842:. These stations regularly appear and disappear all over the shortwave radio band, but are unlicensed and untraceable. It is believed that numbers stations are operated by government agencies and are used to communicate with clandestine operatives working within foreign countries. However, no definitive proof of such use has emerged. Because the vast majority of these broadcasts contain nothing but the recitation of blocks of numbers, in various languages, with occasional bursts of music, they have become known colloquially as "number stations". Perhaps the most noted number station is called the
1156:
1463:
transmissions often have bursts of distortion, and "hollow" sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies, altering the harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange "spacey" quality due to echoes and phase distortion. Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions, by means of delays or feedback loops, equalizers, or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments. Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments, by means of analogue
904:
171:
296:
38:
1167:, the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz, the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz, the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz, and the 120 m, 90 m, and 60 m bands are absent altogether. International broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal the WRC-allocated bands or use off-channel frequencies. This is done for practical reasons, or to attract attention in crowded bands (60 m, 49 m, 40 m, 41 m, 31 m, 25 m).
4629:
1403:, stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations, or the two way communications by amateur radio operators. Some short wave listeners behave analogously to "lurkers" on the Internet, in that they listen only, and never attempt to send out their own signals. Other listeners participate in clubs, or actively send and receive QSL cards, or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own.
1363:
329:
amateur signals from Europe. The first two-way communications between North
American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters. Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters was technically illegal (but tolerated at the time as the authorities mistakenly believed that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use), amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available
1202:
836:. These are stations that broadcast on behalf of various political movements such as rebel or insurrectionist forces. They may advocate civil war, insurrection, rebellion against the government-in-charge of the country to which they are directed. Clandestine broadcasts may emanate from transmitters located in rebel-controlled territory or from outside the country entirely, using another country's transmission facilities.
6123:
1452:
683:
105:
378:
6133:
471:
6112:
1601:
6143:
275:
arisen as a result of the competition of Beam
Wireless with the Cable Services". It recommended and received government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929, Imperial and International Communications Ltd. The name of the company was changed to
217:, receivers and gigantic antennas. Long waves are also difficult to beam directionally, resulting in a major loss of power over long distances. Prior to the 1920s, the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long-distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use.
321:, which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters. Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss. This, and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies, made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services.
572:
transmits the carrier and one complete sideband, but filters out most of the other sideband. It is a compromise between AM and SSB, enabling simple receivers to be used, but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM. Its main advantage is that only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used. It
340:
by the Second
National Radio Conference in 1923 β forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths; however, amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters (2 MHz). A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications
1462:
Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which β due to the nature of amplitude modulation, varying propagation conditions, and the presence of interference β generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts (particularly via FM stations). Shortwave
270:
and longwave wireless services to shortwave, and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased. Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations. However, some commercial longwave communications stations remained in
1434:
etc.). Today, through the evolution of the
Internet, the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world, even without owning a shortwave radio. Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a
1313:
Very little infrastructure is required for long-distance two-way communications using shortwave radio. All one needs is a pair of transceivers, each with an antenna, and a source of energy (such as a battery, a portable generator, or the electrical grid). This makes shortwave radio one of the most
556:
The drawback is the receiver is more complicated, since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal. Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal. As a result, single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast. Single sideband is used for
286:
across the
Atlantic Ocean, the first voice frequency cable on this route. This provided 36 high-quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher-capacity cables all around the world. Competition from these cables soon ended the economic viability of shortwave radio for commercial
274:
The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927. A serious financial crisis threatened viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic
British interests. The British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 "to examine the situation that had
328:
band (near 1,500 kHz, inside the modern AM broadcast band), which at that time was the shortest wavelength / highest frequency available to amateur radio. In 1922 hundreds of North
American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard
1645:
shortwave is a legacy technology, which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly. A few countries are hanging on to it, but most have faced up to the fact that the glory days of shortwave have gone. Religious broadcasters will still use it because they are not too concerned with listening
609:
communication. Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere.
865:
broadcasters who feature programming such as music, talk and other entertainment, can be heard sporadically and in various modes on the shortwave bands. Pirate broadcasters take advantage of the better propagation characteristics to achieve more range compared to the AM or FM broadcast
755:
transmitting messages not intended for the general public, such as merchant shipping, marine weather, and ship-to-shore stations; for aviation weather and air-to-ground communications; for military communications; for long-distance governmental purposes, and for other non-broadcast
1224:, over-the air television, cable television, satellite television, satellite radio, mobile phones, landline phones, and satellite phones, government authorities face technical difficulties monitoring which stations (sites) are being listened to (accessed). For example, during the
344:
By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles (9,600 km) and more. On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in
California completed two-way contacts with an amateur in
858:
to licensed stations. Unlicensed business radio (taxis, trucking companies, among numerous others) land mobile systems may be found in the 20-30 MHz region while unlicensed marine mobile and other similar users may be found over the entire shortwave
824:
stations transmit on various shortwave and longwave frequencies around the world. The shortwave transmissions are primarily intended for human reception, while the longwave stations are generally used for automatic synchronization of watches and
1634:(BPL), which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines. As the BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands, severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible.
349:. On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two-way contact nearly halfway around the world. On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at
853:
activity by individuals such as taxi drivers, bus drivers and fishermen in various countries can be heard on various shortwave frequencies. Such unlicensed transmissions by "pirate" or "bootleg" two way radio operators can often cause
419:
and with different numbers of hops, a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques. Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band, absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer, the
194:(MW), and short wave (SW) bands based on the length of the wave. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m (1,500 kHz) which marked the original upper limit of the
1442:
from broadcasters, utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of the hobby. Some stations even give out special certificates, pennants, stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners.
271:
use until the 1960s. Long-distance radio circuits also reduced the need for new cables, although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better-quality signal than shortwave.
2713:
561:, and amateur radio operators. In amateur radio operation lower sideband (LSB) is customarily used below 10 MHz and USB (upper sideband) above 10 MHz, non-amateur services use USB regardless of frequency.
671:, and other systems use forms of frequency-shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier. These generally require special equipment to decode, such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card.
263:. The UK-to-Canada shortwave "Beam Wireless Service" went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926. Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia, South Africa and India went into service in 1927.
157:, and shortwave broadcasts can be transmitted over thousands of miles from a single transmitter, making it difficult for government authorities to censor them. Shortwave radio is also often used by aircraft.
3246:
1471:. Sometimes the sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing, with various distortions added, to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception.
1299:
Shortwave radio travels much farther than broadcast FM (88β108 MHz). Shortwave broadcasts can be easily transmitted over a distance of several thousand miles, including from one continent to another.
227:
to carry out a large-scale study into the transmission characteristics of short-wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long-distance transmissions. Franklin rigged up a large antenna at
150:, shortwave broadcasting lost importance. Initiatives for the digitization of broadcasting did not bear fruit either, and so as of 2024, few broadcasters continue to broadcast programs on shortwave.
1670:
I still see a place for shortwave in the 21st century, especially for reaching areas of the world that are prone to natural disasters that destroy local broadcasting and
Internet infrastructure.
745:
Two-way radio communications by marine and maritime HF stations, aeronautical users, and ground based stations. For example, two way shortwave communication is still used in remote regions by the
1339:
In most
Western countries, shortwave radio ownership is usually limited to enthusiasts, since most new standard radios do not receive the shortwave band. Therefore, Western audiences are limited.
1181:
The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and
341:
at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long-distance two-way contacts on 100 meters (3 MHz) in 1923 including the first transatlantic two-way contacts.
236:, running on 25 kW of power. In June and July 1923, wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters (about 3 MHz) from Poldhu to Marconi's yacht
1178:
operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels. There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM, as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format.
