565:—a practice that has given rise to the name "peanut worm". The introvert is pulled inside the trunk by two pairs of retractor muscles that extend as narrow ribbons from the trunk wall to attachment points in the introvert. It can be protruded from the trunk by contracting the muscles of the trunk wall, thus forcing the fluid in the body cavity forwards. The introvert can vary in size from half the length of the trunk to several times its length, but whatever their comparative sizes, it is fully retractable.
515:
506:
765:
1116:
135:
1128:
969:
113:
944:
those that burrow through the sand, the tentacles are replaced by fluted folds which scoop up sediment and food particles. Most of this material is swallowed but larger particles are discarded. Species dwelling in crevices are able to withdraw their introverts, blocking the crevice entrance with their thickened trunks and presumably ingesting any food they have snared at the same time. One species,
801:
752:
crevice-dwelling sipunculans, respiration is mainly through the tentacular system, with oxygen diffusing into the trunk coelom from the tentacular coelom. However, in other species the skin is thin and respiration is mainly through the cuticle of the trunk, where oxygen uptake is assisted by the presence of dermal coelomic canals just beneath the
748:, which have only a single nephridium. A ciliated funnel, or nephrostome, opens into the coelomic cavity at the anterior end, close to the nephridiopore. The metanephridia have an osmoregulation function but it is unclear whether the mechanism is via filtration or secretion. They also serve as gamete storage and maintenance organs.
323:
section, called the "introvert", which can be retracted into the trunk. The mouth is at the tip of the introvert and is surrounded in most groups by a ring of short tentacles. With no hard parts, the body is flexible and mobile. Although found in a range of habitats throughout the world's oceans, the
634:
family possess epidermal structures, known as anal and caudal shields. These are patches of thickened, hard plates, and are used for boring into rock; the anal shield is near the anteriorly-located anus on the trunk, just below the introvert of the animal, while the caudal shield is at the posterior
529:
Sipunculans are worms ranging from 2 to 720 mm (0.1 to 28.3 in) in length, with most species being under 10 cm (4 in). The sipunculan body is divided into an unsegmented, bulbous trunk and a narrower, anterior section, called the "introvert". Sipunculans have a body wall somewhat
943:
Most sipunculans are deposit feeders employing a number of different methods to obtain their foods. Those living in burrows extend their tentacles over the surface of the sediment. Food particles get trapped in mucous secretions and the beating of cilia transport the particles to the mouth. Among
772:
The nervous system consists of dorsal cerebral ganglion, brain above the oesophagus and a nerve ring around the oesophagus, which links the brain with the single ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body. Lateral nerves lead off this to innervate the muscles of the body wall.
751:
The tentacular coelom connects the tentacles at the tip of the introvert to a ring canal at their base, from which a contractile vessel runs along beside the esophagus and ends blindly posteriorly. Some evidence points towards the involvement of these structures in ultrafiltration. In
327:
Most sipunculans are deposit feeders, extending the introvert to gather food particles and draw them into the mouth, and retracting the introvert when feeding conditions are unsuitable or danger threatens. With a few exceptions, reproduction is sexual and involves a
679:
of sipunculans starts with the esophagus, located between the introvert retractor muscles. In the trunk the intestine runs posteriorly, forms a loop and turns anteriorly again. The downward and upward sections of the gut are coiled around each other, forming a
603:. The tentacles are hollow and are extended via hydrostatic pressure in a similar manner as the introvert, but have a different mechanism from that of the rest of the introvert, being connected, via a system of ducts, to one or two contractile sacs next to the
696:, taking place in the lumen of the intestine. A rectal caecum, present in most species, is a blind ending sac at the transition between intestine and rectum with unknown function. The anus is often not visible when the introvert is retracted into the trunk.
