Nuthatch - Knowledge (XXG)

2085: 3015: 53: 1915: 2049: 2610: 2714: 2578: 2471: 2773: 2410: 1941: 2445: 2023: 3030:, however, they do not use their tails for additional support, relying instead on their strong legs and feet to progress in jerky hops. They are able to descend head-first and hang upside-down beneath twigs and branches. Krüper's nuthatch can even stretch downward from an upside-down position to drink water from leaves without touching the ground. Rock nuthatches forage with a similar technique to the woodland species, but seek food on rock faces and sometimes buildings. When breeding, a pair of nuthatches will only feed within their territory, but at other times will associate with passing 2379: 2650: 2332: 2181: 2301: 2152: 2681: 1967: 2216: 82: 2990:, which destroys eggs. The white-breasted nuthatch is shorter-lived than the red-breasted nuthatch, but has more young, and was found to respond more strongly to the egg predator, whereas the red-breasted showed greater concern with the hawk. This supports the theory that longer-lived species benefit from adult survival and future breeding opportunities while birds with shorter life spans place more value on the survival of their larger broods. 2747: 1808: 1997: 2826: 2549: 2803: 2122: 2943: 2275: 2899: 2514: 3075: 2885:

the Eurasian nuthatch, which breeds where the July temperature range is 16–27 °C (61–81 °F), is found near sea level in Northern Europe, but between 1,750 and 1,850 m (5,740 and 6,070 ft) altitude in Morocco. The velvet-fronted nuthatch is the sole member of the family which prefers tropical lowland forests.

501:), which is restricted to the mountains of southern Eurasia, is placed in the same family as the nuthatches, but in a separate subfamily "Tichodromadinae", in which case the nuthatches are classified in the subfamily "Sittinae". However, the wallcreeper is more often placed in a separate family, the Tichodromadidae. 2930:

The western rock nuthatch builds an elaborate flask-shaped nest from mud, dung and hair or feathers, and decorates the nest's exterior and nearby crevices with feathers and insect wings. The nests are located in rock crevices, in caves, under cliff overhangs or on buildings. The eastern rock nuthatch

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All nuthatches nest in cavities; except for the two species of rock nuthatches, all use tree holes, making a simple cup lined with soft materials on which to rest eggs. In some species the lining consists of small woody objects such as bark flakes and seed husks, while in others it includes the moss,

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throughout much of its range, is able to understand the latter species' calls. The chickadee has subtle call variations that communicate information about the size and risk of potential predators. Many birds recognise the simple alarm calls produced by other species, but the red-breasted nuthatch is

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Yunnan and yellow-billed nuthatches. The Yunnan nuthatch can cope with some tree loss, since it prefers open pine woodland, but although still locally common, it has disappeared from several of the areas in which it was recorded in the early 20th century. The threat to yellow-billed is particularly

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which includes Mount Victoria, and their fires and traps add to the pressure on the nuthatch. The population of the white-browed nuthatch, estimated at only a few thousand, is decreasing, and no conservation measures are in place. The Algerian nuthatch is found in only four areas of Algeria, and it

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Nuthatches prefer a fairly temperate climate; northern species live near sea level whereas those further south are found in cooler highland habitats. Eurasian and red-breasted nuthatches are lowland birds in the north of their extensive ranges, but breed in the mountains further south; for example,

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Cracraft, J.; Barker, F. Keith; Braun, M. J.; Harshman, J.; Dyke, G.; Feinstein, J.; Stanley, S.; Cibois, A.; Schikler, P.; Beresford, P.; García-Moreno, J.; Sorenson, M. D.; Yuri, T.; Mindell. D. P. (2004) "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): Toward an avian tree of life."

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Nuthatches are compact birds with short legs, compressed wings, and square 12-feathered tails. They have long, sturdy, pointed bills and strong toes with long claws. Nuthatches have blue-grey backs (violet-blue in some Asian species, which also have red or yellow bills) and white underparts, which

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or mixed woods but breeds in coniferous forests in the north of its extensive range. However, the two species of rock nuthatches are not strongly tied to woodlands: they breed on rocky slopes or cliffs, although both move into wooded areas when not breeding. In parts of Asia where several species

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All nuthatches appear to store food, especially seeds, in tree crevices, in the ground, under small stones, or behind bark flakes, and these caches are remembered for as long as 30 days. Similarly, the rock nuthatches wedge snails into suitable crevices for consumption in times of need. European

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coastal areas where the species was once numerous. A law promoting tourism came into force in Turkey in 2003, further exacerbating the threats to their habitat. The law reduced bureaucracy and made it easier for developers to build tourism facilities and summer houses in the coastal zone where

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form another superspecies and replace each other geographically across Asia. They are currently considered to be four separate species, but the south Asian forms were once believed to be a subspecies of the Eurasian nuthatch. A recent change in this taxonomy is a split of the chestnut-bellied

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Some nuthatches, such as the Eurasian nuthatch and the North American species, have extensive ranges and large populations, and few conservation problems, although locally they may be affected by woodland fragmentation. In contrast, some of the more restricted species face severe pressures.

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or seeds may be wedged into cracks and pounded with the bird's strong bill. Unusually for a bird, the brown-headed nuthatch uses a piece of tree bark as a lever to pry up other bark flakes to look for food; the bark tool may then be carried from tree to tree or used to cover a seed

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The species diversity for Sittidae is greatest in southern Asia (possibly the original home of this family), where about 15 species occur, but it has representatives across much of the Northern Hemisphere. The currently recognised nuthatch species are tabulated below.

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are a major portion of the nuthatch diet, especially during the breeding season, when they rely almost exclusively on live prey, but most species also eat seeds during the winter, when invertebrates are less readily available. Larger food items, such as big insects,

4865: 2982:, squirrels and woodpeckers. An American study showed that nuthatch responses to predators may be linked to reproductive strategies. It measured the willingness of males of two species to feed incubating females on the nest when presented with models of a 2918:

globules around the entrance, the male applying the resin outside and the female inside. The resin may deter predators or competitors (the resident birds avoid the resin by diving straight through the entrance hole). The white-breasted nuthatch smears

2958:. The female produces eggs that are white with red or yellow markings; the clutch size varies, tending to be larger for northern species. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 18 days by the female alone, or by both parents, depending on the species. The 2853:. Most species are resident year-round. The only significant migrant is the red-breasted nuthatch, which winters widely across North America, deserting the northernmost parts of its breeding range in Canada; it has been recorded as a vagrant in 2997:

in tight huddles can help conserve heat and several nuthatch species employ it—up to 170 pygmy nuthatches have been seen in a single roost. The pygmy nuthatch is able to lower its body temperature when roosting, conserving energy through

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area of Burma, where forest up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level has been almost totally cleared and habitat between 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) is heavily degraded. Nearly 12,000 people live in the Natma Taung

1832:, dark forehead and blackish cap is common. The sexes look similar, but may differ in underpart colouration, especially on the rear flanks and under the tail. Juveniles and first-year birds can be almost indistinguishable from adults. 1676:

have breeding ranges separated by thousands of kilometres, but are similar in habitat preference, appearance and song. They were formerly considered to be one species, but are now normally split into three and comprise a

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For the few species on which data are available, the average nuthatch lifespan in the wild is between 2 and 3.5 years, although ages of up to 10 years have been recorded. The Eurasian nuthatch has an adult annual

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is possible that the total population does not exceed 1,000 birds. Fire, erosion, and grazing and disturbance by livestock have reduced the quality of the habitat, despite its location in the Taza National Park.

254:. Characterised by large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet, nuthatches advertise their territory using loud, simple songs. Most species exhibit grey or bluish upperparts and a black eye stripe. 3111:

acute on Hainan, where more than 70% of the woodland has been lost in the past 50 years due to shifting cultivation and the use of wood for fuel during Chinese government re-settlement programmes.

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13.5 cm (5.3 in) long. white throat and underparts shading to buff on the belly. The shade of grey upper parts and the darkness of the eye stripe vary between the three subspecies.

307:. They forage for insects hidden in or under bark by climbing along tree trunks and branches, sometimes upside-down. They forage within their territories when breeding, but they may join 3879:

Rasmussen, P.C., and J.C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide. Volume 2: attributes and status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington D.C. and Barcelona

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13.5 cm (5.3 in) long, blue-grey above, and buff below. Male has a black crown and eye stripe separated by a white supercilium; female has a grey crown and eye stripe.

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10.5 cm (4.1 in) long, brown cap with narrow black eye stripe and buff white cheeks, chin, and belly, wings are bluish-grey, small white spot at the nape of the neck.

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forests, although each species has a preference for a particular tree type. The strength of the association varies from the Corsican nuthatch, which is closely linked with

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11 cm (4.3 in) long, blue-grey upper parts, with reddish underparts, white face with a black eye stripe, white throat, a straight grey bill and a black crown.

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13–14 cm (5.1–5.5 in) long, the white of the face completely surrounds the eye, face and the underparts are white, upper parts are mostly pale blue-grey.

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Thibault, Jean-Claude; Hacquemand, Didier; Moneglia, Pasquale; Pellegrini, Hervé; Prodon, Roger; Recorbet, Bernard; Seguin, Jean-François; Villard, Pascal (2011).

