1045:
857:
1152:
740:
ability to bury eggs deeper and provide more protection. Females vary their breeding rate depending on the size of the courting male, mating more quickly with larger males. This increases the likelihood that larger males will displace attending, smaller males. Male sockeye salmon social status and greater reproductivity are directly associated with larger body size and more extreme body shapes; Larger bodies provide males with advantages when it comes to intrasexual competition and being selected for by females during reproduction. Males preferentially spawn with females who are red, which is the usual color of females. Even small changes in
1164:
810:
1104:
cardiorespiratory function at higher temperatures, which may make them more resilient to the effects of rising river temperatures. In one study examining possible physiological mechanisms underlying these population differences in thermal tolerance, juvenile sockeye salmon from the Chilko River and Weaver Creek did not show any differences in force-frequency response of the heart or cardiac pumping capacity when reared in common garden temperatures at 5 Β°C and 14 Β°C. Therefore, the physiology underlying these differences in thermal tolerance has yet to be determined.
683:, and non-hierarchical groupings around females who are ready to mate. Reproductive success varies more in males than females. The greater variability in male reproduction is associated with the greater average size and exaggerated shape of males. Reproductive success in females is determined by the number of eggs she lays, her body size, and the survival of the eggs, which is due in part to the quality of the nest environment. Male spatial distribution depends on shifts in reproductive opportunities, physical traits of breeding sites, as well as the
655:, meaning they die after spawning once. Some sockeye, called kokanee, do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives in freshwater lakes. The majority of sockeye spawn in rivers near lakes and juveniles will spend one to two years in the lake before migrating to the ocean, although some populations will migrate to saltwater in their first year. Adult sockeye will spend two to three years in the ocean before returning to freshwater. Females will spawn in 3β5
945:
1140:
49:
98:
632:
699:
1128:
1116:
672:
73:
3170:
801:. If they waste too much energy, they might not be able to spawn. Males must also make the decision whether to invest energy in fighting for a female or for longevity on the spawning grounds. Sockeye salmon with longer and more difficult migration routes produce fewer eggs on the spawning grounds. High water temperatures also increase the energy expenditure of sockeye salmon as they migrate upriver.
446:
602:, and zooplankton prey selectivity. They can change their position in the water column, timing and length of feeding, school formation, and choice of prey to minimize the likelihood of predation. This also ensures they still get at least the minimum amount of food necessary to survive. All of these behaviors contribute to the survivability, and therefore
818:
females direct their aggression primarily towards intruding females or other spawning females that are close by. However, they may also direct aggression towards intruding or subordinate males. Aggressive interactions between females only last one or two charges and/or chases. The intruder retreats and the spawning female settles back in her
767:
is very high. Sockeye salmon that die prematurely from predation are typically the larger ones in a population. This shows natural selection against large bodies. Populations with higher levels of predation tend to evolve smaller body size. Without the threat of predation, salmon that breed early
1099:
While the commission was holding public hearings, in the late summer of 2010, the largest run of sockeye since 1913 returned to the Fraser River system. Final counts show that approximately 30 million salmon returned to the Fraser River and its tributaries in 2010. In total, approximately 11,591,000
1095:
During the commission, hundreds of thousands of documents and scientific research papers were reviewed. Twelve technical reports were published using that information, looking at the possible impacts of diseases and parasites, hatchery diseases, contaminants, marine ecology, salmon farms, fisheries,
817:
Aggressive behavior displayed by dominant males is predominantly directed towards intruding dominant males. Sometimes sockeye salmon males behave aggressively towards subordinate males. These encounters are short, with the intruding male leaving after one or two aggressive interactions. Spawning
796:
food supplies for about 3β8 months. Reproduction in the sockeye salmon has to be accomplished with the energy stores brought to the spawning grounds. How the salmon use their energy during migration and spawning affects how successful they will be reproductively; energy used for migration cannot
771:
Other ecological factors like stranding effect select for smaller body size in sockeye salmon when present in a habitat. Stranding is when salmon swim into dry land or shallow water during their migration for spawning and die from suffocation. In fact, studies show that the sockeye salmon with the
690:
Non-dominant males adopt a subordinate behavior, acting as a satellite to mated pairs. During spawning, a subordinate male will move quickly into the redd and release their sperm. Nearby dominant males from other redds will also do this. Male social status is positively correlated to length and
366:
The sockeye salmon is sometimes called red or blueback salmon, due to its color. Sockeye are blue tinged with silver in color while living in the ocean. When they return to spawning grounds, their bodies become red and their heads turn green. Sockeye can be anywhere from 60 to 84 cm
739:
Sexual selection favors large males and females. Males choose females based on their readiness to spawn and their size in order to maximize their breeding opportunities. Larger bodies allow females to reproduce larger and more numerous eggs, better nest choice and ability to defend it, and the
1091:
The
Commission has been tasked with investigating all the factors which may affect Fraser River sockeye salmon throughout their life cycle. According to the terms of reference, the subjects of investigation are "the impact of environmental changes along the Fraser River, marine environmental
1087:
of scientists assembled to review the problem, the decline highlights the uncertainty in forecasting salmon returns. After the low returns, the
Government of Canada launched a formal inquiry into the decline, the Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River.
1082:
sockeye in 2009 was estimated at a very low 1,370,000, 13% of the pre-season forecast of 10,488,000. That represented a decline from the recent (1993) historical cycle peak of 23,631,000 and the return abundance was the lowest in over 50 years. The reasons for this (former) decline remain
1103:
Recent unpredictable fluctuations in runs are speculated to be due to changing water temperatures. There is high variation in thermal tolerance among the different sockeye salmon populations that migrate up the Fraser River. The Chilko River sockeye salmon population is able to maintain
999:
are forecast to increase by up to 100% over 2008 populations. The sockeye population peaked at over 200,000 in 2008 and were forecast to decline to just over 100,000 in 2010. As an early indication of the unexpectedly high sockeye run in 2010, on July 2, 2010, the
825:
Competition for food or space while the salmon are in their lake residence period can exist. This happens when there is a more populous class of young sockeye or when there are multiple classes present. It can also happen when resources are in short supply.
