480:
561:(being definitely a mutually unintelligible, different language for them, not just a dialect of their own). This difference from all their language relatives may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups: Sireniki Eskimos may have been in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries in the past, influenced especially by non-relative Chukchi.
43:
1226:
Sireniki had an unusual wide range of deictic distinctions between up to four distances (near, medial, far and out_of_view) which could be horizontal “una”>”igna”>”ikna”, vertical “mana”>”unygna”>”pikna”, marking a movement like approaching the speaker “ukna”, away from them “agna”,
2189:
An interesting feature: they can have person and number. The person of the dependent action need not coincide with that of the main action. An example (meant in the
British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):
2799:
The dependent action is expressed with an adverbial participle. The main action is conveyed by the verb. If also the main action is conditional (a typical usage), than it can be expressed with a verb of conditional mood. The persons need not coincide.
2130:
Sireniki has many kinds of participles in both categories. In the following, they will be listed, grouped by the relation between the “dependent action” and “main action” (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g.
1823:
makes it possible to build huge verbs whose meaning could be expressed (in most of widely known languages) as whole sentences (consisting of more words) . Sireniki – like the other Eskimo languages – has
2124:
1101:
a physical similarity exists between nominal and verbal personal suffix paradigms, i.e., in most cases, the respective person-number is expressed with the same sequence of phonemes at:
2166:, or expressed by the adjectival participle in the sentence element called attribute) relates somehow to the “main action” (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called
89:
2677:
Sireniki Eskimo has several adverbial participles to express that. We can distinguish them according to the concerned condition (conveyed by the dependent action): it may be
1546:
It is just an excerpt for illustration: not all cases are shown, Sirenik language has more grammatical cases. The table illustrates also why
Sirenik language is treated as
1227:
refer to conversational topics be they definite “ugna”>”k’amna”>oov “amna” or indefinite “k’akymna”>”k’agna”>oov “akymna” or describe sth in the past “imna”.
2670:
Dependent action is conditional: it does not takes place, although it would (either really, or provided that some—maybe irreal—conditions would hold). Confer also
4613:
4263:
1150:
Although person and number are expressed in a single suffix, sometimes it can be traced back to consist of a distinct person and a distinct number suffix.
2803:
An example (meant in the
British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):
3466:
2162:
In an analogous way, in
Sireniki Eskimo language, the "dependent action" (expressed by the adverbial participle in the sentence element called
869:
545:
relatives. The peculiarities amounted to mutual unintelligibility with even its nearest language relatives. This forced
Sirenik Eskimos to use
557:. Thus, any external contacts required using a different language for Sireniki Eskimos: they either resorted to use of lingua franca, or used
4120:
4090:
2120:
916:
4050:
1865:
900:
4603:
4039:
4013:
3417:
3014:
2992:
1574:
1087:
4588:
4256:
2135:) – following the terminology of Menovschikov (1964). A sentence with a participle can be imagined as simulating a subordinating
793:
734:
529:
to those in
Siberian Yupik. Also, the grammar has several peculiarities compared to other Eskimo languages, and even compared to
4463:
2136:
777:
473:
334:
1414:
of nouns are marked by suffixes, but also the person of possessor (use of possessive pronouns in
English) can be expressed by
3616:
4083:
Bicultural
Education in the North: Ways of Preserving and Enhancing Indigenous Peoples' Languages and Traditional Knowledge
1161:
can make a distinction in 3rd person for “self”, thus the mere personal suffix (of the verb or noun) can distinguish e.g.
993:
988:
876:
569:
Although the number of its speakers was very few even at the end of the nineteenth century, the language had at least two
1078:
Although morphology will be treated grouped into a nominal and a verbal part, many Eskimo languages show features which “
4593:
3403:
826:
785:
320:
4598:
4473:
4249:
4199:
4163:
4146:
3034:
1849:
1829:
981:
976:
590:
262:
Transcribed with
Cyrillic in old monographs (extended with diacritics), but new publications may appear also romanised
1211:
538:
385:
472:
This article is based on
Menovschikov (1964), with cited examples transliterated from Cyrillic transcription to the
4451:
2785:
1037:
1032:
907:
808:
727:
720:
4456:
4446:
4441:
3571:
3366:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1199:
801:
534:
397:
1091:
1063:
1005:
1000:
748:
694:
344:
68:
3440:
1182:. This notion concerns also other concepts in building larger parts of the sentence and the text, see section
3597:
2170:), and the participles will be listed below grouped by this relation (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g.
4608:
4515:
4508:
3310:
1215:
844:
741:
558:
542:
515:
437:
296:
235:
230:
3288:
3284:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3195:
3191:
3136:
3080:
3067:
3029:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2902:
2887:
2883:
2862:
2848:
2829:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2652:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2595:
2580:
2566:
2548:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2485:
2470:
2456:
2438:
2421:
2412:
2388:
2384:
2354:
2349:
2319:
2314:
2296:
2291:
2263:
2259:
2229:
2199:
2112:
2068:
2052:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1845:
1833:
1825:
1794:
1773:
1752:
1537:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1423:
1393:
1383:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1308:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1236:
1050:
936:
929:
837:
586:
582:
240:
85:
4480:
4292:
3474:
2938:
They can be used not only in attributive role (as in the above examples), but also in predicative role:
2108:
2100:
1079:
854:
663:
656:
2258:
An adverbial participle “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” is expressed by suffix -
2392:
4340:
4318:
2671:
2096:
1884:
1853:
1660:
1207:
1132:
4521:
4399:
2963:
2400:
2171:
2167:
2132:
1960:
763:
714:
479:
445:
522:
of Sireniki language is not settled yet, and some others regard it belonging to the Yupik branch.