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nests. Several species reduce the size of the entrance hole and seal up cracks with mud. The red-breasted nuthatch makes the nest secure by daubing sticky conifer

2084: 273:, and similarities between the species have made it difficult to identify distinct species. All members of this genus nest in holes or crevices. Most species are 2962:(naked and helpless) chicks take between 21 and 27 days to fledge. Both parents feed the young, and in the case of two American species, brown-headed and pygmy, 2845:. Nuthatches are sparsely represented in Africa; one species lives in a small area of northeastern Algeria and a population of the Eurasian nuthatch subspecies, 9684: 9433: 52: 4722: 2609: 539:

were once placed in the nuthatch family because of similarities in appearance and lifestyle, but they are not closely related. The resemblances arose via

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12.5 cm (4.9 in) long, violet-blue above, with lavender cheeks, beige underparts and a whitish throat, bill is red, black patch on forehead.

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16.5 cm (6.5 in) long, black-backed with white streaking, bright blue upper back, rump and shoulders, dull orange underparts and paler face.

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are variably tinted with buff, orange, rufous or lilac. Although head markings vary between species, a long black eye stripe, with contrasting white

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Fujita, M.; K. Kawakami; S. Moriguchi & H. Higuchi (2008). "Locomotion of the Eurasian nuthatch on vertical and horizontal substrates".

2619:, rufous-orange underparts with unmarked bright rufous undertail-coverts, white on the upper tail coverts is difficult to see in the field. 2470: 2713: 1744:

A 2006 review of Asian nuthatches suggested that there are still unresolved problems in nuthatch taxonomy and proposed splitting the genus

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Manegold, Albrecht (April 2008). "Earliest fossil record of the Certhioidea (treecreepers and allies) from the early Miocene of Germany".

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Members of the red-breasted nuthatch superspecies excavate their own tree holes, although most other nuthatches use natural holes or old

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tend to be simple and often identical to their contact calls but longer in duration. The red-breasted nuthatch, which coexists with the

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Their habit of wedging a large food item in a crevice and then hacking at it with their strong bills gives this group its English name.

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Päckert, M.; Bader-Blukott, M.; Künzelmann, B.; Sun, Y.-H.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Kehlmaier, C.; Albrecht, F.; Illera, J.C.; Martens, J. (2020).

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builds a similar but less complex structure across the entrance to a cavity. Its nest can be quite small but may weigh up to 32

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Very similar to brown-headed nuthatch, but has a darker eye stripe, much longer beak, shorter wings, and a different call than it.

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Nilsson, Jan-Åke; Persson, Hans Källander Owe (1993). "A prudent hoarder: effects of long-term hoarding in the European nuthatch,

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14 cm (5.5 in) long, black eye stripe, blue-grey upper parts, reddish and/or white underparts depending on subspecies.

1738: 512:, but its appearance, the texture of its plumage, and the shape and pattern of its tail suggest that it is closer to the former 3394: 3336: 2554:

15 cm (5.9 in) long, long and thin bill, black eye stripe, blue-grey upper parts, pure white underparts, long claw.

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Krüper's nuthatch is threatened by urbanisation and development in and around mature coniferous forests, particularly in the

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refers to the propensity of some species to wedge a large insect or seed in a crack and hack at it with their strong bills.

4646:"Parental investment strategies in two species of nuthatch vary with stage-specific predation risk and reproductive effort" 3737: 3652:

Sangster, George; Collinson, Martin; Crochet, J. Pierre-André; Knox, Alan G.; Parkin, David T.; Votier, Stephen C. (2012).

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12 cm (4.7 in) long, blue-grey above, and buff below. Male has a black crown and eye stripe separated by a white

9671: 9420: 4574: 4533: 2939:). This species will also nest in river banks or tree holes and will enlarge its nest hole if it the cavity is too small. 2022: 4226: 3066:

nuthatches have been found to avoid using their caches during benign conditions in order to save them for harsher times.

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DNA, and was created to cover a clade of (four or) five families removed from a larger grouping of passerine birds, the

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in relation to the size, isolation and the intensity of management of chestnut woodlands in the NW Iberian Peninsula".

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around the entrance to its nest, and it has been suggested that the unpleasant smell from the crushed insects deters

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12.5–14 cm (4.9–5.5 in) long, mostly pale grey upper parts and mostly whitish underparts, dark eye stripe.

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González-Varo, Juan P; López-Bao, José V.; Guitián, José (2008). "Presence and abundance of the Eurasian nuthatch

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migrates to warmer regions during the winter. A few nuthatch species have restricted ranges and face threats from

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of 53% and the male Corsican nuthatch 61.6%. Nuthatches and other small woodland birds share the same predators:

2760: 1705: 1424: 1733:. Mitochondrial DNA studies have demonstrated that the white-breasted northern subspecies of Eurasian nuthatch, 4313: 2947: 2668: 1697: 1343: 2300: 2186:

10 cm (3.9 in) long, grey cap, blue-grey upper parts, whitish underparts, whitish spot on the nape.

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11.5–12.5 cm (4.5–4.9 in) long, whitish underparts with a reddish throat, mostly grey upper parts.

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14 cm (5.5 in) long, mostly greyish upper parts, reddish underparts with a paler throat and chin.

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occur in the same geographic region, there is often an altitudinal separation in their preferred habitats.

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13 cm (5.1 in) long, white cheeks, chin, throat, and underparts, upper parts mostly dark grey.

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13 cm (5.1 in) long, white cheeks, chin, throat, and underparts, upper parts mostly dark grey.

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Members of the nuthatch family live in most of North America and Europe and throughout Asia down to the

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Phylogeny based on a molecular genetic study by Martin Päckert and colleagues published in 2020. The

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Cross-section of a western rock nuthatch nest cavity with a mud wall and tunnel across its entrance

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16–18 cm (6.3–7.1 in) long, greyish upper parts and whitish underparts, pinkish rump.

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12.5–13.5 cm (4.9–5.3 in) long, white underparts, bluish upper parts, yellow beak.

9702: 8299: 7208: 6694: 5171: 5125: 5079: 5033: 4957: 4910: 4847: 4808: 4703: 4660: 4616: 4370: 4328: 4238: 4227:"Preliminary analysis of the ecology and geography of the Asian nuthatches (Aves: Sittidae)" 4063: 3841: 3809: 3799: 3694: 3665: 3585: 3535: 3490: 3351: 3315: 3166: 3156: 2790: 2701: 2432: 2190: 1701: 1673: 1444: 1370: 963: 544: 204: 3567:"Selective neutrality of mitochondrial ND2 sequences, phylogeography and species limits in 2746: 9196: 8010: 7680: 6806: 6545: 6108: 5918: 4595: 3741: 3059: 3023: 2734: 2262: 2234: 1807: 1397: 1028: 864: 9725: 5107: 5061: 5015: 3304:) reveals insight in intra- and interspecific diversification patterns in the Palearctic" 2387:

Western and northern temperate North America, winters across much of the US and southern

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Species boundaries in the nuthatches are difficult to define. The red-breasted nuthatch,

265:, although two species have adapted to rocky habitats in the warmer and drier regions of 5153: 4939: 3795: 3402:

subcultrato-conicum, rectum, porrectum: integerrimum, mandíbula superiore obtusiuscula.

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12.5 cm (4.9 in) long, pinkish underparts, yellow beak, bluish upper parts.

1847:, both around 100 mm (3.9 in) in length and about 10 g (0.35 oz). 1779:

which has been identified as an extinct representative of the climbing Certhioidea, a

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Manuel d'ornithologie, ou description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux

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The fossil record for this group appears to be restricted to a foot bone of an early

1761: 1650: 1636: 1609: 1592:, and the two (or three) families are sometimes placed in a larger grouping with the 738: 285: 278: 167: 65: 4680: 4630: 4382: 4250: 3780:"Nuthatches eavesdrop on variations in heterospecific chickadee mobbing alarm calls" 3706: 3625: 3367: 2583:

11.5 cm (4.5 in) long, greyish upper parts and mostly whitish underparts.

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Northeast India and Burma and locally in southern China and northern Southeast Asia

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able to interpret the chickadees' detailed variations and to respond appropriately.

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Nuthatches are very vocal, using an assortment of whistles, trills and calls. Their

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comprising the treecreepers, wallcreeper and nuthatches. It has been described as

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in Natmataung National Park, Myanmar, with notes on other significant species"

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Menon, Shaily; Islam, Zafar-Ul; Soberón, Jorge; Peterson, A. Townsend (2008).

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Nuthatches forage along tree trunks and branches and are members of the same

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11.5 cm (4.5 in) long, greyish upper parts and pinkish underparts.

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13.5 cm (5.3 in) long, greyish upper parts and whitish underparts.

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19.5 cm (7.7 in) long, greyish upper parts and whitish underparts.

1748:. This suggestion would move the red- and yellow-billed south Asian species ( 9580: 9329: 9210: 9106: 9014: 8913: 8808: 8678: 8657: 8553: 8517: 8486: 8451: 8424: 8410: 8368: 8341: 8306: 8292: 8285: 8046: 7944: 7867: 7860: 7839: 7784: 7777: 7749: 7726: 7666: 7546: 7438: 7379: 7284: 7270: 7194: 7063: 7028: 7021: 7004: 6969: 6863: 6848: 6792: 6778: 6757: 6667: 6587: 6552: 6525: 6447: 6383: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6278: 6122: 6014: 5781: 5772: 5625: 5609: 5598: 5528: 5472: 5361: 5346: 5309: 3804: 3320: 3299: 3161: 2975: 2959: 2877: 2869: 2802: 2622: 2121: 2102: 2094: 1730: 532: 244: 133: 93: 4672: 4664: 3846:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers" 3823: 3626:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 62. A preliminary review of the Sittidae" 3597: 3363: 3226:(J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue, eds.). Oxford University Press, New York. 3180: 2280:

12 cm (4.7 in) long, greyish upper parts and whitish underparts.