830:
can also occur and can lead to interactive segregation, which is when species emphasize their differences in diet and habitat to avoid competition. Interspecific competition can affect the growth rates of the salmon if their access to resources is limited.
730:
Females are responsible for parental care. They select, prepare, and defend a nest site until they die or are displaced. Males do not participate in parental care at all, and they move between females after egg deposition.
1887:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Andrew P. Hendry; Gregory B. Buck (2001). "Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon: interactions between body size, reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears".
2325:
Gustafson, R.G., T.C. Wainwright, G.A. Winans, F.W. Waknitz, L.T. Parker, and R.S. Waples. 1997. Status review of sockeye salmon from
Washington and Oregon. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-33, 282 p.
550:
where kokanee salmon are found. The fish, which is native to western North
America, was stocked in Nantahala Lake in the mid-1960s by the NC Wildlife Resources Commission in an attempt to establish the species as a
1071:
as part of its Wild Salmon Policy strategy to standardize monitoring of wild salmon status. Salmon runs of particular note are the Skeena and Nass river runs, and the most famous is the Fraser River sockeye run.
2120:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Andrew P. Hendry; Lisa A. Wetzel (December 1995). "The
Influence of Life History Trade-Offs and the Size of Incubation Gravels on Egg Size Variation in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)".
726:
fin length do not increase. This could mean that longer snout sizes are sexually selected, but hump height and adipose fin length are not. Females develop large gonads that are about 25% of the body mass.
2164:
Crossin, G.T., Hinch, S.G., Farrell, A.P., Higgs, D.A., Lotto, A.G., Oakes, J.D. and Healey, M.C. (2004). "Energetics and morphology of sockeye salmon: effects of upriver migratory distance and elevation".
1848:
Foote, Chris J; Brown, Gayle S; Hawryshyn, Craig W (January 1, 2004). "Female colour and male choice in sockeye salmon: implications for the phenotypic convergence of anadromous and nonanadromous morphs".
2857:
Eliason, Erika J.; Clark, Timothy D.; Hague, Merran J.; Hanson, Linda M.; Gallagher, ZoΓ« S.; Jeffries, Ken M.; Gale, Marika K.; Patterson, David A.; Hinch, Scott G.; Farrell, Anthony P. (April 1, 2011).
849:, of which 115,000 tonnes were from the United States and the rest was equally divided between Canada and Russia. This corresponds to some 65 million fish in all, and to some 19% of the harvest of all
1092:
conditions, aquaculture, predators, diseases, water temperature and other factors that may have affected the ability of sockeye salmon to reach traditional spawning grounds or reach the ocean."
1100:
Fraser sockeye were caught by
Canadian fishers and 1,974,000 Fraser sockeye were caught by American fishers. The final projected escapement (fish which were not caught) was 15,852,990 fish.
1008:
on the
Columbia River. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations.
788:
through freshwater entry, spawning, and death. Sockeye salmon do not feed during reproduction. Feeding ends once they enter into freshwater, which can be several months before spawning.
1151:
419:, Idaho, over 1,400 km (900 mi) by river from the ocean and 2,000 m (6,500 ft) in elevation. In the United States, populations of sockeye salmon have been
1709:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Adkison, Milo D.; Ward, Michael B. (April 26, 2010). "Behavioral
Tactics of Male Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under Varying Operational Sex Ratios".
2290:
North
Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved March 16, 2015. The statistics do not include fish taken in Russian waters by non-Russian fleet.
1741:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Chris J. Foote (October 1, 1994). "The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka".
1039:
934:
822:. These acts of aggression are important in terms of reproductive success, because they determine the quality of the nest site the female obtains and access to males.
2777:
2200:
367:(2 ft 0 in β 2 ft 9 in) in length and weigh from 2.3 to 7 kg (5β15 lb). Two distinguishing features are their long, serrated
2923:"The effect of temperature acclimation on the force-frequency relationship and adrenergic sensitivity of the ventricle of two populations of juvenile sockeye salmon"
3683:
3436:
1044:
3745:
3201:
1910:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Foote, Chris J. (1994). "The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka".
856:
266:
that is primarily red in hue during spawning. They can grow up to 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) in length and weigh 2.3 to 7 kg (5β15 lb).
3898:
3848:
911:
2831:
3883:
3446:
2526:"Speaking for the Salmon proceedings: Summit of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon: Understanding Stock Declines and Prospects for the Future March 30β31, 2010"
2028:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Buck, Gregory B. (November 1, 2001). "Size- and Sex-Selective
Mortality of Adult Sockeye Salmon: Bears, Gulls, and Fish Out of Water".
478:
and many others, there are two kinds of kokanee populations β one spawns in streams and the other near lake shores. Landlocked populations occur in the
755:
Some traits that lead to reproductive success, such as body size and sexual dimorphism can affect one's survival. This leads to opposing pressures of
1163:
1012:
722:
changes at maturation including, an increase in body depth, hump height, and snout length. Snout size also increases in females, but hump height and
2464:
3657:
2402:
3696:
2983:
2490:
3023:
1328:
2813:
1821:
Hendry, Andrew P.; Ole K. Berg (1999). "Secondary sexual characters, energy use, senescence, and the cost of reproduction in sockeye salmon".
1139:
3794:
3018:
2330:
2272:
1300:
1001:
2428:
910:, which accounts for nearly 90% of all Asian sockeye salmon production, and is recognized as the largest spawning ground outside of Alaska.
1115:
643:
where the juvenile salmon migrate from freshwater lakes and streams to the ocean before returning as adults to their natal freshwater to
2997:
1789:
Healey, M.C.; R. Lake; S.G. Hinch (February 1, 2003). "Energy expenditures during reproduction by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)".