4272:
4075:
3140:
2144:
1916:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1558:
1195:
1140:
1136:
672:
616:
526:
393:
194:
4404:
4537:
4116:
4086:
4035:
4009:
3413:
3178:
3024:
2104:
2038:
2026:
1852:
features mentioned above manifest themselves in most of the ways Sirenik language can express
1703:
1604:
1551:
1464:
1179:
1104:
890:
818:
649:
636:
621:
457:
is the endonym for the eponymous settlement of Sireniki. The endonym for the people itself is
2399:) finishes just before the main action (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called
4468:
4436:
4411:
4382:
4377:
4328:
4323:
4228:
4062:
2183:
2152:
2148:
2140:
1734:
1687:
1632:
1144:
1067:
631:
611:
546:
441:
429:
421:
413:
199:
174:
4172:
4076:"Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka"
4024:
3998:
3584:
4527:
4428:
4387:
4367:
4310:
3019:
2966:(than to the relation of dependent action and main action). It conveys meaning “able to”.
2156:
2116:
1691:
1608:
1584:
1441:
643:
626:
519:
511:
507:
503:
433:
204:
186:
167:
31:
4051:"Integrating Syntax and Pragmatics: Word Order and Transitivity Variations in Tunumiisut"
3633:
2995:. For English-language materials treating this feature of Sireniki, see Vakhtin's book,
4559:
4286:
3039:
3004:
2056:
710:
554:
530:
409:
405:
255:
3215:- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” exemplified in another usage.
2788:. Sireniki can compress it into an adverbial participle: it is expressed with suffix -
312:
4582:
4542:
4532:
2022:
1808:
1699:
1641:
1623:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1547:
1525:
1506:
1460:
1415:
958:
859:
768:
685:
550:
289:
156:
98:
58:
4025:"Contemporary Studies of the Eskimo–Aleut Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report"
4416:
4392:
4357:
1664:
755:
78:
2083:
all of them are expressed by agglutination, thus, no separate words are required.
4217:"Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection"
3620:
325:
4372:
4196:
Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect
3410:
The Language of the Sirenik Eskimos: Texts, Grammatical and Dictionary materials
3355:
2527:
dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end
1628:
1618:
1614:
1487:
1483:
1115:
nomenverbum-like roots, becoming nominal or verbal only via the suffix they get;
970:
953:
2907:
person-number suffix for adverbial participles in the intransitive conjugation
2407:
Dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end
1168:“He/she takes his/her own dog” versus “He/she takes the dog of another person”.
3339:
3334:
2684:
or irreal (it would take place only if some other irreal condition would hold)
2092:
1964:
1562:
1411:
1158:
1024:
963:
3423:
4345:
4335:
2396:
2163:
1013:
305:
273:
1178:
Thus, it can be translated into English (and some other languages) using a
1174:“He/she sees himself/herself” versus “He/she sees him/her (another person)”
2538:
person-number suffix for adverbial participle in intransitive conjugation
514:
groups (see a visual representation by tree and an argumentation based on
280:
4362:
4112:
3093:
1820:
1387:
453:
389:
352:
340:
135:
4160:
Language of Sirenik Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary
4156:Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь
3405:Язык сиреникских эскимосов: Тексты, грамматические и словарные материалы
4350:
1376:
570:
348:
17:
3561:
2391:-, the dependent action (expressed by the adverbial participle in the
1206:. Sireniki is, as mentioned above, peculiar in this aspect, alongside
502:
Some argue that the Sirenik language is a remnant of a third group of
4241:
4233:
4216:
3009:
1714:
of subject and object. Some examples (far from being comprehensive):
1203:
401:
146:
1678:
in a similar way as we use expressions like "on top of" in English.
4066:
3452:
1648:
To see why a single case can play such distinct roles at all, read
3601:
3314:
2182:
They can be translated into English e.g. by using an appropriate
1686:
Also at verbs, the morphology is very rich. Suffixes can express
1118:
Eskimo texts abound in various kinds of participles (see section
1890:
An example for negative polarity: the negation form of the verb
1194:
Although other Eskimo languages know more than the familiar two
4245:
3505:
3503:
3748:
3746:
3697:
3695:
3682:
3680:
3667:
3665:
3057:
Person and number in a single suffix, or in two distinct ones.
36:
4569:
2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch
4192:Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект)
3274:
Attribute versus predicative usage of adjectival participles.
3265:
Adverbial participles conveying conditional dependent action.
3532:
3530:
2266:- (followed by appropriate person-number suffix). Examples:
159:
region, mixed populations in settlements Sireniki and Imtuk
351:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4566:
1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects
3235:- (dependent action ends just before main action begins).
3198:- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action”.
2220:
Another example (with a different adverbial participle):
1875:
See also Nicole Tersis and Shirley Carter-Thomas (2005).
483:
The Yupik settlement of Sireniki (the red and yellow dot)
3378:
3376:
3374:
2977:(A child who is able to walk moves around spontaneously)
4049:
Tersis, Nicole; Carter-Thomas, Shirley (October 2005).
3598:"Alaska Native Language Relationships and Family Trees"
3356:
OLAC resources in and about the Sirenik Yupik language
1307:
Predicative form of a noun can be built using suffix -
428:), died. Ever since that point, the language has been
2021:
The table illustrates also why Sirenik is treated as
2379:
Dependent action ends just before main action begins
1667:. Most of them are built as a combinations of cases
4500:
4427:
4309:
4302:
4279:
4185:] (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 81–84.
4023:Menovshchikov, Georgy (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1990).
