854:
766:
2348:
27:
2358:
2337:
518:
2368:
1251:
1029:
761:{\displaystyle \underbrace {\cos(1000\ t)} _{\text{carrier wave}}\cdot \underbrace {} _{\text{amplitude modulation}}=\underbrace {{\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(1100\ t)} _{\text{upper sideband}}+\underbrace {\cos(1000\ t)} _{\text{carrier wave}}+\underbrace {{\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(900\ t)} _{\text{lower sideband}}.}
1091:
to reconstitute the carrier. If the reconstituted carrier frequency is wrong then the output of the receiver will have the wrong frequencies, but for speech small frequency errors are no problem for intelligibility. Another way to look at an SSB receiver is as an RF-to-audio frequency
1176:
To accurately reproduce the modulating waveform, the entire signal processing path of the system of transmitter, propagation path, and receiver must have enough bandwidth so that enough of the sidebands can be used to recreate the modulated signal to the desired degree of accuracy.
1036:
of an AM broadcast (The carrier is highlighted in red, the two mirrored audio spectra (green) are the lower and upper sideband). Time is represented along the vertical axis; the magnitude and frequency of the side bands changes with the program
224:
771:
Adding more complexity and time-variation to the amplitude modulation also adds it to the sidebands, causing them to widen in bandwidth and change with time. In effect, the sidebands "carry" the information content of the signal.
417:
876:
normally results in two mirror-image sidebands. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the upper sideband (USB), and those below the carrier frequency constitute the lower sideband (LSB). For example, if a
1096:: in USB mode, the dial frequency is subtracted from each radio frequency component to produce a corresponding audio component, while in LSB mode each incoming radio frequency component is subtracted from the dial frequency.
1255:
1180:
In a non-linear system such as an amplifier, sidebands of the original signal frequency components may be generated due to distortion. This is generally minimized but may be intentionally done for the
487:
452:
820:
973:(DSB-SC). Suppressed carrier systems require more sophisticated circuits in the receiver and some other method of deducing the original carrier frequency. An example is the
840:
259:
966:
107:
507:
2320:
2292:
2287:
1312:
948:
270:
1013:
part of each scan line when no image is transmitted. But in other DSB-SC systems, the carrier may be regenerated directly from the sidebands by a
842:
except 1100, 1000, and 900. And the non-zero values reflect the relative strengths of the three components. A graph of that concept, called a
2314:
2309:
2299:
2279:
2081:
1283:
2304:
2150:
2076:
1083:
dB) without affecting the information in the sideband. This makes for more efficient use of transmitter power and RF bandwidth, but a
2170:
921:
1955:
1503:
1305:
2066:
1266:
1002:
1260:
2061:
1612:
985:
where a low-power signal at half the 38-kHz carrier frequency is inserted between the monaural signal frequencies (up to 15
2086:
1053:
905:
2371:
2361:
2122:
2019:
1562:
1329:
1128:
2351:
1858:
1298:
2210:
2132:
2071:
1778:
1136:
1057:
1982:
1943:
1788:
1688:
1617:
1550:
1377:
1084:
853:
2341:
1583:
1518:
1471:
1357:
70:
process. The sidebands carry the information transmitted by the radio signal. The sidebands comprise all the
457:
425:
74:
of the modulated signal except the carrier. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the
2180:
2165:
2009:
1960:
1883:
1783:
1461:
1347:
1342:
2392:
2102:
1888:
1703:
1648:
1643:
1456:
1421:
2004:
1808:
1773:
1693:
1673:
1595:
1483:
1404:
1093:
1009:
television broadcasts, the synchronising signal is a short burst of a few cycles of carrier during the
1918:
1878:
1848:
1605:
1540:
1431:
1194:
1143:
1112:
1108:
1104:
929:
869:
787:
1928:
1868:
1627:
1589:
1446:
1387:
1372:
1162:
1018:
2155:
2112:
2043:
1913:
1843:
1818:
1753:
1600:
1321:
1210:
1161:
of modulation and are prohibited above 99 kHz altogether to protect the ±75 kHz normal
1072:
1042:
71:
1213:
is a distributed computing method using a channel separate from the main communication channel.
2195:
2117:
2031:
2014:
1977:
1863:
1823:
1653:
1622:
1488:
1382:
1166:
1010:
962:
933:
843:
781:
63:
35:
825:
232:
2200:
2160:
2140:
2107:
2036:
1994:
1908:
1763:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1658:
1508:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1199:
1135:. The part of the sideband that would overlap the neighboring channel must be suppressed by
1132:
1116:
1088:
954:
219:{\displaystyle \cos(A)\cdot \cos(B)\equiv {\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(A+B)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(A-B)}
1068:. Since the sidebands are mirror images, which sideband is used is a matter of convention.