820:, but the majority of species occur in shallow water, where they are relatively common. They inhabit a range of habitats including burrowing in sand, mud, clay and gravel, hiding under stones, in rock crevices, in hollow coral heads, in wood, in empty
912:
are produced in the coelomic lining, where they are released into the coelom to mature. These gametes are then picked up by the metanephridia system and released into the aquatic environment, where fertilisation takes place. In at least one species,
587:, also located at the tip of the introvert. The tentacles each have a deep groove along which food is moved to the mouth by cilia. They are used to gather organic detritus from the water or substrate, and probably also function as
1360:
Struck, T. H.; Paul, C.; Hill, N.; Hartmann, S.; Hösel, C.; Kube, M.; Lieb, B.; Meyer, A.; Tiedemann, R.; Purschke, G. N.; Bleidorn, C. (3 March 2011). "Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution".
926:
larva, which metamorphoses into the adult after anything from a day to a month, depending on species. In a few species, the trochophore does not develop directly into the adult, but into an intermediate
792:
annelids. In addition, all sipunculans have numerous sensory nerve endings on the body wall, especially at the forward end of the introvert which is used for exploring the surrounding environment.
851:. These worms may stay submerged in the sea bed for between 10 and 18 hours a day. They are sensitive to low salinities, and thus not commonly found near estuaries. They can also be abundant in
1328:
324:
majority of species live in shallow water habitats, burrowing under the surface of sandy and muddy substrates. Others live under stones, in rock crevices or in other concealed locations.
2511:
1276:
Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de m.r C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz entre 1800 et 1814 ou Choix raisonné de ses principales découvertes en zoologie et en botanique
492:). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults.
1127:
1580:
441:), and in time, the term came to be used for the whole class. This is a relatively understudied group, and it is estimated there may be around 162 species worldwide.
2383:
2409:
319:
Sipunculans vary in size but most species are under 10 cm (4 in) in length. The body is divided into an unsegmented, bulbous trunk and a narrower,
2202:
480:
and several other phyla. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of
Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the
2244:
2169:
2506:
1160:"A close phylogenetic relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida evidenced from the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta"
1086:. It is a basic food for local fisherman and is sometimes seen in city restaurants as an appetizer. This style of food preparation is locally called
2357:
1817:
2396:
1335:
659:
it is composed of separate plates. When the introvert is retracted in these animals, the anal shield blocks the entrance to its burrow. At the
1109:. The relatively high market price of the worms have made them a significant source of income for the local population of fishermen families.
1779:
1712:
1635:
1605:
1564:
1524:
1682:
Pilger, J.F.; Rice, M.E. (1987). "Ultrastructural evidence for the contractile vessel of sipunculans as a possible ultrafiltration site".
863:
Both asexual and sexual reproduction can be found in sipunculans, although asexual reproduction is uncommon and has only been observed in
643:
the anal shield is restricted to the dorsal side, causing the introvert to emerge at an angle, whereas it surrounds the anterior trunk in
1209:
2468:
1302:
1252:
343:
2022:
1115:
1002:, and demonstrate that sipunculans have changed little (morphologically) since the early Cambrian, about 520 million years ago.
1882:
Pechenik, J.A.; Rice, M.E. (1990). "Influence of delayed metamorphosis on postsettlement survival and growth in the sipunculan
615:, either arranged in rings or scattered. They may be involved in scraping algae off rock, or alternatively provide anchorage.
732:, large multinuclear cells, ciliated urn-shaped cells and immature cells. The ciliated urn cells may also be attached to the
2401:
1082:. The muscle is first prepared by soaking it in spiced vinegar and then served with other ingredients as a dish similar to
979:
Because of their soft-bodied structure, fossils of sipunculans are extremely rare, and are only known from a few genera.
434:
181:
1914:
660:
320:
2331:
2318:
558:
to extend or contract the animal. When threatened, Sipunculid worms can contract their body into a shape resembling a
1106:
2501:
2151:
134:
2414:
2177:
2060:
Muir, L. A.; Botting, J. P. (2007). "A Lower
Carboniferous sipunculan from the Granton Shrimp Bed, Edinburgh".
380:
788:, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the brain. Similar light-sensing tubes have been reported in the
764:
693:
409:
405:
893:
2258:
880:
855:, and in Hawaii, up to seven hundred individuals have been found per square metre in burrows in the rock.