3848:
3244:
Intransitive conjugation of adverbial participles -
2422:/nukɨl̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨmaninɨqȷ̊amiqamt͡ʃɨnitiɣɨmɨra(x)/
1422:Excerpt from cases and personal possessive form of
1183:
464:
458:
319:
303:
287:
271:
266:
252:
223:
183:
173:
163:
152:
142:
130:
120:
4139:Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая
2681:either real (possible to take place in the future)
2335:Another example, with a somewhat different usage:
2115:for detailed description of these concepts; or in
1967:like "want to", "wish to" etc. do not even exist:
4143:Grammar of the Language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I.
2991:Sireniki is (just like many Eskimo languages) an
2810:/mɨŋaiŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma,ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/
2659:when he/she sings, they keep frightening him/her
2200:/mɨŋaiŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma,ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/
2186:. There are many of them, with various meanings.
1887:can be expressed by adding a suffix to the verb.
593:features (just like the other Eskimo languages).
84:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3619:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from
3600:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from
2874:
2143:relates somehow to the action described in the
3449:Support for Siberian Indigenous Peoples Rights
2869:
2250:They will be discussed in more details below.
1580:Cases (listed using Menovščikov's numbering):
525:Many words are formed from entirely different
4257:
4085:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 159–173.
4055:International Journal of American Linguistics
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3752:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3686:
3671:
3656:
3536:
3521:
3509:
3494:
3223:
3221:
2816:If I were a marksman, we should kill walrus.
2701:-, let us see e.g. a paradigm beginning with
388:. It was spoken in and around the village of
8:
4183:Languages of the world: Paleoasian languages
3412:] (in Russian). Munchen: Lincom-Europa.
2588:singular, 3rd person, self: “his/her own …”
1143:) are applicable to both verbal and nominal
1066:is rather complex. A description grouped by
537:is not known in Sireniki Eskimo, while most
2926:/imtuɡnuaʁaqt͡ʃɨχqɨmɨl̥ɨʁaχutɨχt͡ʃɨmɨt͡ʃɨχ/
2153:reason, purpose, condition, succession etc.
4306:
4264:
4250:
4242:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
928:Some consonants can be palatalized, e.g.:
541:have dual, including even its neighboring
117:
4232:
2254:Reason, purpose or circumstance of action
1674:combined with relative (used as genitive)
1082:” any such groupings in several aspects:
408:has been a long process, ending in total
4198:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
4162:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
4145:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
3896:
3764:
3174:
3172:
2827:
2805:
2711:
2648:
2593:
2546:
2483:
2436:
2428:the boy, going out , took his sledge )
2417:
2337:
2268:
2222:
2192:
2103:) makes sense in Sireniki (just like in
1969:
1869:
1716:
1589:Relative case, playing the role of both
1420:
1313:
1241:
1095:
947:
605:
478:
3548:
3435:
3433:
3382:
3302:
3050:
2893:the suffix of the adverbial participle
2524:the suffix of the adverbial participle
345:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3644:
3445:Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири
3153:
3151:
3149:
3122:
3120:
1832:features, in many forms, among others
452:
134:
4614:Languages extinct in the 20th century
4177:[Sireniki Eskimo language].
4008:. Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 131–158.
2714:
2640:past tense (not the “near past” one)
1251:Indicative mood, singular 3rd person
1090:structure at verbs is similar to the
1062:Like all other Eskimo languages, the
179:1997, with the death of Valentina Wye
7:
3079:Predicative form of a noun (suffix -
2962:conveys a meaning related rather to
463:"Sirenikites"; the singular form is
448:report up to 5 speakers of Sirenik.
444:. Despite this, censuses as late as
4034:. Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 69–76.
3999:"The Language of the Alaskan Inuit"
2091:A distinction between two kinds of
3634:Ethnologue Report for Eskimo–Aleut
3451:] (in Russian). Archived from
2139:where the action described in the
1239:- meaning “to be similar to sth”:
1202:, Sireniki uses only singular and
74:for transliterated languages, and
54:of its non-English content, using
25:
4109:Die seltsamsten Sprachen der Welt
3367:Sireniki Yupik Sea-Ice Dictionary
3070:- meaning “to be similar to sth”.
2653:/ɨ̆l̥tɨʁinɨqȷ̊an,upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/
2230:/ɨ̆l̥tɨʁinɨqȷ̊an,upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/
1036:
1031:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
980:
975:
935:Sounds are heard as variants of
915:
906:
899:
875:
868:
843:
836:
825:
807:
800:
792:
784:
776:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
693:
671:
662:
655:
4179:Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки
4030:. In Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.).
4004:. In Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.).
2383:Using the adverbial participle -
2159:can express many meanings, too.
1119:
1094:structure at nouns (see section
92:may also be used - notably
41:
4200:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
4164:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
4147:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
3849:Tersis & Carter-Thomas 2005
2541:subject of singular 3rd person
2411:It can be expressed by suffix -
1184:#Usage of third person suffixes
474:International Phonetic Alphabet
416:of the language, a woman named
4032:Arctic Languages. An Awakening
4006:Arctic Languages. An Awakening
2921:There are more kinds of them.
1963:can be expressed by suffixes.
1671:lative or locative or ablative
1222:Deictic demonstrative pronouns
1218:relatives having dual number.
90:multilingual support templates
1:
4154:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1964).
4137:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1962).
3617:"Comparative Yupik and Inuit"
2870:building a verb out of a noun
2693:It is expressed with suffix -
2079:s Kitugi go to the reindeer.)
2059:which is spoken by Ungazigmit
1127:Common grammatical categories
27:Extinct Eskimo–Aleut language
4171:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1997).
3997:Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1990).
3015:Ergative–absolutive language
2993:ergative–absolutive language
2830:/iŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma/
2585:possessive suffix for nouns
1575:absolutive–ergative language
1214:, with even its neighboring
1212:Eskimo–Aleut language family
4215:Krauss, E. Michael (2005).