2489:
621:(DRM) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz. It is a digital signal, like the data modes, below, but is for transmitting audio, like the analog modes above.
1618:
The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware, but there are still a great number of shortwave broadcasters. A new
535:
transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation. An amplitude-modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the
251:, to which he had sailed, and was "astonished" to find he could receive signals "throughout the day". Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission by inventing the
2813:
Anderson, Arlyn T. (2005). "Changes at the BBC World Service: Documenting the World Service's move from shortwave to web radio in North America, Australia, and New Zealand".
2450:
1952:
1310:, and is able to cover a large geographic area with relatively low power (and hence cost). Therefore, in many of these countries it is widely used for domestic broadcasting.
2705:
1399:; others listen to specialized shortwave utility, or "ute", transmissions such as maritime, naval, aviation, or military signals. Others focus on intelligence signals from
4574:
539:. If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier, only the remaining set is transmitted. This reduces power in the transmission, as roughly
2267:
2190:
1913:
2271:
2194:
3443:
3147:
1163:
Although countries generally follow the assigned bands, there may be small differences between countries or regions. For example, in the official bandplan of the
887:
445:
Season. During the winter months of the Northern or Southern hemispheres, the AM/MW broadcast band tends to be more favorable because of longer hours of darkness.
435:
Time of day. During the day, frequencies higher than approximately 12 MHz can travel longer distances than lower ones. At night, this property is reversed.
97:. Thus shortwave radio can be used for communication over very long distances, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency, which travel in straight lines (
6095:
6067:
6062:
5087:
3739:
4041:
3650:
3294:
1232:, when his access to communications was limited (e.g. his phones, television and radio were cut off), Gorbachev was able to stay informed by means of the
3791:
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2128:
247:
In September 1924, Marconi arranged for transmissions to be made day and night on 32 meters (about 9.4 MHz) from Poldhu to his yacht in the harbour at
6179:
1254:
era) ownership of shortwave receivers has been and continues to be widespread (in many of these countries some domestic stations also used shortwave).
213:(kHz) / above 1000 m. The drawbacks to this system included a very limited spectrum available for long-distance communication, and the very expensive
2214:
1314:
robust means of communications, which can be disrupted only by interference or bad ionospheric conditions. Modern digital transmission modes such as
549:
of the energy sent by an AM signal is in the carrier, which is not needed to recover the information contained in the signal. It also reduces signal
520:. The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal (speech, or music, for example). At the receiver, a simple
4323:
1734:
1626:(DRM), is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to adequate. The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of
746:
1729:
1658:
shortwave remains the most accessible international communications medium that still provides listeners with the protection of complete anonymity.
1257:
Many newer shortwave receivers are portable and can be battery-operated, making them useful in difficult circumstances. Newer technology includes
3269:
674:
Note that on modern computer-driven systems, digital modes are typically sent by coupling a computer's sound output to the SSB input of a radio.
89:. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances, beyond the horizon. This is called
734:
uses the HF/shortwave band for long-distance communication to aircraft over the oceans and poles, which are far beyond the range of traditional
6089:
4567:
4080:
843:
2875:
259:(GPO) to install high-speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia, India, South Africa and Canada as the main element of the
6084:
6074:
6054:
5856:
4051:
3199:
3083:
3044:
2977:
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2619:
2522:
2102:
2023:
1799:
968:
1225:
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2411:
2366:
1739:
935:
2983:
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2528:
2029:
1805:
6311:
6234:
6079:
5925:
4538:
4276:
4100:
3205:
3089:
3050:
2941:
2556:
1710:
1391:
Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters. In some cases, the goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible
1060:
964:
2791:
2473:
1766:
5851:
3436:
2841:
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2483:
2444:
2387:
2355:
2295:
1985:
1946:
1907:
1880:
1841:
891:
266:
Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s. By 1928, more than half of long-distance communications had moved from
2434:
1474:
The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician
2319:
1936:
816:
transmit at these frequencies: 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 15 MHz; and WWV also transmits on 20 MHz. The
324:
Radio amateurs may have conducted the first successful transatlantic tests in December 1921, operating in the 200 meter
5730:
5278:
5080:
3732:
2172:
1675:
5841:
3378:
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where reception fails. With a fixed working frequency, large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night.
5836:
5387:
4213:
3640:
2015:
267:
3317:
3011:
2625:
1975:
1897:
1847:
85:
in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the
6248:
1155:
978:. AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting:
656:
transmissions. It is a data mode, although often listed separately. It is typically received via lower or upper SSB modes.
6172:
5861:
4061:
3655:
3429:
2051:
1220:
Difficulty of censoring programming by authorities in restrictive countries. Unlike their relative ease in monitoring and
550:
6146:
2213:. Recommendations for Regulation of Radio Adopted by the Third National Radio Conference. 6β10 October 1924. p. 15.
6136:
5897:
5794:
5337:
5104:
4316:
3988:
2769:
2586:
3139:
2276:
Historical note discusses an International Radiotelegraph Conference on 4 October 1927, its intrigues and fallout.
2245:
1239:
Low-cost shortwave radios are widely available in all but the most repressive countries in the world. Simple shortwave
605:(NBFM or NFM) is used typically above 20 MHz. Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is commonly used for
71:, which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (100 (exactly 99.930819333) to 10 (exactly 9.9930819333) meters); above the
6126:
5633:
5073:
4675:
4514:
4286:
3725:
3111:
1419:
2896:
903:
313:
also discovered that long-distance communication was possible on shortwave bands. Early long-distance services used
6321:
5985:
5907:
5846:
5553:
4670:
4259:
4228:
3973:
3883:
1631:
1435:
number have closed their shortwave service entirely, or severely curtailed it, in favour of internet transmission.
1407:
1406:
Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience (such as
1346:
power adapters, fluorescent or LED light sources, internet modems and routers, computers and many other sources of
1343:
1171:
975:
926:
701:
582:
532:
517:
128:
31:
2077:
820:
in Canada transmits on the following frequencies: 3.33 MHz, 7.85 MHz, and 14.67 MHz. Other similar
365:(28 MHz) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927. The
202:
for radio communications. The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit.
6331:
5757:
5718:
5563:
5463:
5392:
5325:
5152:
3681:
3645:
1411:
846:, named after the 18th century English folk song, which is transmitted just before the sequences of numbers.
424:, may impose a serious limit. This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, absorbing some of a
98:
438:
With lower frequencies the dependence on the time of the day is mainly due to the lowest ionospheric layer, the
6165:
6116:
5358:
5293:
5246:
5132:
4970:
4583:
4499:
3630:
3242:
2743:
1627:
1289:
336:
Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150β200 meter band β the official wavelengths allocated to
2124:
1342:
In the developed world, shortwave reception is very difficult in urban areas because of excessive noise from
6326:
6280:
5955:
5940:
5784:
5735:
5658:
5558:
5236:
5122:
5117:
5020:
4349:
4309:
4238:
4137:
4090:
3998:
1687:
1638:
944:
855:
337:
276:
260:
224:
170:
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5478:
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5196:
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2208:
2144:
1623:
1605:
1265:
1182:
1175:
869:
618:
389:
455:
ionization β so great, sometimes for periods of several minutes, that skywave propagation is nonexistent.
388:
Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by
6200:
5779:
5583:
5548:
5468:
5448:
5370:
5258:
5179:
4233:
4056:
4036:
1584:
1499:
1456:
1240:
971:, allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years. The last WRC took place in 2023.
119:
Shortwave broadcasts of radio programs played an important role in the early days of radio history. In
37:
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1791:
Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945
442:, forming only during the day when photons from the sun break up atoms into ions and free electrons.