1672:
3863:
3456:
3431:
3221:
1474:
Eggers, Douglas M. (April 3, 1978). "Limnetic feeding behavior of juvenile sockeye salmon in Lake Washington and predator avoidance".
1030:(as of June 2012), with thousands more crossing the river's dams in a single day than the total numbers seen in some previous years.
3758:
2753:
1519:
Clark, Colin W.; David A. Levy (February 1988). "Diel Vertical Migrations by Juvenile Sockeye Salmon and the Antipredation Window".
961:
2726:
2644:"Managing Fraser sockeye in the face of declining productivity and increasing uncertainty: Statement from Think Tank of Scientists"
3002:
3820:
3331:
3206:
3062:
918:
903:
1075:
The Fraser River salmon run has experienced declines in productivity since the 1990s, mirroring a similar decline in the 1960s.
3893:
2369:
3868:
3362:
2615:"Fraser River Annual Report to the Pacific Salmon Commission on the 2005 Fraser River sockeye and pink salmon fishing season"
888:
703:
3701:
2979:
2578:
2542:
3409:
3142:
3010:
2511:
1027:
981:
453:
Some sockeye salmon populations are completely landlocked. Sockeye that live and reproduce in lakes are commonly called
2671:
97:
3592:
3500:
3321:
3159:
2287:
1418:
1068:
809:
1612:
Nelson, Joseph S. (February 1, 1968). "Distribution and Nomenclature of North American Kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka".
3873:
3426:
3211:
1601:. Pacific salmon life histories: Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 3β117.
1127:
1020:
606:
of the salmon. Depending on location and threat of predation, the levels of aggressive feeding behavior can vary.
2614:
1264:
564:" in Japanese, was deemed to be extinct after 1940, when a hydroelectric project made its native lake in northern
3750:
3441:
827:
2049:
1439:
3888:
3196:
2835:
2700:
2695:
2693:
31:
2791:
3402:
2216:"A bioenergetics evaluation of temperature-dependent selection for the spawning phenology by Chinook salmon"
613:
during both freshwater and saltwater life stages. They also tend to feed on small aquatic organisms such as
599:
3570:
2468:
2346:
921:
harvested its first salmon in March 2013, and continues to harvest farmed salmon from its inland facility.
3878:
3532:
3380:
3154:
1969:
1491:
1016:
957:
595:
578:
560:
351:
555:
for other predator fishes in the lake. This stock has remained and become a favorite target for anglers.
3858:
3597:
3191:
2194:
1381:
684:
383:
in the eastern Pacific (although individuals have been spotted as far south as the 10 Mile River on the
209:
192:
1096:
predators, climate change and government management on the productivity of Fraser River sockeye runs.
3825:
3773:
3618:
3579:
3373:
3349:
3336:
3183:
3055:
3034:
2871:
2672:"Terms of Reference for the Commission of Inquiry into Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River"
2174:
2130:
2037:
1961:
1582:
1483:
1396:
1332:
719:
1974:
1647:
1496:
1026:
Record numbers of a once-waning population of sockeye salmon have been returning to the Northwest's
3494:
3356:
3241:
2817:
1211:
1064:
972:, Washington. The Snake River sockeye salmon was listed as endangered in November 1991, after the
930:
895:
695:
hump size. Larger females tend to spawn in shallower water, which is preferred over deeper water.
267:
62:
3737:
2327:
944:
3451:
3226:
3216:
3122:
2958:
2903:
2771:
2146:
1927:
1866:
1758:
1536:
495:
92:
48:
3724:
3688:
2643:
2525:
2300:
1555:
1354:
3807:
3605:
3342:
2950:
2942:
2895:
2887:
2759:
2749:
2268:
2245:
2102:
2094:
2053:
2007:
1989:
1945:
1629:
1452:
1296:
1290:
781:
756:
715:
603:
572:, 500 kilometers to the south, however. This fish has been treated as a subspecies of sockeye
467:
339:
1684:
3812:
3714:
3396:
3286:
3097:
2934:
2879:
2235:
2227:
2182:
2138:
2084:
2045:
1997:
1979:
1919:
1858:
1830:
1798:
1750:
1718:
1621:
1528:
1501:
1206:
899:
760:
707:
692:
631:
565:
507:
483:
384:
347:
327:
3584:
1577:
698:
3853:
3781:
3236:
3092:
3048:
2334:
656:
644:
463:
404:
291:
282:, over distances of up to 1,600 km (1,000 mi). Their diet consists primarily of
2814:"Surveillance Report British Columbia Commercial Sockeye Salmon Fisheries. November 2011"
1648:"Life history variation and population structure in sockeye salmon β ScienceBase-Catalog"
3763:
2875:
2730:
2178:
2134:
2041:
1965:
1487:
3507:
3489:
3477:
3306:
3263:
3112:
2240:
2215:
2002:
1949:
1722:
1286:
1233:
1049:
1005:
988:
987:
Sockeye is an exception to 2010's forecast resurgence of Oregonian fish stocks. Spring
977:
850:
840:
819:
785:
659:
over a period of several days. The eggs usually hatch within six to nine weeks and the
547:
543:
440:
400:
380:
319:
295:
275:
263:
235:
139:
2859:
3842:
3709:
3483:
3311:
3301:
2962:
2186:
2073:"Ten Years of Varying Lake Level and Selection on Size-at-Maturity in Sockeye Salmon"
1197:
1188:
1057:
992:
865:
660:
591:
539:
475:
454:
259:
82:
77:
2907:
2589:
2553:
1931:
1870:
1762:
1540:
1376:
671:
371:
that range from 30 to 40 in number, and their lack of a spot on their tail or back.