3035:Incorporation (linguistics)
2975:pijɨxtɨqɨχtɨχ l̥mɨnɨŋ/
2932:/juɣqavɨl̥ɨʁɨχnɨŋɨsɨmɨrɨqa/
2709:(if you get off / depart):
2073:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ʁakɨtuɣiqurŋi-nu/
1971:Suffix -jux- (to want to):
520:genealogical classification
4630:
4174:Сиреникских эскимосов язык
2786:counterfactual conditional
2457:/nuˈkɨ l̥piɣˈt͡ʃɨʁaχ/
2439:/nukɨ l̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨm/
1401:Nominal lexical categories
1303:Predicative form of a noun
555:neighboring Eskimo peoples
465:
459:
29:
4604:Extinct languages of Asia
4551:
4190:Rubtsova, E. S. (1954).
4107:Haarmann, Harald (2021).
4081:. In Erich Kasten (ed.).
4074:Vakhtin, Nikolai (1998).
3572:Inuit Circumpolar Council
3105:Personal possessive form.
2729:
2716:
2705:(if I get off / depart);
2326:(he/she) having stood up
2310:
2287:
2274:
2271:
2244:keep frightening him/her
1868:. (Remember also section
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1682:Verbal lexical categories
1650:morphosyntactic alignment
1322:
1319:
1316:
1248:Becomes verbal by suffix
1231:Building verbs from nouns
986:
853:
762:
709:
642:
608:
425:
398:Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
331:
125:
4191:
4178:
4173:
4155:
4138:
3562:
3402:Николай Вахтин (2000).
3126:Negation form of a verb.
2934:(I saw a sleeping man.)
2822:The example in details:
559:Siberian Yupik languages
4589:Agglutinative languages
3345:(subscription required)
3283:Adjectival participle -
2954:Adjectival participle -
2928:(The sledge returned.)
2832:(if I were a marksman)
2224:“he/she” versus “they”
1907:(the man does not walk)
516:comparative linguistics
412:. In January 1997, the
3227:Adverbial participle -
3207:Adverbial participle -
3190:Adverbial participle -
3030:Polysynthetic language
2945:(The man is sleeping.)
2917:Adjectival participles
2621:he/she took something
1854:grammatical categories
1840:Grammatical categories
1834:polypersonal agreement
1702:), and also negation,
1654:a short table about it
1406:Grammatical categories
1133:grammatical categories
583:morphological typology
539:Eskimo–Aleut languages
518:). In fact, the exact
484:
333:This article contains
126:Сиӷы́ных, Uqeghllistun
2341:Adverbial participle
2280:Adverbial participle
2178:Adverbial participles
2101:adjectival participle
1999:/aftalʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
1753:/aʁaʁɨ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-mkɨn/
1661:grammatical functions
482:
386:Eskimo–Aleut language
4221:Études/Inuit/Studies
2672:conditional sentence
2303:(I) having stood up
2097:adverbial participle
1899:/juɣaʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/
1885:grammatical polarity
1870:#Ergative–absolutive
1864:For background, see
1805:Singular 1st person
1802:Singular 2nd person
1784:Singular 2nd person
1781:Singular 1st person
1763:Singular 2nd person
1760:Singular 1st person
1663:are expressed using
1396:(I travel to Imtuk.)
1331:Singular 3rd person
1328:Singular 2nd person
1096:#Ergative–absolutive
88:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
52:specify the language
50:This article should
30:For the people, see
4594:Languages of Russia
4522:Inuktitut syllabics
4474:St. Lawrence Island
3899:, pp. 121–123.
3443:[Eskimos].
3317:on 10 December 2012
2987:Ergative–absolutive
2910:subject 1st person
2833:
2598:
2551:
2488:
2486:/aninɨq ȷ̊ami/
2441:
2225:
2214:should kill walrus
2195:
1972:
1961:linguistic modality
1427:
1196:grammatical numbers
1105:possessive suffixes
1053:may also range to .
553:when speaking with
414:last native speaker
4599:Eskaleut languages
4273:Eskaleut languages
3981:Menovshchikov 1964
3969:Menovshchikov 1964
3957:Menovshchikov 1964
3945:Menovshchikov 1964
3933:Menovshchikov 1964
3921:Menovshchikov 1964
3909:Menovshchikov 1964
3885:Menovshchikov 1964
3873:Menovshchikov 1964
3861:Menovshchikov 1964
3837:Menovshchikov 1964
3825:Menovshchikov 1964
3813:Menovshchikov 1964
3801:Menovshchikov 1964
3789:Menovshchikov 1964
3777:Menovshchikov 1964
3753:Menovshchikov 1964
3738:Menovshchikov 1964
3726:Menovshchikov 1962
3714:Menovshchikov 1964
3702:Menovshchikov 1990
3687:Menovshchikov 1964
3672:Menovshchikov 1964
3657:Menovshchikov 1964
3585:Menovshchikov 1997
3537:Menovshchikov 1964
3522:Menovshchikov 1964
3510:Menovshchikov 1964
3495:Menovshchikov 1964
3179:Grammatical voices
2828:
2825:Dependent action:
2594:
2547:
2484:
2437:
2361:To examine him/her
2223:
2193:
2041:are mentioned in:
2039:grammatical voices
1970:
1917:Grammatical aspect
1813:Negative polarity
1799:Don't you see me?
1731:Person, number of
1726:Grammatical notes
1690:of the verb (e.g.
1559:grammatical gender
1540:(like your child)
1478:(from your child)
1421:
1394:/imtux-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
1145:lexical categories
1074:Nominal and verbal
1068:lexical categories
485:
454:[siˈʁənəx]
394:Chukotka Peninsula
231:Proto-Eskimo–Aleut
136:[siˈʁənəx]
96:for Sirenik Yupik.
