428:. According to William, she is supposed to have fled with fear of her life during the battle trying to board an enemy ship after being wounded by a stray arrow but god saved her from ridicule. Historian Paul Brown points out that William's patronage is only acknowledged in the end of the poem and that the patron might be disputable. Eads suggests that William's account might have been a choice encouraged by Sikelgaita herself to not overshadow her son and that it is unlikely that he lied about a battle wound that could easily have been verified at court by the actors in his poem. She also adds that this account explains why she would wear armour because "Combatant or not, she was in danger of death or capture like any of her troops."
308:
responded by laying siege to
Salerno in the summer of 1076. Gisulf was unprepared to deal with a prolonged siege and the city surrendered in December 1076, while the last of Gisulf's forces held out in the inner citadel until May 1077. Robert and Sikelgaita made Salerno their new capital after the conquest. Because Sikelgaita was so important to Robert's legitimacy she was on occasion recognised as co-ruler in Salerno, and on two occasions she was titled duke and not duchess in charters in Salerno. Skinner argues that this is Robert acknowledging Sikelgaita's right to the principality is stronger than his own.
348:. At first, it is said that she tried to persuade Robert not to attack the Byzantine Empire because she argued Christians should not fight other Christians. Sikelgaita likely participated due to similar reasons as before, a lack of loyal generals and steadfast ambition to protect the interest of her son and heir. Another possibility could be that the men she was sent to command were soldiers from Salerno and could be considered Sikelgaita's men due to her claim.
414:. A woman of immense build and herculean physical strength, she hardly ever left her husband's side—least of all in battle, one of her favourite occupations. At such moments, charging magnificently into the fray, her long blond hair streaming out from beneath her helmet, deafening friend and foe alike with huge shouts of encouragement or imprecation, she must have looked — even if she did not altogether sound — worthy to take her place among the daughters of
317:
386:
the Norman army by claiming they needed a
Lombard woman to make them fight. Eads adds that Comnena's account is fanciful since Sikelgaita would not have been heard in battle among the chaos and that the only way for her to communicate with her troops would have been by waving a spear-like banner behind her troops. Comnena also said that Sikelgaita was "like another
294:
as heir over her older stepson
Bohemond. Other than bearing children, Sikelgaita's purpose to Robert was to strengthen his claim to his land and ensure that her ancestry gave peace to the vassals who would otherwise rebel because of his status as a foreigner as well as grant her prestigious ancestry
385:
that
Sikelgaita was on the field in full armour, rallying her and Robert's troops with a spear when the Byzantine army initially repulsed them and was in danger of losing cohesion. According to Skinner, Anna Comnena's description and tale of Sikelgaita is an attempt at discrediting and effeminating
290:
frequently in conflict with his neighbours and his vassals she would remain close to him throughout their marriage. Sikelgaita showed her ambition to ensure her son inherited Robert's lands early. When Robert once was close to death in 1073, she made their vassals swear allegiance to her eldest son
336:
to defeat the rebels. The siege was successful and the rebel Peter II of Trani had to concede defeat. It is unknown to what extent she was in charge of the siege or why she was left there. Eads suggests that there were only so many he could trust who also had the loyalty of the
Lombard troops. She
460:
but got caught and forced to give him a remedy. Norwich ascertains that there is no evidence to suggest that this happened and that it probably comes from a perspective that supports
Bohemond as the heir to Robert's titles. Sikelgaita had all right to be concerned by Bohemund even though the two
289:
In the first few years of marriage, Sikelgaita appears inactive politically. Skinner explains that her primary objective in the first few years was to produce male heirs to secure Robert's claim on the
Lombard lands. She started to appear in charters next to Robert in 1065 and because Robert was
182:
of Apulia. Her heritage made her a vital asset to Robert's governance in
Southern Italy, legitimizing his reign and that of his successors. Sikelgaita frequently accompanied Robert on campaigns and is noted for leading troops in battle. She continued to be a significant source of support for her
307:
had a strenuous relationship. Robert continuously made encroaching acquisitions of land around his principality, most notably the city of Amalfi in 1073. Sikelgaita tried to mediate between her brother and husband, but Gisulf is said to have told her that he would make her a widow. Robert soon
264:
both of which he considered a threat to his principality. According to
Valerie Eads, Gisulf instead relented because of a late payment of tribute that Gisulf owed Robert and could compensate with his concent to the marriage. Regardless, Sikelgaita married Robert in December 1058, after Robert
436:
After Robert's death, Sikelgaita managed to name Roger Borsa as the heir to his titles although she remained an active actor. Skinner suggests that she was reluctant to give up power and step aside in favour of her son or step-son. Among several charters she signed with her son she put the
199:
and his wife Gemma. Little is known of her earlier life or upbringing but she grew up with many siblings. According to
Balfour, there isn't any reason to suspect that she received any military or other extraordinary education. Her father had a successful career expanding the borders of the
256:, was an infant and much too young to marry Sikelgaita he decided to marry her himself. Gisulf was reluctant of the marriage. Norwich ascertains that Gisulf had always hated the Normans and considered them barbarians but would accept on the condition that Robert pacified
324:
Sikelgaita frequently accompanied Robert on his campaigns but often as a prize or show of legitimacy for the Lombard following. Valerie Eads notes that after the siege of Salerno and years of childbearing ended, her military career took form in 1080.