3610:
3514:
3386:
3367:
3271:
3169:
3102:
2376:
1079:
745:
648:
416:
408:
343:
169:
1862:
445:
1984:
617:. Insects and occasionally snails are part of their diets at the juvenile stage.
3732:
3670:
3564:
3127:
3117:
3107:
2748:. Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River.
996:
969:
965:
949:
907:
877:
652:
610:
552:
392:
368:
311:
307:
287:
283:
2938:
1802:
1015:, are attempting to protect the headwaters of the sockeye salmon by preventing
845:
The total registered fisheries harvest of the sockeye in 2010 was some 170,000
3281:
3246:
3087:
2701:"Commission of Inquiry into the Decline of Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River"
1505:
1084:
793:
749:
741:
640:
626:
569:
531:
503:
471:
420:
388:
335:
271:
248:
159:
149:
2946:
2922:
2891:
2763:
2098:
2057:
1993:
1633:
639:
Sockeye salmon exhibit many different life histories with the majority being
3631:
3391:
3251:
3178:
3132:
2883:
2675:
798:
764:
680:
609:
Sockeye salmon, unlike other species of Pacific salmon, feed extensively on
109:
3555:
2954:
2899:
2746:
The uncertain future of Fraser River sockeye. Volume 1, The sockeye fishery
2249:
2106:
2011:
1923:
1834:
1754:
956:
United States sockeye salmon populations are currently listed under the US
3786:
2370:"Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Pacific Salmon Fishing in Kamchatka"
568:
more acidic. The species seems to have been saved by transferring eggs to
306:
The sockeye salmon is the third-most common Pacific salmon species, after
298:, do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives in fresh water.
3644:
3549:
1948:; Hilborn, Ray; Hendry, Andrew P.; Quinn, Thomas P. (December 12, 2007).
973:
780:
Reproduction is marked by depletion in energy stores. Fat, protein, and
527:
330:
name for the anadromous form. The name "sockeye" is an anglicization of
129:
2451:
2429:"World's first land-based-farm sockeye salmon ready for harvest in B.C."
3662:
3276:
3231:
2288:
Annual Statistics 2010: Commercial salmon catch by species and country
2150:
1950:"Predation by Bears Drives Senescence in Natural Populations of Salmon"
948:
A school of sockeyes swimming upstream to spawn. In the foreground, an
887:
Sockeye salmon have long been important in the diet and culture of the
873:
869:
789:
723:
535:
519:
412:
251:
17:
3649:
2231:
2089:
2072:
322:α½Ξ³ΞΊΞΏΟ (onkos) meaning "barb", and αΏ₯ΟΞ³ΟΞΏΟ (rhynchos) meaning "snout".
3675:
3296:
3149:
3071:
1053:
881:
614:
523:
499:
491:
487:
460:
428:
255:
119:
3526:
2704:
2142:
1625:
768:
in the season live longer than those that breed late in the season.
3636:
2860:"Differences in Thermal Tolerance Among Sockeye Salmon Populations"
1532:
1331:. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. November 11, 2010. Archived from
3472:
3028:
1043:
943:
855:
846:
808:
772:
largest bodies are most susceptible to stranding mortality.
697:
670:
630:
515:
479:
444:
424:
396:
279:
3623:
474:
variety and are rarely over 35 cm (14 in) long. In the
3799:
3037:
of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific-Northwest Fisheries Program.
702:
A male (left) and female (right) sockeye salmon spawning in the
679:
Males partake in competitive and sneaking tactics, formation of
511:
3530:
3044:
3291:
2403:"Can Salmon Farming Be Sustainable? Maybe, If You Head Inland"
415:
in the west. The farthest inland sockeye salmon travel is to
884:, which is the site of the world's largest sockeye harvest.
2622:
Fraser River Panel Reports to the Pacific Salmon Commission
2071:
Carlson, Stephanie M.; Quinn, Thomas P. (October 1, 2007).
2050:
10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0995:sassmo>2.0.co;2
3040:
558:
In Japan, a landlocked variety termed black kokanee, or "
894:
The largest spawning grounds in Asia are located on the
784:
energy stores decrease from the final moments in marine
2467:. Wall Street Journal. January 21, 2010. Archived from
663:
typically rear in lakes before migrating to the ocean.
594:
feeding behavior, which encompasses vertical movement,
399:
in the western Pacific. They range as far north as the
2491:"Sockeye Salmon rebounding in Oregon's Columbia Basin"
2347:"Discovering Kamchatka: Terrestrial and aquatic fauna"
2301:"Species profile: Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)"
1121:
Spawning Kokanee salmon in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho
864:
Commercial fishermen in Alaska net this species using
2666:
2664:
2921:
Goulding, A. T.; Farrell, A. P. (November 1, 2020).
1067:
of sockeye populations in Canada is under review by
3539:
3465:
3419:
3320:
3262:
3177:
3078:
1599:
Life history of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
1440:Scientist says he found Japan fish thought extinct
984:petitioned the National Marine Fisheries Service.
914:in Kamchatka is subject to environmental concern.
262:and rivers discharging into it. This species is a
3031:A British Columbia advocacy group for wild salmon
1614:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
1145:Female (top) and male (bottom) in spawning colors
1040:Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids
935:Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments
2832:"Record number of sockeye salmon return in B.C."
876:. The annual catch can reach 30 million fish in
763:. Larger males are favored, unless the risk of
3437:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
1292:Native American placenames of the United States
2792:"Consumers catch a deal in record sockeye run"
2368:Dronova, Natalia; Spiridonov, Vassily (2008).
2030:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1236:. NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources
1212:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T135301A4071001.en
1004:reported over 300,000 sockeye had passed over
917:Sockeye is almost never farmed. A facility in
30:"Sockeye" redirects here. For other uses, see
3056:
1704:
1702:
1295:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 455.
