2938:
292:
2207:
2944:
57:
2218:
80:
435:
38:
448:
2224:
2932:
1697:
2213:
1691:
1703:
529:
Although older studies have suggested that shastasaurids were suction-feeders, current research indicates that the jaws of shastasaurid ichthyosaurs do not fit the suction-feeding profile, since their short and narrow hyoid bones are unsuitable to withstand impact forces for such kind of feeding, and
463:
measuring over 8 metres (26 ft) in length. One of the largest specimens was discovered in
England in May 2016, when researcher and fossil collector Paul de la Salle discovered a partial jawbone measuring 96 centimeters (3.15 ft) long which was catalogued as BRSMG Cg2488, also referred to as
464:
the
Lilstock specimen. In 2018, Dean Lomax, de la Salle, Judy Massare, and Ramues Gallois identified the Lilstock specimen as a shastasaurid. While its incompleteness made the size of the animal difficult to suggest, it clearly was very large. Using
1151:
Kelley, Neil P.; Irmis, Randall B.; dePolo, Paige E.; Noble, Paula J.; Montague-Judd, Danielle; Little, Holly; Blundell, Jon; Rasmussen, Cornelia; Percival, Lawrence M.E.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Pyenson, Nicholas D. (December 2022).
809:"Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
457:
Shastasaurids as typically defined have elongate bodies, with over 55 presacral vertebrae. They were the largest ichthyosaurs, with even some of the smaller species like
981:
Rieber, Hans (May 1970). "Phragmoteuthis? ticinensis n. sp., ein
Coleoidea-Rest aus der Grenzbitumenzone (Mittlere Trias) des Monte San Giorgio (Kt. Tessin, Schweiz)".
3061:
384:
in separate families, Shonisauridae and
Besanosauridae, respectively. In various studies, the grouping of Shastasauridae has been variously found to be either
1235:
3125:
2937:
3048:
476:, however, found a shorter length estimate of 22 meters (72 ft). In 2024, the Lilstock specimen was referred to the newly described species
3145:
3135:
372:, and all its descendants." In an alternative classification scheme, paleontologist Michael Maisch restricted Shastasauridae to the genus
3140:
2206:
1039:"An Upper Triassic (Norian) ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) from northern Alaska and dietary insight based on gut contents"
1228:
3120:
2943:
79:
3130:
878:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
747:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
2217:
1221:
807:
Bindellini, Gabriele; Wolniewicz, Andrzej S.; Miedema, Feiko; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sasso, Cristiano Dal (2021-05-06).
279:. The family contains the largest known species of ichthyosaurs, which include some of and possibly the largest known
1037:
Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Kelley, Neil; Whalen, Michael T.; Mcroberts, Christopher; Carter, Joseph G. (2014-09-19).
468:
as a model, the researchers estimated the ichthyosaur to have been 26 meters (85 ft) long, nearly the size of a
2980:
356:
291:
2223:
417:
47:
2975:
2931:
952:"A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones"
951:
617:"A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones"
615:
Lomax, Dean R.; De la Salle, Paul; Massare, Judy A.; Gallois, Ramues (2018-04-09). Wong, William Oki (ed.).
3001:
1696:
1690:
342:
336:
3115:
3087:
2970:
303:
936:
720:
2044:
1966:
1914:
1165:
1105:
1050:
990:
889:
758:
693:
630:
566:
507:
408:
233:
1702:
1094:"Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology"
3039:
2330:
2173:
1320:
2187:
2443:
1862:
1747:
1497:
1382:
1369:
1332:
1244:
1199:
1074:
1014:
74:
3092:
2212:
555:"Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks"
56:
3074:
2761:
2636:
2601:
2557:
2082:
1462:
1191:
1183:
1133:
1066:
1006:
917:
858:
840:
786:
666:
648:
594:
3079:
3066:
1038:
2881:
2830:
2798:
2681:
2486:
2342:
2287:
1841:
1778:
1173:
1123:
1113:
1058:
998:
963:
907:
897:
848:
830:
820:
776:
766:
701:
656:
638:
584:
574:
434:
347:
327:
269:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2666:
2570:
2518:
2419:
2180:
2159:
2152:
2030:
2009:
1869:
1579:
1540:
1506:
1478:
1427:
37:
1169:
1109:
1054:
994:
893:
762:
697:
634:
570:
447:
2874:
2867:
2839:
2608:
2546:
2539:
2502:
2495:
2474:
2369:
2315:
2072:
2052:
2022:
1974:
1958:
1894:
1802:
1794:
1787:
1553:
1128:
1093:
912:
877:
853:
808:
781:
746:
661:
616:
589:
554:
459:
440:
402:
331:
280:
223:
202:
150:
364:, which Merriam named in 1908, as a stem taxon including "the last common ancestor of
3109:
2860:
2738:
2645:
2624:
2428:
2361:
2351:
2308:
2268:
1810:
1762:
1733:
1720:
1650:
1522:
1515:
1438:
1420:
1203:
1078:
1018:
134:
2819:
2812:
2791:
2776:
2731:
2701:
2586:
2532:
2405:
2142:
2090:
1990:
1982:
1950:
1907:
1853:
1827:
1608:
1601:
1561:
1529:
1471:
705:
519:
478:
389:
385:
316:
254:
212:
191:
553:
Fröbisch, N. B.; Fröbisch, J. R.; Sander, P. M.; Schmitz, L.; Rieppel, O. (2013).