4576:
4575:
4560:extinct languages
4538:Kaktovik numerals
4496:
4495:
4408:
4122:978-3-406-76726-5
4092:978-3-89325-651-8
3959:, pp. 92–93.
3935:, pp. 91–92.
3911:, pp. 90–91.
3887:, pp. 78–80.
3815:, pp. 44–45.
3791:, pp. 66–67.
3615:Lawrence Kaplan.
3343:(18th ed., 2015)
3092:Verbs built from
3025:Intransitive verb
2914:
2913:
2896:irreal condition
2820:
2819:
2777:
2776:
2663:
2662:
2646:Another example:
2644:
2643:
2592:
2591:
2545:
2544:
2482:
2481:
2432:
2431:
2376:
2375:
2333:
2332:
2248:
2247:
2218:
2217:
2210:were a marksman,
2147:. In English, an
2137:compound sentence
2113:melléknévi igenév
2019:
2018:
1817:
1816:
1774:/aʁaʁɨ-ɕuk-ɨ-mɕi/
1688:grammatical moods
1544:
1543:
1412:grammatical cases
1375:Verbs built from
1372:
1371:
1320:Predicative form
1300:
1299:
1198:, by having also
1180:reflexive pronoun
1165:a nominal example
1046:
1045:
925:
924:
893:
862:
821:
771:
688:
652:
506:, in addition to
420:(Valentina Wye) (
359:
358:
341:rendering support
337:phonetic symbols.
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4621:
4524:(writing system)
4464:Central Siberian
4402:
4378:Kangiryuarmiutun
4307:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4234:10.7202/013938ar
4227:(1–2): 163–185.
4203:
4186:
4167:
4150:
4126:
4096:
4080:
4070:
4045:
4029:
4019:
4003:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3473:. Archived from
3463:
3457:
3456:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3422:. Archived from
3399:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3313:. Archived from
3307:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3144:
3139:for slow action
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3055:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2875:predicative form
2864:
2850:
2834:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2654:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2568:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2505:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2458:
2442:
2440:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2393:sentence element
2390:
2386:
2365:(another being)
2356:
2351:
2338:
2321:
2316:
2298:
2293:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2231:
2226:
2201:
2196:
2194:“I” versus “we”
2184:adverbial clause
2149:adverbial clause
2141:dependent clause
2109:határozói igenév
2074:
2055:that variant of
2054:
2010:
2000:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1949:
1941:
1929:
1906:
1905:/juɣaʁaʁ-ɨ-tɨ-χ/
1900:
1893:
1819:The rich set of
1796:
1795:/nɨŋɨ-sɨɣɨŋ-sɨn/
1778:Let me lead you
1775:
1754:
1717:
1633:Prosecutive case
1561:(or gender-like
1539:
1534:(like my child)
1533:
1520:(at your child)
1519:
1513:
1501:(to your child)
1500:
1494:
1477:
1472:(from my child)
1471:
1454:
1448:
1436:Sing 2nd person
1433:Sing 1st person
1428:
1425:
1395:
1385:
1368:he/she is a man
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1314:
1310:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1171:a verbal example
1110:verbal suffixes;
1052:
1040:
1035:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
948:
938:
931:
919:
910:
903:
891:
879:
872:
860:
847:
840:
829:
819:
811:
804:
796:
788:
780:
769:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
697:
684:
675:
666:
659:
648:
606:
504:Eskimo languages
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
432:; nowadays, all
427:
315:
299:
283:
276:
258:
189:
138:
118:
111:
108:
102:
95:
83:
77:
73:
67:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4547:
4528:Inuit phonology
4492:
4442:Central Alaskan
4423:
4405:Iñupiaq Braille
4298:
4275:
4270:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4136:
4123:
4106:
4093:
4078:
4073:
4048:
4042:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4001:
3996:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:, pp. 6–7.
3712:
3708:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3564:
3563:Языки эскимосов
3560:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3420:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3254:/inɨq ȷ̊a/
3243:
3239:
3226:
3219:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3147:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3020:Transitive verb
3001:
2989:
2984:
2952:
2943:/juɣqavɨl̥ɨʁɨχ/
2919:
2782:
2757:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pɨɕi/
2691:
2668:
2519:/inɨq ȷ̊a/
2409:
2381:
2371:
2364:
2329:he/she went in
2297:itχɨ-mɨ-t͡ʃɨ-ŋ/
2256:
2180:
2157:relative clause
2089:
2062:middle (medial)
2035:
1957:
1914:
1901:(the man walks)
1881:
1862:
1842:
1684:
1607:, used also in
1573:Sireniki is an
1571:
1408:
1403:
1380:
1305:
1233:
1224:
1192:
1156:
1129:
1076:
1060:
946:
604:
599:
579:
567:
533:. For example,
500:
495:
490:
460:сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷий
434:Sirenik Eskimos
339:Without proper
311:
295:
292:
279:
272:
259:
254:
248:
226:
219:
190:
187:Language family
185:
168:Sirenik Eskimos
112:
106:
103:
97:
93:
81:
75:
71:
69:transliteration
65:
61:
55:
46:
42:
35:
32:Sirenik Eskimos
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4609:Siberian Yupik
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4516:Proto-Eskimoan
4512:
4509:Proto-Eskaleut
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4452:Nunivak Cup'ig
4449:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4210:
4209:External links
4207:
4205:
4204:
4187:
4168:
4151:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4071:
4067:10.1086/501248
4061:(4): 473–500.
4046:
4040:
4020:
4014:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3691:
3676:
3661:
3649:
3647:, p. 136.
3637:
3626:
3623:on 2011-08-05.
3607:
3604:on 2011-04-29.
