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dynamically as the snowflake falls through the cloud and tiny changes in temperature and humidity affect the way in which water molecules attach to the snowflake. Since the micro-environment (and its changes) are very nearly identical around the snowflake, each arm tends to grow in nearly the same way. However, being in the same micro-environment does not guarantee that each arm grows the same; indeed, for some crystal forms it does not because the underlying crystal growth mechanism also affects how fast each surface region of a crystal grows. Empirical studies suggest less than 0.1% of snowflakes exhibit the ideal six-fold symmetric shape. Very occasionally twelve branched snowflakes are observed; they maintain the six-fold symmetry.
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depiction as symmetrical. It is unlikely that any two snowflakes are alike due to the estimated 10 (10 quintillion) water molecules which make up a typical snowflake, which grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground. Snowflakes that look identical, but may vary at the molecular level, have been grown under controlled conditions.
38:
558:
725:
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177:. The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate, meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets' expense. These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground.
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such as side-planes, bullet-rosettes and also planar types depending on the conditions and ice nuclei. If a crystal has started forming in a column growth regime, at around â5 °C (23 °F), and then falls into the warmer plate-like regime, then plate or dendritic crystals sprout at the end of the column, producing so called "capped columns".
413:
The shape of a snowflake is determined primarily by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed. Freezing air down to â3 °C (27 °F) promotes planar crystals (thin and flat). In colder air down to â8 °C (18 °F), the crystals form as hollow columns, prisms or needles. In air
80:
as the flake moves through differing temperature and humidity zones in the atmosphere, such that individual snowflakes differ in detail from one another, but may be categorized in eight broad classifications and at least 80 individual variants. The main constituent shapes for ice crystals, from which
418:
discovered, shape is also a function of whether the prevalent moisture is above or below saturation. Forms below the saturation line trend more towards solid and compact. Crystals formed in supersaturated air trend more towards lacy, delicate and ornate. Many more complex growth patterns also form
124:
In warmer clouds, an aerosol particle or "ice nucleus" must be present in (or in contact with) the droplet to act as a nucleus. The particles that make ice nuclei are very rare compared to nuclei upon which liquid cloud droplets form; however, it is not understood what makes them efficient. Clays,
231:
The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed. Rarely, at a temperature of around â2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry â triangular snowflakes. Most snow particles are irregular in form, despite their common
246:
of ice. At that stage, the snowflake has the shape of a minute hexagon. The six "arms" of the snowflake, or dendrites, then grow independently from each of the corners of the hexagon, while either side of each arm grows independently. The microenvironment in which the snowflake grows changes
273:
Snowflakes form in a wide variety of intricate shapes, leading to the notion that "no two are alike". Although nearly-identical snowflakes have been made in laboratory, they are very unlikely to be found in nature. Initial attempts to find identical snowflakes by
414:
as cold as â22 °C (â8 °F), shapes become plate-like again, often with branched or dendritic features. At temperatures below â22 °C (â8 °F), the crystals become plate-like or columnar, depending on the degree of saturation. As
168:
of water molecules in the air (vapor) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected. Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance, the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of
689:
115:
Snowflakes nucleate around mineral or organic particles in moisture-saturated, subfreezing air masses. They grow by net accretion to the incipient crystals in hexagonal formations. The cohesive forces are primarily electrostatic.
222:
Although ice by itself is clear, snow usually appears white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the scattering of light by the small crystal facets of the snowflakes of which it is comprised.
432:
Plate crystal (P) â Subdivided into: Regular crystal in one plane, plane crystal with extensions, crystal with irregular number of branches, crystal with 12 branches, malformed crystal, radiating assemblage of plane
459:
describes snow crystal classification, once it is deposited on the ground, that include grain shape and grain size. The system also characterizes the snowpack, as the individual crystals metamorphize and coalesce.
1809:
189:, which were claimed to be 15 inches (38 cm) wideâwell outside the normally documented range of aggregated flakes of three or four inches in width. Single crystals the size of a
1424:
Bishop, Michael P.; Björnsson, Helgi; Haeberli, Wilfried; Oerlemans, Johannes; Shroder, John F.; Tranter, Martyn (2011). Singh, Vijay P.; Singh, Pratap; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.).
436:
Combination of columnar and plate crystals (CP) â Subdivided into: Column with plane crystal at both ends, bullet with plane crystals, plane crystal with spatial extensions at ends
292:
developed a crystal morphology diagram, relating crystal shape to the temperature and moisture conditions under which they formed, which is summarized in the following table:
1215:
448:
Germ of snow crystal (G) â Subdivided into: Minute column, germ of skeleton form, minute hexagonal plate, minute stellar crystal, minute assemblage of plates, irregular germ
530:
which enhance traction during harsh winter driving conditions are labelled with a snowflake on the mountain symbol. A stylized snowflake has been part of the emblem of the
422:
Magono and Lee devised a classification of freshly formed snow crystals that includes 80 distinct shapes. They are listed in the following main categories (with symbol):
214:
1389:
876:
Christner, Brent Q.; Morris, Cindy E.; Foreman, Christine M.; Cai, Rongman & Sands, David C. (2007). "Ubiquity of
Biological Ice Nucleators in Snowfall".