19:
This article is about radio communications. For participation in other music projects, see
1828:
1683:
1451:
1414:
978:
898:
1426:
997:
kHz). The receiver locally regenerates the subcarrier by doubling a special 19 kHz
2026:
1898:
1873:
1833:
1803:
1678:
1513:
1399:
1216:
1140:
1076:
913:
873:
492:
412:{\displaystyle \cos(A)\cdot ={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(A+B)+\cos(A)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos(A-B)}
2386:
2175:
1948:
1938:
1853:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1713:
1535:
1394:
1170:
2053:
1893:
1838:
1768:
1733:
1668:
1567:
1557:
1409:
1270:
1049:
998:
974:
902:
55:
20:
2253:
1903:
1813:
1798:
1758:
1718:
1577:
1276:
1033:
1014:
958:
850:), is the customary way of visualizing sidebands and defining their parameters.
59:
928:
AM stations, the original audio signal can be recovered ("detected") by either
2258:
1965:
1663:
1572:
1528:
1498:
1476:
1466:
1441:
1147:
1046:
982:
67:
26:
936:
because the carrier and both sidebands are present. This is sometimes called
2243:
1708:
1523:
1205:
1173:
and public service FM transmitters generally utilize ±5 kHz deviation.
1065:
1061:
857:
1286:
Technical Manual TM 11-685 "Fundamentals of Single
Sideband Communications"
1202:
communications involve a channel other than the main communication channel.
98:
We can illustrate the creation of sidebands with one trigonometric identity
2238:
2228:
2145:
1970:
1793:
1115:
can be used to calculate the bandwidth requirements of FM transmissions.
947:
In some forms of AM, the carrier may be reduced, to save power. The term
989:
kHz) and the bottom of the stereo information sub-carrier (down to 38–15
953:
normally implies enough carrier remains in the transmission to enable a
2233:
2218:
1182:
1158:
965:
but there are forms where the carrier is removed completely, producing
944:), but not all variants of DSB are compatible with envelope detectors.
1028:
2263:
2223:
1545:
1337:
1290:
1056:. Transmission in which only one sideband is transmitted is called
2248:
2185:
1493:
1107:
also generates sidebands, the bandwidth consumed depending on the
1041:
If part of one sideband and all of the other remain, it is called
1027:
852:
47:
25:
2190:
1119:
is a useful approximation of bandwidth in several applications.
1022:
1294:
1436:
1154:
1006:
30:
The power of an AM radio signal plotted against frequency.
1052:, which would otherwise take up an unacceptable amount of
1111:- often requiring significantly more bandwidth than DSB.
1021:. This is common in digital transmission systems such as
82:), and those below the carrier frequency constitute the
860:
spectrum of a typical modulated AM or FM radio signal.
711:
619:
377:
323:
184:
148:
828:
790:
521:
495:
460:
428:
273:
235:
110:
2272:
2209:
2131:
2095:
2052:
1993:
1927:
1636:
1328:
977:difference (L-R) information transmitted in stereo
957:circuit to regenerate a strong carrier or at least
834:
814:
760:
501:
481:
446:
411:
253:
218:
1237:The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty-Fifth Edition
885:kHz audio signal, there will be components at 899
1139:, before or after modulation (often both). In
1060:or SSB. SSB is the predominant voice mode on
784:of the modulated signal with a pure sinusoid,
90:). All forms of modulation produce sidebands.
1306:
8:
1005:used historically for chroma information in
2321:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1239:, American Radio Relay League, 1977, p. 368
2357:
1313:
1299:
1291:
1025:where the signal is continually present.