295:
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1613:
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1335:
Shortwave radio's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks, including:
1221:
817:
809:
731:
578:
299:
256:
154:
138:
With the wide implementation of other technologies for the distribution of radio programs, such as
76:
2098:
182:
The name "shortwave" originated during the beginning of radio in the early 20th century, when the
174:
Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before those of
5930:
5887:
5818:
5688:
5618:
5593:
5528:
5375:
5096:
5005:
4853:
4826:
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4721:
4394:
4105:
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1526:
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1381:
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883:
569:
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318:
45:
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1367:
1833:
Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the Victorian pioneers to broadband Internet
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5806:
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3195:
3079:
3040:
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2931:
2653:
2647:
2615:
2518:
2512:
2479:
2440:
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2291:
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2184:
2055:
2019:
2009:
1981:
1942:
1903:
1876:
1870:
1837:
1795:
1789:
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1490:
to music and speech); and in the same year, the development of a French instrument called the
1423:
1362:
1233:
1229:
947:
for the actual kinds of integrated technologies used to bring high power signals to listeners.
833:
724:
709:
558:
536:
220:
175:
94:
60:
3185:
3073:
3034:
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2550:
5975:
5935:
5915:
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4254:
4198:
4012:
3823:
3748:
2822:
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1758:
1571:
1495:
1475:
1415:
1400:
1285:
1269:
521:
206:
199:
195:
72:
4628:
67:(SW). There is no official definition of the band range, but it always includes all of the
5603:
5458:
5226:
5189:
4957:
4799:
4731:
4223:
4193:
2845:
2157:
1553:
1468:
1186:
958:
839:
752:
687:
634:
425:
139:
64:
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6316:
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5174:
4990:
4774:
4439:
4332:
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3528:
2311:
1491:
1427:
1380:
The Asia-Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million
1201:
586:
482:
183:
147:
68:
2176:
6305:
5950:
5723:
5713:
5628:
5518:
5513:
5503:
5488:
5310:
5169:
5000:
4937:
4918:
4822:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4409:
4208:
3933:
3813:
3752:
3383:
3367:
2834:
1619:
1579:
1563:
1303:
1281:
1024:
850:
795:
791:
787:
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759:
691:
664:
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638:
366:
362:
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252:
3270:"Lubbock radio DJ reaching Ukraine on shortwave WTWW with truth, hope, classic hits"
1451:
1159:
Tuning display of a cheap portable "World Radio" which includes nine shortwave bands
682:
400:
propagation"). A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a
5828:
5668:
5613:
5543:
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5443:
5342:
5332:
5184:
4876:
4542:
4280:
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3345:
3318:
Shortwave Radio Signal From Florida Cow Pasture Reaches Russia Carrying Latest News
1715:
1247:
1209:
1205:
873:
862:
712:), religious or cultural stations to foreign audiences: The most common use of all.
428:'s energy and converting it to heat. Predictions of skywave propagation depend on:
314:
120:
104:
3005:
2609:
1980:(full text). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Office.
1831:
1302:
Particularly in tropical regions, SW is somewhat less prone to interference from
738:
frequencies. Modern systems also include satellite communications, such as ADS-C/
6028:
5678:
5588:
5573:
5533:
5493:
5352:
5049:
4726:
4708:
4604:
4203:
4028:
3819:
3452:
2611:
Pirate Radio Stations: Tuning in to underground broadcasts in the Air and Online
2436:
Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety Systems (GADSS): Theory and Applications
1678:, the BBC World Service launched two new shortwave frequencies for listeners in
1483:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1164:
821:
805:
801:
653:
574:
448:
377:
346:
330:
214:
191:
143:
2826:
6242:
6033:
5740:
5438:
5347:
5303:
5273:
5251:
5241:
5216:
5030:
4698:
4693:
4647:
4624:
4085:
4071:
3773:
1705:
1567:
1510:
1322:
are even more robust, allowing successful reception of signals well below the
880:
over-the-horizon radar system blotted out numerous shortwave broadcasts daily.
877:
720:
705:
642:
497:
470:
465:
416:
412:
408:
393:
369:(21 MHz) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952.
325:
241:
124:
86:
82:
2765:
2578:
2127:. Bureau of Navigation. Department of Commerce. 2 April 1923. pp. 9β13.
1353:
Audio quality may be limited due to interference and the modes that are used.
929:
for details on the history and practice of broadcasting to foreign audiences.
255:
aerial system. In July 1924, Marconi entered into contracts with the British
6256:
6018:
5483:
5298:
5039:
4886:
4662:
4640:
4619:
4594:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4007:
3696:
2237:
1575:
1487:
1478:, who perfected a form of radio oscillator as a musical instrument in 1928 (
1464:
649:
401:
382:
210:
187:
4552:
3379:"Short-wave radio, snap and crackle goes pop. Life in the old wireless yet"
3119:
1600:
1592:'s Radio Cineola monthly broadcasts drew heavily on shortwave radio sound.
101:) and are limited by the visual horizon, about 64 km (40 miles).
3295:"San Diego Radio Host Broadcasts from His Closet for Listeners in Ukraine"
108:
Tesla MΓ‘j 623A, Short-long-medium wave tube receiver from Czechoslovakia,
6290:
6228:
6013:
6003:
5920:
5745:
5568:
5054:
4871:
4849:
4844:
4814:
4614:
3898:
3851:
3809:
3561:
3460:
3410:
3406:
describes experiments carried out for the French and British governments.
3390:
1726:βa very large rotatable antenna system used in international broadcasting
1439:
1293:
1277:
1251:
727:
networks; or of individual commercial and non-commercial paid broadcasts.
723:
and FM stations serving them; or for speciality political, religious and
716:
233:
132:
17:
3184:
Hrasnica, Halid; Haidine, Abdelfatteh; Lehnert, Ralf (14 January 2005).
6008:
5993:
4923:
4909:
4301:
3938:
3893:
3847:
3635:
3595:
3421:
2646:
Bychkov, Vladimir; Golubkov, Gennady; Nikitin, Anatoly (17 July 2010).
2069:
1679:
1589:
1566:, a student of Stockhausen, was one of the first to use shortwave in a
1296:
is temporarily, long-term or permanently unavailable (or unaffordable).
916:
452:
439:
421:
397:
90:
41:
1388:
claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide.
1246:
In many countries (particularly in most developing nations and in the
938:
for a list of international and domestic shortwave radio broadcasters.
829:
Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include:
282:
A resurgence of long-distance cables began in 1956 with the laying of
6038:
5998:
5320:
5112:
5065:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4865:
4794:
4162:
3978:
3952:
3947:
3906:
3857:
3843:
3625:
3556:
3546:
1723:
1683:
1545:
1504:
1190:
248:
229:
2735:
1216:
Shortwave possesses a number of advantages over newer technologies:
1193:
antenna technology) to concentrate radio energy at the target area.
1686:, broadcasting English-language news updates in an effort to avoid
6285:
6157:
6023:
5960:
5268:
4789:
4685:
4599:
3983:
3878:
3770:
3488:
3357:
1599:
1538:
1450:
1394:
1361:
1200:
1154:
902:
739:
681:
553:, enabling less than one-half the AM signal bandwidth to be used.
469:
376:
294:
283:
169:
153:
However, shortwave remains important in war zones, such as in the
103:
56:
36:
2649:
The Atmosphere and Ionosphere: Dynamics, processes and monitoring
2475:
The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945
697:
Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include:
6206:
5965:
4784:
4779:
3701:
3686:
3581:
3576:
3518:
1695:
1691:
1385:
1315:
912:
813:
715:
Domestic broadcasting: to widely dispersed populations with few
590:
6161:
5069:
4556:
4305:
4118:
3721:
3425:
3389:
article describing pros and cons of short wave radio since the
5211:
4804:
3706:
3566:
3493:
2685:
2244:. The Wayback Machine. Schenectady Museum Amateur Radio Club.
