505:
270:
407:. A prominent variant, "voting while Black", surfaced during the U.S. presidential elections of 2000 and 2004 in reference to attempts to suppress Black votes. Snowclones of this form, highlighting the unequal treatment of Black people, have included "walking while Black" for pedestrian offenses, "learning while Black" for students in schools, "drawing while Black" for artists, and "
2298:
All these gates are examples of a snowclone, a type of clichéd phrase defined by the linguist
Geoffrey Pullum as 'a multi-use, customisable, instantly recognisable, timeworn, quoted or misquoted phrase or sentence that can be used in an entirely open array of different variants'. Examples of a
467:
and had previously been explicitly used in a religious context to discuss "actions that are at once contradictory and indifferent—actions that, because they are neither commanded nor prohibited by
Scripture, good nor evil in themselves, Christians are free to perform or omit".
537:, indicating that the actor was "ready to go any place any time" and to be "dressed classy" upon arrival. The use of variations of this template by job seekers goes back considerably earlier, dating to at least the 1920s, possibly around 1900, in
625:
considered harmful", an established journalistic cliché since at least the mid-20th century, generally appears in the titles of articles as "a way for an editor to alert readers that the writer is going to be expressing negative opinions about
231:'s 1962 statement that pink is "the navy blue of India". According to language columnist Nathan Bierma, this snowclone provides "a tidy and catchy way of conveying an increase, or change in nature, or change in function – or all three – of
49:
The linguistic phenomenon of "a multi-use, customizable, instantly recognizable, time-worn, quoted or misquoted phrase or sentence that can be used in an entirely open array of different variants" was originally described by linguist
1849:
63:, a collaborative blog by several linguistics professors, Pullum solicited ideas for what the then-unnamed phenomenon should be called. In response to the request, the word "snowclone" was coined by economics professor
1336:
288:
that has been used to refer to something as "great" or "the greatest of its kind", became a popular snowclone template in the 1990s. The phrase entered
American popular culture in September 1990 at the outset of the
487:
described as an "utterly ordinary structure". A Google search by Zwicky for snowclones of the form "to * or not to *" resulted in over 16 million hits, although some apparent occurrences may be cases of a natural
125:
Pullum, in his first discussion of what would later be called a snowclone, offered the following example of a template describing multiple variations of a journalistic cliché he had encountered: "If
Eskimos have
687:
as a service" (XaaS) is a business model in which a product use is offered as a subscription-based service rather than as an artifact owned and maintained by the customer. Originating from the
2327:
gate as a snowclone? Not quite. I see the conceptual similarity, but the very words he quotes show that I originally defined the concept (in this post) as a phrase or sentence template. The
245:
1091:
1818:
309:
with the statement: "Let everyone understand that this battle is going to become the mother of all battles." The phrase was repeated in a
January 1991 speech by Saddam Hussein. A
201:, "In space, no one can hear you scream", which was cloned into numerous variations stating that in space, no one can hear you belch, bitch, blog, cream, DJ, dream, drink, etc.
369:
prefix creates a figurative phrase in which "mother" also suggests that the referent will give rise to many more of its kind. The phrase was used in the naming of a mosque in
1328:
1947:. Those ads read: 'Have tuxedo, will travel'. It meant they were ready to go any place, any time... It also meant that they would be dressed classy when they showed up.
715:
referred to this kind of trope as a "catch structure", citing as an example the phrase "to boldly split infinitives that no man had split before", as originally used in
1611:
1755:
1603:
195:
The original request from
Geoffrey Pullum, in addition to citing the Eskimos-and-snow namesake of the term snowclone, mentioned a poster slogan for the 1979 film
1301:
1686:
1577:
1496:
1462:
1383:
1361:
771:
600:
580:
2385:
746:
has a long history of description and analysis. There are many kinds of such wordplay, as described in various studies of written and oral sources.
923:
102:
s David Sarno: "Snowclones are memechés, if you will: meme-ified clichés with the operative words removed, leaving spaces for you or the masses to
1659:
1768:
There's a new term of art, 'Flying While Muslim' ... intended to draw parallels to the
American phenomenon known as 'driving while black'...