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Zink, Robert M.; Drovetski, Sergei V.; Rohwer, Sievert (September 2006).

2932: 2924: 2694: 2586: 2057: 528: 292: 113: 3899:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region.

17: 9472: 9373: 9113: 9057: 9023: 8864: 8773: 8650: 8602: 8546: 8526: 8506: 8175: 8119: 8081: 7979: 7622: 7539: 7505: 7291: 7133: 7119: 7077: 6962: 6893: 6660: 6646: 6639: 6601: 6327: 6318: 6287: 6007: 5828: 5666: 5535: 5456: 5425: 5340: 4924: 4820: 4340: 3027: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2659: 2630: 2590: 2558: 2480: 2423: 2310: 2061: 1776: 1772: 1689:. Unusually for nuthatches, all five species excavate their own nests. 1588:

The nuthatches' closest relatives, other than the wallcreeper, are the

266: 35: 5199:"Turkey: briefing notes on tourism policy and institutional framework" 2513: 9637: 9386: 9203: 9154: 8133: 7951: 7881: 7804: 7742: 7456: 7298: 7256: 7056: 6938: 5322: 4242: 3041: 2782: 2488: 2484: 2388: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2194: 1714: 1644: 296: 103: 9624: 9237: 4812: 4332: 3141:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States

3074: 3018:

Eurasian nuthatch prying something out from under the bark of a tree

2778:

13 cm (5.1 in) long, colours vary between the subspecies.

9585: 9334: 4792:"Memory for hoarded food: an aviary study of the European Nuthatch" 9459: 9175: 8313: 8250: 8243: 7770: 6362: 6068: 5837: 5632: 5521: 5334: 3901:

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (1977) pp. 646–647 "White-breasted Nuthatch"

3477:

Pasquet, Eric (January 1998). "Phylogeny of the nuthatches of the

3073: 3054: 3050: 3013: 2941: 2915: 2897: 2876:, to the catholic habitat of the Eurasian nuthatch, which prefers 2824: 2727: 2690: 2626: 1976: 1806: 1780: 513: 234: 34:"Sitta" redirects here. For the ancient capital of Sittacene, see 9321: 4162:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 119–123 "Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch"

3974: 2966:

males from the previous brood may assist the parents in feeding.

2864:

Most nuthatches are woodland birds and the majority are found in

8899: 5257:(concise (2 volume) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4139:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 114–117 "Chestnut-vented Nuthatch"

2523: 2492: 2065: 1593: 426: 304: 247: 123: 9241: 7335: 5758: 5359: 5281: 4203:

Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1404–1406 "Eastern Rock Nuthatch"

3973:

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2020-08-27).

3949:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 165–168 "Sulphur-billed Nuthatch"

3931:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 161–164 "Velvet-fronted Nuthatch"

3888:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 150–155 "White-breasted Nuthatch"

3940:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 164–165 "Yellow-billed Nuthatch"

3870:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 148–150 "White-cheeked Nuthatch"

2979: 9572: 4412:

Snow & Perrins (1998) p. 1398 "Nuthatch: Family Sittidae"

4130:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 123–125 "White-tailed Nuthatch"

4121:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 125–126 "White-browed Nuthatch"

4112:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 158–161 "Eastern Rock Nuthatch"

4096:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 155–158 "Western Rock Nuthatch"

4027:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 144–148 "Red-breasted Nuthatch"

3768:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 130–133 "Brown-headed Nuthatch"

1799:

Portis, 1888, but they probably do not belong to nuthatches.

1721:, found in southeast Asia, and the chestnut-bellied nuthatch 480:

Relationships among families in the superfamily Certhioidea.

225: 3654:"Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: eighth report" 3481:

group and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications".

4790:

Hardling, Roger; Kallander, Hans; Nilsson, Jan-Åke (1997).

4194:

Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1399–1400 "Corsican nuthatch"

4171:

Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1400–1401 "Algerian Nuthatch"

4048:"Distribution and population size of the Corsican Nuthatch 2993:

Cold can be a problem for small birds that do not migrate.

2781:

Foothills of the Himalayas from northeast India to western

3910:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 172–173 "Beautiful Nuthatch"

3106:

Deforestation has also caused population declines for the

4596:"Annual survival rates of adult male Corsican nuthatches 4036:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 133–135 "Corsican Nuthatch"

4015:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 138–140 "Krüper's Nuthatch"

4006:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 135–138 "Algerian Nuthatch"

3514:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 109–114 "Eurasian Nuthatch"

3300:"A revised phylogeny of nuthatches (Aves, Passeriformes, 3288:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 16–17 "Family Introduction"

1709:

nuthatch into three species, namely the Indian nuthatch,

222: 210: 4644:

Ghalambor, Cameron K.; Martin, Thomas E. (August 2000).

4420: 4418: 4148:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 117–119 "Kashmir Nuthatch"

4082:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 140–142 "Chinese Nuthatch"

3397: ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 115. 31:, of small passerine birds from the Northern Hemisphere 4723:"Observations on some behaviours of Krüper's Nuthatch ( 4215:

Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1406–1407 "Rock Nuthatch"

3997:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 143–144 "Yunnan Nuthatch"

3778:

Templeton, Christopher N.; Greene, Erick (March 2007).

3975:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sitta insularis" 3963:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 127–130 "Pygmy Nuthatch"

3756:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 169–172 "Giant Nuthatch"

1787:. Two fossil species have been described in the genus 527:(formerly known as the coral-billed nuthatch) and the 4594:

Thibault, Jean-Claude; Jenouvrier, Stephanie (2006).

4266:"Character displacement in Indian nuthatches (Sitta)" 3919:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 168–169 "Blue Nuthatch"

3422:(ninth ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 1417. 3119:

woodland loss is a growing problem for the nuthatch.

2907:

grass, hair and feathers typical of passerine birds.

207: 8087: 7156: 7017: 6944: 6927: 5983: 5973: 5888: 4314:"Use of in bill-sweeping by White-breasted Nuthatch" 3467:

Harrap & Quinn (1996) pp. 12–13 "Species limits"

3203:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 360. 2950:

is an important predator of Eurasian nuthatch nests.