273:. The divorce from Alberada and the marriage to Sikelgaita were probably part of a strategy of alliance with the remaining Lombard princes, of whom Gisulf was the prince. One year later after their marriage, Richard was raised to the title of Duke by
465:
was allowed to succeed Robert in the duchy. It did not stop Bohemund from seeing his legal right to his father's inheritance as the senior child. Fortunately for Sikelgaita, Bohemund found little support among the Roger Borsa's vassals.
481:, which the couple had endowed well throughout their married life. Sikelgaita donated a large amount of silver for her health while she was ill on another occasion. She later died on 16 April 1090 and was buried in
418:." Balfour argues against this notion and says: "The image of Sichelgaita as a ‘Valkyrie’ or warrior princess is misleading, insofar as there is no evidence that she was ever an actual combatant."
208:
were murdered by Sikelgaita's four maternal uncles when she was still young in 1052. Guaimar's Norman allies avenged him at the behest of his surviving brother
1587:
605:
who refuses to help him fight the Normans, with the closing cutscene showing Robert Guiscard's death from illness, with speculation that she poisoned him.
204:
over large territories in Southern Italy, including many important cities, still to peak when she was born. This was brought to an abrupt end when he and
359:. By 1084 Robert and Sikelgaita once again turned their eyes towards the Byzantines in a second campaign during which Robert soon fell sick and died on
1529:
Stuard, Susan (1987). "The Dominion of Gender: Women's Fortunes in the High Middle Ages". In Bridenthal, Renate; Koonz, Claudia; Stuard, Susan (eds.).
252:, his brother, in 1057. Robert's conquest reached a point where he needed to consolidate his land through a marriage alliance. Because his son,
1592:
551:
501:
110:
593:
1597:
1567:
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argues that any kin with a claim to Robert's lands could easily betray him and that he needed his wife to be the guarantor of loyalty.
1607:
1538:
1502:
1480:
1458:
1416:
424:, a contemporary poet employed by Roger Brosa, wrote a different account of Sikelgaita during the battle of Dyrrhachium in his poem
1602:
245:
1612:
1572:
356:
341:
1407:
Eads, Valerie (2005). "Sichelgaita of Salerno: Amazon or Trophy Wife?". In Devries, Kelly; Rogers, Clifford J. (eds.).
1582:
387:
1312:
1577:
394:," in reference to her bravery. Eads notes that Comnena's description of Sikelgaita echos that of Roman writing on
453:
257:
1617:
531:
1512:
Skinner, Patricia (2000). "'Halt! Be Men!':Sikelgaita of Salerno, Gender, and the Norman Conquest of Italy".