908:
798:
bands. Licenses are granted by authorized government agencies.
735:
606:
411:, propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths,
1977:
Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty years of satellite communication
4627:
2175:. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. Archived from
2011:
Global Communications Since 1844: Geopolitics and technology
500:
are used to incorporate information in a short-wave signal.
27:
Radio transmissions using wavelengths between 10 m and 100 m
1650:
However, Thomas Witherspoon, editor of shortwave news site
1518:
with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces β
980:
3349:
2652:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 104 ff.
2350:(third ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional.
2348:
Communications Receivers: DSP, software radios, and design
1582:
around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds, entitled
3333:
1875:. Toronto / New York: Edizione Frassinelli. p. 207.
524:
recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier.
432:
The distance from the transmitter to the target receiver.
361:(14 MHz). These were allocated worldwide, while the
1759:"Grundig Satellit 400 international / professional"
1614:
Shortwave listening Β§ Future of shortwave listening
1185:. Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized
557:
long-range voice communications by ships and aircraft,
2969:
On Some Faraway Beach: The life and times of Brian Eno
2099:"1921 β Club station 1BCG and the transatlantic tests"
1698:
also redirected much of their programming to Ukraine.
2686:"WRC-23 β World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC)"
2346:
Rohde, Ulrich L.; Whitaker, Jerry (6 December 2000).
2171:
Raide, Bob, W2ZM; Gable, Ed, K2MP (2 November 1998).
974:
As of WRC-97 in 1997, these bands were allocated for
2341:
2339:
2337:
1502:
used shortwave radio and effects in works including
1498:, a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher.
516:
is the simplest type and the most commonly used for
6273:
6255:
6241:
6227:
6220:
6193:
6047:
5984:
5906:
5870:
5827:
5768:
5702:
5411:
5103:
5029:
4956:
4885:
4813:
4765:
4707:
4684:
4661:
4247:
4186:
4146:
4125:
4070:
4027:
3997:
3961:
3926:
3919:
3871:
3800:
3769:
3762:
3664:
3616:
3590:
3527:
3459:
1514:(1968) β adapted for the Beethoven Bicentennial in
3187:Broadband Powerline Communications: Network design
3075:Kraftwerk: From Dusseldorf to the future with love
2930:. University of California Press. pp. 76 ff.
2555:. Hearst Magazines. January 1940. pp. 62 ff.
1482:in radios of the time were prone to breaking into
3334:"A beginner's guide to shortwave radio listening"
1662:In 2018, Nigel Fry, head of Distribution for the
1264:Shortwave radios can be used in situations where
3398:"Short-wave radio telephone is success in tests"
1637:According to Andy Sennitt, former editor of the
886:used for scientific experimentation such as the
407:As a result of the multi-layer structure of the
30:"Shortwave" redirects here. For other uses, see
3133:
3131:
3129:
2961:
2959:
1668:
1656:
1643:
223:, pioneer of radio, commissioned his assistant
3039:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83 ff.
1208:shortwave listener (A. Kozlov, URS3-108-B) in
888:High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program
6173:
5081:
4568:
4317:
3733:
3437:
2919:
2917:
2768:[Radio constructor's recollections].
1690:. American commercial shortwave broadcasters
127:for an international audience. The heyday of
8:
3404:. Hearst Magazines. July 1931. mid page 114.
3366:View live and historical data and images of
3358:"Space Weather and Radio Propagation Center"
2585:. International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
2266:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2189:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6096:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2173:"Celebrating the first trans-Atlantic QSO!"
967:(WRC), organized under the auspices of the
6224:
6180:
6166:
6158:
6132:
5088:
5074:
5066:
4644:
4575:
4561:
4553:
4342:
4324:
4310:
4302:
4115:
3923:
3766:
3740:
3726:
3718:
3444:
3430:
3422:
3411:"Que Escuchar en la Onda Corta en EspaΓ±ol"
2270:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2193:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1825:
1823:
1794:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 157 ff.
708:, or international news (for example, the
2972:. Chicago Review Press. pp. 275 ff.
1438:Shortwave listeners, or SWLs, can obtain
2433:IlΔev, StojΔe Dimov (10 December 2019).
1735:List of European short wave transmitters
1366:A pennant sent to overseas listeners by
747:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia
3243:"Millions of Russians turn to BBC News"
2897:"Whatever Happened to Shortwave Radio?"
2511:Sterling, Christopher H. (March 2004).
1938:British Television: The formative years
1750:
1730:List of American shortwave broadcasters
1149:may be used for local DRM broadcasting
1127:almost unused, could become a DRM band
302:shortwave receiver analog tuning dial,
44:Satellit 400 solid-state, digital
2259:
2182:
2153:
2142:
1261:which provide power without batteries.
907:Transmitter room of shortwave station
585:was used for analog television and by
6249:List of mediumwave radio broadcasters
3150:from the original on 16 February 2018
2559:from the original on 17 December 2019
2472:Berg, Jerome S. (20 September 2013).
2322:from the original on 12 February 2018
2131:from the original on 22 November 2018
1769:from the original on 13 February 2018
1243:can be easily built with a few parts.
969:International Telecommunication Union
7:
6263:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
6142:
3078:. Ebury Publishing. pp. 98 ff.
2986:from the original on 25 January 2022
2589:from the original on 1 December 2017
2492:from the original on 25 January 2022
2453:from the original on 25 January 2022
2414:from the original on 10 January 2017
2125:"Radio Service Bulletin No. 72"
2105:from the original on 7 November 2009
1955:from the original on 25 January 2022
1916:from the original on 25 January 2022
1740:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
936:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
291:Amateur use of shortwave propagation
129:international shortwave broadcasting
6235:List of longwave radio broadcasters
3208:from the original on 19 August 2020
3092:from the original on 18 August 2020
3053:from the original on 19 August 2020
3014:from the original on 20 August 2020
2944:from the original on 18 August 2020
2666:from the original on 19 August 2020
2531:from the original on 19 August 2020
2032:from the original on 19 August 2020
1808:from the original on 20 August 2020
1382:shortwave broadcast-radio receivers
965:World Radiocommunication Conference
3140:"The evolution of shortwave radio"
2288:Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere
2210:Frequency or wave band allocations
1850:from the original on 29 April 2016
704:primarily by government-sponsored
25:
3249:from the original on 4 March 2022
3169:Amaral, Cristiano Torres (2021).
2746:from the original on 9 April 2010
2716:from the original on 6 March 2014
2248:from the original on 10 June 2007
2217:from the original on 8 March 2021
2008:Hugill, Peter J. (4 March 1999).
892:Sura ionospheric heating facility
641:of a sine-wave carrier, used for
573:is used by the Canadian standard
6141:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6110:
5731:Free-space optical communication
4536:
4274:
2772:from the original on 6 June 2009
2378:Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2000).
2236:Continelli, Bill, W2XOY (1996).
2052:"Cable and wireless PLC history"
1788:Nebeker, Frederik (6 May 2009).
1708:
1676:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1604:PC spectrum display of a modern
333:shortly after World War I.
209:used long waves, below 300
3268:Wilbanks, Kase (4 April 2022).
2878:from the original on 2020-01-02
2628:from the original on 2020-08-19
2080:from the original on 2008-10-24
1688:censorship by the Russian state
1023:shared with the North American
4214:Error detection and correction
3415:queescucharenlaoc.blogspot.com
3293:Little β’ β’, Joe (April 2022).
2966:Sheppard, David (1 May 2009).
2924:WΓΆrner, Karl Heinrich (1973).
2517:. Routledge. pp. 538 ff.