1118:
1062:
902:
771:
643:
3033:
2694:
2659:
2578:
2384:
2377:
2254:
2241:
2166:
2101:
2060:
1997:
1921:
1451:
1407:
1396:
1289:
967:
721:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
536:
had robust sectorial teeth with gut contents of mollusk shells and vertebrates.
532:
513:
494:
322:
276:
244:
66:
3024:
2888:
2846:
2753:
2746:
2652:
2593:
2460:
2301:
2275:
2037:
1883:
1876:
1628:
1619:
1568:
1305:
1274:
1178:
1153:
498:
469:
1187:
1070:
1010:
844:
652:
2783:
2768:
2616:
2435:
1588:
745:
Sander, P. M.; Chen, X.; Cheng, L.; Wang, X. (2011). Claessens, Leon (ed.).
579:
502:
91:
1195:
1137:
921:
862:
790:
670:
598:
392:. Studies that have recovered the group as monophyletic generally include
3018:
2805:
1929:
1754:
1268:
621:
491:
273:
111:
28:
825:
3053:
2853:
1635:
1280:
1002:
835:
121:
1262:
1213:
523:
178:
101:
2995:
446:
433:
296:
290:
326:, and several other traditional shastasaurids, defining it as a
2999:
2959:
2239:
1718:
1367:
1255:
1217:
505:. Evidence for this prey diversity includes gut contents from
937:"Prehistoric Sea Monster Was Nearly the Size of a Blue Whale"
876:
Sander P, Chen X, Cheng L, Wang X (2011). Claessens L (ed.).
482:, with a length estimate of up to 25 meters (82 ft).
1092:
Motani R, Tomita T, Maxwell E, Jiang D, Sander P (2013).
950:
De la Salle P, R Lomax D, A Massare J, Gallois R (2018).
684:
1154:"Grouping behavior in a Triassic marine apex predator"
302:
Shastasauridae was named by
American paleontologist
250:
240:
229:
219:
208:
198:
187:
3008:
2829:
2680:
2635:
2556:
2516:
2485:
2458:
2418:
2403:
2350:
2329:
2285:
2252:
2140:
2100:
2071:
2008:
1940:
1893:
1852:
1825:
1777:
1731:
1649:
1618:
1587:
1578:
1539:
1505:
1496:
1461:
1437:
1406:
1380:
1331:
1304:
559:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1229:
306:in 1895 along with the newly described genus
8:
310:. In 1999, Ryosuke Motani erected the clade
2996:
2956:
2686:
2562:
2524:
2513:
2466:
2415:
2411:
2336:
2326:
2293:
2260:
2249:
2236:
2137:
2014:
1899:
1833:
1774:
1739:
1728:
1715:
1593:
1584:
1545:
1502:
1443:
1412:
1388:
1377:
1364:
1310:
1301:
1252:
1236:
1222:
1214:
55:
36:
20:
1177:
1127:
1117:
911:
901:
852:
834:
824:
780:
770:
660:
642:
588:
578:
346:." He also redefined Shastasauridae as a
610:
608:
545:
350:including "the last common ancestor of
1032:
1030:
1028:
501:, shastasaurians fed on a variety of
7:
802:
800:
3126:Triassic reptiles of North America
1043:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
686:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
497:, which fed almost exclusively on
14:
518:and an unnamed specimen from the
2942:
2936:
2930:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2205:
1701:
1695:
1689:
78:
360:, and all its descendants" and
706:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160
1:
3146:Prehistoric reptile families
3136:Fossils of the United States
1119:10.1371/journal.pone.0066075
1063:10.1080/02724634.2014.866573
983:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
903:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
772:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
644:10.1371/journal.pone.0194742
968:10.6084/m9.figshare.5975440
295:Shastasauridae indet. from
3162:
3141:Paleontology in California
719:Michael W. Maisch (2010).
357:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
16:Extinct family of reptiles
2966:
2955:
2928:
2689:
2565:
2527:
2512:
2469:
2414:
2339:
2325:
2296:
2263:
2248:
2235:
2203:
2136:
2017:
1902:
1836:
1773:
1742:
1727:
1714:
1687:
1596:
1548:
1446:
1415:
1391:
1376:
1363:
1313:
1300:
1251:
1179:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.005
184:
177:
75:Scientific classification
73:
63:
54:
48:Shastasaurus sikanniensis
44:
35:
23:
530:since some species like
466:Shonisaurus sikanniensis
334:more closely related to
580:10.1073/pnas.1216750110
935:Geggel, Laura (2018).
454:
444:
352:Shastasaurus pacificus
343:Ichthyosaurus communis
337:Shastasaurus pacificus
299:
3121:Triassic ichthyosaurs
3088:Paleobiology Database
452:Shonisaurus popularis
450:
437:
304:John Campbell Merriam
294:
2045:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1967:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1915:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1164:(24): 5398–5405.e3.
438:Life restoration of
409:Guizhouichthyosaurus
234:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3131:Triassic California
2331:Temnodontosauroidea
1170:2022CBio...32E5398K
1110:2013PLoSO...866075M
1055:2014JVPal..34.1460D
995:1970PalZ...44...32R
894:2011PLoSO...619480S
826:10.7717/peerj.11179
763:2011PLoSO...619480S
698:1999JVPal..19..473M
635:2018PLoSO..1394742L
571:2013PNAS..110.1393F
508:Guizhouichthyosarus
472:. Scaling based on
2961:Related categories
2444:Protoichthyosaurus
1863:Barracudasauroides
1748:Quasianosteosaurus
1498:Ichthyosauriformes
1383:Ichthyosauromorpha
1370:Ichthyosauromorpha
1333:Ichthyosauromorpha
1245:Ichthyosauromorpha
1003:10.1007/bf02989793
455:
445:
426:within the group.
300:
3103:
3102:
3075:Open Tree of Life
3002:Taxon identifiers
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2981:Triassic reptiles
2951:
2950:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2762:Kazakhstanosaurus
2676:
2675:
2637:Ophthalmosaurinae
2602:Myobradypterygius
2558:Ophthalmosauridae
2454:
2453:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2231:
2230:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2083:Qianichthyosaurus
1821:
1820:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1645:
1644:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1463:Parahupehsuchinae
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
263:
262:
173:
156:
64:Scale diagram of
3153:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3027:
2997:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2882:Simbirskiasaurus
2831:Platypterygiinae
2799:Pervushovisaurus
2687:
2682:Platypterygiidae
2563:
2525:
2514:
2487:Stenopterygiidae
2467:
2416:
2412:
2343:Temnodontosaurus
2337:
2327:
2294:
2288:Neoichthyosauria
2261:
2250:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2138:
2015:
1900:
1842:Cymbospondylidae
1834:
1779:Cymbospondylidae
1775:
1740:
1729:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1594:
1585:
1546:
1503:
1444:
1413:
1389:
1378:
1365:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1181:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1049:(6): 1460–1465.
1034:
1023:
1022:
978:
972:
971:
947:
941:
940:
932:
926:
925:
915:
905:
873:
867:
866:
856:
838:
828:
804:
795:
794:
784:
774:
742:
736:
735:
725:
716:
710:
709:
681:
675:
674:
664:
646:
612:
603:
602:
592:
582:
565:(4): 1393–1397.