538:
266:
201:
545:
452:
Orderic Vitalis states that she had studied and learned about the use of poisons among the doctors of the
249:
221:
493:
William of Apulia wrote in his poem that Robert had through Sikelgaita "three sons and five daughters":
457:
253:
209:
196:
175:
139:
1397:
216:
the new prince of Salerno. One of her sisters, Gaitelgrima, had earlier married Robert's half-brother
1562:
1557:
509:
505:
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and it is not the only reference to other older literature as she attributes to her a quote from the
304:
213:
1490:
1468:
1393:
571:
407:
217:
205:
1434:
1372:
1355:
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expansion. She appears in the "Bohemond and the Emperor" scenario as a villain, being Bohemond's
555:
303:
Despite their alliance through Robert and Sikelgaita's marriage, Robert and Sikelgaita's brother
261:
240:
had been present in Southern Italy since before Sikelgaita was born, one of them on the rise was
1298:
1534:
1517:
1498:
1476:
1454:
1412:
1308:
559:
520:
421:
376:
225:
91:
65:
1367:
Bloch, Herbert (1946). "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages".
563:
352:
345:
274:
316:
1329:
278:
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179:
58:
1333:
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argued that "in her we come face to face with the closest approximation in history to a
497:
81:
1551:
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It has been suggested that this Gaitelgrima was illegitimate and probably much older.
525:
482:
478:
270:
96:
47:
1294:
581:
Gaitelgrima, who married first a man called Drogo and then another called Humphrey.
372:
371:
Whether or not Sikelgaita fought in battle is not known. The Byzantine historian
1446:
1426:
1321:
515:
462:
291:
184:
86:
602:
1521:
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with whom Robert and Sikelgaita battled in 1081 at Dyrrhachium, wrote in the
360:
1384:
Brown, Paul (2011). "The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi: A 'Byzantine' history?".
993:
991:
411:
171:
1359:
622:
Balfour suggests that she was in her late teens when she married Robert.
1388:. Vol. 37. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 162–179.
1376:
474:
470:
395:
381:
333:
237:
126:
1438:
1429:(1999). "Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard".
391:
1433:. Vol. 114. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 815–843.
1451:
The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest
415:
400:
329:
315:
442:
438:
187:, and remained actively involved in politics until her death.
351:
In 1083, Sikelgaita returned to Italy with Robert to defend
1338:. Pratt – University of Toronto. London: Bohn. p. 367.
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1516:. Vol. 12. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 622–641.
1399:
Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile
1188:
1186:
768:
766:
574:
found two additional daughters to Robert and Sikelgaita:
328:
Her first military objective was conducting the siege of
1354:. Vol. 4. Zupthen: Karwansaray BV. pp. 13–18.
966:
964:
668:
666:
456:. With this knowledge, she tried to poison Robert's son
653:
651:
649:
647:
1303:. Translated by Dawes, Elizabeth A. London: Routledge.
1250:
1248:
1246:
591:
Sikelgaita is featured as a non-playable character in
1411:. Vol. 3. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 72–87.
939:
937:
753:
751:
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461:
eventually came to an agreement under which her son
145:
135:
125:
64:
54:
42:
34:
26:
21:
1335:The ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy
1371:. Vol. 3. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 163–224.
1216:
1057:
1350:Balfour, David (2014). "A formidable sight".
8:
1531:Becoming Visible: Women in European History
1324:Leeds: University of Leeds. pp. 1–67.
363:17 July 1085 with Sikelgaita at his side.
18:
1533:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 157.
1237:
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684:
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1402:(in French). Vol. 1. p. 283.
1033:
1204:
1165:
1069:
594:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
170:) (1040 – 16 April 1090) was a
7:
1409:Journal of Medieval Military History
1278:
1266:
1254:
1177:
1117:
1093:
1081:
1021:
955:
943:
916:
832:
757:
742:
730:
701:
566:, in 1074 and given the name Helena.
340:Sikelgaita also participated in the
332:in 1080 while Robert moved against
1588:Women in medieval European warfare
1473:The Normans in the South 1016-1130
578:Cecilia, of whom nothing is known.
312:Military campaigns 1080–1085
14:
469:Early in 1086, Sikelgaita was in
212:, declaring Sikelgaita's brother
174:princess, the daughter of Prince
502:Raymond Berengar II of Barcelona
260:, Robert's younger brother, and
1495:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
299:Conflict with Gisulf of Salerno
195:Sikelgaita was born in 1040 to
1000:, p. Book IV, Chapter IV.