2070:"Marconi wireless on Cape Cod"
2016:Johns Hopkins University Press
1447:Shortwave broadcasts and music
686:Portable shortwave receiver's
593:system used in North America.
1:
3656:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
486:
303:
109:
6117:Telecommunication portal
5898:Telecommunications equipment
3072:Barr, Tim (31 August 2013).
3033:Dolp, Laura (13 July 2017).
2614:. McGraw Hill Professional.
2382:. Newnes. pp. 195β196.
808:stations: In North America,
451:produce a large increase in
5634:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4676:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
4287:Comparison of radio systems
3171:Guia Moderno do Radioescuta
1974:Butrica, Andrew J. (1997).
1420:Radio France Internationale
1326:of a conventional receiver.
1073:the most heavily used band
496:Several different types of
373:Propagation characteristics
6348:
6312:International broadcasting
5338:Telecommunications history
4671:Very-high-energy gamma ray
4260:International broadcasting
4229:FM extended band in Brazil
2927:Stockhausen: Life and work
2827:10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_8
2792:"[no title cited]"
2706:"Nationaal Frequentieplan"
1632:Broadband over Power Lines
1611:
1556:transmissions in his 1999
1408:Radio Taiwan International
1373:
1172:digital audio broadcasting
976:international broadcasting
956:
927:International broadcasting
702:International broadcasting
463:
396:, (a phenomenon known as "
73:medium frequency band (MF)
32:Shortwave (disambiguation)
29:
6105:
5946:Public Switched Telephone
5758:telecommunication circuit
5719:Fiber-optic communication
5464:Francis Blake (telephone)
5259:Optical telecommunication
4590:
4532:
4340:
4268:
4114:
3646:Global Positioning System
3227:Witherspoon, Thomas. "".
2608:Yoder, Andrew R. (2002).
2101:. Radio Club of America.
1570:context. In 1975, German
1412:China Radio International
1228:against Soviet President
872:: From 1976 to 1989, the
99:line-of-sight propagation
5857:Orbital angular-momentum
5294:Satellite communications
5133:Communications satellite
4584:Electromagnetic spectrum
2872:The Radio Reference Wiki
2868:"Live tunable receivers"
2815:Journal of Radio Studies
2579:"IARU Monitoring System"
2380:Audio and Hi-Fi Handbook
1997:– via Archive.org.
1896:Beauchamp, K.G. (2001).
1869:Marconi, Degna (1996) .
1628:power line communication
1290:satellite communications
135:between 1960 and 1980.
69:high frequency band (HF)
6281:World Radio TV Handbook
5736:Molecular communication
5559:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5388:Undersea telegraph line
5123:Cable protection system
4239:Shortwave relay station
4138:Audio signal processing
3362:propagation.hfradio.org
3320:WFOR-TV, March 17, 2022
3036:Arvo PΓ€rt's White Light
2152:Cite magazine requires
1836:. IET. pp. 73β75.
1639:World Radio TV Handbook
1578:recorded a full length
1552:incorporated shortwave
1486:, adding various tonal
1266:over-the-air television
945:Shortwave relay station
311:Amateur radio operators
277:Cable and Wireless Ltd.
261:Imperial Wireless Chain
230:Poldhu Wireless Station
225:Charles Samuel Franklin
75:, to the bottom of the
5878:Communication protocol
5664:Charles Sumner Tainter
5479:Walter Houser Brattain
5424:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5232:Information revolution
4632:
4133:Audio data compression
2312:"Panasonic / National"
1672:
1660:
1648:
1624:Digital Radio Mondiale
1609:
1595:
1536:(both 1969β1970), and
1459:
1371:
1241:regenerative receivers
1222:censoring the Internet
1213:
1183:over-the-horizon radar
1160:
1061:amateur radio 40m band
1025:amateur radio 80m band
920:
899:Shortwave broadcasting
870:Over-the-horizon radar
844:"Lincolnshire Poacher"
694:
619:Digital Radio Mondiale
518:shortwave broadcasting
493:
390:ionospheric reflection
385:
307:
179:
148:IP-based transmissions
116:
49:
5852:Polarization-division
5584:Narinder Singh Kapany
5549:Erna Schneider Hoover
5469:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5449:Alexander Graham Bell
5180:online video platform
4631:
4234:Multipath propagation
4057:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
3927:Frequency allocations
3802:Frequency allocations
3192:John Wiley & Sons
2766:"Odbiornik "Roksana""
2514:Encyclopedia of Radio
2290:. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
1899:History of Telegraphy
1630:(PLC), also known as
1612:Further information:
1603:
1500:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1480:regenerative circuits
1457:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1454:
1365:
1204:
1174:format for shortwave
1158:
1135:21.45β21.85 MHz
1092:13.57β13.87 MHz
953:Frequency allocations
906:
685:
473:
464:Further information:
417:βEβ or βFβ layer
392:back to Earth by the
380:
298:
173:
107:
40:
5694:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5654:Almon Brown Strowger
5624:Charles Grafton Page
5279:Prepaid mobile phone
5207:Electrical telegraph
4187:Technical (emission)
3453:Time signal stations
3122:on 18 December 2011.
2802:on 10 February 2005.
2286:Rawer, Karl (1993).
2179:on 30 November 2009.
1941:. IET. p. 315.
1935:Burns, R.W. (1986).
1902:. IET. p. 234.
1274:satellite television
1124:18.9β19.02 MHz
1113:17.48β17.9 MHz
834:Clandestine stations
669:slow-scan television
603:frequency modulation
514:Amplitude modulation
319:very low frequencies
205:Early long-distance
6212:Shortwave listening
5644:Johann Philipp Reis
5403:Wireless revolution
5365:The Telephone Cases
5222:Hydraulic telegraph
4717:Extreme ultraviolet
3010:. C. Parker. 2000.
2848:on 14 November 2006
2439:. Springer Nature.
2018:. pp. 129 ff.
1830:Bray, John (2002).
1376:Shortwave listening
1358:Shortwave listening
1259:hand-cranked radios
1146:25.6β26.1 MHz
1102:15.1β15.8 MHz
1081:11.6β12.2 MHz
1034:4.75β5.06 MHz
998:2.3β2.495 MHz
890:in Alaska, and the
884:Ionospheric heaters
856:signal interference
732:air traffic control
692:75–meter band
645:communications and
460:Types of modulation
300:Hallicrafters SX-28
268:transoceanic cables
257:General Post Office
155:Russo-Ukrainian war
59:transmission using
6201:Broadcast listener
5842:Frequency-division
5819:Telephone exchange
5689:Charles Wheatstone
5619:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5594:Innocenzo Manzetti
5529:Reginald Fessenden
5264:Optical telegraphy
5097:Telecommunications
4722:Vacuum ultraviolet
4633:
3194:. pp. 34 ff.
1872:My Father, Marconi
1610:
1608:shortwave receiver
1596:Shortwave's future
1558:ConSPIracy cantata
1460:
1432:Radio Free Sarawak
1372:
1348:radio interference
1214:
1189:designs (like the
1161:
921:
878:Russian Woodpecker
753:"Utility" stations
695:
583:Vestigial sideband
570:Vestigial sideband
494:
475:National Panasonic
386:
367:15 meter band
363:10 meter band
308:
242:Cape Verde Islands
180:
144:cable broadcasting
117:
50:
46:shortwave receiver
6322:Guglielmo Marconi
6299:
6298:
6269:
6268:
6155:
6154:
5893:Store and forward
5888:Data transmission
5802:Network switching
5753:Transmission line
5599:Guglielmo Marconi
5564:Internet pioneers
5429:Mohamed M. Atalla
5398:Whistled language
5063:
5062:
4767:Visible (optical)
4550:
4549:
4527:
4526:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4219:FM broadcast band
4126:Technical (audio)
4023:
4022:
3915:
3914:
3715:
3714:
3608:Radio Data System
3402:Popular Mechanics
3372:radio propagation
3201:978-0-470-85742-7
3138:Careless, James.