3588:
3577:
3570:(in Russian).
3553:
3551:, p. 161.
3541:
3526:
3514:
3512:, p. 195.
3499:
3487:
3458:
3455:on 2007-08-30.
3429:
3426:on 2007-09-10.
3418:
3387:
3385:, p. 162.
3370:
3359:
3348:
3327:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3237:
3217:
3200:
3183:
3168:
3166:Present tense.
3159:
3145:
3128:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:Language death
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Siberian Yupik
3000:
2997:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mɨŋ/
2769:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mta/
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2478:relative case
2476:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2408:
2405:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2179:
2176:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:Siberian Yupik
2049:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2017:
2016:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1880:
1877:
1861:
1858:
1841:
1838:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1598:
1587:
1570:
1567:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:(comparative)
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:(at my child)
1509:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:(to my child)
1490:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:you are a man
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1216:Siberian Yupik
1191:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1075:
1072:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
942:
941:
940:
933:
923:
922:
920:
913:
911:
904:
897:
895:
887:
886:
884:
882:
880:
873:
866:
864:
857:
851:
850:
848:
841:
834:
832:
830:
823:
815:
814:
812:
805:
798:
789:
782:
773:
766:
760:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
707:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
691:
689:
681:
680:
678:
676:
669:
667:
660:
653:
646:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
578:
575:
566:
563:
543:Siberian Yupik
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Classification
486:
466:сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷа
438:Siberian Yupik
410:language death
406:language shift
392:(Сиреники) in
384:is an extinct
366:Sireniki Yupik
357:
356:
343:, you may see
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
309:
301:
300:
293:
288:
285:
284:
277:
269:
268:
267:Language codes
264:
263:
260:
256:Writing system
253:
250:
249:
247:
246:
245:
244:
229:
227:
224:
221:
220:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
193:
191:
184:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:Native to
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
107:September 2024
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4626:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4543:Yugtun script
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Inuit grammar
4531:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:Chevak Cup’ik
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4111:(in German).
4110:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4041:92-3-102661-5
4037:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4015:92-3-102661-5
4011:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3983:, p. 97.
3982:
3977:
3974:
3971:, p. 95.
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3947:, p. 91.
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3923:, p. 99.
3922:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:Rubtsova 1954
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3875:, p. 68.
3874:
3869:
3866:
3863:, p. 72.
3862:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3839:, p. 89.
3838:
3833:
3830:
3827:, p. 86.
3826:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3803:, p. 67.
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:, p. 66.
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:Haarmann 2021
3761:
3758:
3755:, p. 61.
3754:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3728:, p. 11.
3727:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3704:, p. 70.
3703:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:, p. 81.
3688:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3674:, p. 38.
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:, p. 42.
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3596:Gary Holton.
3592:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:, p. 31.
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3477:on 2018-02-06
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3419:9783895869518
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3241:
3238:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3204:
3201:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2779:
2770:
2767:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mi/
2765:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2752:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/
2750:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2737:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2707:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/
2703:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/
2688:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2639:
2637:tense suffix
2636:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:/tiɣɨmɨra(x)/
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:-. Examples:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2378:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:itχɨ-mɨ-tɨ-χ/
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2069:/malikamaʁaχ-
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2025:(rather than
2024:
2023:agglutinative
2014:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:incorporative
1847:
1846:polysynthetic
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:incorporative
1827:
1826:polysynthetic
1822:
1812:
1810:
1809:Interrogative
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:interrogative
1693:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:postpositions
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1644:(comparative)
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:ergative case
1592:
1591:genitive case
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1550:(rather than
1549:
1548:agglutinative
1536:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:(your child)
1451:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1416:agglutination
1413:
1410:Not only the
1405:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1348:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨtɨn/
1346:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:, within the
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
995:
990:
983:
978:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:
943:
934:
927:
926:
921:
918:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
865:
863:
858:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
835:
833:
831:
828:
824:
822:
817:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
705:
703:
701:
699:
696:
692:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
677:
674:
670:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
645:
641:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
601:
596:
594:
592:
591:incorporative
588:
587:polysynthetic
584:
576:
574:
573:in the past.
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:lingua franca
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
492:
487:
481:
477:
475:
470:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Sirenik Yupik
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
336:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
290:Linguist List
286:
282:
278:
275:
270:
265:
261:
257:
251:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
228:
222:
212:
209:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
182:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
157:Bering Strait
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:Pronunciation
129:
124:
119:
110:
100:
91:
87:
80:
70:
60:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4555:
4514:
4507:
4486:
4485:
4417:Uummarmiutun
4393:Utkuhiksalik
4358:Inuvialuktun
4341:North Baffin
4293:Mednyj Aleut
4291:
4224:
4220:
4195:
4182:
4159:
4142:
4108:
4082:
4058:
4054:
4031:
4005:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3740:, p. 9.
3733:
3721:
3709:
3652:
3640:
3629:
3621:the original
3610:
3602:the original
3591:
3580:
3568:ICC Chukotka
3567:
3556:
3549:Vakhtin 1998
3544:
3517:
3497:, p. 7.