8:
2776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1882:
1880:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1419:"Fish for Kokanee Salmon at Lake Nantahala"
860:Smoked sockeye salmon ready for consumption
3527:
3447:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association
3063:
3049:
3041:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1048:Sockeye salmon jumping over a beaver dam,
1011:Proposed legislative efforts, such as the
71:
47:
38:
2239:
2088:
2001:
1983:
1973:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1495:
1210:
1013:Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act
379:Sockeye salmon range as far south as the
2984:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2586:Pacific Salmon Commission News Releases
2550:Pacific Salmon Commission News Releases
1179:
1111:
718:at maturity. Males go through numerous
2998:NOAA Fisheries sockeye salmon web page
2769:
2349:. The Royal Geographical Society. 2008
2192:
735:Sexual selection and natural selection
2023:
2021:
1905:
1903:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1157:Sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska
1078:The return abundance (population) of
1002:United States Army Corps of Engineers
872:for fresh or frozen fillet sales and
7:
3774:ae287c25-4d49-484c-9541-3a4e9dbafc19
2727:"Cohen Commission technical reports"
2552:. September 11, 2009. Archived from
2307:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1554:Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
1357:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
3899:Taxa named by Johann Julius Walbaum
3849:IUCN Red List least concern species
2927:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1397:"Fish Resources β Salmon/Steelhead"
1198:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
294:. Some populations, referred to as
3457:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
3432:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association
3222:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon
3024:National Geographic Sockeye salmon
2465:"Fish Boom Makes Splash in Oregon"
2375:. WWF Russia, IUCN. Archived from
2328:Life History of Oncorhynchus nerka
1723:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01127.x
56:Sockeye salmon in spawning colors
25:
3884:Fish of the Western United States
1578:"Oncorhynchus nerka (Kickininee)"
962:National Marine Fisheries Service
576:, or even an independent species
470:. They are much smaller than the
466:language and silver trout in the
3332:Diseases and parasites in salmon
3207:Environmental issues with salmon
3168:
2263:Groot, C.; Margolis, L. (1991).
2187:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00486.x
1683:. NOAA Fisheries. Archived from
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
964:as an endangered species in the
459:, which is red-fish name in the
96:
3011:Animal Diversity Web entry for
2834:August 25, 2010. Archived from
2674:. November 2009. Archived from
2588:. July 10, 2009. Archived from
2427:Shore, Randy (March 27, 2013).
2401:Bland, Alastair (May 2, 2013).
968:and as a threatened species in
590:Sockeye salmon use patterns of
342:along the lower reaches of the
3363:Infectious salmon anemia virus
3029:Watershed Watch Salmon Society
302:Classification and name origin
1:
3410:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
2454:, U.S. Endangered Species Act
2265:Pacific salmon life histories
1890:Evolutionary Ecology Research
1863:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.02.004
1681:Office of Protected Resources
1442:Bay Ledger, December 14, 2010
1985:10.1371/journal.pone.0001286
1083:speculative. According to a
982:Fort Hall Indian Reservation
574:Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae
3501:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
3160:Genetically modified salmon
1823:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1421:. Reflection Lake Nantahala
1169:Closeup of a kokanee salmon
1069:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
449:Male spawning-phase sockeye
3915:
3427:Atlantic Salmon Federation
3212:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery
2939:10.1007/s00360-020-01299-w
1803:10.1163/156853903321671488
1476:Limnology and Oceanography
1037:
928:
838:
687:(OSR) of the environment.
624:
438:
29:
3864:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
3442:Pacific Salmon Commission
3166:
2744:I., Cohen, Bruce (2012).
1506:10.4319/lo.1978.23.6.1114
835:Fisheries and consumption
828:Interspecific competition
792:are maintained with only
198:
191:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
3202:Fly fishing bibliography
2333:January 5, 2013, at the
2267:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
1453:"Oncorhynchus kawamurae"
1329:"nationalgeographic.com"
1133:Male ocean-phase sockeye
334:(sΞΈΙΜqΙyΜ), its name in
274:until they are ready to
32:Sockeye (disambiguation)
3403:Sphaerothecum destruens
2884:10.1126/science.1199158
2167:Journal of Fish Biology
1521:The American Naturalist
752:can affect preference.
675:Spawning sockeye salmon
600:diel feeding chronology
3894:Fish described in 1792
3381:Nanophyetus salmincola
2512:"Wild Salmon Policy 1"
1924:10.1006/anbe.1994.1300
1835:10.1139/cjz-77-11-1663
1755:10.1006/anbe.1994.1300
1060:
1017:industrial development
958:Endangered Species Act
953:
861:
814:
711:
676:
636:
579:Oncorhynchus kawamurae
450:
435:Landlocked populations
352:Coast Salish languages
338:, the language of the
260:Northern Pacific Ocean
3869:Fish of North America
3197:Aquaculture of salmon
3192:Alaska salmon fishery
3035:Salmon/Steelhead page
1946:Carlson, Stephanie M.
1399:. USDA Forest Service
1382:BC Geographical Names
1205:: e.T135301A4071001.
1047:
947:
891:of British Columbia.
859:
812:
701:
685:operational sex ratio
674:
651:, sockeye salmon are
634:
546:is the only place in
448:
286:. Sockeye salmon are
3374:Myxobolus cerebralis
3350:Gyrodactylus salaris
3337:Amoebic gill disease
3155:Spike-toothed salmon
2980:"Oncorhynchus nerka"
2838:on September 6, 2010
1687:on December 30, 2014
1597:Burgner, RL (1991).
1583:Animal Diversity Web
1265:"Oncorhynchus nerka"
902:, especially on the
714:There is a dramatic
407:in the east and the
3495:Salmon of Knowledge
3357:Henneguya zschokkei
3242:Salmon conservation
3003:FishBase entry for
2876:2011Sci...332..109E
2678:on January 13, 2010
2471:on February 9, 2013
2179:2004JFBio..65..788C
2135:1995Oikos..74..425Q
2042:2001TrAFS.130..995Q
1966:2007PLoSO...2.1286C
1652:www.sciencebase.gov
1488:1978LimOc..23.1114E
1335:on February 4, 2010
1187:Rand, P.S. (2011).