3085:978-1-4481-7776-9
3046:978-1-107-18289-9
2979:978-1-55652-107-2
2937:978-0-520-02143-3
2659:978-90-481-3212-6
2621:978-0-07-137563-4
2552:Popular Mechanics
2524:978-1-135-45649-8
2316:ShortwaveRadio.ch
2238:"Article #8"
2058:on 20 March 2015.
2025:978-0-8018-6074-4
1801:978-0-470-40974-9
1763:ShortWaveRadio.ch
1664:BBC World Service
1550:Yannis Kyriakides
1424:BBC World Service
1370:in the late 1980s
1308:medium wave radio
1234:BBC World Service
1230:Mikhail Gorbachev
1153:
1152:
1070:9.4β9.9 MHz
1056:7.2β7.6 MHz
1045:5.9β6.2 MHz
1009:3.2β3.4 MHz
818:CHU radio station
762:operators at the
725:alternative media
710:BBC World Service
639:on-and-off keying
537:carrier frequency
357:(7 MHz) and
353:(3.75 MHz),
221:Guglielmo Marconi
186:was divided into
176:Guglielmo Marconi
123:it was used as a
61:radio frequencies
16:(Redirected from
6339:
6332:Short wave radio
6225:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6145:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6113:
5986:Notable networks
5976:Wireless network
5916:Cellular network
5908:Types of network
5883:Computer network
5770:Network topology
5684:Thomas A. Watson
5539:Oliver Heaviside
5524:Philo Farnsworth
5499:Daniel Davis Jr.
5474:Charles Bourseul
5434:John Logie Baird
5143:Data compression
5138:Computer network
5090:
5083:
5076:
5067:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4554:
4543:Radio portal
4541:
4540:
4539:
4343:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4281:Radio portal
4279:
4278:
4277:
4255:History of radio
4199:AM expanded band
4116:
3999:Commercial radio
3924:
3767:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3405:
3388:
3365:
3353:
3350:"World of Radio"
3341:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3146:. NewBay Media.
3135:
3124:
3123:
3118:. Archived from
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2844:. Archived from
2838:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2798:. Archived from
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2710:rijksoverheid.nl
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2404:"Feld Hell Club"
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2367:978-007-136121-7
2361:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2054:. Archived from
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1755:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1606:software-defined
1572:electronic music
1496:Maurice Martenot
1494:by its inventor
1416:Voice of America
1401:numbers stations
1384:in use in 2002.
1286:satellite phones
1270:cable television
1059:shared with the
987:Frequency Range
981:
840:Numbers stations
667:, fax, digital,
548:
547:
543:
491:
488:
305:
207:radio telegraphy
196:medium frequency
114:
111:
21:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6265:
6251:
6237:
6216:
6189:
6188:Radio listening
6186:
6156:
6151:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6043:
5980:
5902:
5866:
5823:
5772:
5764:
5705:
5698:
5604:Robert Metcalfe
5459:Tim Berners-Lee
5407:
5227:Information Age
5099:
5094:
5064:
5059:
5025:
4952:
4927:
4913:
4881:
4809:
4761:
4703:
4680:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4586:
4581:
4551:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4519:300 GHz/1 mm
4518:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4474:300 MHz/1 m
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4433:
4430:
4429:300 kHz/1 km
4428:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4388:
4385:
4384:300 Hz/1 Mm
4383:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4336:
4330:
4300:
4291:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4243:
4224:FM broadcasting
4194:AM broadcasting
4182:
4142:
4121:
4110:
4066:
4019:
3993:
3962:Digital systems
3957:
3942:
3911:
3872:Digital systems
3867:
3796:
3758:
3746:
3716:
3711:
3660:
3612:
3586:
3523:
3509:TDF time signal
3455:
3450:
3409:
3396:
3377:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3299:NBC 7 San Diego
3292:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3112:"Radio Cineola"
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:Habrat, Marek.
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2154:|magazine=
2151:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1616:
1598:
1554:numbers station
1469:digital samples
1449:
1378:
1360:
1333:
1278:landline phones
1199:
1020:3.9β4 MHz
961:
959:Shortwave bands
955:
901:
756:communications.
688:digital display
680:
662:
660:RTTY, FAX, SSTV
635:Continuous wave
632:
627:
616:
599:
567:
545:
541:
540:
533:Single-sideband
530:
511:
506:
489:
468:
462:
426:radio frequency
381:Formation of a
375:
317:propagation at
293:
287:communication.
168:
163:
140:satellite radio
131:was during the
125:propaganda tool
112:
65:shortwave bands
53:Shortwave radio
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6345:
6343:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6327:Radio spectrum
6324:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Space-division
5833:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5674:Camille Tissot
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Claude Shannon
5646:
5641:
5639:Tivadar PuskΓ‘s
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Antonio Meucci
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:Charles K. Kao
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Harold Hopkins
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Emile Berliner
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:Videotelephony
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5289:Radiotelephone
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5175:Internet video
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4847:
4842:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4511:
4509:
4504:30 GHz/10 mm
4496:
4494:
4481:
4479:
4466:
4464:
4459:30 MHz/10 m
4451:
4449:
4436:
4434:
4421:
4419:
4414:30 kHz/10 km
4406:
4404:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4374:
4369:30 Hz/10 Mm
4361:
4359:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:Radio spectrum
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4173:Kahn-Hazeltine
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:Related topics
4119:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4004:
4002:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3394:
3375:
3354:
3342:
3328:
3327:External links
3325:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3285:
3260:
3234:
3229:SWLingPost.com
3219:
3200:
3176:
3161:
3125:
3103:
3084:
3064:
3045:
3025:
2997:
2978:
2955:
2936:
2913:
2888:
2859:
2821:(2): 286β304.
2805:
2783:
2756:
2727:
2697:
2677:
2658:
2638:
2620:
2600:
2570:
2542:
2523:
2503:
2484:
2464:
2445:
2425:
2395:
2388:
2370:
2356:
2333:
2303:
2296:
2278:
2228:
2200:
2163:
2116:
2090:
2061:
2043:
2024:
2000:
1986:
1966:
1947:
1927:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1842:
1819:
1800:
1780:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1700:
1652:SWLingPost.com
1597:
1594:
1585:Radio-Activity
1516:Opus 1970
1492:Ondes Martenot
1448:
1445:
1428:Voice of Korea
1374:Main article:
1368:Radio Budapest
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1262:
1255:
1244:
1237:
1226:attempted coup
1198:
1195:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:tropical band
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:tropical band
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:tropical band
999:
996:
992:
991:
988:
985:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
950:
949:
940:
931:
900:
897:
896:
895:
881:
867:
860:
847:
837:
827:
826:
799:
796:10–meter
757:
750:
743:
728:
713:
679:
676:
661:
658:
631:
628:
626:
623:
615:
612:
598:
595:
566:
563:
559:citizen's band
529:
526:
510:
507:
505:
502:
483:radio receiver
461:
458:
457:
456:
446:
443:
436:
433:
422:βDβ layer
374:
371:
359:20 meters
355:40 meters
351:80 meters
292:
289:
184:radio spectrum
167:
164:
162:
159:
48:, c. 1986
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6344:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6148:
6140:
6138:
6130:
6128:
6120:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5862:Code-division
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Time-division
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:and switching
5771:
5767:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5724:optical fiber
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:Coaxial cable
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Radia Perlman
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:Lee de Forest
5517:
5515:
5514:Thomas Edison
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Donald Davies
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Claude Chappe
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:Smoke signals
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5311:Semiconductor
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:Digital media
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4531:
4522:
4521:3 THz/0.1 mm
4517:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4506:300 GHz/1 mm
4502:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4491:30 GHz/10 mm
4489:3 GHz/100 mm
4487:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4476:3 GHz/100 mm
4472:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4444:3 MHz/100 m
4442:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4416:300 kHz/1 km
4412:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4401:30 kHz/10 km
4399:3 kHz/100 km
4397:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4386:3 kHz/100 km
4382:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4354:3 Hz/100 Mm
4352:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Digital radio
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:digital audio
3750:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Time from NPL
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3417:(in Spanish).
