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of forgeries. If computers were adjusted more strictly, rejecting all signatures which experts have doubts about, the computers would set aside 62% of true signatures, and still wrongly accept 2% of forgeries. Lay people made more mistakes and were doubtful less often, though the study does not report whether their mistakes were to accept more forgeries or reject more true signatures.
609:
In an experiment, experts rejected 5% of true signatures and 71% of forgeries. They were doubtful about another 57% of true signatures and 27% of forgeries. If computer verification is adjusted to reflect what experts are sure about, it will wrongly reject 5% of true signatures and wrongly accept 29%
604:
look for a certain number of points of similarity between the compared signatures ... a wide range of algorithms and standards, each particular to that machine's manufacturer, are used to verify signatures. In addition, counties have discretion in managing the settings and implementing manufacturers'
320:
In the United States, signatures encompass marks and actions of all sorts that are indicative of identity and intent. The legal rule is that unless a statute specifically prescribes a particular method of making a signature it may be made in any number of ways. These include by a mechanical or rubber
316:
The traditional function of a signature is to permanently affix to a document a person's uniquely personal, undeniable self-identification as physical evidence of that person's personal witness and certification of the content of all, or a specified part, of the document. For example, the role of a
599:
Researchers have published error rates for computerized signature verification. They compare different systems on a common database of true and false signatures. The best system falsely rejects 10% of true signatures, while it accepts 10% of forgeries. Another system has error rates on both of 14%,
365:
Several cultures whose languages use writing systems other than alphabets do not share the
Western notion of signatures per se: the "signing" of one's name results in a written product no different from the result of "writing" one's name in the standard way. For these languages, to write or to sign
382:
In some jurisdictions, an illiterate signatory can make a "mark" (often an "X" but occasionally a personalized symbol) on legal documents, so long as the document is countersigned by a literate witness. In some countries, illiterate people place a thumbprint on legal documents in lieu of a written
559:
A wet signature is a person's name written in their own hand with ink. Some government agencies require that professional persons or official reviewers sign originals and all copies of originals to authenticate that they personally viewed the content. In many countries, signatures must be made,
613:
Voters with short names are at a disadvantage, since experts make more mistakes on signatures with fewer "turning points and intersections." Participants in this study had 10 true signatures to compare to, which is more than most postal ballot verifications have. A more recent study for the US
579:
Handwriting experts say "it is extremely difficult for anyone to be able to figure out if a signature or other very limited writing sample has been forged." High volume review of signatures, to decide if a signature is true or forged, occurs when election offices decide whether to accept
591:
There have been concerns that signature reviews improperly reject ballots from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection. When errors are made with bank checks, the payer can ask the bank for corrections.
776:. However, the fact that painters' signatures often vary over time (particularly in the modern and contemporary periods) might complicate the issue. The signatures of some painters take on an artistic form that may be of less value in determining forgeries. If a painting is
767:
on a painting or other work of art has always been an important item in the assessment of art. Fake signatures are sometimes added to enhance the value of a painting, or are added to a fake painting to support its authenticity. A notorious case was the signature of
494:
268:, which is chiefly an artistic signature. This can lead to confusion when people have both an autograph and signature and as such some people in the public eye keep their signatures private whilst fully publishing their autograph.
803:, "titles, names ; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring" are not eligible for copyright; however, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under copyright law.
605:
guidelines ... there are no statewide standards for automatic signature verification ... most counties do not have a publicly available, written explanation of the signature verification criteria and processes they use.
321:
stamp facsimile. A signature may be made by the purported signatory; alternatively someone else duly authorized by the signatory, acting in the signer's presence and at the signatory's direction, may make the signature.
595:
In 2018, a fifth of adults in the United
Kingdom said they sign so rarely they have no consistent signature, including 21% of people 18-24 and 16% of people over age 55. 55% of UK adults said they rarely sign anything.
564:
to carry legal force in specific contexts. In the United States this is prevalent with architectural and construction plans. Its intent is to prevent mistakes or fraud but the practice is not known to be effective.
514:, are capable of automatically reproducing an individual's signature. These are typically used by people required to sign a lot of printed matter, such as celebrities, heads of state or CEOs. More recently,
3212:
248:, "to sign") is a depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent. Signatures are often, but not always,
942:
600:
and the third-best has error rates of 17%. It is possible to be less stringent and reject fewer true signatures, at the cost of also rejecting fewer forgeries. Computer algorithms:
317:
signature in many consumer contracts is not solely to provide evidence of the identity of the contracting party, but also to provide evidence of deliberation and informed consent.