390:
303:
919:, swarming behaviour occurs with adults creating compact masses among rocks immediately before spawning.
121:
2445:
2023:"A new Burgess Shale-type assemblage from the "thin" Stephen Formation of the southern Canadian Rockies"
1824:
1043:
946:
935:
occurs only in the presence of suitable habitat conditions, and is triggered by the presence of adults.
736:
and assist in waste filtering from the coelomic fluid. Nitrogenous waste is excreted through a pair of
987:
981:
2496:
2424:
2344:
2336:
2305:
2119:
2069:
2034:
1771:
1765:
1370:
1240:
865:
555:
2473:
1414:"Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta"
1294:
871:
612:
595:
the tentacles form an elaborate crown-like structure, the members of this group being specialized
2143:
2085:
1664:
1574:
1394:
1020:
995:
956:
829:
816:; they are found throughout the world's oceans including polar waters, equatorial waters and the
354:
129:
514:
2450:
844:
organisms on man-made structures. Some bore into solid rocks to make a shelter for themselves.
395:
2432:
2135:
1976:
1775:
1708:
1702:
1631:
1625:
1601:
1560:
1520:
1484:
1435:
1386:
1191:
915:
876:
667:; this may help with anchoring the animal in its burrow or may be used in the boring process.
580:
505:
228:
208:
2238:
1280:
2460:
2437:
2127:
2077:
2042:
2003:
1966:
1958:
1895:
1862:
1741:
1656:
1595:
1474:
1466:
1425:
1378:
1181:
1171:
805:
631:
422:
217:
198:
1038:
Some scientists once hypothesized a close relationship between sipunculans and the extinct
2388:
1010:
898:
676:
194:
190:
2296:
1994:
Eibye-Jacobsen, D.; Vinther, J. (February 2012). "Reconstructing the ancestral annelid".
1217:
2226:
2123:
2073:
2038:
1651:
Schulze, A.; et al. (March 2005). "Reconstructing the phylogeny of the
Sipuncula".
1374:
607:. Hooks are often present near the mouth on the introvert. These are proteinaceous, non-
1971:
1946:
1899:
1479:
1454:
1186:
1159:
1059:
968:
852:
789:
785:
784:
are located near its anterior margin; the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses
469:
369:
256:
332:
larval stage. Sipunculid worms are used as food in some countries in south-east Asia.
2490:
2089:
2007:
1745:
1274:
1006:
932:
781:
596:
554:(body cavity) that is filled with fluid on which the body wall musculature acts as a
481:
461:
448:
placement of this group in the past has proved troublesome. Originally classified as
445:
416:
70:
1668:
1050:
with which they share a helical gut; but this hypothesis has since been discounted.
2147:
1398:
1028:
817:
713:
681:
584:
569:
489:
438:
262:
250:
238:
112:
2310:
374:
2323:
2370:
2290:
1945:
Huang, D. -Y.; Chen, J. -Y.; Vannier, J.; Saiz
Salinas, J. I. (22 August 2004).
1079:
999:
923:
800:
729:
600:
592:
551:
268:
244:
45:
2021:
Caron, J. -B.; Gaines, R. R.; Mangano, M. G.; Streng, M.; Daley, A. C. (2010).
1133:
This sipunculid worm dish is made by adding vinegar and local spices. Taken in
1005:
An unnamed sipunculid worm from the
Cambrian period has been discovered in the
1660:
1047:
1015:
848:
737:
733:
725:
716:, and the separate tentacular system, the two being separated by an elaborate
604:
363:
358:
90:
55:
2281:
1176:
1074:. A sipunculid worm dish is also considered a delicacy in the islands of the
1031:
of burrows that may have been formed by sipunculans have been found from the
901:; eggs produced in the absence of sperm developed through the normal stages.
456:
and other annelid characters, the phylum
Sipuncula was later allied with the
1453:
Wanninger, Andreas; Kristof, Alen; Brinkmann, Nora (January–February 2009).