174:
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Columnar crystal with extended side planes (S) â Subdivided into: Side planes, scalelike side planes, combination of side planes, bullets, and columns
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environmentâwherein liquid moisture coexists with ice beyond its equilibrium point at temperatures below freezing. The droplet then grows by
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combinations may occur, are needle, column, plate, and rime. Snow appears white in color despite being made of clear ice. This is due to
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1924:
1613:
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137:. Experiments show that "homogeneous" nucleation of cloud droplets only occurs at temperatures lower than â35 °C (â31 °F).
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desert dust, and biological particles may be effective, although to what extent is unclear. Artificial nuclei include particles of
1712:
1763:
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Comprehensive photographic studies of fresh snowflakes show the simple symmetry represented in
Bentley's photographs to be rare.
1759:
943:
1004:
761:
1944:
149:
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Irregular snow crystal (I) â Subdivided into: Ice particle, rimed particle, broken piece from a crystal, miscellaneous
1400:
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31:
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Although snowflakes are never perfectly symmetrical, the growth of a non-aggregated snowflake often approximates
190:
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Wilson
Bentley micrograph showing two classes of snowflake, plate and column. Missing is an example of a needle.
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by folding a piece of paper several times, cutting out a pattern with scissors and then unfolding it. The
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107:
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Rimed crystal (R) â Subdivided into: Rimed crystal, densely rimed crystal, graupellike crystal, graupel
57:
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Snowflakes are also often used as symbols representing winter or cold conditions. For example, snow
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In the Tang
Dynasty, snowflakes in poetry sometimes served as a symbol of the cosmic energy of the
504:
56:
that has achieved a sufficient size, and may have amalgamated with others, which falls through the
1032:
779:
Knight, C.; Knight, N. (1973). Snow crystals. Scientific
American, vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 100â107.
511:" weather that often occurs during Christmastide. During this period, it is quite popular to make
1314:
1268:
921:
807:
82:
1934:
1549:
Magono, Choji; Lee, Chung Woo (1966). "Meteorological
Classification of Natural Snow Crystals".
145:
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or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets. This process is known as the
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1256:
891:
1603:
Fierz, C.; Armstrong, R.L.; Durand, Y.; Etchevers, P.; Greene, E.; et al. (2009),
741:
616:
561:
The three grades in the Order of Canada (Companion, Officer and Member, respectively) .
519:
refers to the atonement of sins causing them to appear "white as snow" before God (cf.
516:
283:
65:
37:
1755:
969:
1968:
1957:
1871:
1636:
Wallach, Jennifer Jensen; Swindall, Lindsey R.; Wise, Michael D. (12 February 2016).
1612:, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology, vol. 83, Paris: UNESCO, p. 80,
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of humanity; so, in
European and North American Christmas traditions, snowflakes
1522:
Kenneth G. Libbrecht (JanuaryâFebruary 2007). "The
Formation of Snow Crystals".
589:
275:
53:
1840:
468:
296:
Crystal structure morphology as a function of temperature and water saturation
279:
182:
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153:
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The snowflake is often a traditional seasonal image or motif used around the
1359:
939:
909:
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604:
570:
194:
181:
lists the world's largest aggregated snowflakes as those of
January 1887 at
77:
917:
193:(17.91 mm in diameter) have been observed. Snowflakes encapsulated in
593:
17:
473:
429:
Columnar crystal (C) â Subdivided into: Simple and combination of columns
86:
73:
688:
1535:
585:
426:
Needle crystal (N) â Subdivided into: Simple and combination of needles
198:
186:
130:
1264:
758:â An eight-pointed floral design that may be mistaken for a snowflake.
1562:
556:
404:
260:
213:
144:
106:
90:
36:
160:
Once a water droplet has frozen as an ice nucleus, it grows in a
1810:"Canadian Honours > Order of Canada > Levels and Insignia"
1606:
752:â Guide to snowflake forms written in Japan in the 19th century.
527:
61:
507:
purity. Snowflakes are also traditionally associated with the "
1453:"Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between â20 and â70C"
600:
218:
Snow crystals in strong direct sunlight act like small prisms
1066:""No Two Snowflakes the Same" Likely True, Research Reveals"
457:
International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground
1478:
10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0514:GRAHOI>2.0.CO;2
286:
found the wide variety of snowflakes we know about today.
1931:, information on the parameters of snowflake formation:
565:
A six pointed stylized hexagonal snowflake used for the
1868:"The great white lie: What snowflakes really look like"
1430:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1253.