1065:conservation status
931:Salmon conservation
925:Conservation status
896:Kamchatka Peninsula
889:Coast Salish people
853:species by weight.
813:Male sockeye salmon
635:Male sockeye salmon
290:, dying after they
63:Conservation status
3585:Oncorhynchus_nerka
3571:Oncorhynchus nerka
3541:Oncorhynchus nerka
3452:Wild Salmon Center
3227:Puget Sound salmon
3217:Pacific Salmon War
3013:Oncorhynchus nerka
3005:Oncorhynchus nerka
2733:on April 27, 2012.
2624:: 26. October 2009
2214:Plumb, JM (2018).
1675:Oncorhynchus nerka
1558:. adfg.state.ak.us
1191:Oncorhynchus nerka
1061:
954:
862:
815:
712:
677:
647:. Similar to most
637:
451:
391:) and in northern
358:means "red fish".
226:Oncorhynchus nerka
202:Oncorhynchus nerka
3874:Fish of East Asia
3836:
3835:
3808:Open Tree of Life
3533:Taxon identifiers
3524:
3523:
3343:Ceratomyxa shasta
2870:(6025): 109β112.
2794:. August 27, 2010
2382:on April 24, 2013
2274:978-0-7748-0359-5
2232:10.1002/ece3.4353
2226:(19): 9633β9645.
2090:10.1890/06-1171.1
2083:(10): 2620β2629.
1829:(11): 1663β1675.
1673:"Sockeye Salmon (
1302:978-0-8061-3598-4
797:also be used for
757:natural selection
716:sexual dimorphism
490:, as well as, in
468:Okanagan language
375:Range and habitat
340:indigenous people
217:
216:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3906:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3528:
3172:
3143:Taiwanese salmon
3098:Black Sea salmon
3065:
3058:
3051:
3042:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2967:
2966:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:on May 18, 2013.
2816:. Archived from
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:. Archived from
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:on June 22, 2012
2703:. Archived from
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:on March 5, 2016
2594:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2559:on March 5, 2016
2558:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1987:
1977:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1912:Animal Behaviour
1907:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1851:Animal Behaviour
1845:
1839:
1838:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1767:
1766:
1743:Animal Behaviour
1738:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1556:"Sockeye salmon"
1551:
1545:
1544:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1482:(6): 1114β1125.
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1355:"Sockeye Salmon"
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1234:"Sockeye Salmon"
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1184:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
900:Russian Far East
761:sexual selection
708:British Columbia
566:Akita Prefecture
484:British Columbia
348:British Columbia
204:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
21:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3889:Cold water fish
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3782:Observation.org
3780:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3461:
3415:
3397:Salmon tapeworm
3323:
3316:
3258:
3237:Putcher fishing
3182:
3173:
3164:
3093:Atlantic salmon
3080:
3074:
3069:
3019:Species Profile
2988:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2768:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2649:. December 2009
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2579:"NewsRelease01"
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2545:
2543:"NewsRelease10"
2541:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:Wayback Machine
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2191:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2143:10.2307/3545987
2119:
2118:
2114:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2036:(6): 995β1005.
2027:
2026:
2019:
1975:10.1.1.272.3997
1944:
1943:
1939:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1788:
1787:
1770:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1626:10.1139/f68-032
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1497:10.1.1.558.8420
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1287:Bright, William
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1042:
1036:
942:
937:
927:
912:Illegal fishing
843:
837:
807:
778:
737:
669:
629:
623:
588:
464:Interior Salish
443:
437:
405:Canadian Arctic
393:HokkaidΕ Island
377:
364:
350:'s many native
318:comes from the
304:
241:blueback salmon
229:), also called
213:
206:
200:
187:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
42:Sockeye salmon
35:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3768:
3764:sockeye-salmon
3755:
3742:
3729:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3561:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3508:The Salmon Fly
3504:
3497:
3492:
3490:Salmon (color)
3487:
3480:
3478:Salmon cannery
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:Salmon tartare
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:Sockeye salmon
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Chinook salmon
3110:
3103:Pacific salmon
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2974:
2973:External links
2971:
2969:
2968:
2933:(6): 717β730.
2913:
2849:
2823:
2805:
2783:
2754:
2736:
2718:
2689:
2660:
2635:
2606:
2570:
2534:
2517:
2503:
2482:
2456:
2444:
2419:
2393:
2360:
2338:
2318:
2305:ADF&G Home
2292:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2206:
2173:(3): 788β810.
2156:
2129:(3): 425β438.
2112:
2063:
2017:
1937:
1918:(4): 751β761.
1899:
1876:
1840:
1808:
1797:(2): 161β182.
1768:
1749:(4): 751β761.
1728:
1717:(2): 304β322.
1698:
1664:
1639:
1620:(2): 409β414.
1604:
1589:
1569:
1546:
1533:10.1086/284789
1527:(2): 271β290.
1511:
1466:
1444:
1432:
1410:
1388:
1377:"Kokanee Lake"
1368:
1346:
1315:
1301:
1278:
1247:
1225:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1050:Aleknagik Lake
1035:
1032:
1028:Columbia Basin
1021:roadless areas
1006:Bonneville Dam
941:
938:
926:
923:
904:Ozernaya River
851:Pacific salmon
841:Salmon as food
836:
833:
806:
803:
777:
774:
736:
733:
668:
665:
649:Pacific salmon
622:
619:
587:
584:
548:North Carolina
544:Nantahala Lake
482:Territory and
441:Kokanee salmon
439:Main article:
436:
433:
401:Bathurst Inlet
381:Columbia River
376:
373:
363:
360:
303:
300:
264:Pacific salmon
236:kokanee salmon
221:sockeye salmon
215:
214:
207:
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
140:Actinopterygii
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Fish of Japan
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:Salmon (book)
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:Organisations
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3312:Smoked salmon
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Salmon burger
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Danube salmon
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2755:9780660202143
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2563:September 30,
2555:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:nmfs.noaa.gov
2448:
2445:
2433:
2432:Vancouver Sun
2430:
2423:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:(12): e1286.