550:
348:node-based taxon
332:merriamosaurians
328:stem-based taxon
252:
242:
231:
221:
210:
200:
189:
171:
166:
154:
149:
133:
83:
82:
59:
40:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3004:
2994:
2985:
2976:Marine reptiles
2962:
2947:
2894:
2825:
2725:Brachypterygius
2717:Athabascasaurus
2709:Arthropterygius
2672:
2667:Ophthalmosaurus
2631:
2571:Arthropterygius
2552:
2521:
2519:Ophthalmosauria
2508:
2481:
2463:
2450:
2420:Ichthyosauridae
2408:
2391:
2346:
2321:
2290:
2281:
2257:
2244:
2227:
2193:
2181:Svalbardosaurus
2160:Pachygonosaurus
2153:Barracudasaurus
2116:
2096:
2067:
2031:Californosaurus
2010:Euichthyosauria
2004:
1936:
1889:
1870:Contectopalatus
1848:
1830:
1817:
1769:
1736:
1723:
1706:
1665:
1641:
1614:
1580:Eoichthyosauria
1574:
1541:Ichthyopterygia
1535:
1507:Omphalosauridae
1484:
1479:Parahupehsuchus
1457:
1433:
1428:Nanchangosaurus
1402:
1385:
1372:
1347:
1327:
1296:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1212:
1211:
1158:Current Biology
1150:
1149:
1145:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1036:
1035:
1026:
980:
979:
975:
949:
948:
944:
934:
933:
929:
875:
874:
870:
806:
805:
798:
744:
743:
739:
728:Palaeodiversity
723:
718:
717:
713:
683:
682:
678:
629:(4): e0194742.
614:
613:
606:
552:
551:
547:
542:
488:
432:
330:including "all
289:
281:marine reptiles
170:
164:
153:
147:
131:
77:
31:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3040:Shastasauridae
3030:
3014:
3012:
3010:Shastasauridae
3006:
3005:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2875:Plutoniosaurus
2871:
2868:Platypterygius
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2840:Caypullisaurus
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2609:Nannopterygius
2605:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2547:Macropterygius
2543:
2540:Delphinosaurus
2536:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2503:Stenopterygius
2499:
2496:Magnipterygius
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:Chacaicosaurus
2470:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2370:Excalibosaurus
2366:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2316:Suevoleviathan
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2073:Toretocnemidae
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2053:Mikadocephalus
2049:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2023:Auroroborealia
2018:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:Himalayasaurus
1971:
1963:
1959:Guanlingsaurus
1955:
1946:
1944:
1942:Shastasauridae
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1895:Merriamosauria
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1803:Thalattoarchon
1799:
1795:Phantomosaurus
1791:
1788:Cymbospondylus
1783:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1554:Isfjordosaurus
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1143:
1104:(12): e66075.
1084:
1024:
989:(1–2): 32–40.
973:
942:
927:
868:
796:
737:
711:
692:(3): 473–496.
676:
604:
544:
543:
541:
538:
487:
486:Feeding habits
484:
460:Guanlingsaurus
441:Guanlingsaurus
431:
428:
423:wolonggangense
403:Guanlingsaurus
362:Shastasaurinae
288:
285:
268:is an extinct
266:Shastasauridae
261:
260:
259:
258:
248:
238:
227:
224:Guanlingsaurus
217:
206:
203:Himalayasaurus
196:
182:
181:
175:
174:
168:Shastasauridae
162:
158:
157:
151:Merriamosauria
145:
138:
137:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
61:
60:
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
24:Shastasauridae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3158:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:Maiaspondylus
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:Cryopterygius
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:Acamptonectes
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2625:Thalassodraco
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:Ichthyosaurus
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:Eurhinosaurus
2359:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:Leptonectidae
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:Hauffiopteryx
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:Hudsonelpidia
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:Sphaerodontes
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1811:Xinminosaurus
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1763:Xinminosaurus
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:Ichthyosauria
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Ichthyosauria
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1651:Ichthyosauria
1648:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:Omphalosaurus
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:Cartorhynchus
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Hupehsuchidae
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:Eohupehsuchus
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
888:(5): e19480.
887:
883:
879:
872:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
757:(5): e19480.