1226:
721:
1973:
1543:
1211:
997:
298:
318:
2154:
640:
2203:
1933:
1705:
1626:
1506:
1472:
1311:
1272:
1179:
504:
411:" or "eating while Black" for customers in stores and restaurants. A 2017 legal case prompted the variant "talking while Black".
562:
157:, although the basic premise (that Eskimos have a larger number of words for snow) is often disputed by those who study Eskimo (
2352:
2331:
gate frame is a lexical word-formation analog of it, an extension of the concept from syntax into derivational morphology.
2108:
1751:
1254:
959:
2127:
1375:
1137:"Germany's bureaucracy – Breathe or be strangled: The government declares war on red tape—and may win a skirmish or two"
732:
174:
stated, "If
Eskimos have dozens of words for snow, Germans have as many for bureaucracy." A similar construction in the
1861:
denotes the disjunction between contradictory alternatives. But the form also acquired a more specific function in the
2402:
1894:
1728:
2282:
1533:
552:
54:
in 2003. Pullum later described snowclones as "some-assembly-required adaptable cliché frames for lazy journalists".
1674:
2299:
typical snowclone are: grey is the new black, comedy is the new rock'n'roll, Barnsley is the new Naples, and so on.
2191:
1563:
1231:
1146:
341:
2451:
985:
658:
400:
302:
1351:
762:
Suffixes created from a shortened form of a word are sometimes called snowclones, but can also be described as
590:
567:
326:
1169:
2232:
767:
254:
2371:
696:
571:
2456:
2114:
1248:
1014:
953:
700:
688:
489:
322:
240:
120:
76:
38:
1398:
812:
653:
635:
595:
419:
408:
2461:
2446:
2220:
1649:
1426:
1356:
480:
454:
450:
415:
396:
334:
2030:
1965:
A Dictionary of Catch
Phrases: British and American, from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day
1789:
1203:
1065:
1037:
894:
856:
2376:
2263:
2096:
2078:
2055:
1925:
1841:
890:
616:
557:
533:
374:
306:
146:
51:
989:
978:
33:
that can be used and recognized in multiple variants. The term was coined in 2004, derived from
2199:
2195:
2004:
1969:
1963:
1929:
1866:
1568:
1539:
1502:
1468:
1436:
1307:
1175:
993:
777:
743:
585:
528:
95:
2255:
2070:
1833:
1103:
933:
736:
631:
423:
404:
330:
249:
244:, a 2008 newspaper headline that stated "Comedy is the new rock 'n' roll", and the title of
30:
2051:
1870:
1654:
692:
645:
547:
349:
162:
158:
86:
The term "snowclone" has since been adopted by other linguists, journalists, and authors.
1701:
1634:
2099:
317:, the snowclone gained popularity in the media and was adapted for phrases such as "the
276:
was associated with the popularization of the phrase "the mother of all..." in the West.
1959:
1675:"Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling"
1535:
Slam Dunks and No-Brainers: Pop
Language in Your Life, the Media, and, Like... Whatever
294:
273:
269:
228:
1869:... Though discussions of this sort occurred most frequently in theological writings,
2440:
2408:
2224:
2184:
2179:
2026:
1845:
1785:
1627:"Critics say a Minneapolis law criminalizes walking while black: What Lurks Beneath?"
1573:
1268:
1141:
1033:
928:
716:
712:
663:
484:
170:
2082:
2344:
2008:
1431:
1329:"Confrontation in the Gulf: Leaders Bluntly Prime Iraq for 'Mother of All Battles'"
1042:
861:
807:
678:
531:, will travel" was a stock phrase used in short advertisements placed by actors in
197:
176:
64:
59:
1873:
parishioners attending services each week would have likely heard preachers fill
630:." As a snowclone, the template began to propagate significantly in the field of
1889:
1862:
792:
68:
2312:
2005:"A Boy and His Space Suit (Have Space Suit — Will Travel — Robert A. Heinlein)"
348:, described with the earliest known use of the phrase "mother of all battles" (
973:
937:
575:
345:
72:
34:
1440:
766:, short for 'liberated suffix'. These are "lexical word-formation analog...