213: 9488: 9250: 9123: 9040: 9013: 8993: 8756: 8736: 8716: 8612: 8536: 8516: 8496: 8441: 8351: 8226: 8199: 8029: 8009: 7989: 7794: 7725: 7656: 7636: 7598: 7529: 7446: 7437: 7403: 7348: 7225: 7177: 7143: 6862: 6677: 6615: 6535: 6501: 6492: 6402: 6393: 6317: 6297: 6277: 6257: 6248: 6098: 6078: 6058: 6024: 5997: 5964: 5955: 5917: 5887: 5867: 5847: 5827: 5807: 5798: 5771: 5723: 5703: 5683: 5642: 5608: 5587: 5566: 5455: 5435: 5414: 5393: 5372: 5253:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 277:and live in their habitat year-round, although the 219: 5131:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22711219A132095305.en 5085:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711192A116898695.en 5039:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711179A119435091.en 4426: 4185:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1402–1404 "Nuthatch" 2927:, its chief competitor for natural tree cavities. 5177:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711184A94282660.en 4963:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en 2615:12 cm (4.7 in) long, smaller bill than 3744:, Prague, Ninox Press, 2002, 407 p., p. 252, 273 3252:Vaurie, Charles; Koelz, Walter (November 1950). 3137:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation" 486:The nuthatch family, Sittidae, was described by 3784:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3254:"Notes on some Asiatic nuthatches and creepers" 2811:Myanmar to Laos, Cambodia and southern Vietnam 1760:) to a new genus, create a third genus for the 2419:; the female has a grey crown and eye stripe. 5293: 4499: 4497: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 2005:North America from southern Canada to Mexico 1835:The sizes of nuthatches vary, from the large 8: 3616: 3614: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 1811:The red-breasted nuthatch is said to have a 4466: 4464: 4462: 4408: 4406: 4395:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 3719:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 3093:white-browed nuthatch is found only in the 216: 9238: 7443: 7345: 7332: 7149: 6498: 6399: 6254: 5961: 5804: 5768: 5755: 5369: 5356: 5300: 5286: 5278: 4544:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 4483:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 4211: 4209: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3752: 3750: 3735:Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1:Europe 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3217: 3215: 257:Most nuthatches breed in the temperate or 51: 42: 5255:The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) 5175: 5129: 5083: 5037: 4961: 4914: 4620: 4527: 4525: 4067: 3813: 3803: 3669: 3544:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. p. 536. 3319: 3170: 3160: 4727:), a little-known West Palaearctic bird" 4158: 4156: 4154: 4023: 4021: 3927: 3925: 3764: 3762: 2526:Kurdistan and western Iran east through 2256:(1–49 individuals, potentially extinct) 1870: 269:. However, the greatest diversity is in 5204:. The Travel Foundation. Archived from 4352: 4350: 3127: 3026:as woodpeckers. Unlike woodpeckers and 504:The wallcreeper is intermediate in its 4986:"Ecology of the White-browed Nuthatch 4767:A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand 4721:Albayrak, Tamer; Erdoğan, Ali (2005). 4388: 3712: 3390:Systema naturae per regna tria naturae 4425:Matthysen, Erik; Löhrl, Hans (2003). 3852:. International Ornithologists' Union 3578:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3541:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide 3344:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2986:, which hunts adult nuthatches, or a 7: 9612:35090eac-fe05-4355-a034-03227dbd573b 9478:6B6D34C4-6EB9-41B8-BB9F-1DBB43490154 9465:B99C1A99-5CBA-B809-D5E4-F1F67D9EEBC4 9361:cb0d8de0-4f3a-41c4-85c6-f96c1c0f07bb 5234:Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996). 3135:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). 2453:China, North Korea, and South Korea 1949:southeastern Tibet to western China 1632:The nuthatches are all in the genus 5163:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5117:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5071:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5025:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4949:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4511:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 4294:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 3979:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1417: 1390: 1363: 1336: 1309: 1253: 1246: 1219: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1048: 1021: 956: 929: 922: 857: 830: 823: 758: 731: 724: 697: 690: 634: 627: 571: 564: 554: 403: 380: 357: 334: 326: 64:at the Rouge Cloître estate in the 4916:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00180.x 4769:. New Holland Press. p. 204. 3634:Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 3495:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04553.x 3242:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1408 2625:from northeast India to southwest 25: 5236:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers 4312:Kilham, Lawrence (January 1971). 4231:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 3897:Bull, John and Farrand, John Jr. 3448:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3081:, common in much of North America 4708:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00395.x 3850:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 3671:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2012.01273.x 2801: 2771: 2745: 2712: 2679: 2648: 2608: 2576: 2547: 2512: 2469: 2443: 2408: 2377: 2330: 2299: 2273: 2214: 2179: 2150: 2120: 2083: 2047: 2021: 1995: 1965: 1939: 1913: 1764:, and possibly a fourth for the 203: 80: 5152:BirdLife International (2016). 5106:BirdLife International (2018). 5060:BirdLife International (2017). 5014:BirdLife International (2017). 4938:BirdLife International (2016). 4056:Bird Conservation International 3209:rather than the Latin Sittidae. 2808:13 cm (5.1 in) long. 2752:13 cm (5.1 in) long. 508:between the nuthatches and the 4897:van Langevelde, Frank (2000). 4532:Roof, Jennifer; Dewey, Tanya. 2894:Nesting, breeding and survival 1: 4622:10.1080/03078698.2006.9674349 4575:British Trust for Ornithology 4438:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds 1739:British Ornithologists' Union 3036:mixed-species feeding flocks 2849:, lives in the mountains of 2847:S. e. hispaniensis 2833:woodlands are a habitat for 2224:Endemic to the Southeastern 1645: 1639:, 1758, a name derived from 3590:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.002 3356:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005 3224:Assembling the tree of life 2755:Northern and central India 2531:(43,000–100,000 in Europe) 2283:Endemic to southwest China 2189:Western North America from 1706:chestnut-bellied nuthatches 9777: 4734:Turkish Journal of Zoology 4441:. Firefly Books. pp. 4264:Ripley, S. Dillon (1959). 33: 9761:Taxa named by René Lesson 7344: 7331: 7152: 5767: 5754: 5368: 5355: 5317: 5124:: e.T22711219A132095305. 5078:: e.T22711192A116898695. 5032:: e.T22711179A119435091. 4740:: 177–181. Archived from 4567:[Linnaeus, 1758]" 4375:10.1007/s10980-007-9166-7 4069:10.1017/S0959270910000468 3699:10.1007/s10336-007-0263-9 3335:Barker, F. Keith (2004). 3262:American Museum Novitates 2761:Chestnut-bellied nuthatch 2314:(Fewer than 1,000 pairs) 1873: 1758:sulphur-billed nuthatches 1735:S. (europea) arctica 1442: 1425:Chestnut-bellied nuthatch 1422: 1415: 1395: 1388: 1368: 1361: 1341: 1334: 1314: 1307: 1278: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1224: 1217: 1188: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1073: 1053: 1046: 1026: 1019: 981: 961: 954: 934: 927: 920: 882: 862: 855: 835: 828: 821: 783: 763: 756: 736: 729: 722: 702: 695: 688: 659: 639: 632: 625: 596: 576: 569: 562: 424: 408: 401: 385: 378: 362: 355: 339: 332: 182: 175: 77:Scientific classification 75: 59: 50: 45: 5312:and their extinct allies 5170:: e.T22711184A94282660. 4956:: e.T22711167A94281752. 3450:. Merriam-Webster Online 2948:great spotted woodpecker 2821:Distribution and habitat 2669:Chestnut-vented nuthatch 1717:, the Burmese nuthatch, 1344:Chestnut-vented nuthatch 250:belonging to the family 4984:Thet Zaw Naing (2003). 4608:Ringing & Migration 4505:"Brown-headed Nuthatch" 4377:(inactive 2024-05-03). 4288:"Red-breasted Nuthatch" 3805:10.1073/pnas.0605183104 3701:(inactive 2024-05-03). 3420:The Chambers Dictionary 3321:10.26049/VZ70-2-2020-10 3205:Lesson used the French 3162:10.1073/pnas.1813206116 3079:White-breasted nuthatch 2361:(80,000–170,000 pairs) 2140:Sulphur-billed nuthatch 2073:Velvet-fronted nuthatch 1985:White-breasted nuthatch 786:Sulphur-billed nuthatch 766:Velvet-fronted nuthatch 642:White-breasted nuthatch 4878:BirdLife International 4874:Species Search Results 4852:10.1093/beheco/4.4.369 4765:Robson, Craig (2004). 4665:10.1006/anbe.2000.1472 4471:Kieliszewski, Jordan. 3687:Journal of Ornithology 3082: 3019: 2951: 2903: 2838: 2110:Yellow-billed nuthatch 1903:White-cheeked nuthatch 1897:(population if known) 1856:black-capped chickadee 1824: 1797:S. senogalliensis 1729:, which occurs in the 1727:S. cinnamoventris 1576:yellow-billed nuthatch 579:White-cheeked nuthatch 9711:Paleobiology Database 9447:Paleobiology Database 3418:Brookes, Ian (2006). 