881:kHz carrier is amplitude modulated by a 1
827:
789:
749:
710:
707:
697:
667:
657:
618:
615:
605:
563:
553:
523:
520:
494:
459:
427:
376:
322:
272:
234:
183:
147:
109:
1228:
482:{\displaystyle B\triangleq 100\cdot t,}
447:{\displaystyle A\triangleq 1000\cdot t}
7:
2367:
938:double sideband amplitude modulation
42:is the maximum modulation frequency
422:Substituting (for instance)
14:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2335:
1956:Free-space optical communication
1254: This article incorporates
1249:
1267:General Services Administration
815:{\displaystyle \cos(\omega t),}
1032:Sidebands are evident in this
806:
797:
740:
728:
688:
676:
648:
636:
596:
593:
581:
566:
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532:
406:
394:
370:
364:
352:
340:
316:
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307:
292:
286:
280:
248:
242:
213:
201:
177:
165:
141:
135:
123:
117:
62:higher than or lower than the
1:
1075:, significantly reducing the
66:, that are the result of the
2342:Telecommunication portal
2123:Telecommunications equipment
16:Radio communications concept
1859:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2409:
1563:Telecommunications history
1058:single-sideband modulation
1001:. In another example, the
18:
2330:
2171:Public Switched Telephone
1983:telecommunication circuit
1944:Fiber-optic communication
1689:Francis Blake (telephone)
1484:Optical telecommunication
1085:beat frequency oscillator
822:is zero at all values of
776:Sideband Characterization
2082:Orbital angular-momentum
1519:Satellite communications
1358:Communications satellite
920:kHz. In conventional AM
780:In the example above, a
1961:Molecular communication
1784:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1613:Undersea telegraph line
1348:Cable protection system
1157:are limited to a small
835:{\displaystyle \omega }
254:{\displaystyle \cos(A)}
2103:Communication protocol
1889:Charles Sumner Tainter
1704:Walter Houser Brattain
1649:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1457:Information revolution
1284:Department of The Army
1262:Federal Standard 1037C
1256:public domain material
1066:shortwave broadcasting
1038:
932:circuits or by simple
861:
836:
816:
762:
503:
483:
448:
413:
255:
220:
43:
2077:Polarization-division
1809:Narinder Singh Kapany
1774:Erna Schneider Hoover
1694:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1674:Alexander Graham Bell
1405:online video platform
1275: (in support of
1073:carrier is suppressed
1031:
1003:quadrature modulation
967:double sideband with
897:kHz in the generated
856:
837:
817:
763:
504:
484:
449:
414:
256:
221:
29:
1919:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1879:Almon Brown Strowger
1849:Charles Grafton Page
1504:Prepaid mobile phone
1432:Electrical telegraph
1235:Tony Dorbuck (ed.),
1195:Independent sideband
1144:frequency modulation
1105:Frequency modulation
1100:Frequency modulation
1087:must be used at the
930:synchronous detector
870:Amplitude modulation
865:Amplitude modulation
826:
788:
607:amplitude modulation
519:
493:
458:
426:
271:
233:
108:
1869:Johann Philipp Reis
1628:Wireless revolution
1590:The Telephone Cases
1447:Hydraulic telegraph
1045:, used mostly with
950:DSB reduced-carrier
912:kHz will require a
72:spectral components
2067:Frequency-division
2044:Telephone exchange
1914:Charles Wheatstone
1844:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1819:Innocenzo Manzetti
1754:Reginald Fessenden
1489:Optical telegraphy
1322:Telecommunications
1211:Sideband computing
1165:and ±100 kHz
1043:vestigial sideband
1039:
934:envelope detectors
893:kHz as well as 900
862:
832:
812:
758:
754:
747:
720:
702:
695:
662:
655:
628:
610:
603:
558:
551:
499:
479:
444:
409:
386:
332:
251:
216:
193:
157:
50:communications, a
44:
2380:
2379:
2118:Store and forward
2113:Data transmission
2027:Network switching
1978:Transmission line
1824:Guglielmo Marconi
1789:Internet pioneers
1654:Mohamed M. Atalla
1623:Whistled language
1133:adjacent channels
981:on a 38 kHz
963:phase-locked loop
844:Fourier transform
782:cross-correlation
752:
736:
719:
708:
706:
700:
684:
668:
666:
660:
644:
627:
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614:
608:
589:
564:
562:
556:
540:
524:
522:
502:{\displaystyle t}
454: and
385:
331:
192:
156:
94:Sideband creation
64:carrier frequency
36:carrier frequency
2400:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2211:Notable networks
2201:Wireless network
2141:Cellular network
2133:Types of network
2108:Computer network
1995:Network topology
1909:Thomas A. Watson
1764:Oliver Heaviside
1749:Philo Farnsworth
1724:Daniel Davis Jr.
1699:Charles Bourseul
1659:John Logie Baird
1368:Data compression
1363:Computer network
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1269:. Archived from
1253:
1252:
1240:
1233:
1185:musical effect.