1277:
817:
727:
539:
285:
80:
1720:
26:
2074:
1837:
1107:
1092:"On 'Eskimo Words for Snow': The Life Cycle of a Linguistic Misconception"
359:
153:
has reason to spend a great deal of time thinking about the specific idea
1917:
524:
290:
143:
103:
2246:
Loomis, C. Grant (1964). "Proverbial Phrases in Journalistic Wordplay".
1352:"U.S., Allies Launch Massive Air War Against Targets in Iraq and Kuwait"
1136:
365:). Although popularly used to mean "greatest" or "ultimate", the Arabic
215:
Frequently seen snowclones include phrases in the form of the template "
2267:
739:
as an intentional violation of a disputed traditional rule of grammar.
426:
shown towards airline passengers perceived to be from the Middle East.
370:
1940:
1721:"Miranda and the Louisiana Lawyer Dog: A case of talking while black"
763:
757:
459:
314:
310:
2370:
Barrett, Grant; Pullum, Geoffrey; Barnette, Martha (June 28, 2006).
2259:
1498:
War Slang: American Fighting Words & Phrases Since the Civil War
1111:
1922:
Have Tux, Will Travel: Bob Hope's Own Story as Told to Pete Martin
827:
695:, the template has expanded to numerous offerings in the field of
503:
268:
181:
463:(around 1600). This template appears to have existed even before
822:
649:
90:
1752:"Islamic Activists Ask, Is There a 'Flying While Muslim' Bias?"
2381:
1403:
546:
Variants of the snowclone were used in the titles of the 1957
666:, was responsible for giving the letter its evocative title.
180:
in 2007 claimed that "auto manufacturers have 100 words for
2155:"The need for Transportation as a Service (TaaS) Platforms"
980:
The Prodigal Tongue: Dispatches from the Future of English
515:
The earliest known literary mention of the template "Have
395:-ing while Black", and its original popular construction "
2431:
414:
The template has been applied to other groups; the term "
403:", and refer to Black people being pulled over by police
227:
is the new black", apparently based on a misquotation of
223:". The original (and still common) form is the template "
1204:"On the trail of 'the new black' (and 'the navy blue')"
2107:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
691:
concept that appeared in the 2010s with the advent of
2345:"The 'gate' suffix – Gli scandali italiani: '-opoli'"
1350:
Atkinson, Rick; Broder, David S. (January 17, 1991).
830:, used as a cliché suffix for fictional country names
483:
between contradictory alternatives", which linguist
742:In the study of folklore, the related concept of a
492:unrelated to the Shakespearean snowclone template.
71:the next day. The term was derived by Whitman from
16:
Neologism for a type of cliché and phrasal template
2401:
2183:
1501:(3rd ed.). Courier Corporation. p. 317.
977:
940:. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016
857:"Snowclones: lexicographical dating to the second"
1235:. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007
149:used by journalists to imply that cultural group
67:on January 15, 2004, and Pullum endorsed it as a
1702:"'Shopping While Black': Would You Stop Racism?"
1171:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weird Word Origins
770:". Libfixes include formations like the English
2021:
2019:
2017:
1597:
1595:
1376:"All of the Words of the Year, 1990 to Present"
917:
915:
1633:. Vol. 28, no. 1369. Archived from
885:
883:
881:
879:
790:
782:
733:... to boldly go where no man has gone before
8:
1812:
1810:
1604:"Chief vows to root out profiling by Patrol"
1557:
1555:
1527:
1525:
850:
848:
846:
844:
353:
1943:, comedians and singers used to put ads in
1538:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 58–59.
725:radio series (1978). The phrase references
1602:Coolican, J. Patrick (November 21, 2003).
1427:"Russia unveils the 'father of all bombs'"
1303:Oxford Dictionary of Quotations by Subject
1090:Cichocki, Piotr; Kilarski, Marcin (2010).
1780:
1778:
1776:
1273:"Comedy is the new rock 'n' roll (again)"
1102:(3). John Benjamins Publishing: 341–377.