788:
Hobbs, P.V. 1974. Ice Physics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
384:â22 °C (â8 °F) to â40 °C (â40 °F)
344:â3.5 °C (26 °F) to â10 °C (14 °F)
1582:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 43.
364:â10 °C (14 °F) to â22 °C (â8 °F)
327:
0 °C (32 °F) to â3.5 °C (26 °F)
1710:
Other instructions and pictures of paper snowflakes
1241:Smalley, I.J. (1963). "Symmetry of Snow Crystals".
1216:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1136:"Meet the scientist who makes identical snowflakes"
584:. Three different snowflake symbols are encoded in
133:, and these are used to stimulate precipitation in
1825:"The Snow of Mao Shan: A Cluster of Taoist Images"
1183:"Branch Growth and Sidebranching in Snow Crystals"
842:Hands-on Science: Light, Physical Science (matter)
64:. Each flake nucleates around a tiny particle in
1785:"Olympic Games Salt Lake City 2002 â The emblem"
1661:
1659:
1657:
1002:M. Klesius (2007). "The Mystery of Snowflakes".
569:(a national honor system) has come to symbolize
803:"Giant Snowflakes as Big as Frisbees? Could Be"
483:, especially in Europe and North America. As a
93:by the small crystal facets of the snowflakes.
1576:Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, J. D. (2010-06-25).
1557:(4) (Geophysics ed.). Hokkaido: 321â335.
1295:. Boston: American Tract Society. p. 164
1292:Snowflakes: a chapter from the book of nature
1059:
1057:
997:
995:
993:
991:
8:
744:â Mathematical curve resembling a snowflake.
156:on both ends of a "capped column" snowflake.
76:and accrete in crystal form. Complex shapes
1940:Online guide to snowflakes and ice crystals
1208:"ScienceShot: The True Shape of Snowflakes"
831:
829:
1690:for detailed instructions see for example
1638:The Routledge History of American Foodways
796:
794:
1900:Ken Libbrecht's Field Guide to Snowflakes
1787:. International Olympic Committee. 2009.
1476:
1358:
899:
265:An early classification of snowflakes by
1579:Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation
844:. Portage & Main Press. p. 39.
467:
294:
1812:. The Governor General of Canada. 2002.
1388:Libbrecht, Kenneth (Winter 2004â2005).
1096:Libbrecht, Kenneth (Winter 2004â2005).
772:
621:
452:They documented each with micrographs.
1427:Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers
487:celebration, Christmas celebrates the
1756:"More About Sapporo 1972: The Emblem"
1451:Matthew Bailey; John Hallett (2004).
1330:"Origin of diversity in falling snow"
1170:from the original on 9 December 2017.
950:from the original on 22 December 2015
940:"Meteorology Glossary: Cloud seeding"
592:snowflake" at U+2745 (â
); and "heavy
7:
1866:Pilcher, Helen (December 17, 2013).
1222:from the original on 29 October 2016
1195:from the original on 5 January 2015.
1031:Libbrecht, Kenneth G. (2006-09-11).
615:A selection of photographs taken by
588:: "snowflake" at U+2744 (â); "tight
495:, who according to Christian belief
1492:Kenneth G. Libbrecht (2006-10-23).
1457:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
1925:California Institute of Technology
1498:California Institute of Technology
1037:California Institute of Technology
175:WegenerâBergeronâFindeisen process
25:
1734:. Cengage Learning. p. 271.
1551:Journal of the Faculty of Science
1338:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
573:northern heritage and diversity.
472:Snowflake in the coat of arms of
1206:Bohannon, John (10 April 2013).
1134:Olsen, Erik (16 February 2018).
838:"Chapter 5: The Colors of Light"
801:Broad, William J. (2007-03-20).
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
1791:from the original on 2009-03-25
1766:from the original on 2016-02-09
1760:International Olympic Committee
1619:from the original on 2016-09-29
1504:from the original on 2009-07-10
1370:from the original on 2011-11-20
1116:from the original on 2010-09-17
1043:from the original on 2009-07-10
944:American Meteorological Society
858:from the original on 2014-01-01
815:from the original on 2011-11-04
762:Timeline of snowflake research
27:Ice crystals that fall as snow
1:
1670:. Itasca Books. p. 147.
1181:Nelson, Jon (17 March 2005).
1164:"The Six-fold Nature of Snow"
1162:Nelson, Jon (15 March 2011).
1829:Journal of Chinese Religions
836:Lawson, Jennifer E. (2001).
150:Scanning electron microscope
72:cloud water droplets, which
1823:Schafer, Edward H. (1985).
1315:"Identical-Twin Snowflakes"
1985:
1841:10.1179/073776985805308211
1640:. Routledge. p. 223.
596:snowflake" at U+2746 (â).