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:the original
3470:
3461:
3453:the original
3448:
3444:
3424:the original
3409:
3404:
3383:Vakhtin 1998
3362:
3351:
3338:
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:the original
3305:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3240:
3203:
3186:
3162:
3131:
3110:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3053:
2990:
2972:
2971:/taŋaʁaχpijɨ
2953:
2937:
2920:
2849:/iŋˈɨːjaxta/
2824:
2821:
2802:
2798:
2783:
2692:
2676:
2669:
2645:
2475:case suffix
2433:
2410:
2382:
2350:/nɨŋitul̥ɨku
2334:
2315:/jɨfkɨ-lɨ-mi
2292:/jɨfkɨ-lɨ-ma
2257:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2188:
2181:
2161:
2151:may express
2129:
2121:деепричастие
2090:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2036:
2020:
2012:
2009:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
2006:
1990:
1984:
1958:
1943:
1940:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/
1937:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1866:transitivity
1863:
1860:Transitivity
1843:
1818:
1685:
1677:
1658:
1647:
1637:"motion via"
1605:Instrumental
1579:
1572:
1557:There is no
1556:
1545:
1538:/taŋaχpɨtɨn/
1476:/taŋaχpɨnɨŋ/
1465:Instrumental
1409:
1362:to be a man
1306:
1293:
1286:
1273:
1272:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-
1263:
1262:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-
1257:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux/
1234:
1225:
1193:
1177:
1157:
1149:
1130:
1120:#Participles
1077:
1061:
580:
568:
524:
501:
493:Genealogical
471:
450:
417:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
332:
304:
236:Proto-Eskimo
210:
104:
86:ISO 639 code
82:}}
76:{{
72:}}
66:{{
62:}}
56:{{
51:
4373:Inuinnaqtun
4324:Kalaallisut
4319:Greenlandic
3767:, p. .
3645:Kaplan 1990
3114:Imperative.
2666:Conditional
2549:/qamt͡ʃɨni/
2145:main clause
2093:participles
2087:Participles
1977:/aftalʁaχ-/
1965:Modal verbs
1787:Imperative
1766:Indicative
1757:I lead you
1659:Some finer
1652:, and also
1631:, see also
1629:Vialis case
1611:structures.
1518:/taŋaχpɨni/
1499:/taŋaχpɨnu/
1449:(my child)
1353:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨχ/
1296:to a raven
1289:to a raven
1208:Greenlandic
855:Approximant
581:As for its
577:Typological
535:dual number
382:Sirenikskiy
370:Old Sirenik
347:instead of
241:Proto-Yupik
225:Early forms
4583:Categories
3481:2024-07-04
3467:"tab6.xls"
3441:"ЭСКИМОСЫ"
3340:Ethnologue
3321:2024-03-07
3298:References
3291:(able to).
2888:/majɨqɨɣɨ/
2884:/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/
2843:Semantics
2837:Phonology
2794:/majɨqɨɣɨ/
2790:/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/
2614:/tɨɣɨˈraχ/
2608:Semantics
2602:Phonology
2567:/ˈqamt͡ʃa/
2561:Semantics
2555:Phonology
2498:Semantics
2492:Phonology
2451:Semantics
2445:Phonology
2403:) begins.
2306:I went in
2005:/aftalʁaʁ-
1983:/aftalʁaʁ-
1979:(to work)
1948:/aftalʁa-/
1942:(he works
1720:Phonology
1692:imperative
1609:accusative
1585:Absolutive
1563:noun class
1532:/taŋamtɨn/
1470:/taŋamnɨŋ/
1442:Absolutive
1342:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨ/
1292:he/she is
1107:(at nouns)
1092:possessive
1064:morphology
1058:Morphology
602:Consonants
326:Sirenikski
4558:indicate
4346:Inuttitut
4336:Inuktitut
3311:"Sirenik"
3157:Modality.
3137:/qɨstaχ-/
2856:marksman
2722:Singular
2413:/inɨqȷ̊a/
2401:predicate
2397:adverbial
2355:pɨjɨkɨŋa/
2275:Sentence
2168:predicate
2164:adverbial
2125:причастие
2105:Hungarian
2065:causative
2015:to work)
2001:(I work)
1993:to work)
1950:(to work)
1936:/aftalʁa-
1930:(to work
1924:/aftalʁa-
1894:(to go):
1883:Even the
1821:morphemes
1565:system).
1512:/taŋamni/
1493:/taŋamnu/
1453:/taŋaʁɨn/
1323:Examples
1159:Paradigms
1070:follows.
861:voiceless
770:voiceless
764:Fricative
715:Affricate
686:voiceless
597:Phonology
585:, it has
451:Сиӷы́ных
306:Glottolog
274:ISO 639-3
164:Ethnicity
4501:See also
4469:Chaplino
4412:Qawiaraq
4388:Netsilik
4383:Kivalliq
4363:Siglitun
4329:Tunumiit
4303:Eskimoan
4113:C.H.Beck
3135:Suffix -
3094:toponyms
3066:Suffix -
2999:See also
2964:modality
2950:Modality
2877:of noun
2311:3rd—3rd
2288:1st—1st
2272:Persons
2172:modality
2155:, and a
2133:modality
2075:(Malika
2027:fusional
1955:Modality
1946:), from
1879:Polarity
1744:subject
1723:Meaning
1700:optative
1642:Equative
1624:Locative
1601:Ablative
1552:fusional
1526:Equative
1507:Locative
1461:Ablative
1447:/taŋaqa/
1426:(child)
1390:: Imtuk)
1377:toponyms
1235:Suffix -
1088:ergative
1080:crosscut
617:Alveolar
571:dialects
565:Internal
498:External
390:Sireniki
353:Help:IPA
313:sire1246
195:Eskaleut
4556:Italics
4487:Sirenik
4437:Alutiiq
4400:Iñupiaq
4368:Aivilik
4351:Inuktun
4131:Russian
3991:English
3335:Sirenik
3289:/qajux/
3285:/kajux/
3068:/ɕuɣɨn/
2960:/qajux/
2956:/kajux/
2868:suffix
2840:Syntax
2784:Confer
2730:Person
2725:Plural
2717:Number
2605:Syntax
2558:Syntax
2512:go out
2495:Syntax
2448:Syntax
2395:called
2240:sings,
2117:Russian
2051:confer
2048:passive
1892:/aʁaʁ-/
1747:object
1739:Others
1424:/taŋaχ/
1388:toponym
1384:/imtuk/
1294:similar
1287:similar
1237:/ɕuɣɨn/
1049:Sounds
959:Central
637:Glottal
622:Palatal
547:Chukchi
442:Russian
430:extinct
422:Russian
378:Sirenik
349:Unicode
211:Sirenik
175:Extinct
121:Sirenik
99:See why
18:Sirenik
4481:Naukan
4447:Yugtun
4119:
4101:German
4089:
4038:
4012:
3471:gks.ru
3416:
3194:- / -
3141:aspect
3081:/t͡ʃɨ/
3010:Eskimo
2982:Syntax
2863:/t͡ʃɨ/
2780:Irreal
2699:/kɨɣɨ/
2695:/qɨɣɨ/
2434:where
2368:he/she
2238:he/she
2119:, see
2107:, see
2053:-/ɕi/-
2045:active
1944:slowly
1938:qɨstaχ
1934:) and
1932:slowly
1926:qɨstaχ
1912:Aspect
1712:person
1710:, the
1708:aspect
1635:, and
1619:Lative
1615:Dative
1488:Lative
1484:Dative
1309:/t͡ʃɨ/
1285:to be
1282:raven
1276:-tɨ-χ/
1204:plural
1190:Number
1154:Person
1141:number
1137:person
1135:(e.g.