1430:
1413:
1032:
951:
905:
753:
535:
146:
95:
2139:
1980:
1962:
1867:
1850:
1488:
1439:
1390:
1195:
316:, but was demoted to a class of Annelida, based on recent molecular work.
17:
2275:
2104:
1728:
Purschke, Günter (2011). "Sipunculid-like ocellar tubes in a polychaete,
1470:
1071:
1024:
992:
833:
821:
708:
system. Fluid transport and gas exchange are instead accomplished by the
576:
484:'s DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Annelida (including
477:
457:
329:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2131:
2081:
1382:
780:
associated with the brain. Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for
583:, the tentacles are arranged in an arc above the mouth, surrounding the
568:
The mouth is located at the anterior end of the animal; in the subclass
1102:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1039:
888:
841:
813:
543:
531:
485:
473:
453:
449:
309:
299:
166:
100:
75:
922:
Although some species hatch directly into the adult form, many have a
2375:
2046:
1105:
as well, where they are caught on the coasts of Minh Chao island, in
909:
837:
777:
721:
717:
709:
685:
608:
573:
559:
547:
539:
313:
156:
2252:
2237:
931:
stage, that possesses a greatly enlarged metatroch (ciliated band).
2231:
1519:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 863–870.
663:
end of the trunk, a hardened caudal shield is sometimes present in
2362:
2203:"Women earn a living digging for peanut worms in northern Vietnam"
1101:
The worms, especially in dried form, are considered a delicacy in
1095:
1067:
1063:
967:
825:
799:
763:
705:
468:
characters. These phyla have been included in a larger group, the
465:
1327:
Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Murina, G.V.V.; Zenetos, A. (2014).
1555:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
1279:. Royale typographie militaire, aux dépens de l'auteur. p.
1134:
954:, gaining entrance in some way to the interior of the sea mouse
689:
588:
562:
546:, an outer layer of circular and an inner layer of longitudinal
2256:
840:
and in the empty tubes of other organisms, and some live among
2103:
Moysiuk,Joseph; Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2017).
1803:) in relation with geo-environmental characteristics." (2007).
306:
2349:
1799:
Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha, et al. "The distribution of peanut-worm (
1732:(Annelida, Fauveliopsidae): implications for eye evolution".
393:
1996:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
692:, located in the anterior third of the trunk. Digestion is
1597:
The
Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution
523:
A sipunculan with introvert everted (left) and retracted
1951:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1947:"Early Cambrian sipunculan worms from southwest China"
437:
used the word "Sipuncula" to describe the family (now
1334:. National Centre for Marine Research. Archived from
847:
They are common below the surface of the sediment on
2265:
1851:"Larval development and metamorphosis in Sipuncula"
599:, unlike the other groups of sipunculans which are
776:In some species, there are simple light-sensitive
1795:
1793:
1791:
1704:Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis
1627:Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis
998:in China. These fossils appear to belong to the
647:with the introvert emerging from its center. In
572:, the mouth is surrounded by a mass of 18 to 24
1329:"The phylum Sipuncula in the Mediterranean Sea"
875:. These reproduce asexually through transverse
534:(though unsegmented) in that it consists of an
1701:Australian Biological Resources Study (2000).
1624:Australian Biological Resources Study (2000).
651:the shield is a hardened, horny structure; in
1915:"Factors influencing larval metamorphosis in
975:, a sipunculan from the Silurian of Illinois.
452:, despite the complete lack of segmentation,
8:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1579:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1158:Shen, X.; Ma, X.; Ren, J.; Zhao, F. (2009).
2512:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
2170:"Peanut worm jelly: It's what's for dinner"
428:
420:
384:
372:
361:
348:
2253:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1322:
1320:
1153:
1151:
1023:, near Edinburgh, Scotland, dating to the
684:. At the termination of the gut coil, the
111:
31:
2168:Dorman, Jeremy Alban (16 December 2009).