522:
font file. This allows staff members in the
Congressman's office to easily reproduce it on correspondence, legislation, and official documents. In the East Asian languages of
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An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will
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2252:
2073:
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650:. A shortened form of a signature block, only including one's name, often with some distinguishing prefix, can be used to simply indicate the end of a
588:. The highest error rates in signature verification are found with lay people, higher than for computers, which in turn make more errors than experts.
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as "using any symbol executed or adopted with present intention to adopt or accept a writing." The
Uniform Commercial Code §3-401(b) for
642:
usage, another type of signature exists which is independent of one's language. Users can set one or more lines of custom text known as a
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2925:
793:
1288:
Hafemann, Luiz G.; Sabourin, Robert; Oliveira, Luiz S. (2017-10-16). "Offline handwritten signature verification — Literature review".
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to be automatically appended to their messages. This text usually includes a name, contact information, and sometimes quotations and
348:'s famous signature on the US Declaration of Independence loops back to underline his name. This kind of flourish is also known as a
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or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing."
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states "A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a
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or response. Some web sites also allow graphics to be used. Note, however, that this type of signature is not related to
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Fingerprints may be used instead of signatures where the signer is illiterate. Here on an Indian legal document of 1952.
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Department of
Justice confirms the probabilistic nature of signature verification, though it does not provide numbers.
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1655:
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433:
95:
702:
674:
on the use of pre-signed signature pages being subsequently attached to documents to effect a "virtual" signing, see
1341:"Biometric signature authentication using machine learning techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities"
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Igarza, Juan; Goirizelaia, Iñaki; Espinosa, Koldo; Hernáez, Inmaculada; Méndez, Raúl; Sanchez, Jon (2003-11-26).
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170:. The name "John Hancock" or just "Hancock" has become a synonym for "signature" in the United States.
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These systems handle scanned ("offline") signatures from multiple people ("WI, writer-independent").
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Under
British law, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under
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2017 Seventh
International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA)
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describes the work as readily identifying its creator. A signature may be confused with an
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1414:"Signature Verification and Mail Ballots: Guaranteeing Access While Preserving Integrity"
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1115:"Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options"
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Law of
Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989#Validity of execution under Mercury
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1239:"Exclusive: High Rate of Absentee Ballot Rejection Reeks of Voter Suppression"
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1164:"Banks Are Now Embracing The Newer And Tougher Signature Verification System"
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Why Do We Sign For Things? A Rabbi, A Lawyer And A MasterCard Exec
Explain
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784:, the signature can be the only clue to determine which side is the top.
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Postal voting in the United States § Signature verification process
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1263:"Sign Of The Times - One In Five Adults Don't Have Their Own Signature"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 21 May 2006
756:
511:
421: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
325:
1457:
324:
Many individuals have much more fanciful signatures than their normal
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1738:
1192:
Computational
Methods for Handwritten Questioned Document Examination
980:
635:
585:
1442:"Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison"
1389:
Online Handwritten Signature Verification Using Hidden Markov Models
584:
arriving from voters, and possibly when banks decide whether to pay
37:
For the use of signatures within the Knowledge (XXG) community, see
1441:
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in the United States have begun having their signature made into a
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term meaning flourish, initial or signature. The paraph is used in
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962:, a signed document where the signatures are arranged in a circle
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1440:
Sita, Jodi; Found, Bryan; Rogers, Douglas K. (September 2002).
1091:"Handwriting Disputes Cause Headaches for Some Absentee Voters"
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943:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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1339:
Bibi, Kiran; Naz, Saeeda; Rehman, Arshia (2020-01-01).
534:, people traditionally use stamp-like objects known as
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Handwritten mark made as a proof of identity and intent
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on the fake "Supper at Emmaus" made by the art-forger
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83:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
814:§1-201(37) of the United States generally defines
1573:What is Signature? Signature of 100 famous people
1392:. CIARP 2003. Vol. 2905. pp. 391–399.
1185:
1183:
861:
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8:
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560:witnessed and recorded in the presence of a
252:or stylized. The writer of a signature is a
1139:"What Is Automated Signature Verification?"
720:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2371:
2001:
1605:
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1583:
162:'s signature is the most prominent on the
1397:
1297:
1070:"10 facts about the 'autopen' - POLITICO"
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
344:writing. As an example, the final "k" in
164:United States Declaration of Independence
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
878:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
260:. Similar to a handwritten signature, a
154:
1435:
1433:
997:
551:) in lieu of a handwritten signature.
366:involves the same written characters.