1051:/ɨ,ɨː/
944:Vowels
892:voiced
820:voiced
650:voiced
632:Uvular
612:Labial
436:speak
404:. The
402:Russia
374:Vuteen
368:(also
200:Eskimo
153:Region
147:Russia
4429:Yupik
4311:Inuit
4287:Aleut
4280:Aleut
4194:[
4181:[
4158:[
4141:[
4079:(PDF)
4028:(PDF)
4002:(PDF)
3447:[
3408:[
3248:- / -
3231:- / -
3213:/l̥ɨ/
3211:- / -
3196:/l̥ɨ/
3046:Notes
2973:kajux
2886:- / -
2853:noun
2792:- / -
2697:- / -
2632:/ɨmɨ/
2630:- / -
2618:verb
2574:sled
2571:noun
2509:root
2461:noun
2387:- / -
2372:went
2344:Verb
2283:Verb
2264:/l̥ɨ/
2262:- / -
2236:when
2037:Four
2033:Voice
1959:Also
1704:tense
1337:/juɣ/
1317:Root
1274:ɕuɣɨn
1264:ɕuɣɨn
1245:Root
1131:Some
971:Close
954:Front
937:/v,s/
930:/lʲ̥/
644:Nasal
627:Velar
549:as a
531:Aleut
527:roots
512:Inuit
508:Yupik
418:Vyjye
380:, or
205:Yupik
4117:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4036:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3252:-, -
3250:/ɕa/
3246:/ja/
3233:/ɕa/
3229:/ja/
3209:/lɨ/
3192:/lɨ/
2903:/ma/
2763:3rd
2748:2nd
2733:1st
2689:Real
2628:/mɨ/
2581:/ni/
2534:/mi/
2504:/an/
2471:/ɨm/
2464:boy
2389:/ɕa/
2385:/ja/
2260:/lɨ/
2242:they
2123:and
2111:and
2099:and
2077:make
2013:want
1991:want
1989:(to
1848:and
1844:The
1828:and
1735:Mood
1593:and
1569:Case
1359:man
1200:dual
1139:and
1086:the
1025:Open
964:Back
711:Stop
589:and
510:and
446:2010
426:Выйе
59:lang
4229:doi
4063:doi
3337:at
3287:/ -
3083:-).
2958:/ -
2796:-.
2206:If
2174:).
2127:).
2071:ɕaχ
2029:).
2011:(I
2007:jux
1985:jux
1872:.)
1554:).
1386:(a
1311:-:
1014:Mid
735:t͡ʃ
469:).
440:or
376:),
372:or
335:IPA
321:ELP
297:ysr
281:ysr
94:ysr
79:IPA
4585::
4225:29
4223:.
4219:.
4115:.
4059:71
4057:.
4053:.
3745:^
3694:^
3679:^
3664:^
3566:.
3529:^
3502:^
3469:.
3432:^
3390:^
3373:^
3256:-.
3220:^
3171:^
3148:^
3119:^
2890:-
2865:-
2674:.
2634:-
2521:-
2506:-
2212:we
1987:-/
1928:-/
1919::
1856:.
1836:.
1706:,
1698:,
1694:,
1656:.
1617:/
1603:/
1577:.
1486:/
1463:/
1418:.
1344:-
1268:-
1186:.
1147:.
1122:);
1098:);
1038:aː
1006:uː
994:ɨː
982:iː
877:j̊
870:l̥
797:)
781:)
695:n̥
476:.
424::
400:,
396:,
364:,
243:?
64:,
4407:)
4403:(
4265:e
4258:t
4251:v
4237:.
4231::
4202:.
4166:.
4149:.
4125:.
4095:.
4069:.
4065::
4044:.
4018:.
3851:.
3574:.
3539:.
3484:.
3324:.
3181:.
3143:.
3096:.
2901:-
2882:-
2861:-
2626:-
2579:-
2532:-
2517:-
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2370:1
2363:2
2208:I
2095:(
1597:.
1266:/
1033:a
1001:u
989:ɨ
977:i
939:.
932:.
917:w
908:j
901:l
845:ʁ
838:ɣ
827:v
809:χ
802:x
794:ʃ
791:(
786:s
778:f
775:(
756:ʔ
749:q
742:k
728:t
721:p
713:/
673:ŋ
664:n
657:m
355:.
207:?
109:)
105:(
101:.
34:.
20:)
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