718:: Pierre de Lancre lived here during the witch-hunt of 1609, in the castle of Amou, whose lord had asked for the trials to be initiated. According to the judicial records, the local akelarre took place either in the cemetery, in private houses or even in the castle of Amou itself, while the trial was active. What this means, if the record is true, is that it was done in the sight of de Lancre himself, which is very unlikely. Other unlikely akelarre-sites mentioned in the process are the hotel Barbarenena, on the very night when de Lancre was sleeping there, and in the home of
367:
Spanish
Inquisition intervened. The Logroño process ended with 12 people burnt at the stake (five of them symbolically, as they had died under the tortures inflicted in the process) and shattered Pyrennean Navarre and led also to a serious reconsideration of the Inquisition's attitude towards accusations of witchcraft. The Spanish and Italian Inquisition generally approached accusations of sorcery and witchcraft with skepticism and similar processes were rare in comparison to other European countries where no such centralised institution existed.
1051:: Akelarrenlezea (cave of the akelarre) is just 500 meters away from the village. Actually witches met in the field of Berroskoberro outside the caves. This village was the focus of the largest and more infamous inquisitorial process, that took place in 1610 in Logroño. Seven people were burnt at the stake and other five were burnt symbolically, along with their remains (they had died during the process). A local legend says that all women of Azkar are witches.
27:
830:: Abbot Aranibar of Urdazubi made many people confess guilty of witchery by means of torture in 1610, including many children. In 1612 a civil process was initiated against 7 local women. The tortures inflicted in the towers of Jauregizar and Jauregizuri were so brutal that the accused women claimed insistently to be moved to
2076:
312:
often are said to transform themselves into animals, most commonly cats. These cats are sometimes said to bother pious women that do not wish to go the akelarre. It has also been recorded that they collected monetary fines from the people that did not wish to go to their ecstatic gatherings or those
316:
Inquisitorial documents describe horrific practices of witches, like eating children or poisonings. But popular legends do not speak of these practices, instead mentioning kissing "the devil's arse" or an animal's genitals, occasional poisoning of crops, bothering modest women (in the shape of cats
366:
had initiated a massive process in
Labourd, focusing mainly on Basque women and priests. He was eventually displaced but not without causing many deaths and much suffering. The witch panic extended beyond the frontier and accusations of witchcraft proliferated among the local population until the
593:
that witches met at
Jaizkibel mountain, near the hermitage of St. Barbara. Other sites that the accused declared to be their meeting places were: near the hermitage of St. Philip and St. James, or near the hermitage and castle of St. Telmo. Local popular legend instead says that the
712:: several legends place witches as living in the houses of Egoainea, Ihartzegaraia and Larraburua. The local akelarre was sometimes celebrated at the Fikozelai field. Many local witches were tried in 1609, including several minors and the lady of Txantokorena household.
1039:: In the 1609 witch-hunt of Labourd, several accused declared to have celebrated the sabbat inside the church of this village. According to Barandiaran, all neighbours of Alkerdi, where there is an important Paleolithic cave-site, as considered to be witches.
734:: in 1576 Marie Txorropike of the Ianetabarta household was burnt at the stake. Forty other supposed witches were also executed. Several people, including minors, were also processed here in 1609. The akelarre was celebrated at a site called Pagola.
547:: the sites of Txabaltxo (near a creek), Iraubeltz (a wood), Mendabiita (a bridge), Zelaun (a plain), a creek near the Artzate farmhouse, the spring of Negarregi and the place of Dantzaleku are all said to have frequented by
573:: a woman from this village (now an industrial town), MarĂa Zozoaia, was one of the main accused in the process of Zugarramurdi. According to inquisitional records, they gathered in the field of Matxarena, that they called
354:. Since being conquered by Castile in 1512â21, Navarre (and to a lesser extent areas of the Basque Country) suffered numerous inquisitorial processes, mainly against Jews and Muslims, but occasionally also against Basque
850:: according to the inquisitorial records, witches met at Nabarte village. In 1611, also impelled by Abbot Aranibar, there was a witch-hunt in Legasa. Graciana de Maribertizena and her daughter were tortured brutally and
834:, to be judged by the Inquisition itself, as a lesser evil. It seems that the site of Dutxuketa (in Elbetea) might have been a meeting place for the witches. There is also a dolmen called Sorginetxe (witch's home).
2410:
894:
on all them. He then believed to have seen his partners to have done unbelievable feats. After that experience he retook his inquisitorial duties with even greater dedication. The processes that shattered the
551:. Additionally several local sites bear their name: Sorginiturri (witches' spring), Sorginpelota (witches' ball game), Sorginzulo and Sorgizuloeta (witches' niche and niches respectively).
880:
range is said to be inhabited by genii that show themselves as animals, now red, now black, now white; another legend says it is a mansion of Mari and her sorginak, called in the area
923:: in 1525, local Martin Lizuain was burnt at the stake in Auritz. In 1577, accused by a 5-year-old boy, seven women were processed and acquitted. Two of them died during the tortures.
696:, specifically in a site then known as Lakua (the lake). In the 1609 trials it was declared by one of the accused that there was as many people in the local akelarre
379:
there are many places associated with sorginak, often also associated with Mari or other mythological characters. This is an incomplete list of the most famous ones:
824:). Both were processed by the Inquisition in 1610 but, while Endregoto was burned at the stake, Juanis de Bargota avoided punishment by showing extreme repentance.