1970:
1866:
1478:
1429:
1216:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1185:
1175:
712:, which contains the respiratory pigment
1759:
1757:
1755:
1619:
1617:
960:and sucking out its liquefied contents.
2232:Sipuncula in "Tree of Life web project"
2105:"Hyoliths are Palaeozoic lophophorates"
1816:Rice, Mary E.; Pilger, John F. (1988).
1811:
1809:
1600:. Cornell University Press. p. 5.
1273:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1814).
1147:
1111:
724:contains five types of coelomic cells:
433:in 1767. In 1814, the French zoologist
2227:Introduction to the Sipuncula, by UCMP
2197:
2195:
1572:
1559:. Cengage Learning. pp. 495–501.
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1459:Communicative and Integrative Biology
740:opening close to the anus, except in
27:Phylum of invertebrates, peanut worms
7:
2425:4554bec7-b7cd-4189-9c31-25fee2056b1a
2157:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1767:Encyclopedia of Marine Invertebrates
812:All sipunculid worms are marine and
897:, has been recorded as reproducing
704:Sipunculans do not have a vascular
2176:. Never yet melted. Archived from
1900:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00025.x
1412:Hausdorf, B.; et al. (2007).
312:. Sipuncula was once considered a
298:) is a class containing about 162
25:
2507:Extant Cambrian first appearances
1707:. Csiro Publishing. p. 383.
1630:. Csiro Publishing. p. 378.
1557:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
1121:A plate of Sipunculid worm jelly.
2008:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00651.x
1746:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2011.00226.x
1303:World Register of Marine Species
1253:World Register of Marine Species
1126:
1114:
513:
504:
344:List of bilaterial animal orders
133:
1418:Molecular Biology and Evolution
883:of vital body components, with
1594:Cutler, Edward Bayler (1994).
1455:"Sipunculans and segmentation"
550:. The body wall surrounds the
530:similar to that of most other
1:
2205:. Tuoi Tre News. 16 June 2018
1770:. TFH Publications. pp.
1243:Sipunculus (Sipunculus) nudus
1094:, and is also used for fish,
1062:) is a delicacy in southeast
1019:has been identified from the
891:. One species of sipunculan,
824:and inside the bones of dead
435:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
904:Most sipunculan species are
655:it is a calcareous cone; in
357:variant of the now-obsolete
2062:Scottish Journal of Geology
1239:Saiz-Salinas, José (2009).
768:Nervous system of Sipuncula
2528:
1923:Bulletin of Marine Science
1730:Fauveliopsis cf. adriatica
1515:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1214:Oxford Living Dictionaries
394:
368:, itself a variant of the
341:
1661:10.1007/s10750-004-4404-3
472:, that also includes the
460:, mostly on the basis of
419:first described the worm
204:
189:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
34:
1764:Walls, Jerry G. (1982).
1177:10.1186/1471-2164-10-136
796:Distribution and habitat
688:emerges and ends in the
579:, while in the subclass
2245:Encyclopædia Britannica
1058:Sipunculid worm jelly (
611:specializations of the
415:The Swedish naturalist
224:Order Phascolosomatida
2248:(11th ed.). 1911.
1963:10.1098/rspb.2004.2774
976:
809:
769:
429:
421:
385:
373:
362:
349:
213:Order Aspidosiphonida
2446:Paleobiology Database
2239:"Sipunculoidea"
1431:10.1093/molbev/msm214
971:
947:Thysanocardia procera
894:Themiste lageniformis
803:
786:bipolar sensory cells
767:
1888:Invertebrate Biology
1884:Apionsoma misakianum
1868:10.1093/icb/16.3.563
1734:Invertebrate Biology
1655:. 535/536: 277–296.
1517:Invertebrate Zoology
1471:10.4161/cib.2.1.7505
973:Lecthaylus gregarius
887:also reproducing by
866:Aspidosiphon elegans
828:. Some hide in kelp
556:hydrostatic skeleton
2132:10.1038/nature20804
2124:2017Natur.541..394M
2082:10.1144/sjg43010051
2074:2007ScJG...43...51M
2039:2010Geo....38..811C
1917:Golfingia misakiana
1913:Rice, M.E. (1986).