735:"), humorously highlighting the use of a
2311:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2010).
2186:The Encyclopedia of the English Language
1991:Robert A. Heinlein: a reader's companion
1467:. Oxford University Press. p. 439.
1399:"Meet the Russian 'father of all bombs'"
1306:. Oxford University Press. p. 219.
1064:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (October 21, 2003).
855:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (January 16, 2004).
519:, will travel" is the title of the book
342:Arab victory over the Sassanian Persians
2128:"What is XaaS (Anything as a Service)?"
1968:. Scarborough House. pp. 118–119.
1855:from the original on November 3, 2017.
840:
1708:from the original on November 2, 2017.
1689:from the original on November 2, 2017.
1679:Boston College Third World Law Journal
1246:
1202:Zimmer, Benjamin (December 28, 2006).
951:
895:"Phrases for lazy writers in kit form"
634:in 1968. Its spread was prompted by a
453:", spoken by the titular character in
329:declared "the mother of all" the 1991
2388:from the original on October 24, 2016
2351:(Blog). UK: Oxford University Press.
1750:Ragavan, Chitra (February 13, 2007).
1731:from the original on November 5, 2017
1580:from the original on October 27, 2017
340:The Arabic phrase originated from an
238:Examples include a 2001 album titled
7:
2355:from the original on April 17, 2019.
2229:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
2056:"Go To Statement Considered Harmful"
1758:from the original on August 22, 2016
1662:from the original on March 13, 2016.
1625:Mosedale, Mike (February 28, 2007).
1562:Balkisson, Kamaria (November 2017).
1425:Harding, Luke (September 11, 2007).
1214:from the original on March 23, 2017.
722:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
1386:from the original on June 12, 2017.
1364:from the original on June 14, 2017.
1339:from the original on June 14, 2017.
1327:Cowell, Alan (September 22, 1990).
1149:from the original on March 28, 2017
449:" is a template based on the line "
354:
2372:"How the Web Is Changing Language"
2343:Maier, Eleanor (August 16, 2012).
2031:"Language Log: Considered harmful"
1790:"To Snowclone or Not to Snowclone"
1719:Baron, Dennis (November 4, 2017).
1614:from the original on May 31, 2016.
641:Go To Statement Considered Harmful
142:." Pullum cited this as a popular
14:
2281:Marsh, David (February 1, 2010).
1564:"Digital Arts: Uncaped Crusaders"
1397:Gigova, Radina (April 20, 2017).
1225:Peters, Mark (July–August 2006).
922:McFedries, Paul (February 2008).
2153:Uppala, Raj (August 28, 2018).
1700:Norman, Anna (March 23, 2009).
1013:Sarno, David (August 6, 2008).
89:Snowclones are related to both
37:that referred to the number of
1673:Harris, Anne-Marie G. (2003).
188:In space, no one can hear you
93:and clichés, according to the
79:and incorporates a pun on the
1:
2109:University of Texas at Austin
1819:"Shakespeare's Constructicon"
1817:Shore, Daniel (Summer 2015).
1648:Morse, Jodie (June 5, 2002).
1495:Dickson, Paul (August 2014).
1464:Safire's Political Dictionary
924:"Snowclone Is the New Cliché"
422:to describe disproportionate
337:" was created by an analogy.
299:Revolutionary Command Council
2227:(1965). "Split infinitive".
527:. Hope explained that "Have
523:, a 1954 memoir by comedian
405:solely because of their race
1895:Online Etymology Dictionary
1096:Historiographia Linguistica
563:Have Space Suit—Will Travel
360:
75:referring to the number of
57:In an October 2003 post on
2478:
2192:Cambridge University Press
1989:J. Daniel Gifford (2000),
1877:with a variety of verbs...
1232:Columbia Journalism Review
1227:"Not Your Father's Cliché"
1015:"Web Scout: The snowclone"
755:
676:
614:
399:", are sardonic plays on "
118:
2412:(2578). November 18, 2006
2380:(Interview). Neal Conan.