1153:
1113:Bessel functions
1109:modulation index
1082:
1077:electrical power
996:
992:
988:
919:
911:
901:spectrum; so an
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
841:
839:
838:
833:
821:
819:
818:
813:
767:
765:
764:
759:
753:
750:
748:
743:
734:
721:
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642:
629:
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488:
486:
485:
480:
453:
451:
450:
445:
418:
416:
415:
410:
387:
378:
333:
324:
260:
258:
257:
252:
225:
223:
222:
217:
194:
185:
158:
149:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2268:
2205:
2127:
2091:
2048:
1997:
1989:
1930:
1923:
1829:Robert Metcalfe
1684:Tim Berners-Lee
1632:
1452:Information Age
1324:
1319:
1289:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1191:
1151:
1125:
1102:
1080:
1062:shortwave radio
994:
990:
986:
979:FM broadcasting
917:
916:bandwidth of 14
909:
899:radio frequency
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
824:
823:
786:
785:
778:
709:
669:
617:
565:
525:
517:
516:
509:represents time
491:
490:
456:
455:
424:
423:
269:
268:
231:
230:
106:
105:
96:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
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2384:
2378:
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2364:
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2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2312:
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2266:
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2256:
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2241:
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2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
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2206:
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2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Space-division
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Camille Tissot
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Claude Shannon
1871:
1866:
1864:Tivadar Puskás
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Antonio Meucci
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Charles K. Kao
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Harold Hopkins
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
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1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Emile Berliner
1676:
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1620:
1618:Videotelephony
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1560:
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1516:
1514:Radiotelephone
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
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1486:
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1480:
1479:
1469:
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1407:
1402:
1400:Internet video
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1288:
1287:
1281:
1273:on 2022-01-22.
1245:
1242:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:TV transmitter
1214:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1141:broadcast band
1127:Sidebands can
1124:
1121:
1101:
1098:
926:broadcast band
914:radio spectrum
874:carrier signal
866:
863:
831:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
777:
774:
769:
768:
757:
751:lower sideband
746:
742:
739:
733:
730:
727:
724:
718:
715:
705:
694:
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687:
681:
678:
675:
672:
665:
659:upper sideband
654:
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641:
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635:
632:
626:
623:
613:
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598:
595:
592:
586:
583:
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574:
571:
568:
561:
550:
546:
543:
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534:
531:
528:
498:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
420:
419:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
384:
381:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
330:
327:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
227:
226:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
191:
188:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
155:
152:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
95:
92:
84:lower sideband
76:upper sideband
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2405:
2394:
2393:Amateur radio
2391:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2087:Code-division
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Time-division
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:and switching
1996:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:optical fiber
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Coaxial cable
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Radia Perlman
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Lee de Forest
1742:
1740:
1739:Thomas Edison
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Donald Davies
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Claude Chappe
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Smoke signals
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:Semiconductor
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:Digital media
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:Amateur radio
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:Carson's rule
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:squaring loop
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:, as used by
923:
915:
907:
904:
900:
875:
871:
864:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
829:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
783:
775:
773:
755:
744:
737:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
703:
692:
685:
679:
673:
670:
663:
652:
645:
639:
633:
630:
624:
621:
611:
600:
590:
584:
578:
575:
572:
569:
559:
548:
541:
535:
529:
526:
515:
514:
513:
512:
496:
489: where
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
403:
400:
397:
391:
388:
382:
379:
373:
367:
361:
358:
355:
349:
346:
343:
337:
334:
328:
325:
319:
310:
304:
301:
298:
295:
289:
283:
277:
274:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:to both sides
245:
239:
236:
210:
207:
204:
198:
195:
189:
186:
180:
174:
171:
168:
162:
159:
153:
150:
144:
138:
132:
129:
126:
120:
114:
111:
104:
103:
102:
101:
93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2054:Multiplexing
1929:Transmission
1894:Nikola Tesla
1884:Henry Sutton
1839:Samuel Morse
1769:Robert Hooke
1734:Amos Dolbear
1669:John Bardeen
1588:
1568:Telautograph
1472:Mobile phone
1427:Edholm's law
1410:social media
1343:Broadcasting
1271:the original
1261:
1236:
1231:
1179:
1175:
1169:boundaries.