254:
100:
32:Snowflake (disambiguation)
29:
1666:Mosteller, Angie (2008).
1328:Jon Nelson (2008-09-26).
1064:John Roach (2007-02-13).
968:Basil John Mason (1971).
278:thousands of them with a
111:Freshly fallen snowflakes
68:air masses by attracting
1071:National Geographic News
237:six-fold radial symmetry
1360:10.5194/acp-8-5669-2008
910:10.1126/science.1149757
304:Saturation range (g/m)
257:Classifications of snow
1313:Kenneth G. Libbrecht.
1287:Warren, Israel Perkins
562:
476:
410:
316:Types of snow crystal
307:Types of snow crystal
270:
219:
179:Guinness World Records
157:
112:
45:
44:of a natural snowflake
1166:. The Story of Snow.
1033:"Guide to Snowflakes"
560:
471:
408:
267:Israel Perkins Warren
264:
244:crystalline structure
217:
148:
110:
40:
1945:Interview with video
1929:Kenneth G. Libbrecht
1895:Kenneth G. Libbrecht
1853:Taylor & Francis
1728:Gilles, Tim (2004).
1494:"A Snowflake Primer"
552:2002 Winter Olympics
548:1998 Winter Olympics
544:1988 Winter Olympics
540:1984 Winter Olympics
536:1972 Winter Olympics
532:1968 Winter Olympics
284:Wilson Alwyn Bentley
282:from 1885 onward by
197:form balls known as
30:For other uses, see
1469:2004JAtS...61..514B
1390:"Snowflake Science"
1351:2008ACP.....8.5669N
1257:1963Natur.198.1080S
1251:(4885): 1080â1081.
1098:"Snowflake Science"
1005:National Geographic
946:. 26 January 2012.
892:2008Sci...319.1214C
297:
239:, arising from the
1903:. Voyageur Press.
1731:Automotive chassis
1715:2013-02-08 at the
1697:2012-01-08 at the
1536:10.1511/2007.63.52
1524:American Scientist
808:The New York Times
563:
477:
411:
301:Temperature range
295:
271:
220:
158:
113:
83:diffuse reflection
58:Earth's atmosphere
46:
1910:978-0-7603-2645-9
1741:978-1-4018-5630-4
1677:978-1-60791-008-4
1647:978-1-317-97522-9
1589:978-0-306-48100-0
1437:978-90-481-2641-5
1397:American Educator
1345:(18): 5669â5682.
1265:10.1038/1981080b0
1188:. Story of Snow.
1106:American Educator
981:978-0-19-851603-3
971:Physics of Clouds
851:978-1-894110-63-1
576:In heraldry, the
403:
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42:Macro photography
16:(Redirected from
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103:Snow science
52:is a single
49:
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1147:16 February
521:Isaiah 1:18
489:incarnation
387:0.0 to 0.4
367:1.2 to 1.2
347:0.5 to 1.2
330:0.0 to 0.5
321:saturation
312:saturation
171:micrometers
70:supercooled
54:ice crystal
1958:Categories
1877:2023-06-06
1795:2009-07-15
1770:2016-01-05
1623:2016-11-25
1508:2009-06-28
1410:2009-07-14
1374:2011-08-30
1299:2016-11-25
1212:ScienceNOW
1120:2010-10-19
1082:2009-07-14
1047:2009-06-28
954:2016-01-05
862:2009-06-28
819:2009-07-12
768:References
590:trifoliate
378:Dendrites
338:Dendrites
280:microscope
255:See also:
205:Appearance
183:Fort Keogh
166:deposition
154:rime frost
101:See also:
18:Snowflakes
1849:0737-769X
1692:this page
1668:Christmas
1563:2115/8672
1226:5 January
1018:0027-9358
1012:(1): 20.
896:CiteSeerX
756:Selburose
578:snowflake
571:Canadians
505:symbolize
485:Christian
241:hexagonal
152:image of
97:Formation
50:snowflake
1935:Overview
1897:(2006).
1789:Archived
1764:Archived
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813:Archived
736:See also
603:and the
499:for the
474:Lumijoki
433:branches
396:Columns
358:Needles
87:spectrum
1855:Online.
1465:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1273:4186179
1253:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
879:Science
611:Gallery
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586:Unicode
398:Prisms
199:graupel
187:Montana
131:dry ice
120:Nucleus
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497:atones
416:Nakaya
141:Growth
78:emerge
74:freeze
1617:(PDF)
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528:tires
493:Jesus
319:above
310:below
227:Shape
210:Color
91:light
1969:Snow
1905:ISBN
1845:ISSN
1736:ISBN
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1228:2016
1149:2018
1014:ISSN
976:ISBN
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846:ISBN
550:and
501:sins
455:The
195:rime
191:dime
129:and
62:snow
1837:doi
1559:hdl
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