2349:Oxford English Dictionary
2063:Communications of the ACM
1857:In its most general use,
1300:Ratcliffe, Susan (2010).
1253:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
986:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
958:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
938:10.1109/SPEC.2008.4445783
659:Communications of the ACM
401:driving while intoxicated
307:military action in Kuwait
1461:Safire, William (2008).
1380:American Dialect Society
1168:McFedries, Paul (2008).
601:Have Guitar, Will Travel
591:Have Rocket, Will Travel
327:American Dialect Society
2432:The Snowclones Database
2233:Oxford University Press
1066:"Bleached conditionals"
1038:"Etymology as argument"
768:derivational morphology
581:Have Guitar Will Travel
490:contrastive disjunction
255:Orange Is the New Black
168:In 2003, an article in
1650:"Learning While Black"
1532:Savan, Leslie (2006).
1019:Los Angeles Times Blog
791:
788:, abstracted from the
783:
776:suffix drawn from the
697:information technology
572:Have Love, Will Travel
553:Have Gun – Will Travel
512:
509:Have Gun – Will Travel
471:In general usage, "to
277:
45:History and derivation
2403:"The word: Snowclone"
2075:10.1145/362929.362947
1838:10.1353/shq.2015.0017
1826:Shakespeare Quarterly
1108:10.1075/hl.37.3.03cic
701:mobility as a service
699:and beyond it, as in
689:software as a service
521:Have Tux, Will Travel
507:
375:Umm al-Ma'arik Mosque
323:Mother of all Budgets
321:" and New Zealand's "
272:
241:Quiet Is the New Loud
121:Eskimo words for snow
115:Eskimo words for snow
106:their own versions."
77:Eskimo words for snow
39:Eskimo words for snow
2283:"Mind your language"
2132:SearchCloudComputing
1788:(October 25, 2005).
1574:Groupe Jeune Afrique
893:(October 27, 2003).
813:Construction grammar
654:computer programming
636:letter to the editor
409:shopping while Black
301:warned the U.S.-led
73:journalistic clichés
35:journalistic clichés
2097:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2052:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
1725:The Web of Language
1357:The Washington Post
1145:. October 9, 2003.
891:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
455:William Shakespeare
451:To be, or not to be
416:flying while Muslim
397:driving while Black
335:Father of All Bombs
319:mother of all bombs
280:"The mother of all
2377:Talk of the Nation
1926:Simon and Schuster
1333:The New York Times
752:Liberated suffixes
711:In 1995, linguist
617:Considered harmful
611:considered harmful
558:Robert A. Heinlein
513:
479:" simply conveys "
278:
262:The mother of all
52:Geoffrey K. Pullum
2134:. August 12, 2022
2029:(April 8, 2008).
1975:978-1-4616-6040-8
1867:Christian liberty
1637:on April 1, 2008.
1608:The Seattle Times
1569:The Africa Report
1545:978-0-375-70242-6
1174:. Penguin Books.
1036:(June 18, 2005).
999:978-0-618-57122-2
780:, or the Italian
778:Watergate scandal
744:proverbial phrase
586:The Three Stooges
96:Los Angeles Times
2469:
2452:2000s neologisms
2421:
2419:
2417:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2357:
2356:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2248:Western Folklore
2243:
2237:
2236:
2231:(2nd ed.).
2216:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2023:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1875:to X or not to X
1859:to X or not to X
1854:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:(June 2, 2008).
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:on July 29, 2017
1116:
1110:. Archived from
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1004:
1003:
983:
970:
964:
963:
957:
949:
947:
945:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
887:
874:
873:
871:
869:
852:
796:
786:
737:split infinitive
707:Similar concepts
656:. The editor of
632:computer science
550:television show
418:" appeared post-
363:
357:
356:
331:Word of the Year
250:Netflix original
130:words for snow,
110:Notable examples
101:
31:phrasal template
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2369:
2366:
2364:Further reading
2361:
2360:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2313:"Snowclonegate"
2310:
2309:
2305:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2260:10.2307/1498905
2245:
2244:
2240:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
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2147:
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2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2058:
2050:
2049:
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