445:under that city's archbishop.
224:later married Robert's nephew
1:
1593:Women in 11th-century warfare
1431:The English Historical Review
246:county of Apulia and Calabria
16:11th-century Lombard princess
1314:The Deeds of Robert Guiscard
426:The Deeds of Robert Guiscard
357:Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV
197:Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno
1598:11th-century Lombard people
1386:Journal of Medieval History
1634:
1568:11th-century Italian women
544:Unnamed daughter, married
71:
1608:Medieval women scientists
586:Sikelgaita in pop culture
454:Schola Medica Salernitana
191:Background and early life
1497:. Knopf. p. 18-19.
1207:, p. 214, note:170.
532:Ebles II, Count of Roucy
265:divorced his first wife
178:and second wife of Duke
450:Historia Ecclesiastica,
342:invasion of Dyrrhachium
320:Southern Italy in 1084.
202:principality of Salerno
1217:William of Apulia 2008
1058:William of Apulia 2008
546:Hugh V, Count of Maine
539:William de Grandmesnil
477:in Robert's honour to
321:
281:at the end of August.
244:who had inherited the
1603:Women in war in Italy
1453:. London: Routledge.
1369:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
500:, the eldest married
473:donating the town of
319:
176:Guaimar IV of Salerno
140:Guaimar IV of Salerno
1491:Norwich, John Julius
1469:Norwich, John Julius
1394:Chalandon, Ferdinand
1269:, pp. 269, 272.
510:Viscount of Narbonne
344:in 1081 against the
305:Gisulf II of Salerno
295:to their children.
1613:Duchesses of Apulia
1573:People from Salerno
1475:. London: Penguin.
1281:, pp. 212–213.
572:Ferdinand Chalandon
408:John Julius Norwich
1583:Lombard princesses
1514:Gender and History
1330:Vitalis, Ordericus
556:Konstantios Doukas
485:"at her request".
390:, if not a second
375:, the daughter of
322:
269:, due to supposed
262:Richard I of Capua
232:Marriage to Robert
1578:Hauteville family
1344:Secondary sources
1309:William of Apulia
1048:, pp. 18–19.
716:, p. 98-101.
603:wicked stepmother
599:Lords of the West
560:Michael VII Ducas
422:William of Apulia
377:Emperor Alexios I
285:Duchess of Apulia
226:Jordan I of Capua
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1352:Medieval Warfare
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1320:. Translated by
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353:Pope Gregory VII
346:Byzantine Empire
275:Pope Nicholas II
107:Unnamed daughter
75:
19:
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1618:Robert Guiscard
1548:
1547:
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1447:Loud, Graham A.
1445:
1427:Loud, Graham A.
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1383:
1366:
1349:
1346:
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1322:Loud, Graham A.
1317:
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1288:Primary sources
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671:
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621:
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588:
554:, betrothed to
537:Mabel, married
530:Sybil, married
491:
434:
369:
314:
301:
287:
242:Robert Guiscard
234:
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180:Robert Guiscard
121:
69:
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59:Robert Guiscard
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1259:
1257:, p. 300.
1242:
1240:, p. 283.
1238:Chalandon 1907
1221:
1209:
1197:
1195:, p. 632.
1182:
1180:, p. 823.
1170:
1168:, p. 214.
1158:
1156:, p. 267.
1146:
1144:, p. 259.
1134:
1132:, p. 367.
1122:
1120:, p. 828.
1110:
1108:, p. 631.
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 164.
1062:
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 157.
1026:
1014:
1012:, p. 623.
1002:
987:
985:, p. 254.
975:
960:
948:
933:
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909:
907:, p. 227.
897:
895:, p. 629.
885:
883:, p. 221.
873:
871:, p. 219.
861:
859:, p. 209.
849:
847:, p. 131.
837:
825:
823:, p. 628.
813:
811:, p. 140.
801:
799:, p. 130.
789:
787:, p. 129.
777:
775:, p. 128.
762:
747:
745:, p. 128.
735:
718:
706:
689:
677:
675:, p. 626.
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367:Role in battle
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279:Synod of Melfi
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220:, and another
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183:primary heir,
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149:Gemma of Capua
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1301:
1296:
1295:Comnena, Anna
1292:
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1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
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1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
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1219:, p. 26.