1211:"Vote-By-Mail Ballots Cast in Florida"
506:, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù
1514:be protected by copyright; it is the
7:
1518:of the signature which is protected.
718:adding citations to reliable sources
419:adding citations to reliable sources
81:adding citations to reliable sources
510:Special signature machines, called
1033:, Signatures, sections 2 through 7
25:
1419:. Stanford University. 2020-04-15
1345:Multimedia Tools and Applications
1190:Srihari, Sangur (December 2010).
2253:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1494:. Cavendish Publishing. p.
860:
690:
395:
387:Mechanically produced signatures
180:
57:
406:needs additional citations for
68:needs additional citations for
1542:United States Copyright Office
1162:Mayhew, Stephen (2012-05-14).
1089:Armitage, Susie (2018-11-05).
1044:"Horton v. Murden, 117 Ga. 72"
945:, includes depicted signatures
569:Detection of forged signatures
502:
1:
1237:Wilkie, Jordan (2018-10-12).
1196:National Institute of Justice
328:writing, including elaborate
1446:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1399:10.1007/978-3-540-24586-5_48
1209:Smith, Daniel (2018-09-18).
901:Autograph Collector Magazine
340:, much as one would find in
801:United States copyright law
670:For guidance applicable in
3395:
2916:Imperial, royal, and noble
1544:. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
1490:Spilsbury, Sallie (2000).
1357:10.1007/s11042-019-08022-0
1050:. Harvard Law School. 1903
627:
621:
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370:Mark in lieu of signature
46:Signature (disambiguation)
43:
36:
29:
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3000:Imperial, royal and noble
1308:10.1109/IPTA.2017.8310112
971:Shakespeare's handwriting
497:
168:Articles of Confederation
39:Knowledge (XXG):Signature
1841:Maiden and married names
541:with the name carved in
30:Not to be confused with
3374:Personal identification
3328:Category:Lists of names
956:, an animal's paw print
812:Uniform Commercial Code
807:Uniform Commercial Code
666:Reusing signature pages
3354:Authentication methods
2258:Eritrean and Ethiopian
1292:. IEEE. pp. 1–8.
1048:Caselaw Access Project
960:Round-robin (document)
856:
836:Listen to this article
820:negotiable instruments
760:
607:
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171:
3188:Galton–Watson process
2793:Ancient Tamil country
2215:Australian Aboriginal
1564:History of signatures
1031:Corpus Juris Secundum
855:
755:
656:electronic signatures
602:
573:Further information:
496:
377:
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284:
158:
2955:Post-nominal letters
2074:Indigenous Taiwanese
926:Images of signatures
911:electronic signature
887:More spoken articles
714:improve this section
415:improve this article
77:improve this article
44:For other uses, see
3315:Surnames by country
2940:Pre-nominal letters
1997:Surnames by country
1143:SQN Banking Systems
916:Builder's signature
907:Biometric signature
516:Members of Congress
310:Persian Handwriting
3359:Identity documents
3178:Endonym and exonym
3121:Calendar of saints
3104:Related traditions
2878:Manners of address
2240:Sub-Saharan Africa
1661:Nobiliary particle
1560:NPR / Planet Money
1536:2011-03-05 at the
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660:digital signatures
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272:Function and types
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3264:Personal identity
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1819:By life situation
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1505:978-1-85941-530-6
1458:10.1520/JFS15521J
1317:978-1-5386-1842-4
1078:. 3 January 2013.
966:Royal sign-manual
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672:England and Wales
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287:Benjamin Franklin
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16:(Redirected from
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3149:Anthropomorphism
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2842:Buddhist surname
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2598:Hispanic America
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2320:Ashkenazi Jewish
2125:and Western Asia
2090:and Central Asia
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2002:
1863:Placeholder name
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1712:Double-barrelled
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1452:(5): 1117–1124.
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630:Real-name system
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795:
794:copyright law
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699:This section
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562:notary public
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503:Xú Yǒngyù yìn
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435:
432: –
431:
427:
426:Find sources:
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410:
409:
404:This section
402:
398:
393:
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302:Farah Pahlavi
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94: –
93:
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88:Find sources:
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66:This article
64:
60:
55:
54:
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40:
33:
19:
3303:Signum manus
3291:Royal cypher
3280:
3256:
3241:Nomen nescio
3239:
3235:Nomenclature
3230:Naming taboo
3042:Professional
2885:of authority
2835:Saint's name
2500:Scandinavian
2122:Muslim world
1960:
1936:
1907:
1759:Occupational
1618:anthroponymy
1567:
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