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1058:United States
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
946:
940:United States
939:
936:
932:
924:
922:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
858:
854:
852:
848:
842:
834:
832:
829:
823:
821:
811:
804:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
734:
732:
728:
725:
721:
720:morphological
717:
709:
705:
700:
696:
694:
688:
686:
682:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
633:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
540:United States
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Okanagan Lake
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:
447:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:found in the
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
184:O. nerka
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:Salmoniformes
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3859:Oncorhynchus
3540:
3515:The Big Fish
3513:
3506:
3499:
3482:
3408:
3401:
3387:Salmon louse
3379:
3372:
3368:M74 syndrome
3355:
3348:
3341:
3322:Diseases and
3272:Cured salmon
3137:
3012:
3004:
2987:. Retrieved
2930:
2926:
2916:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2842:September 7,
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2826:
2818:the original
2808:
2798:September 7,
2796:. Retrieved
2786:
2745:
2739:
2731:the original
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:the original
2682:November 30,
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2653:December 30,
2651:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2621:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2585:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2549:
2537:
2520:
2506:
2496:November 21,
2494:. Retrieved
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2459:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2341:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2195:cite journal
2170:
2166:
2159:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2033:
2029:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1915:
1911:
1893:
1889:
1857:(1): 69β83.
1854:
1850:
1843:
1826:
1822:
1794:
1790:
1746:
1742:
1714:
1710:
1691:December 30,
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1680:
1674:
1667:
1657:November 11,
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1549:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1459:November 21,
1457:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:
1425:November 21,
1423:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:September 9,
1401:. Retrieved
1391:
1380:
1371:
1361:November 17,
1359:. Retrieved
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1306:. Retrieved
1291:
1281:
1271:November 15,
1269:. Retrieved
1240:November 19,
1238:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:November 13,
1216:. Retrieved
1202:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:Fraser River
1077:
1074:
1062:
1025:
1010:
986:
955:
916:
893:
886:
863:
844:
824:
816:
779:
770:
754:
738:
729:
713:
689:
678:
667:Reproduction
638:
608:
589:
577:
573:
559:
557:
455:
452:
417:Redfish Lake
409:Anadyr River
378:
365:
355:
344:Fraser River
331:
323:
316:Oncorhynchus
315:
305:
244:
243:, or simply
240:
234:
230:
225:
224:
220:
218:
201:
199:
183:
182:
171:Oncorhynchus
170:
36:
3733:NatureServe
3671:iNaturalist
3565:Wikispecies
3287:Lomi salmon
3128:Pink salmon
3123:Masu salmon
3118:Coho salmon
3108:Chum salmon
2989:January 30,
2628:October 30,
2475:January 21,
1562:January 17,
1339:January 17,
970:Lake Ozette
966:Snake River
950:arctic char
919:Langley, BC
908:Kurile Lake
878:Bristol Bay
805:Competition
776:Energy cost
704:Adams River
681:hierarchies
653:semelparous
611:zooplankton
553:forage fish
369:gill rakers
362:Description
312:chum salmon
288:semelparous
284:zooplankton
3843:Categories
3282:Lohikeitto
3247:Salmon run
3184:management
3088:Salmonidae
3079:Groups and
2386:August 14,
2353:August 14,
2311:August 14,
1896:: 917β937.
1455:. Fishbase
1267:. Fishbase
1175:References
1085:consortium
1038:See also:
929:See also:
839:See also:
794:endogenous
750:brightness
746:saturation
742:wavelength
710:, Canada.
641:anadromous
627:Salmon run
625:See also:
621:Life cycle
570:Saiko Lake
532:New Mexico
504:California
496:Washington
472:anadromous
421:extirpated
389:California
336:Halkomelem
272:freshwater
270:remain in
249:anadromous
231:red salmon
160:Salmonidae
3392:Sea louse
3324:parasites
3252:June hogs
3179:Fisheries
3133:Steelhead
2963:221050402
2947:1432-136X
2892:0036-8075
2772:cite book
2764:798416074
2437:March 21,
2412:March 21,
2220:Ecol Evol
2099:1939-9170
2058:0002-8487
1994:1932-6203
1970:CiteSeerX
1791:Behaviour
1634:0015-296X
1492:CiteSeerX
1308:April 11,
993:steelhead
991:, summer
980:Tribe at
799:courtship
786:migration
765:predation
596:schooling
387:Coast of
385:Mendocino
268:Juveniles
178:Species:
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
3738:2.100974
3689:11368252
3645:FishBase
3624:46563140
3550:Wikidata
2955:32770260
2908:32846635
2900:21454790
2711:July 22,
2599:July 30,
2331:Archived
2250:30386563
2107:18027764
2012:22423309
1954:PLOS ONE
1932:53157236
1871:53169458
1763:53157236
1711:Ethology
1541:84713353
1289:(2004).