1218:
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1201:
1198:
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1189:
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1123:
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1095:
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1083:
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1059:
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1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 79.
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 18.
972:
967:
965:
961:
958:, p. 85.
957:
952:
949:
946:, p. 86.
945:
940:
938:
934:
931:, p. 15.
930:
925:
922:
919:, p. 76.
918:
913:
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906:
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886:
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877:
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865:
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835:, p. 83.
834:
829:
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798:
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786:
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769:
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763:
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759:
754:
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748:
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739:
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733:, p. 82.
732:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
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704:, p. 84.
703:
698:
696:
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687:, p. 13.
686:
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659:
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483:Monte Cassino
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479:Monte Cassino
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38:16 April 1090
37:
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1193:Skinner 2000
1173:
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1154:Norwich 1992
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1142:Norwich 1992
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1130:Vitalis 1853
1125:
1113:
1106:Skinner 2000
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
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1046:Norwich 1996
1041:
1029:
1017:
1010:Skinner 2000
1005:
998:Comnena 1928
983:Norwich 1992
978:
971:Balfour 2014
951:
929:Balfour 2014
924:
912:
905:Norwich 1992
900:
893:Skinner 2000
888:
881:Norwich 1992
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869:Norwich 1992
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857:Norwich 1992
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845:Norwich 1992
840:
828:
821:Skinner 2000
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809:Norwich 1992
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797:Norwich 1992
792:
785:Norwich 1992
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773:Norwich 1992
738:
714:Norwich 1992
709:
685:Balfour 2014
680:
673:Skinner 2000
658:Balfour 2014
627:
618:
598:
597:through the
592:
569:
492:
468:
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373:Anna Comnena
370:
355:against the
350:
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327:
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288:
235:
194:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
70:
1563:1090 deaths
1558:1040 births
1300:The Alexiad
1034:Stuard 1987
516:Roger Borsa
463:Roger Borsa
222:Gaitelgrima
206:his brother
185:Roger Borsa
160:Sichelgaita
118:Gaitelgrima
87:Roger Borsa
72:See more...
1552:Categories
1205:Bloch 1946
1166:Bloch 1946
1070:Brown 2011
639:References
570:Historian
164:Sigelgaita
156:Sikelgaita
22:Sikelgaita
1522:1468-0424
1279:Loud 2000
1267:Loud 2000
1255:Loud 2000
1178:Loud 1999
1118:Loud 1999
1094:Eads 2005
1082:Eads 2005
1022:Eads 2005
956:Eads 2005
944:Eads 2005
917:Eads 2005
833:Eads 2005
758:Eads 2005
743:Loud 1999
731:Eads 2005
702:Eads 2005
558:, son of
506:Aimeric I
504:and then
432:Widowhood
361:Kefalonia
214:Gisulf II
1493:(1996).
1471:(1992).
1449:(2000).
1396:(1907).
1360:48578332
1332:(1853).
1311:(2008).
1297:(1928).
552:Olympias
458:Bohemond
412:Valkyrie
267:Alberada
254:Bohemond
250:Humphrey
111:Olympias
1377:1291045
475:Cetraro
471:Salerno
448:In his
396:Boudica
382:Alexiad
334:Taranto
277:at the
258:William
238:Normans
172:Lombard
131:Salerno
115:Cecilia
1537:
1520:
1501:
1479:
1457:
1439:580547
1437:
1415:
1375:
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392:Athena
388:Pallas
158:(also
146:Mother
136:Father
55:Spouse
43:Burial
1435:JSTOR
1373:JSTOR
1356:JSTOR
1318:(PDF)
610:Notes
489:Issue
416:Wotan
401:Iliad
330:Trani
292:Roger
248:from
218:Drogo
168:Gaita
166:, or
127:House
104:Mabel
101:Sybil
66:Issue
1535:ISBN
1518:ISSN
1499:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1413:ISBN
562:and
498:Maud
443:Bari
439:Jews
236:The
82:Maud
35:Died
30:1040
27:Born
521:Guy
441:of
210:Guy
92:Guy
1554::
1245:^
1224:^
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