3077: 3017: 2945: 2901: 2828: 2617:S. cashmirensis 2598:White-tailed nuthatch 2566:White-browed nuthatch 2502:Eastern rock nuthatch 2459:Western rock nuthatch 2367:Red-breasted nuthatch 2309:Endemic to northeast 2204:Brown-headed nuthatch 1929:Przevalski's nuthatch 1841:brown-headed nuthatch 1810: 1713:, found south of the 1281:White-browed nuthatch 1261:White-tailed nuthatch 1191:Eastern rock nuthatch 1171:Western rock nuthatch 937:Red-breasted nuthatch 885:Brown-headed nuthatch 599:Przevalski's nuthatch 488:René-Primevère Lesson 282:red-breasted nuthatch 9607:Fauna Europaea (new) 9356:Fauna Europaea (new) 5238:. Christopher Helm. 4542:Animal Diversity Web 4481:Animal Diversity Web 4433:Perrins, Christopher 3622:Dickinson, Edward C. 3532:Rasmussen, Pamela C. 2766:Sitta cinnamoventris 1429:Sitta cinnamoventris 541:convergent evolution 309:mixed feeding flocks 5211:on 25 February 2009 3796:2007PNAS..104.5479T 3153:2019PNAS..116.7916O 3070:Conservation status 2229:(1.5 million) 2198:(2.3 million) 1823:like a tin trumpet. 1582:) was not sampled. 263:Northern Hemisphere 4840:Behavioral Ecology 4696:Journal of Zoology 4536:Sitta carolinensis 3840:; Donsker, David; 3740:2011-05-20 at the 3308:Vertebrate Zoology 3083: 3020: 2984:sharp-shinned hawk 2952: 2904: 2839: 2707:Sitta cashmirensis 2693:east to northwest 2663:(10 million) 2629:, locally east to 2603:Sitta himalayensis 2392:(18 million) 2011:Beautiful nuthatch 1990:Sitta carolinensis 1923:western Himalayas 1877:taxonomic sequence 1825: 1795:Gervais, 1852 and 1766:beautiful nuthatch 1664:Species boundaries 1375:Sitta cashmirensis 1265:Sitta himalayensis 705:Beautiful nuthatch 646:Sitta carolinensis 499:Tichodroma muraria 9736: 9735: 9698:Open Tree of Life 9244:Taxon identifiers 9235: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9226: 8538:Paradoxornithidae 7632: 7631: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 6858: 6857: 6611: 6610: 6244: 6243: 5951: 5950: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5264:978-0-19-854099-1 5245:978-0-7136-3964-3 5064:Sitta yunnanensis 4776:978-1-84330-921-5 4452:978-1-55297-777-4 4363:Landscape Ecology 3842:Rasmussen, Pamela 3790:(13): 5479–5482. 3551:978-84-87334-67-2 3536:Anderton, John C. 3429:978-0-550-10185-3 3406:lacero-emarginata 3147:(16): 7916–7925. 2995:Communal roosting 2815: 2814: 2638:Eurasian nuthatch 2537:Siberian nuthatch 2427:(c. 2,000 pairs) 2398:Corsican nuthatch 2320:Krüper's nuthatch 2289:Algerian nuthatch 2268:Sitta yunnanensis 2145:Sitta oenochlamys 1934:Sitta przewalskii 1785:Certhiops rummeli 1687:Algerian nuthatch 1670:Corsican nuthatch 1656:The English term 1608:, is proposed on 1586: 1585: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1317:Eurasian nuthatch 1296: 1295: 1227:Siberian nuthatch 1206: 1205: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1076:Algerian nuthatch 1056:Krüper's nuthatch 1033:Sitta yunnanensis 1008: 1007: 999: 998: 984:Corsican nuthatch 909: 908: 900: 899: 810: 809: 801: 800: 790:Sitta oenochlamys 677: 676: 614: 613: 603:Sitta przewalskii 484: 483: 474: 473: 465: 464: 456: 455: 447: 446: 438: 437: 311:at other times. 259:montane woodlands 195: 194: 171: 152: 70:Brussels, Belgium 62:Eurasian nuthatch 16:(Redirected from 9768: 9729: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9706: 9705: 9693: 9692: 9680: 9679: 9677:NBNSYS0000161009 9667: 9666: 9654: 9653: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9627: 9615: 9614: 9602: 9601: 9589: 9588: 9576: 9575: 9563: 9562: 9550: 9549: 9537: 9536: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9481: 9480: 9468: 9467: 9455: 9454: 9442: 9441: 9429: 9428: 9426:NHMSYS0000530608 9416: 9415: 9403: 9402: 9390: 9389: 9377: 9376: 9364: 9363: 9351: 9350: 9338: 9337: 9325: 9324: 9312: 9311: 9299: 9298: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9239: 8089: 7444: 7346: 7333: 7158: 7150: 7019: 6946: 6929: 6499: 6400: 6255: 5985: 5975: 5962: 5890: 5805: 5769: 5756: 5370: 5357: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5268: 5249: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4653:Animal Behaviour 4650: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4604: 4598:Sitta whiteheadi 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4468: 4457: 4456: 4430: 4422: 4413: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4243:10.1676/07-136.1 4222: 4216: 4213: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4097: 4094: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4050:Sitta whiteheadi 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3807: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3745: 3733:Jiří Mlíkovský, 3731: 3725: 3724: 3718: 3710: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3600:. Archived from 3575: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3528: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3479:Sitta canadensis 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3366:. Archived from 3341: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3210: 3204: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3132: 2805: 2791:Burmese nuthatch 2775: 2749: 2716: 2702:Kashmir nuthatch 2683: 2652: 2612: 2580: 2551: 2516: 2507:Sitta tephronota 2473: 2447: 2433:Chinese nuthatch 2412: 2403:Sitta whiteheadi 2381: 2372:Sitta canadensis 2334: 2303: 2277: 2218: 2191:British Columbia 2183: 2154: 2124: 2087: 2051: 2025: 1999: 1979:, and Thailand. 1969: 1943: 1917: 1871: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1674:Chinese nuthatch 1653:for this bird. 1648: 1445:Burmese nuthatch 1418: 1391: 1371:Kashmir nuthatch 1364: 1337: 1310: 1254: 1247: 1220: 1195:Sitta tephronota 1164: 1157: 1150: 1049: 1022: 988:Sitta whiteheadi 964:Chinese nuthatch 957: 941:Sitta canadensis 930: 923: 858: 831: 824: 759: 732: 725: 698: 691: 635: 628: 572: 565: 555: 550: 549: 545:ecological niche 404: 381: 358: 335: 327: 322: 321: 295:, eating mostly 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 166: 147: 85: 84: 55: 43: 21: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9732: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9709: 9701: 9696: 9688: 9683: 9675: 9670: 9662: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9636: 9631: 9623: 9618: 9610: 9605: 9597: 9592: 9584: 9579: 9571: 9566: 9558: 9553: 9545: 9540: 9532: 9527: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9484: 9476: 9471: 9463: 9458: 9450: 9445: 9437: 9432: 9424: 9419: 9411: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9385: 9380: 9372: 9367: 9359: 9354: 9346: 9341: 9333: 9328: 9320: 9315: 9307: 9302: 9294: 9289: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9246: 9236: 9223: 9197:Tephrozosterops 9119: 9036: 9009: 8989: 8752: 8732: 8712: 8608: 8532: 8512: 8492: 8437: 8347: 8222: 8195: 8025: 8011:Erythrocercidae 8005: 7985: 7790: 7721: 7681:Cryptosylvicola 7652: 7628: 7594: 7525: 7433: 7399: 7340: 7311: 7221: 7173: 7139: 6854: 6673: 6607: 6531: 6488: 6389: 6313: 6293: 6273: 6240: 6109:Campylorhynchus 6094: 6074: 6054: 6020: 5993: 5947: 5919:Ptiliogonatidae 5913: 5883: 5863: 5843: 5823: 5794: 5763: 5742: 5719: 5699: 5679: 5638: 5604: 5583: 5562: 5451: 5431: 5410: 5389: 5364: 5351: 5313: 5306: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5252: 5246: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5110:Sitta solangiae 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4992: 4988:Sitta victoriae 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4942:Sitta victoriae 4937: 4936: 4932: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4880: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4813:10.2307/1369961 4794: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4579: 4577: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4470: 4469: 4460: 4453: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4387: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4333:10.2307/4083981 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844:, eds. (2020). 3836: 3835: 3831: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3742:Wayback Machine 3732: 3728: 3711: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3628: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3513: 3502: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3393:. Vol. I ( 3383: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3270: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3222:pp. 468–489 in 3220: 3213: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3072: 3012: 2954:Nuthatches are 2921:blister beetles 2896: 2891: 2823: 2817: 2793: 2763: 2737: 2735:Indian nuthatch 2704: 2674:Sitta nagaensis 2671: 2662: 2640: 2600: 2571:Sitta victoriae 2568: 2539: 2530: 2504: 2495: 2461: 2435: 2426: 2400: 2391: 2369: 2360: 2322: 2313: 2291: 2265: 2263:Yunnan nuthatch 2240:Sitta insularis 2235:Bahama nuthatch 2228: 2206: 2197: 2171: 2160:Endemic to the 2142: 2115:Sitta solangiae 2112: 2078:Sitta frontalis 2075: 2039: 2013: 1987: 1957: 1931: 1908:Sitta leucopsis 1905: 1896: 1886:binomial names 1885: 1865: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1793:S. cuvieri 1698:chestnut-vented 1681:along with the 1666: 1630: 1580:Sitta solangiae 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1398:Indian nuthatch 1348:Sitta nagaensis 1297: 1285:Sitta victoriae 1207: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1029:Yunnan nuthatch 1009: 1000: 910: 901: 869:Sitta insularis 865:Bahama nuthatch 811: 802: 770:Sitta frontalis 678: 615: 583:Sitta leucopsis 475: 466: 457: 448: 439: 413:: gnatcatchers 390:: treecreepers 320: 291:Nuthatches are 233:) constitute a 206: 202: 191: 188: 165: 146: 79: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9774: 9772: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9743: 9742: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9707: 9694: 9681: 9668: 9655: 9642: 9629: 9616: 9603: 9594:Fauna Europaea 9590: 9577: 9564: 9551: 9538: 9525: 9510: 9494: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9469: 9456: 9443: 9430: 9417: 9404: 9391: 9378: 9365: 9352: 9343:Fauna Europaea 9339: 9326: 9313: 9300: 9287: 9272: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9027: 9019: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 8999: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8980: 8977:Thescelocichla 