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3384:The Economist
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:space weather
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:Hauser, Glenn
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2491:
2487:
2485:9780786474110
2481:
2478:. McFarland.
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2446:9783030306328
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2389:0-7506-4975-5
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:0-07-136121-9
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2297:0-7923-0775-5
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2146:
2145:cite magazine
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1987:9780160490545
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1948:0-86341-079-0
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1909:0-85296-792-6
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1882:1-55071-044-3
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1843:9780852962183
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:digital radio
1615:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:concept album
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Holger Czukay
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:(1966β1967),
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:LΓ©on Theremin
1472:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:switched-mode
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:Disadvantages
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:thunderstorms
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:mobile phones
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:on shortwave.
1235:
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1227:
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1203:
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1098:
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1022:
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1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
977:
972:
970:
966:
960:
952:
948:
946:
941:
939:
937:
932:
930:
928:
923:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
898:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
852:
851:two way radio
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
830:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:Amateur radio
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:
699:
698:
693:
690:tuned to the
689:
684:
677:
675:
672:
670:
666:
665:Radioteletype
659:
657:
655:
651:
648:
647:Hellschreiber
644:
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636:
629:
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584:
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508:
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484:
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253:curtain array
250:
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58:
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47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
5829:Multiplexing
5704:Transmission
5669:Nikola Tesla
5659:Henry Sutton
5614:Samuel Morse
5544:Robert Hooke
5509:Amos Dolbear
5444:John Bardeen
5363:
5343:Telautograph
5247:Mobile phone
5202:Edholm's law
5185:social media
5118:Broadcasting
5044:
4635:
4534:
4513:
4512:
4498:
4497:
4483:
4482:
4468:
4467:
4461:300 MHz/1 m
4453:
4452:
4446:30 MHz/10 m
4438:
4437:
4431:3 MHz/100 m
4423:
4422:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4392:
4378:
4377:
4371:300 Hz/1 Mm
4363:
4362:
4356:30 Hz/10 Mm
4348:
4347:
4272:
3829:
3756:broadcasting
3414:
3401:
3382:
3361:
3337:
3313:
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3298:
3288:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3237:
3228:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3186:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3143:
3120:the original
3115:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3074:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3035:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3006:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2968:
2946:. Retrieved
2926:
2905:. Retrieved
2903:. 2010-03-08
2900:
2891:
2880:. Retrieved
2871:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:the original
2795:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2739:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2648:
2641:
2630:. Retrieved
2610:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2551:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2474:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2435:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2408:Google Sites
2407:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2347:
2324:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2287:
2281:
2250:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2209:
2203:
2177:the original
2166:
2133:. Retrieved
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2074:Stormfax.com
2073:
2064:
2056:the original
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2010:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1976:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1937:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1898:
1891:
1871:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1832:
1810:. Retrieved
1790:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1716:Radio portal
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1622:technology,
1617:
1583:
1562:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1473:
1461:
1437:
1405:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1334:
1248:Eastern bloc
1215:
1210:Borisoglebsk
1180:
1169:
1162:
973:
962:
942:
933:
924:
874:Soviet Union
863:Pirate radio
828:
696:
673:
663:
633:
617:
601:Narrow-band
600:
568:
555:
531:
512:
495:
449:Solar flares
406:
387:
343:
335:
331:vacuum tubes
323:
315:surface wave
309:
281:
273:
265:
246:
237:
219:
215:transmitters
204:
181:
152:
137:
121:World War II
118:
81:
52:
51:
6029:NPL network
5741:Radio waves
5679:Alfred Vail
5589:Hedy Lamarr
5574:Dawon Kahng
5534:Elisha Gray
5494:Yogen Dalal
5419:Nasir Ahmed
5353:Teleprinter
5217:Heliographs
5050:Medium wave
4727:Lyman-alpha
4709:Ultraviolet
4648:wavelengths
4641:frequencies
4605:Ultraviolet
4204:Cable radio
4147:Technical (
3907:DVB-T2 Lite
3763:Terrestrial
3212:16 February
3154:16 February
3144:Radio World
3096:16 February
3057:22 February
3018:15 February
2990:15 February
2948:15 February
2901:Radio World
2670:28 November
2593:28 November
2563:28 November
2535:28 November
2496:9 September
2457:9 September
2326:16 February
2135:5 September
2109:5 September
2036:16 February
1959:23 November
1920:23 November
1773:16 February
1674:During the
1654:wrote that
1484:oscillation
1324:noise floor
1250:during the
1165:Netherlands
995:120 m
984:Metre Band
849:Unlicensed
822:radio clock
806:radio clock
802:Time signal
654:teleprinter
575:time signal
504:Audio modes
490: 1965
347:New Zealand
192:medium wave
166:Development
146:as well as
113: 1956
95:propagation
83:Radio waves
6306:Categories
6243:Mediumwave
6075:Antarctica
6034:Toasternet
5956:Television
5439:Paul Baran
5371:Television
5355:(teletype)
5348:Telegraphy
5326:transistor
5304:Phryctoria
5274:Photophone
5252:Smartphone
5242:Mass media
5031:Wavelength
4887:Microwaves
4699:Hard X-ray
4694:Soft X-ray
4663:Gamma rays
4595:Gamma rays
4086:DirectBand
4072:Subcarrier
3774:modulation
3338:SWLing.com
3304:2022-11-10
3279:2022-11-10
3116:thethe.com
2907:2022-03-18
2882:2020-01-02
2852:8 February
2842:"WWCR FAQ"
2796:aptsec.org
2750:2009-10-21
2736:"dxld7078"
2691:2024-05-13
2632:2017-11-28
2084:2009-05-24
1854:11 October
1812:8 November
1746:References
1568:rock music
1539:Michaelion
1511:Kurzwellen
1465:tape loops
1197:Advantages
1143:11 m
1132:13 m
1121:15 m
1110:16 m
1099:19 m
1089:22 m
1078:25 m
1067:31 m
1053:41 m
1042:49 m
1031:60 m
1017:75 m
1006:90 m
894:in Russia.
814:WWVH radio
721:mediumwave
706:propaganda
643:Morse code
625:Data modes
591:digital TV
498:modulation
481:shortwave
466:Modulation
409:ionosphere
394:ionosphere
326:mediumwave
200:first used
93:or "skip"
87:Ionosphere
6257:Shortwave
6221:Listening
6059:Americas
6048:Locations
6019:Internet2
5780:Bandwidth
5484:Vint Cerf
5381:streaming
5359:Telephone
5299:Semaphore
5190:streaming
5045:Shortwave
5040:Microwave
4620:Microwave
4149:AM stereo
4008:Sirius XM
4001:providers
3920:Satellite
3697:Radio VNG
3618:Satellite
3529:Shortwave
3173:. Amazon.
2839:cited in
2835:154174203
2740:w4uvh.net
2418:9 January
2242:twiar.org
1993:31 August
1576:Kraftwerk
1548:composer
1488:harmonics
1455:Composer
1440:QSL cards
1292:, or the
919:, in 1954
810:WWV radio
650:facsimile
551:bandwidth
440:βDβ Layer
413:scattered
402:skip zone
383:skip zone
279:in 1934.