1849:Rice, M.E. (1976).
1383:10.1038/nature09864
1375:2011Natur.471...95S
1341:on 12 February 2019
1220:on 12 February 2019
899:parthenogenetically
872:Sipunculus robustus
832:, under tangles of
379:("little tube"), a
122:Thysanocardia nigra
2180:on 9 February 2019
1855:American Zoologist
1066:, originally from
1021:Granton Shrimp Bed
977:
957:Aphrodita aculeata
810:
770:
2502:Spiralian classes
2484:
2483:
2433:Open Tree of Life
2259:Taxon identifiers
2118:(7637): 394–397.
1781:978-0-86622-141-2
1714:978-0-643-06571-0
1637:978-0-643-06571-0
1607:978-0-8014-2843-2
1566:978-81-315-0104-7
1526:978-0-03-056747-6
1424:(12): 2723–2729.
950:is thought to be
916:Themiste pyroides
581:Phascolosomatidea
280:
279:
229:Phascolosomatidae
209:Phascolosomatidea
185:
16:(Redirected from
2519:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:10.1130/G31080.1
2018:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1957:(1549): 1671–6.
1942:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1823:. Archived from
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1801:Sipunculus nudus
1797:
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1107:Van Don District
1098:and vegetables.
1046:shells from the
996:Chengjiang biota
988:Cambrosipunculus
982:Archaeogolfingia
806:Sipunculus nudus
671:Digestive system
635:of the body. In
632:Aspidosiphonidae
591:. In the family
517:
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423:Sipunculus nudus
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292:sipunculid worms
218:Aspidosiphonidae
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38:Temporal range:
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677:digestive tract
673:
601:deposit feeders
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2221:External links
2219:
2217:
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2191:
2160:
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2052:
2033:(9): 811–814.
2013:
1986:
1932:
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991:appear in the
965:
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879:, followed by
860:
857:
853:coralline rock
797:
794:
782:chemoreception
761:
760:Nervous system
758:
722:coelomic fluid
701:
698:
694:extra-cellular
672:
669:
653:Lithacrosiphon
641:Lithacrosiphon
624:Lithacrosiphon
618:Three genera (
597:filter feeders
542:overlain by a
522:
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964:Fossil record
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462:developmental
459:
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417:Carl Linnaeus
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52:
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33:
30:
19:
2266:
2243:
2207:. Retrieved
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2173:
2163:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2068:(1): 51–56.
2065:
2061:
2055:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1954:
1950:
1926:
1922:
1919:(Sipuncula)"
1916:
1908:
1894:(1): 50–57.
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1800:
1766:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1652:
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1516:
1465:(1): 56–59.
1462:
1458:
1448:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1275:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1248:
1242:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1204:
1167:
1164:BMC Genomics
1163:
1100:
1057:
1037:
1014:
1004:
986:
980:
978:
972:
955:
945:
942:
928:
921:
914:
903:
892:
884:
881:regeneration
870:
864:
862:
859:Reproduction
846:
818:abyssal zone
811:
804:
790:fauveliopsid
775:
771:
750:
745:
741:
730:granulocytes
714:haemerythrin
703:
682:double helix
674:
665:Aspidosiphon
664:
656:
652:
649:Aspidosiphon
648:
644:
640:
637:Aspidosiphon
636:
627:
623:
620:Aspidosiphon
619:
617:
585:nuchal organ
570:Sipunculidea
567:
528:
478:ribbon worms
446:phylogenetic
443:
439:Sipunculidae
414:
401:
347:
334:
326:
318:
296:peanut worms
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
263:Sipunculidae
251:Golfingiidae
239:Sipunculidea
176:
120:
29:
2497:Sipunculans
2371:iNaturalist
2291:Wikispecies
1818:"Sipuncula"
1345:10 February
1309:27 February
1295:"Sipuncula"
1258:27 February
1224:10 February
1210:"Sipuncula"
1080:Philippines
1000:crown group
952:carnivorous
924:trochophore
885:S. robustus
849:tidal flats
700:Circulation
657:Cloeosiphon
645:Cloeosiphon
628:Cloeosiphon
593:Themistidae
548:musculature
375:siphunculus
304:unsegmented
288:Sipunculida
269:Themistidae
245:Golfingiida
2491:Categories
2209:9 February
2184:9 February
1834:6 February
1143:References
1048:Palaeozoic
1044:operculate
1016:Lecthaylus
746:Onchnesoma
742:Phascolion
734:peritoneum
726:haemocytes
605:oesophagus
381:diminutive
364:Sipunculus
359:genus name
342:See also:
330:planktonic
191:Subclasses
182:Rafinesque
18:Sipunculid
2324:Sipuncula
2311:Sipuncula
2297:Sipuncula
2267:Sipuncula
2090:131119101
2002:: 85–87.