974:Shoshone
870:gillnets
592:limnetic
561:kunimasu
528:Colorado
508:New York
356:Suk-kegh
346:(one of
332:suk-kegh
247:, is an
156:Family:
130:Chordata
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
83:IUCN 3.1
3663:5204039
3466:Related
3277:Gravlax
3264:As food
3232:Putcher
3081:species
2872:Bibcode
2864:Science
2241:6202718
2175:Bibcode
2151:3545987
2131:Bibcode
2077:Ecology
2038:Bibcode
2003:3280632
1962:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1108:Gallery
989:Chinook
978:Bannock
960:by the
906:of the
898:of the
874:canning
790:Embryos
782:somatic
724:adipose
604:fitness
538:in the
536:Wyoming
520:Montana
456:kokanee
413:Siberia
403:in the
328:Russian
326:is the
296:kokanee
278:to the
276:migrate
252:species
245:sockeye
212:, 1792)
210:Walbaum
166:Genus:
146:Order:
136:Class:
81: (
18:Sockeye
3854:Salmon
3826:254569
3813:165375
3800:254569
3787:598092
3771:NZOR:
3715:135301
3702:161979
3637:ONCRNE
3556:Q44064
3297:Rui-be
3072:Salmon
2961:
2953:
2945:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2762:
2752:
2271:
2248:
2238:
2149:
2105:
2097:
2056:
2010:
2000:
1992:
1972:
1930:
1869:
1761:
1632:
1539:
1494:
1299:
1054:Alaska
1034:Canada
995:, and
952:waits.
882:Alaska
866:seines
847:tonnes
748:, and
693:dorsal
615:shrimp
534:, and
524:Nevada
500:Oregon
492:Alaska
488:Canada
461:Sinixt
429:Oregon
256:salmon
3821:WoRMS
3722:NAS:
3684:IRMNG
3676:69922
3611:49JFH
3598:88747
3473:Ceasg
2959:S2CID
2904:S2CID
2647:(PDF)
2618:(PDF)
2593:(PDF)
2582:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2380:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2147:JSTOR
2123:Oikos
1928:S2CID
1867:S2CID
1759:S2CID
1537:S2CID
657:redds
645:spawn
516:Idaho
480:Yukon
425:Idaho
423:from
397:Japan
324:Nerka
320:Greek
292:spawn
280:ocean
3795:OBIS
3759:NOAA
3751:8023
3746:NCBI
3710:IUCN
3697:ITIS
3658:GBIF
3632:EPPO
3593:BOLD
2991:2006
2951:PMID
2943:ISSN
2896:PMID
2888:ISSN
2844:2010
2800:2010
2778:link
2760:OCLC
2750:ISBN
2713:2012
2684:2009
2655:2009
2630:2009
2601:2009
2565:2009
2498:2012
2477:2010
2439:2015
2414:2015
2388:2012
2355:2012
2313:2012
2269:ISBN
2246:PMID
2201:link
2103:PMID
2095:ISSN
2054:ISSN
2008:PMID
1990:ISSN
1693:2015
1659:2017
1630:ISSN
1564:2013
1461:2013
1427:2013
1405:2011
1363:2006
1341:2013
1310:2011
1297:ISBN
1273:2013
1242:2006
1220:2021
1203:2011
1063:The
997:Coho
933:and
868:and
820:redd
759:and
586:Diet
512:Utah
427:and
310:and
308:pink
219:The
3725:915
3650:243
3619:EoL
3606:CoL
3580:ADW
3292:Lox
3181:and
2935:doi
2931:190
2880:doi
2868:332
2407:NPR
2236:PMC
2228:doi
2183:doi
2139:doi
2085:doi
2046:doi
2034:130
1998:PMC
1980:doi
1920:doi
1859:doi
1831:doi
1799:doi
1795:140
1751:doi
1719:doi
1715:102
1622:doi
1529:doi
1525:131
1502:doi
1207:doi
1019:in
706:of
661:fry
486:in
411:in
395:in
354:).
314:.
254:of
3845::
3823::
3810::
3797::
3784::
3761::
3748::
3735::
3712::
3699::
3686::
3673::
3660::
3647::
3634::
3621::
3608::
3595::
3582::
3567::
3552::
2982:.
2957:.
2949:.
2941:.
2929:.
2925:.
2902:.
2894:.
2886:.
2878:.
2866:.
2862:.
2774:}}
2770:{{
2758:.
2692:^
2663:^
2620:.
2584:.
2548:.
2405:.
2303:.
2244:.
2234:.
2222:.
2218:.
2197:}}
2193:{{
2181:.
2171:65
2169:.
2145:.
2137:.
2127:74
2125:.
2101:.
2093:.
2081:88
2079:.
2075:.
2052:.
2044:.
2032:.
2020:^
2006:.
1996:.
1988:.
1978:.
1968:.
1956:.
1952:.
1926:.
1916:48
1914:.
1902:^
1892:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:67
1853:.
1827:77
1825:.
1811:^
1793:.
1771:^
1757:.
1747:48
1745:.
1731:^
1713:.
1701:^
1679:.
1677:)"
1650:.
1628:.
1618:25
1616:.
1580:.
1535:.
1523:.
1500:.
1490:.
1480:23
1478:.
1379:.
1318:^
1250:^
1201:.
1195:.
1056:,
1052:,
1023:.
880:,
744:,
598:,
582:.
542:.
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
431:.
239:,
233:,
3064:e
3057:t
3050:v
2993:.
2965:.
2937::
2910:.
2882::
2874::
2846:.
2802:.
2780:)
2766:.
2715:.
2686:.
2657:.
2632:.
2603:.
2567:.
2531:.
2514:.
2500:.
2479:.
2441:.
2416:.
2390:.
2357:.
2315:.
2277:.
2252:.
2230::
2224:8
2203:)
2189:.
2185::
2177::
2153:.
2141::
2133::
2109:.
2087::
2060:.
2048::
2040::
2014:.
1982::
1964::
1958:2
1934:.
1922::
1894:3
1873:.
1861::
1837:.
1833::
1805:.
1801::
1765:.
1753::
1725:.
1721::
1695:.
1661:.
1636:.
1624::
1586:.
1566:.
1543:.
1531::
1508:.
1504::
1486::
1463:.
1429:.
1407:.
1385:.
1365:.
1343:.
1312:.
1275:.
1244:.
1222:.
1209::
1193:"
1189:"
976:-
223:(
208:(
85:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