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
729:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
677:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
546:
539:
537:
535:
534:
527:
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
493:
490:Unlike other
485:
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
462:
461:
453:
449:
443:
442:
436:
429:
427:
425:
424:
420:
415:
411:
410:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
298:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
257:
256:
249:
247:
246:
239:
236:
235:
228:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
207:
205:
204:
197:
194:
193:
186:
185:
183:
180:
176:
172:Merriam, 1895
169:
163:
160:
159:
152:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:Ichthyosauria
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
69:
68:
62:
58:
53:
50:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
22:
19:
3116:Ichthyosaurs
3009:
2971:Ichthyosaurs
2935:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2820:Undorosaurus
2818:
2813:Sveltonectes
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:Parrassaurus
2790:
2782:
2777:Muiscasaurus
2775:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2732:Catutosaurus
2730:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2702:Aegirosaurus
2700:
2693:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2587:Jabalisaurus
2585:
2577:
2569:
2545:
2538:
2533:Argovisaurus
2531:
2501:
2494:
2473:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2406:Thunnosauria
2383:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2341:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2274:
2267:
2210:
2188:Tibetosaurus
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:Nomina dubia
2141:
2091:Toretocnemus
2089:
2081:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
1996:
1991:Shastasaurus
1989:
1983:Ichthyotitan
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1951:Besanosaurus
1949:
1941:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1908:Besanosaurus
1906:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:Mixosauridae
1840:
1828:Hueneosauria
1809:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1694:
1634:
1627:
1609:Utatsusaurus
1607:
1602:Parvinatator
1600:
1567:
1562:Chaohusaurus
1560:
1552:
1530:Sclerocormus
1528:
1521:
1514:
1477:
1472:Eretmorhipis
1470:
1450:
1426:
1419:
1395:
1285:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1046:
1042:
986:
982:
976:
959:
955:
945:
930:
885:
881:
871:
816:
812:
754:
750:
740:
731:
727:
714:
689:
685:
679:
626:
620:
562:
558:
548:
531:
528:
520:Brooks Range
512:
506:
495:ichthyosaurs
489:
479:Ichthyotitan
477:
474:Besanosaurus
473:
465:
458:
456:
451:
439:
422:
418:
413:
407:
401:
398:Besanosaurus
397:
394:Shastasaurus
393:
390:paraphyletic
386:monophyletic
382:Besanosaurus
381:
377:
374:Shastasaurus
373:
369:
366:Shastasaurus
365:
361:
355:
351:
341:
335:
321:
317:Shastasaurus
315:
312:Shastasauria
311:
308:Shastasaurus
307:
301:
277:ichthyosaurs
265:
264:
255:Shastasaurus
253:
243:
232:
222:
213:Ichthyotitan
211:
201:
192:Besanosaurus
190:
167:
155:Motani, 1999
141:
65:
46:
45:Skeleton of
18:
3034:Wikispecies
2695:Acuetzpalin
2660:Mollesaurus
2579:Gengasaurus
2385:Wahlisaurus
2378:Leptonectes
2255:Parvipelvia
2242:Parvipelvia
2167:Pessosaurus
2102:Parvipelvia
2061:Shonisaurus
1998:Shonisaurus
1922:Pessopteryx
1452:Hupehsuchus
1408:Hupehsuchia
1397:Baisesaurus
1290:Neodiapsida
836:2434/924636
533:Shonisaurus
514:Shonisaurus
499:cephalopods
430:Description
419:‘Callawayia
414:Shonisaurus
378:Shonisaurus
376:and placed
370:Shonisaurus
323:Shonisaurus
314:to include
245:Shonisaurus
67:Shonisaurus
3110:Categories
2889:Sisteronia
2847:Kyhytysuka
2754:Janusaurus
2747:Grendelius
2653:Baptanodon
2594:Janusaurus
2461:Baracromia
2302:Dearcmhara
2276:Macgowania
2111:see below↓
2038:Callawayia
1884:Phalarodon
1877:Mixosaurus
1660:see below↓
1629:Gulosaurus
1620:Grippiidae
1569:Thaisaurus
1342:see below↓
1321:Sauropsida
1306:Sauropsida
1279:Subclass:
1275:Sauropsida
819:: e11179.
734:: 151–214.
540:References
516:popularis,
470:blue whale
2784:Palvennia
2769:Keilhauia
2617:Palvennia
2436:Malawania
1589:Grippidia
1261:Kingdom:
1204:254874088
1188:0960-9822
1079:129908740
1071:0272-4634
1019:129041989
1011:0031-0220
845:2167-8359
653:1932-6203
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
3025:Q2715499
3019:Wikidata
2806:Sumpalla
1930:Wimanius
1755:Tholodus
1281:Diapsida
1269:Chordata
1267:Phylum:
1263:Animalia
1196:36538877
1138:24348983
1098:PLOS ONE
956:PLOS ONE
922:21625429
882:PLOS ONE
863:33996277
791:21625429
751:PLOS ONE
671:29630618
622:PLOS ONE
599:23297200
492:Triassic
340:than to
287:Taxonomy
274:Triassic
161:Family:
122:Reptilia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
29:Triassic
3080:4946517
3054:3239018
2854:Leninia
1636:Grippia
1273:Class:
1166:Bibcode
1129:3859474
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1051:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
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890:Bibcode
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813:PeerJ
724:(PDF)
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