1454:, pp. 39–41
1449:
1443:
1442:, pp. 22–23
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:, pp. 24–31
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:, pp. 29–34
1366:
1357:
1356:, pp. 24–29
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1230:
1224:
1223:, pp. 19–21
1218:
1212:
1211:, pp. 80–90
1206:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
973:V. Radhika Selvi
964:HCL Technologies
954:Marshal Nesamony
949:Vasanth & Co
941:H. Vasanthakumar
816:Christian Nadars
330:palmyra climbers
54:
21:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2537:Merchant castes
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2254:Mandelbaum 1970
2252:
2248:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2106:Young, Crawford
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1989:Mandelbaum 1970
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1847:on 13 July 2011
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1687:10.2307/2054164
1672:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1599:Mandelbaum 1970
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1006:
947:and Founder of
915:
893:
837:
831:
818:
789:
780:
759:
732:
712:Palmrya climber
705:
676:
664:
632:
597:
560:
539:
530:
521:
496:
480:
472:
448:Sanskritisation
401:
399:Northern Nadars
372:caste hierarchy
358:
321:
276:
236:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2480:
2474:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2402:
2395:
2377:
2360:
2344:
2327:
2320:
2298:
2294:Hardgrave 1969
2286:
2279:
2258:
2246:
2239:
2221:
2210:
2206:Hardgrave 1969
2195:
2191:Hardgrave 1969
2178:
2174:Hardgrave 1969
2166:
2162:Hardgrave 1969
2154:
2143:
2139:Hardgrave 1969
2131:
2124:
2097:
2067:
2065:, pp. 190
2063:Hardgrave 1969
2055:
2048:
2030:
2023:
2005:
2001:Hardgrave 1969
1993:
1991:, pp. 512
1981:
1977:Hardgrave 1969
1969:
1954:
1947:
1929:
1922:
1904:
1858:
1824:
1817:
1793:
1789:Hardgrave 1969
1781:
1777:Hardgrave 1969
1769:
1765:Hardgrave 1969
1757:
1753:Hardgrave 1969
1745:
1738:
1720:
1716:Hardgrave 1969
1708:
1681:(2): 234–235.
1665:
1656:
1641:
1626:. 1 May 2011.
1615:
1611:Hardgrave 1969
1603:
1601:, pp. 511
1591:
1587:Hardgrave 1969
1579:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1524:. p. 75.
1508:
1504:Hardgrave 1969
1493:
1486:
1468:
1464:Hardgrave 1969
1456:
1452:Hardgrave 1969
1444:
1440:Hardgrave 1969
1432:
1428:Hardgrave 1969
1420:
1416:Hardgrave 1969
1408:
1404:Hardgrave 1969
1396:
1392:Hardgrave 1969
1384:
1373:
1369:Hardgrave 1969
1358:
1354:Hardgrave 1969
1346:
1332:
1328:Hardgrave 1969
1320:
1311:Kothari, Rajni
1299:
1295:Hardgrave 1969
1284:
1270:
1250:
1225:
1221:Hardgrave 1969
1213:
1209:Hardgrave 1969
1201:
1181:
1177:Hardgrave 1969
1166:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1063:
1038:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
990:
984:
970:
957:
951:
938:
925:
914:
911:
892:
889:
830:
827:
817:
814:
788:
785:
779:
776:
758:
755:
731:
728:
704:
701:
675:
672:
668:Backward Class
663:
660:
650:Crawford Young
631:
628:
596:
593:
559:
556:
538:
535:
529:
526:
520:
517:
495:
492:
479:
476:
471:
468:
400:
397:
393:Vaikunta Swamy
385:Agastheeswaram
357:
354:
320:
317:
275:
272:
235:
232:
205:Nelamaikkarars
201:Nadar climbers
150:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
123:
122:
118:
117:
107:
106:
102:
101:
59:
58:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Indian castes
2520:
2518:
2517:Nadar (caste)
2515:
2514:
2512:
2500:
2498:9789380607214
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2475:9780195637885
2471:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2445:81-7304-701-4
2441:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:, pp. 34
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:, pp. 33
2192:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:, pp. 32
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:0-299-06740-8
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2049:0-521-80979-7
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1948:81-7099-082-3
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1923:0-226-73137-5
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:0-472-10574-4
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1739:0-231-12786-3
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1531:0-312-29576-6
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:0-226-73137-5
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1430:, pp. 24
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:, pp. 42
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:, pp. 25
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:, pp. 14
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:, pp. 87
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1271:9789380607214
1267:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:, pp. 20
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1109:0-7007-0292-X
1105:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1003:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
971:
969:
965:
962:, Founder of
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
946:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
926:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:
890:
885:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
852:deity.
850:
846:
842:
836:
828:
826:
824:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
797:
794:
786:
784:
777:
775:
773:
768:
764:
756:
751:
747:
743:
741:
740:Western Ghats
737:
729:
727:
725:
717:
713:
709:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Nadar climber
673:
671:
669:
661:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
635:positions as
629:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Justice party
594:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
570:
566:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
536:
534:
527:
525:
519:Against toddy
518:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
493:
488:
484:
477:
475:
469:
467:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
380:
377:
373:
368:
363:
355:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
316:
313:
309:
308:Early Pandyas
305:
301:
300:Deshaprashtam
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
266:community of
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:palmyra trees
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
116:
112:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
46:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2488:
2464:
2454:
2433:
2423:Bibliography
2411:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2330:
2311:
2301:
2289:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2169:
2157:
2146:
2134:
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1194:Sinnakani.
1081:26 December
1056:26 December
865:Vaishnavite
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588:high street
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2511:Categories
1572:8 November
1004:References
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919:K. Kamaraj
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859:(only one
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833:See also:
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2308:"India"
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1243:16 June
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802:A group
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544:mahimai
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217:toddy
178:India
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