1126:
1103:
1079:(by up to 12
1071:In SSB, the
1070:
1050:broadcasting
1040:
1011:"back porch"
993:kHz, i.e. 23
975:stereophonic
968:
949:
946:
941:
937:
925:
922:transmission
868:
847:
779:
770:
699:carrier wave
555:carrier wave
510:
421:
262:
228:
99:
97:
87:
83:
79:
75:
51:
45:
39:
31:
21:Side project
2254:NPL network
1966:Radio waves
1904:Alfred Vail
1814:Hedy Lamarr
1799:Dawon Kahng
1759:Elisha Gray
1719:Yogen Dalal
1644:Nasir Ahmed
1578:Teleprinter
1442:Heliographs
1277:MIL-STD-188
1200:Out-of-band
1148:subcarriers
1064:other than
1034:spectrogram
1015:Costas loop
959:synchronise
889:kHz and 901
60:frequencies
2300:Antarctica
2259:Toasternet
2181:Television
1664:Paul Baran
1596:Television
1580:(teletype)
1573:Telegraphy
1551:transistor
1529:Phryctoria
1499:Photophone
1477:Smartphone
1467:Mass media
1223:References
1159:percentage
1094:transposer
1047:television
999:pilot tone
983:subcarrier
969:suppressed
908:of (say) 7
68:modulation
2284:Americas
2273:Locations
2244:Internet2
2005:Bandwidth
1709:Vint Cerf
1606:streaming
1584:Telephone
1524:Semaphore
1415:streaming
1206:Side lobe
1163:deviation
1129:interfere
1054:bandwidth
906:bandwidth
858:Frequency
830:ω
801:ω
795:
745:⏟
726:
693:⏟
674:
653:⏟
634:
601:⏟
579:
560:⋅
549:⏟
530:
471:⋅
465:≜
439:⋅
433:≜
401:−
392:
362:
338:
305:
290:⋅
278:
240:
208:−
199:
163:
145:≡
133:
127:⋅
115:
2387:Category
2352:Category
2239:Internet
2229:CYCLADES
2146:Ethernet
2096:Concepts
2020:terminal
1971:wireless
1794:Bob Kahn
1637:Pioneers
1462:Internet
1353:Cable TV
1189:See also
1150:above 75
1089:receiver
1037:content.
955:receiver
848:spectrum
52:sideband
2372:Commons
2362:Outline
2315:Oceania
2234:FidoNet
2219:ARPANET
2032:circuit
1601:digital
1330:History
1183:fuzzbox
1167:channel
1137:filters
1123:Effects
971:carrier
229:Adding
34:is the
2310:Europe
2280:Africa
2264:Usenet
2224:BITNET
2161:Mobile
2037:packet
1546:MOSFET
1541:device
1338:Beacon
1152:
1146:(FM),
1081:
995:
991:
987:
942:DSB-AM
918:
910:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
735:
683:
643:
588:
539:
2293:South
2288:North
2249:JANET
2186:Telex
2176:Radio
2015:Nodes
2010:Links
1931:media
1509:Radio
1494:Pager
1422:Drums
1388:video
1383:image
1373:audio
1258:from
1131:with
903:audio
872:of a
54:is a
48:radio
2305:Asia
2191:UUCP
2151:ISDN
1023:BPSK
846:(or
680:1000
640:1100
536:1000
436:1000
56:band
2196:WAN
2166:NGN
2156:LAN
1437:Fax
1378:DCT
1155:kHz
1017:or
1007:PAL
877:900
792:cos
732:900
723:cos
671:cos
631:cos
585:100
576:cos
527:cos
468:100
389:cos
359:cos
335:cos
302:cos
275:cos
237:cos
196:cos
160:cos
130:cos
112:cos
88:LSB
80:USB
58:of
46:In
2389::
1279:).
1265:.
961:a
40:fm
38:,
32:fc
2323:)
2319:(
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
940:(
810:,
807:)
804:t
798:(
756:.
741:)
738:t
729:(
717:2
714:1
704:+
689:)
686:t
677:(
664:+
649:)
646:t
637:(
625:2
622:1
612:=
597:]
594:)
591:t
582:(
573:+
570:1
567:[
545:)
542:t
533:(
511::
497:t
477:,
474:t
462:B
442:t
430:A
407:)
404:B
398:A
395:(
383:2
380:1
374:+
371:)
368:A
365:(
356:+
353:)
350:B
347:+
344:A
341:(
329:2
326:1
320:=
317:]
314:)
311:B
308:(
299:+
296:1
293:[
287:)
284:A
281:(
263::
249:)
246:A
243:(
214:)
211:B
205:A
202:(
190:2
187:1
181:+
178:)
175:B
172:+
169:A
166:(
154:2
151:1
142:)
139:B
136:(
124:)
121:A
118:(
100::
86:(
78:(
23:.
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