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8928:Phyllastrephus 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8720: 8718:Phylloscopidae 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8623:Gampsorhynchus 8618: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8502: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8445: 8443:Macrosphenidae 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8338: 8335:Trochalopteron 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8230: 8228:Leiothrichidae 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8213: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8183:Stelgidopteryx 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8155:Pseudochelidon 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7995: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7535: 7533: 7531:Certhilaudinae 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7450: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7366:Calamonastides 7362: 7354: 7352: 7350:Acrocephalidae 7342: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7243:Chlamydochaera 7239: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6918: 6915:Cinnyricinclus 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5970: 5968: 5966:incertae sedis 5959: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5800:Bombycilloidea 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5775: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5421: 5419: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5379: 5377: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5275: 5274:External links 5272: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5250: 5244: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5190: 5156:Sitta krueperi 5144: 5098: 5052: 5006: 4976: 4930: 4909:(5): 614–622. 4889: 4857: 4846:(4): 369–373. 4836:Sitta europaea 4826: 4807:(2): 526–529. 4782: 4775: 4757: 4725:Sitta krueperi 4713: 4702:(4): 357–366. 4686: 4659:(2): 263–267. 4636: 4586: 4565:Sitta europaea 4554: 4521: 4493: 4458: 4451: 4414: 4402: 4359:Sitta europaea 4346: 4327:(1): 175–176. 4304: 4279: 4256: 4237:(4): 692–699. 4217: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4173: 4164: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4098: 4084: 4075: 4062:(2): 199–206. 4038: 4029: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3965: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3829: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3726: 3693:(2): 223–228. 3677: 3664:(4): 874–883. 3644: 3610: 3607:on 2009-03-04. 3584:(3): 679–686. 3569:Sitta europaea 3557: 3550: 3516: 3500: 3489:(1): 150–156. 3469: 3460: 3435: 3428: 3410: 3376: 3373:on 2016-04-12. 3350:(2): 486–504. 3327: 3314:(2): 241–262. 3290: 3268: 3244: 3235: 3211: 3186: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3095:Mount Victoria 3071: 3068: 3011: 3008: 3004:metabolic rate 3002:and a lowered 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2835:pygmy nuthatch 2831:ponderosa pine 2822: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2799: 2796:Sitta neglecta 2787: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2740:Sitta castanea 2731: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2684: 2677: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2643:Sitta europaea 2634: 2633: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2581: 2574: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2533: 2532: 2520: 2517: 2510: 2498: 2497: 2477: 2474: 2467: 2464:Sitta neumayer 2455: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2441: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2363: 2362: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2325:Sitta krueperi 2316: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2297: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2271: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2169:Pygmy nuthatch 2165: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2148: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2106: 2105: 2099:Southeast Asia 2091: 2088: 2081: 2069: 2068: 2055: 2052: 2045: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2019: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1963: 1955:Giant nuthatch 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1911: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1864: 1861: 1852:breeding songs 1845:pygmy nuthatch 1837:giant nuthatch 1804: 1801: 1750:velvet-fronted 1719:Sitta neglecta 1711:Sitta castanea 1665: 1662: 1629: 1626: 1612:studies using 1584: 1583: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449:Sitta neglecta 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402:Sitta castanea 1394: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321:Sitta europaea 1313: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175:Sitta neumayer 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060:Sitta krueperi 1052: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 992: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 960: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 933: 928: 926: 921: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 907: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 861: 856: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 838:Pygmy nuthatch 834: 829: 827: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 808: 807: 804: 803: 799: 798: 795: 794: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 762: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 670: 662:Giant nuthatch 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 638: 633: 631: 626: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 612: 611: 608: 607: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 553: 521:nuthatch vanga 493:Sometimes the 482: 481: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 467: 463: 462: 459: 458: 454: 453: 450: 449: 445: 444: 441: 440: 436: 435: 432: 431: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 407: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 384: 379: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 361: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 344:: wallcreeper 338: 333: 331: 325: 319: 316: 279:North American 193: 192: 190:Linnaeus, 1758 189: 185:Sitta europaea 180: 179: 173: 172: 158: 154: 153: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 73: 72: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9773: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9739: 9727: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9190:Sterrhoptilus 9187: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9162:Megazosterops 9159: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8995:Scotocercidae 8992: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8830:Calyptocichla 8827: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8802:Arizelocichla 8799: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8788:Altimastillas 8785: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8376:Cincloramphus 8373: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8353:Locustellidae 8350: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8265:Grammatoptila 8262: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8141:Psalidoprocne 8138: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8113:Petrochelidon 8110: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8040:Alopochelidon 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8020:Erythrocercus 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7896:Micromacronus 7893: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7616:Heteromirafra 7613: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7513:Melanocorypha 7510: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7161:Meridiocichla 7155: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7099:Speculipastor 7096: 7094: 7093: 7092:Scissirostrum 7089: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7043:Onychognathus 7040: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6800:Myrmecocichla 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744:Heteroxenicus 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702:Campicoloides 6699: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6483:Xenocopsychus 6480: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6377:Ramphocinclus 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6335:Cinclocerthia 6332: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Muscicapoidea 6247: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6179:Odontorchilus 6176: 6174: 6173: 6172:Microcerculus 6169: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6100:Troglodytidae 6097: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6080:Tichodromidae 6077: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6026:Polioptilidae 6023: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5988:Kischinskinia 5982: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5849:Hylocitreidae 5846: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5809:Bombycillidae 5806: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5644:Stenostiridae 5641: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568:Picathartidae 5565: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5543:Pseudopodoces 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395:Chloropseidae 5392: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5145: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5102: 5099: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5053: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5018:Sitta ledanti 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4977: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4747:on 2009-02-25 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4576: 4572: 4571:BTO Birdfacts 4568: 4566: 4558: 4555: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4475:Sitta pygmaea 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265:(1472): 1–39. 