211:kilohertz
188:long wave
18:Shortwave
6291:QSL card
6229:Longwave
6127:Category
6014:Internet
6004:CYCLADES
5921:Ethernet
5871:Concepts
5795:terminal
5746:wireless
5569:Bob Kahn
5412:Pioneers
5237:Internet
5128:Cable TV
5055:Longwave
4815:Infrared
4615:Infrared
4248:Cultural
4178:Magnavox
4151:formats)
4101:SCA/SCMO
4096:RDS/RBDS
3899:HD Radio
3889:DRM/DRM+
3884:DAB/DAB+
3562:ROA Time
3461:Longwave
3391:Cold War
3247:Archived
3206:Archived
3148:Archived
3090:Archived
3051:Archived
3012:Archived
3007:The Wire
2984:Archived
2942:Archived
2876:Archived
2776:5 August
2770:Archived
2744:Archived
2714:Archived
2664:Archived
2626:Archived
2587:Archived
2583:iaru.org
2557:Archived
2529:Archived
2490:Archived
2451:Archived
2412:Archived
2320:Archived
2262:cite web
2246:Archived
2221:14 April
2215:Archived
2185:cite web
2129:Archived
2103:Archived
2078:Archived
2030:Archived
1953:Archived
1914:Archived
1848:Archived
1806:Archived
1767:Archived
1702:See also
1646:figures.
1542:(1997).
1524:(1968),
1294:Internet
1252:Cold War
1170:The new
990:Remarks
730:Oceanic
717:longwave
637:(CW) is
577:station
522:detector
453:D region
338:amateurs
234:Cornwall
133:Cold War
77:VHF band
6147:Commons
6137:Outline
6090:Oceania
6009:FidoNet
5994:ARPANET
5807:circuit
5376:digital
5105:History
4646:longer
4639:higher
4610:Visible
4074:signals
4042:AMR-WB+
3894:FMeXtra
3665:Defunct
3641:Galileo
3636:GLONASS
3253:4 March
3245:. BBC.
2720:6 March
1680:Ukraine
1666:Group,
1590:The The
1546:Cypriot
1187:antenna
1138:
1116:
1105:
1084:
1048:
917:Finland
825:clocks.
652:-based
544:⁄
415:by the
398:skywave
240:in the
238:Elettra
161:History
91:skywave
63:in the
42:Grundig
6085:Europe
6055:Africa
6039:Usenet
5999:BITNET
5936:Mobile
5812:packet
5321:MOSFET
5316:device
5113:Beacon
4948:L band
4943:S band
4938:C band
4933:X band
4919:K band
4905:Q band
4900:V band
4895:W band
4800:Orange
4795:Yellow
4775:Violet
4686:X-rays
4600:X-rays
4168:Harris
4163:C-QUAM
4052:HE-AAC
4029:Codecs
4013:Canada
3979:DVB-SH
3953:S band
3948:L band
3934:C band
3858:L band
3749:Analog
3626:BeiDou
3557:JN53DV
3547:HD2IOA
3198:
3082:
3043:
2976:
2934:
2833:
2656:
2618:
2521:
2482:
2443:
2386:
2365:
2354:
2294:
2252:2 July
2022:
1984:
1945:
1906:
1879:
1840:
1798:
1724:ALLISS
1684:Russia
1521:Spiral
1505:Hymnen
1320:Olivia
1212:, 1941
1206:Soviet
1191:ALLISS
866:bands.
859:range.
794:, and
589:, the
479:analog
477:R3000
249:Beirut
190:(LW),
6317:Radio
6286:SINPO
6274:Other
6203:(BCL)
6194:Types
6068:South
6063:North
6024:JANET
5961:Telex
5951:Radio
5790:Nodes
5785:Links
5706:media
5284:Radio
5269:Pager
5197:Drums
5163:video
5158:image
5148:audio
5033:types
4958:Radio
4854:Bands
4827:Bands
4790:Green
4625:Radio
4335:(ITU)
4158:Belar
3984:S-DMB
3974:DAB-S
3879:CAM-D
3792:COFDM
3771:Radio
3651:IRNSS
3631:DORIS
3489:DCF77
2831:S2CID
1574:band
1395:DXing
1306:than
764:80/75
740:CPDLC
678:Users
284:TAT-1
198:band
57:radio
6207:DXer
6080:Asia
5966:UUCP
5926:ISDN
4928:band
4914:band
4872:LWIR
4850:MWIR
4845:SWIR
4785:Cyan
4780:Blue
4106:DARC
4081:AMSS
4062:DRA+
3943:band
3852:high
3751:and
3702:WWVL
3687:OLB5
3582:YVTO
3577:WWVH
3519:WWVB
3484:Beta
3370:and
3274:KCBD
3255:2022
3214:2018
3196:ISBN
3156:2018
3098:2018
3080:ISBN
3059:2018
3041:ISBN
3020:2018
2992:2018
2974:ISBN
2950:2018
2932:ISBN
2854:2007
2778:2008
2722:2014
2672:2017
2654:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2595:2017
2565:2017
2537:2017
2519:ISBN
2498:2021
2480:ISBN
2459:2021
2441:ISBN
2420:2017
2384:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2328:2018
2292:ISBN
2272:link
2268:link
2254:2007
2223:2019
2195:link
2191:link
2158:help
2137:2009
2111:2009
2038:2018
2020:ISBN
1995:2012
1982:ISBN
1961:2007
1943:ISBN
1922:2007
1904:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1856:2015
1838:ISBN
1814:2016
1796:ISBN
1775:2018
1696:WRMI
1694:and
1692:WTWW
1682:and
1533:Expo
1527:Pole
1386:WWCR
1318:and
1316:MFSK
963:The
943:See
934:See
925:See
913:Pori
812:and
804:and
587:ATSC
306:1944
142:and
5971:WAN
5941:NGN
5931:LAN
5212:Fax
5153:DCT
5021:ELF
5016:SLF
5011:ULF
5006:VLF
4986:VHF
4981:UHF
4976:SHF
4971:EHF
4966:THF
4877:FIR
4823:NIR
4805:Red
4757:UVA
4752:UVB
4747:UVC
4742:NUV
4737:MUV
4732:FUV
4515:THF
4500:EHF
4485:SHF
4470:UHF
4455:VHF
4395:VLF
4380:ULF
4365:SLF
4350:ELF
4091:PAD
4047:HDC
4037:AAC
3989:SDR
3969:ADR
3903:CDR
3862:UHF
3848:mid
3844:low
3840:VHF
3707:Y3S
3692:OMA
3682:NAA
3677:HBG
3672:BSF
3600:UHF
3592:VHF
3572:WWV
3567:RWM
3552:HLA
3542:CHU
3537:BPM
3504:RTZ
3499:RBU
3494:JJY
3479:BSF
3474:BPL
3469:BPC
2823:doi
1467:or
1176:DRM
911:in
909:Yle
876:'s
736:VHF
614:DRM
607:VHF
597:NFM
579:CHU
565:VSB
528:SSB
115:/57
55:is
6308::
5001:LF
4996:MF
4991:HF
4864:,
4860:,
4856::
4837:,
4833:,
4829::
4440:HF
4425:MF
4410:LF
3850:/
3846:/
3834:HF
3830:SW
3824:MF
3820:MW
3814:LF
3810:LW
3787:FM
3782:AM
3596:FM
3413:.
3400:.
3381:.
3360:.
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3297:.
3272:.
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2899:.
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2829:.
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2260:{{
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786:,
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782:,
780:20
778:,
776:30
774:,
772:40
770:,
768:60
766:,
719:,
630:CW
581:.
509:AM
487:c.
485:,
304:c.
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