1575:cite book
1033:Paleozoic
939:Behaviour
906:dioecious
836:, inside
830:holdfasts
822:seashells
754:epidermis
661:posterior
630:) in the
613:epidermis
609:chitinous
577:tentacles
536:epidermis
486:echiurans
350:Sipuncula
284:Sipuncula
237:Subclass
207:Subclass
177:Sipuncula
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
35:Sipuncula
2276:Wikidata
2152:Archived
2140:28077871
1981:15306286
1669:20948259
1489:19513266
1440:17921486
1391:21368831
1196:19327168
1078:region,
1072:Quanzhou
1040:hyoliths
1027:period.
1025:Silurian
993:Cambrian
908:. Their
834:eelgrass
574:ciliated
538:without
532:annelids
474:annelids
458:Mollusca
454:bristles
450:annelids
355:feminine
338:Taxonomy
321:anterior
199:families
167:Annelida
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
2282:Q205712
2148:4409157
2120:Bibcode
2070:Bibcode
2035:Bibcode
2027:Geology
1972:1691784
1772:255–262
1690:: 810a.
1480:2649304
1399:4428998
1371:Bibcode
1187:2667193
1170:: 136.
1103:Vietnam
1092:kinilaw
1088:kilawin
1084:ceviche
1076:Visayas
1070:, near
1054:As food
910:gametes
889:budding
877:fission
842:fouling
838:sponges
814:benthic
544:cuticle
496:Anatomy
427:in his
300:species
267:Family
261:Family
255:Family
249:Family
227:Family
216:Family
173:Class:
2461:230457
2458:uBio:
2438:377817
2422:NZOR:
2402:154520
2146:
2138:
2112:Nature
2088:
1979:
1969:
1778:
1711:
1667:
1634:
1604:
1563:
1523:
1487:
1477:
1438:
1397:
1389:
1363:Nature
1305:. 2018
1194:
1184:
1013:, and
826:whales
778:ocelli
720:. The
718:septum
710:coelom
686:rectum
563:kernel
560:peanut
552:coelom
476:, the
466:larval
402:síphōn
314:phylum
307:marine
243:Order
195:orders
184:, 1814
2469:WoRMS
2451:67166
2384:IRMNG
2376:48665
2155:(PDF)
2144:S2CID
2108:(PDF)
2086:S2CID
1828:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1665:S2CID
1395:S2CID
1339:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1299:WoRMS
1249:WoRMS
1096:conch
1068:Anhai
1064:China
706:blood
589:gills
540:cilia
396:σίφων
391:Greek
389:from
386:sipho
370:Latin
353:is a
2474:1268
2415:6433
2410:NCBI
2397:ITIS
2358:GBIF
2350:8871
2332:BOLD
2211:2019
2186:2019
2136:PMID
1977:PMID
1836:2019
1776:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1581:link
1561:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1485:PMID
1436:PMID
1387:PMID
1347:2019
1311:2019
1260:2019
1226:2019
1192:PMID
1135:Cebu
985:and
869:and
744:and
690:anus
675:The
639:and
626:and
488:and
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