3264: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232:0-19-517234-5 3229: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116:Mediterranean 3112: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3100:national park 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3046:invertebrates 3043: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:feeding guild 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972:survival rate 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874:Corsican pine 2871: 2867: 2862: 2861:and England. 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785:and Thailand 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2542:Sitta arctica 2538: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:east through 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438:Sitta villosa 2434: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2294:Sitta ledanti 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2226:United States 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2209:Sitta pusilla 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2193:to southwest 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174:Sitta pygmaea 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2132:Hainan Island 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2037:Blue nuthatch 2035: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016:Sitta formosa 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1819: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1762:blue nuthatch 1759: 1755: 1754:yellow-billed 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:sensu stricto 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1651:Ancient Greek 1647: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:mitochondrial 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231:Sitta arctica 1228: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1080:Sitta ledanti 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1003: 995: 994: 991: 989: 985: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 969: 968:Sitta villosa 965: 959: 958: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 942: 938: 932: 931: 925: 924: 918: 917: 914: 913: 905: 904: 896: 895: 892: 890: 889:Sitta pusilla 886: 880: 879: 876: 875: 872: 870: 866: 860: 859: 853: 852: 849: 848: 845: 843: 842:Sitta pygmaea 839: 833: 832: 826: 825: 819: 818: 815: 814: 806: 805: 797: 796: 793: 791: 787: 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 771: 767: 761: 760: 754: 753: 750: 749: 746: 744: 740: 739:Blue nuthatch 734: 733: 727: 726: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 710: 709:Sitta formosa 706: 700: 699: 693: 692: 686: 685: 682: 681: 673: 672: 669: 667: 663: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 647: 643: 637: 636: 630: 629: 623: 622: 619: 618: 610: 609: 606: 604: 600: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 584: 580: 574: 573: 567: 566: 560: 557: 556: 552: 551: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 491: 489: 479: 478: 470: 469: 461: 460: 452: 451: 443: 442: 434: 433: 430: 428: 427:Troglodytidae 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 412: 411:Polioptilidae 406: 405: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 389: 383: 382: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367:: nuthatches 366: 360: 359: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 343: 342:Tichodromidae 337: 336: 329: 328: 324: 323: 317: 315: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 286:deforestation 283: 280: 276: 275:non-migratory 272: 271:Southern Asia 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 246: 242: 241: 236: 230: 200: 187: 186: 181: 178: 174: 169: 164: 163: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134:Passeriformes 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 83: 78: 74: 71: 67: 66:Sonian Forest 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 30: 19: 9738: 9489: 9251: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9148:Dasycrotapha 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125:Zosteropidae 9112: 9105: 9098: 9093:Pomatorhinus 9091: 9084: 9079:Melanocichla 9077: 9070: 9065:Erythrogenys 9063: 9056: 9049: 9029: 9022: 9002: 8984:Tricholestes 8982: 8975: 8970:Stelgidillas 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8837:Chlorocichla 8835: 8828: 8823:Brachypodius 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758:Pycnonotidae 8745: 8727:Phylloscopus 8725: 8705: 8700:Schoeniparus 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8672:Malacopteron 8670: 8665:Malacocincla 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614:Pellorneidae 8601: 8594: 8589:Paradoxornis 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8525: 8505: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8466:Macrosphenus 8464: 8457: 8450: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8279:Ianthocincla 8277: 8272:Heterophasia 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8215: 8208: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8169:Pygochelidon 8167: 8162:Ptyonoprogne 8160: 8153: 8148:Pseudhirundo 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031:Hirundinidae 8018: 7998: 7991:Donacobiidae 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7826:Calamonastes 7824: 7819:Bathmocercus 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796:Cisticolidae 7783: 7776: 7769: 7764:Phyllergates 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7645: 7621: 7614: 7609:Calendulauda 7607: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7554:Ammomanopsis 7552: 7545: 7538: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7478:Chersophilus 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7428:Psaltriparus 7426: 7421:Leptopoecile 7419: 7412: 7405:Aegithalidae 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7359:Acrocephalus 7357: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7264:Entomodestes 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7214: 7207: 7202:Neocossyphus 7200: 7193: 7186: 7166: 7159: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7113:Streptocitta 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7010: 7003: 6998:Lamprotornis 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6956:Goodfellowia 6954: 6947: 6937: 6930: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6873:Acridotheres 6871: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6688:Brachypteryx 6686: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6524: 6519:Cercotrichas 6517: 6510: 6494:Muscicapinae 6481: 6476:Swynnertonia 6474: 6467: 6460: 6455:Pogonocichla 6453: 6446: 6439: 6434:Cossyphicula 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6395:Muscicapidae 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6306: 6286: 6266: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6214:Thryorchilus 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6186:Pheugopedius 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6130:Cinnycerthia 6128: 6121: 6116:Cantorchilus 6114: 6107: 6087: 6067: 6049:Ramphocaenus 6047: 6040: 6033: 6013: 6006: 5986: 5976: 5965: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5906: 5899: 5876: 5869:Hypocoliidae 5856: 5836: 5816: 5787: 5780: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5653:Chelidorhynx 5651: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5597: 5589:Promeropidae 5576: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5515:Pardaliparus 5513: 5508:Melanochlora 5506: 5499: 5494:Machlolophus 5492: 5485: 5480:Cephalopyrus 5478: 5471: 5464: 5444: 5424: 5403: 5382: 5345:Infraorder: 5254: 5235: 5213:. 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Retrieved 3447: 3438: 3419: 3413: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3389: 3385:Linnaeus, C. 3379: 3368:the original 3347: 3343: 3330: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3260: 3247: 3238: 3223: 3206: 3199: 3195:Lesson, René 3189: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3113: 3105: 3088: 3084: 3064: 3040: 3028:treecreepers 3021: 2992: 2968: 2953: 2929: 2909: 2905: 2883: 2863: 2846: 2843:Wallace Line 2840: 2816: 2795: 2765: 2739: 2706: 2673: 2642: 2616: 2602: 2570: 2541: 2528:Central Asia 2506: 2463: 2437: 2402: 2371: 2324: 2293: 2267: 2255: 2253:Grand Bahama 2239: 2237: 2208: 2173: 2144: 2130:Vietnam and 2114: 2077: 2042:Sitta azurea 2041: 2015: 1989: 1959: 1933: 1907: 1892:Description 1874: 1866: 1849: 1834: 1826: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1770: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1691: 1679:superspecies 1667: 1657: 1655: 1633: 1631: 1610:phylogenetic 1598:gnatcatchers 1590:treecreepers 1587: 1579: 1448: 1443: 1428: 1423: 1401: 1396: 1374: 1369: 1347: 1342: 1320: 1315: 1284: 1279: 1264: 1259: 1230: 1225: 1194: 1189: 1174: 1169: 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7568:Chersomanes 7561:Certhilauda 7471:Calandrella 7179:Myadestinae 6984:Hartlaubius 6922:Creatophora 6901:Arizelopsar 6821:Pinarochroa 6814:Phoenicurus 6679:Saxicolinae 6654:Leucoptilon 6581:Melaenornis 6537:Muscicapini 6469:Stiphrornis 6441:Dessonornis 6413:Chamaetylas 6404:Erithacinae 6370:Oreoscoptes 6299:Elachuridae 6228:Troglodytes 6221:Thryothorus 6207:Thryophilus 6165:Hylorchilus 6158:Henicorhina 6144:Cyphorhinus 6137:Cistothorus 5957:Certhioidea 5942:Ptiliogonys 5935:Phainoptila 5928:Phainopepla 5901:Chaetoptila 5761:Muscicapida 5736:Passeroidea 5725:Passeroidea 5714:See below ↓ 5694:See below ↓ 5685:Muscicapida 5619:Anthoscopus 5578:Picathartes 5501:Melaniparus 5487:Lophophanes 5374:Chaetopidae 5183:11 November 5137:11 November 5091:11 November 5045:11 November 4969:11 November 3838:Gill, Frank 3000:hypothermia 2726:to western 2724:Afghanistan 2422:Endemic to 2417:supercilium 2351:and on the 2251:Endemic to 2162:Philippines 1960:Sitta magna 1875:Species in 1830:supercilium 1803:Description 1606:Certhioidea 1602:superfamily 666:Sitta magna 543:to fill an 495:wallcreeper 243:, of small 46:Nuthatches 9751:Nuthatches 9745:Categories 9169:Parayuhina 9141:Cleptornis 9051:Cyanoderma 9042:Timaliidae 9004:Scotocerca 8942:Pycnonotus 8872:Hypsipetes 8851:Euptilotus 8795:Andropadus 8781:Alophoixus 8767:Acritillas 8686:Pellorneum 8644:Illadopsis 8637:Gypsophila 8473:Melocichla 8459:Cryptillas 8397:Locustella 8237:Actinodura 8099:Neophedina 8068:Cheramoeca 8000:Donacobius 7973:Spiloptila 7938:Phyllolais 7931:Phragmacia 7924:Orthotomus 7875:Hypergerus 7812:Artisornis 7736:Abroscopus 7709:Thamnornis 7688:Hartertula 7674:Crossleyia 7600:Mirafrinae 7520:Spizocorys 7492:Eremophila 7485:Eremalauda 7414:Aegithalos 7373:Chloropeta 7338:Sylvioidea 7278:Hylocichla 7250:Cichlopsis 7216:Stizorhina 7168:Pinarornis 7127:Sturnornis 7106:Spodiopsar 7085:Saroglossa 7071:Rhabdornis 7036:Notopholia 6949:Fregilupus 6932:Cryptopsar 6908:Basilornis 6887:Ampeliceps 6842:Thamnolaea 6765:Leonardina 6737:Heinrichia 6716:Emarginata 6709:Cinclidium 6633:Cyanoptila 6617:Niltavinae 6595:Namibornis 6560:Empidornis 6503:Copsychini 6462:Sheppardia 6420:Cichladusa 6259:Buphagidae 6200:Thryomanes 6193:Salpinctes 6089:Tichodroma 6042:Polioptila 6035:Microbates 5999:Certhiidae 5878:Hypocolius 5858:Hylocitrea 5818:Bombycilla 5705:Sylvioidea 5674:Stenostira 5660:Culicicapa 5557:Sylviparus 5550:Sittiparus 5466:Baeolophus 5416:Hyliotidae 5405:Chloropsis 5339:Suborder: 5310:passerides 5308:Genera of 5227:References 4883:2008-06-21 4800:The Condor 4751:2008-06-27 4580:2008-12-01 4563:"Nuthatch 4548:2008-06-21 4515:2008-06-21 4509:Bird Guide 4487:2008-06-21 4298:2008-06-20 4292:Bird Guide 3984:2021-07-14 3641:: 225–240. 3454:2008-06-24 3444:"Nuthatch" 3108:vulnerable 3091:endangered 3044:and other 2988:house wren 2976:accipiters 2956:monogamous 2912:woodpecker 2866:coniferous 2689:Northeast 2658:Temperate 2496:(130,000) 2355:island of 2093:India and 1884:Common and 1775:bird from 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6123:Catherpes 6015:Salpornis 5978:Certhiops 5782:Corthylio 5773:Regulidae 5626:Auriparus 5610:Remizidae 5599:Promerops 5529:Periparus 5473:Cyanistes 5362:Passerida 5347:Passerida 5321:Kingdom: 4903:Ecography 4369:: 79–89. 2960:altricial 2935:(70 2925:squirrels 2889:Behaviour 2878:deciduous 2870:evergreen 2868:or other 2623:Himalayas 2522:Northern 2103:Indonesia 2095:Sri Lanka 1731:Himalayas 533:Australia 529:sittellas 245:passerine 100:Kingdom: 94:Eukaryota 9756:Sittidae 9534:pictures 9520:Sittidae 9499:Wikidata 9490:Sittidae 9322:45510138 9261:Wikidata 9183:Staphida 9086:Mixornis 9072:Macronus 8963:Spizixos 8956:Setornis 8949:Rubigula 8893:Ixonotus 8858:Eurillas 8844:Criniger 8747:Pnoepyga 8707:Turdinus 8582:Myzornis 8575:Moupinia 8568:Lioparus 8561:Fulvetta 8418:Poodytes 8258:Garrulax 8201:Hyliidae 8075:Delichon 8061:Cecropis 8054:Atticora 7910:Oreolais 7903:Neomixis 7889:Malcorus 7757:Horornis 7695:Oxylabes 7499:Galerida 7464:Alaudala 7394:Nesillas 7306:Zoothera 7236:Catharus 7227:Turdinae 7188:Grandala 7145:Turdidae 6991:Hylopsar 6977:Grafisia 6880:Agropsar 6835:Tarsiger 6828:Saxicola 6807:Oenanthe 6786:Myiomela 6772:Luscinia 6730:Ficedula 6723:Enicurus 6695:Calliope 6626:Anthipes 6567:Fraseria 6546:Agricola 6427:Cossypha 6308:Elachura 6268:Buphagus 6235:Uropsila 6151:Ferminia 6060:Sittidae 5892:Mohoidae 5437:Irenidae 5384:Chaetops 5329:Chordata 5327:Phylum: 5323:Animalia 5003:: 57–62. 4997:Forktail 4681:13165711 4673:10973729 4631:85182636 4383:19446422 4270:Postilla 4251:11556921 3824:17372225 3738:Archived 3707:11900733 3624:(2006). 3598:16716603 3538:(2005). 3387:(1758). 3364:15062790 3197:(1828). 3181:30936315 3034:or join 2722:Eastern 2695:Thailand 2557:Eastern 2134:, China 2097:through 2058:Malaysia 1843:and the 1694:Eurasian 1683:Krüper's 1658:nuthatch 1643: : 1637:Linnaeus 429:: wrens 365:Sittidae 318:Taxonomy 252:Sittidae 168:Linnaeus 144:Sittidae 140:Family: 114:Chordata 110:Phylum: 104:Animalia 90:Domain: 18:Sittidae 9505:Q205857 9473:ZooBank 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This 297:insects 267:Eurasia 261:of the 157:Genus: 130:Order: 120:Class: 68:, near 36:Sittace 27:Genus, 9723:uBio: 9703:603925 9664:178773 9651:105095 9586:1SITTF 9413:178774 9335:1STTAG 9204:Yuhina 9155:Heleia 9031:Sylvia 8886:Ixodia 8134:Progne 7952:Prinia 7882:Incana 7854:Eminia 7805:Apalis 7743:Cettia 7702:Randia 7457:Alauda 7299:Turdus 7257:Cochoa 7209:Sialia 7057:Pholia 7050:Pastor 6939:Enodes 6751:Irania 6512:Alethe 5261: 5242: 4923: 4819: 4773: 4679: 4671: 4629: 4449: 4381: 4339: 4249: 3822: 3812: 3705: 3596: 3548: 3426: 3404:Lingua 3362: 3230: 3179: 3169: 3055:acorns 3051:snails 2964:helper 2783:Yunnan 2489:Turkey 2485:Greece 2389:Canada 2357:Lesvos 2349:Russia 2341:Turkey 2195:Mexico 1895:Range 1889:Image 1715:Ganges 1604:, the 303:, and 170:, 1758 151:, 1828 149:Lesson 9716:39448 9690:50247 9646:IRMNG 9638:14799 9599:10857 9560:626XK 9460:Plazi 9452:39449 9439:50248 9395:IRMNG 9387:14800 9348:97250 9282:Sitta 9252:Sitta 9176:Rukia 8816:Bleda 8404:Malia 8314:Minla 8251:Cutia 8244:Argya 8210:Hylia 7771:Tesia 7387:Iduna 6363:Mimus 6069:Sitta 5838:Dulus 5633:Remiz 5522:Parus 5446:Irena 5209:(PDF) 5202:(PDF) 4993:(PDF) 4921:JSTOR 4868:Sitta 4817:JSTOR 4795:(PDF) 4745:(PDF) 4730:(PDF) 4677:S2CID 4649:(PDF) 4627:S2CID 4603:(PDF) 4431:. In 4379:S2CID 4337:JSTOR 4317:(PDF) 4247:S2CID 3703:S2CID 3629:(PDF) 3605:(PDF) 3574:(PDF) 3371:(PDF) 3340:(PDF) 3302:Sitta 3257:(PDF) 3123:Notes 3060:cache 2916:resin 2829:Open 2728:Nepal 2691:India 2627:China 2353:Greek 1977:Burma 1789:Sitta 1781:clade 1746:Sitta 1646:síttē 1641:σίττη 1634:Sitta 1594:wrens 559:Sitta 531:from 514:taxon 305:seeds 248:birds 240:Sitta 235:genus 162:Sitta 29:Sitta 9685:NCBI 9659:ITIS 9625:5283 9620:GBIF 9581:EPPO 9573:1609 9547:1193 9542:BOLD 9434:NCBI 9408:ITIS 9369:GBIF 9330:EPPO 9309:7HWK 9296:4755 9291:BOLD 8900:Ixos 8879:Iole 7012:Mino 5908:Moho 5734:See 5335:Aves 5259:ISBN 5240:ISBN 5217:2008 5185:2021 5168:2016 5139:2021 5122:2018 5093:2021 5076:2017 5047:2021 5030:2017 4971:2021 4954:2016 4771:ISBN 4669:PMID 4447:ISBN 4397:link 3858:2020 3820:PMID 3721:link 3658:Ibis 3594:PMID 3546:ISBN 3483:Ibis 3424:ISBN 3395:10th 3360:PMID 3228:ISBN 3177:PMID 3089:The 3032:tits 2980:owls 2946:The 2524:Iraq 2493:Iran 2487:and 2479:The 2066:Java 2064:and 1817:call 1756:and 1704:and 1692:The 1685:and 1672:and 1616:and 1596:and 535:and 519:The 301:nuts 197:The 124:Aves 9726:647 9672:NBN 9568:EoL 9555:CoL 9529:ADW 9421:NBN 9317:EoL 9304:CoL 8921:Nok 5172:doi 5126:doi 5080:doi 5034:doi 4958:doi 4911:doi 4848:doi 4838:". 4809:doi 4704:doi 4700:274 4661:doi 4617:doi 4371:doi 4329:doi 4239:doi 4235:120 4064:doi 3810:PMC 3800:doi 3788:104 3695:doi 3691:149 3666:doi 3662:154 3586:doi 3491:doi 3487:140 3352:doi 3316:doi 3167:PMC 3157:doi 3145:116 2589:to 2491:to 2101:to 523:of 516:. 9747:: 9713:: 9700:: 9687:: 9674:: 9661:: 9648:: 9635:: 9622:: 9609:: 9596:: 9583:: 9570:: 9557:: 9544:: 9531:: 9516:: 9501:: 9475:: 9462:: 9449:: 9436:: 9423:: 9410:: 9397:: 9384:: 9371:: 9358:: 9345:: 9332:: 9319:: 9306:: 9293:: 9278:: 9263:: 5166:. 5160:. 5120:. 5114:. 5074:. 5068:. 5028:. 5022:. 5001:19 4999:. 4995:. 4952:. 4946:. 4919:. 4907:23 4905:. 4901:. 4876:. 4872:. 4842:. 4815:. 4805:99 4803:. 4797:. 4738:29 4736:. 4732:. 4698:. 4675:. 4667:. 4657:60 4655:. 4651:. 4625:. 4613:23 4611:. 4605:. 4573:. 4569:. 4540:. 4524:^ 4507:. 4496:^ 4479:. 4461:^ 4445:. 4417:^ 4405:^ 4393:}} 4389:{{ 4367:23 4365:. 4349:^ 4335:. 4325:88 4323:. 4319:. 4290:. 4274:42 4272:. 4268:. 4245:. 4233:. 4229:. 4208:^ 4176:^ 4153:^ 4101:^ 4087:^ 4060:21 4058:. 4054:. 4020:^ 3977:. 3954:^ 3924:^ 3848:. 3818:. 3808:. 3798:. 3786:. 3782:. 3761:^ 3749:^ 3717:}} 3713:{{ 3689:. 3660:. 3656:. 3639:80 3637:. 3631:. 3613:^ 3592:. 3582:40 3580:. 3576:. 3534:; 3519:^ 3503:^ 3485:. 3446:. 3358:. 3348:31 3346:. 3342:. 3312:70 3310:. 3306:. 3271:^ 3259:. 3214:^ 3175:. 3165:. 3155:. 3143:. 3139:. 3062:. 3053:, 3038:. 3006:. 2978:, 2937:lb 2933:kg 2857:, 2798:) 2768:) 2742:) 2709:) 2676:) 2645:) 2605:) 2573:) 2544:) 2509:) 2466:) 2440:) 2405:) 2374:) 2347:, 2343:, 2327:) 2296:) 2270:) 2242:) 2211:) 2176:) 2147:) 2117:) 2080:) 2060:, 2044:) 2018:) 1992:) 1962:) 1936:) 1910:) 1791:: 1768:. 1752:, 1741:. 1725:, 1700:, 1696:, 1649:, 1624:. 1451:) 1431:) 1404:) 1377:) 1350:) 1323:) 1287:) 1267:) 1233:) 1197:) 1177:) 1082:) 1062:) 1035:) 990:) 970:) 943:) 891:) 871:) 844:) 792:) 772:) 745:) 711:) 668:) 648:) 605:) 585:) 547:. 299:, 288:. 237:, 226:tʃ 60:A 8088:† 7157:† 7018:† 6945:† 6928:† 5984:† 5974:† 5889:† 5591:? 5570:? 5418:? 5397:? 5376:? 5301:e 5294:t 5287:v 5267:. 5248:. 5219:. 5187:. 5174:: 5158:" 5154:" 5141:. 5128:: 5112:" 5108:" 5095:. 5082:: 5066:" 5062:" 5049:. 5036:: 5020:" 5016:" 4973:. 4960:: 4944:" 4940:" 4927:. 4913:: 4886:. 4870:" 4866:" 4854:. 4850:: 4844:4 4823:. 4811:: 4779:. 4754:. 4710:. 4706:: 4683:. 4663:: 4633:. 4619:: 4600:" 4583:. 4551:. 4538:" 4534:" 4518:. 4490:. 4477:" 4473:" 4455:. 4399:) 4385:. 4373:: 4343:. 4331:: 4301:. 4253:. 4241:: 4072:. 4066:: 4052:" 3987:. 3860:. 3826:. 3802:: 3794:: 3723:) 3709:. 3697:: 3674:. 3668:: 3588:: 3571:" 3554:. 3497:. 3493:: 3457:. 3432:. 3354:: 3324:. 3318:: 3183:. 3159:: 3151:: 2837:. 2794:( 2764:( 2738:( 2705:( 2672:( 2641:( 2601:( 2569:( 2540:( 2505:( 2462:( 2436:( 2401:( 2370:( 2359:. 2323:( 2292:( 2266:( 2238:( 2207:( 2172:( 2143:( 2113:( 2076:( 2040:( 2014:( 1988:( 1958:( 1932:( 1906:( 1578:( 1447:( 1427:( 1400:( 1373:( 1346:( 1319:( 1283:( 1263:( 1229:( 1193:( 1173:( 1078:( 1058:( 1031:( 986:( 966:( 939:( 887:( 867:( 840:( 788:( 768:( 741:( 707:( 664:( 644:( 601:( 581:( 497:( 229:/ 223:æ 220:h 217:. 214:t 211:ʌ 208:n 205:/ 201:( 38:. 20:)

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