654:
here goddess Mari, also often considered a witch, is known as
Aketigiko Sorgina (witch of Aketegi mountain). It is also believed that she lives in Sorginzulo cave.
2020:
1933:
1009:, seeking revenge. The local akelarre apparently took place in the main plaza of the village, though sometimes took place in Aboddibidea, deep in the mountains.
890:: Inquisitor Avellaneda tells how he tried to dismiss the incipient belief in witchery contacted local witches here and was initiated by anointing their
616:: the house of Silerokua or Silerene once was inhabited by a witch that, typically, transformed herself as cat to bother more chaste women, legend says.
913:
was also affected by the 1610 process. In the process, the field of
Aranduriaretxa (also Urristilde or Sarueta) and the site of Larbure, were named as
1045:: Bekatu-Larre (field of sins) was apparently the site of local akelarres. This village was affected by inquisitorial processes in 1575â76 and 1610.
1081:
2138:
2108:
638:: local woman Mari Zuloko was imprisoned in St. Sebastian, accused of witchery. Later she was stoned and expelled from her hometown, settling in
1108:
2339:
150:. It is also the Basque name for witches, priests and priestesses, making it difficult to distinguish between the mythological and real ones.
2308:
2245:
472:
heresy that ended with 13 people burnt at the stake. Later, in the 16th and 17th centuries other inquisitional trials were held in this town.
376:
820:: Local priest Juanis de Bargota was also a famous witch. He had special relationship with a female witch of Biana, Endregoto (Lady Goto in
1236:
413:
covenant. Though finally acquitted, she was so traumatised by the detention and torture that she committed suicide soon after her release.
482:
also mentions that the cliffs between the field of
Akelarre and the cave of Silibranka (a paleolithic site) were the playfield of demons.
953:
apparently used to take place on the heights of
Mendaur mountain, near the summit. The processes of 1525 and 1610 affected this village.
2405:
2215:
1980:
1354:
343:
While in the late Middle Ages there are a handful of references to witchery, they are mostly fines for accusing someone of being one.
1349:
1147:
110:
870:: according to an inquisitorial process of 1569, witches met in Larraionoa and Los Linares, as well as on a barrage at the river.
709:
749:
Large portions of
Navarre were severely affected by an inquisitorial process in 1610, focused in the akelarre of Zurgarramurdi.
2123:
1747:
2103:
1964:
1329:
926:
48:
864:. Biana was also the hometown of Endregoto, the partner of famous male witch Juanis de Bargota, burnt at the stake in 1610.
2189:
1366:
1297:
2451:
2004:
91:
1590:
1361:
1084:: the people of this village have been traditionally considered witches as a whole. In other time they were nicknamed
63:
2028:
479:
860:: a hill near the Las Cañas lagoon was apparently the site of the local akelarres, to which people came also from
810:: the sites of Basajaunberro (probably modern Patxaranberro), near Ortzanzurieta mountain and Sorginarizaga, near
37:
2446:
2364:
2060:
598:
happened near one of the local bridges: either
Mendelo, Puntal or Santa Engracia, during the feast of St. Agatha.
448:(Lady of Anboto). Her home was said to be specifically in an unreachable cave known as Sorginkoba (witch's cave).
416:
44:
70:
2390:
2168:
2158:
2068:
1940:
1229:
1070:
158:
715:
648:: it is said that witches used to wash clothes near Ugartebide. They also met in Edar Iturri and Sorginerreka.
722:
Segura, de Lancre's criminal advisor. Many local presumed witches were accused of plotting to kill de Lancre.
528:: the local witches went to the akelarre of Petralanda (in Dima) but also met locally at Hereinoza household.
2441:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2184:
1996:
1948:
1735:
1617:
1409:
1111:: Arlegiko Kutxia (Arlegi's cross) is a place that was said that witches made appearances. Another site of
1024:
2266:
2250:
2240:
2199:
2194:
2052:
2044:
77:
807:
2281:
2276:
2153:
1675:
1431:
1404:
1344:
1159:
827:
184:
1027:: Bedagin-pikoa was the site of the local akelarre. The valley was affected by the persecution of 1532.
876:: Arleze cave is said to have been used by witches. Putxerri cave (also Putterri or Bueitarri), in the
2400:
2395:
2118:
2113:
1910:
1270:
1245:
929:: the mountain of Petxuberro (also Petiriberro) is said to have been the site of the akelarre of the
59:
2286:
2271:
2012:
1972:
1627:
1612:
1414:
1309:
1304:
1280:
1222:
1189:
1126:
406:
347:
338:
1006:
1005:(who was effectively accused of witchery in 1308â13); since then this queen's ghost dwells in the
965:: in Alli cave a nearby, where the dolmen of Akelar is located. Also in the field of Urrizolaegia.
628:: the cave of Gaiztozulo (evil hole) is said to be one of the main homes of Mari and her court of
2163:
2095:
1339:
1033:: the mountains of Aldaun, Xuxurro, Urbilaga and Elizamendia have been said to be sabbatic sites.
639:
127:
1204:
990:
2385:
1792:
1622:
1426:
1275:
1143:
1036:
994:
683:
269:, or variants of it. In many legends a failed witch (normally a man) says the spell inverted (
728:: two local witches were executed by de Lancre here. Others managed to flee to Lower Navarre.
459:
2359:
1875:
1595:
1476:
1466:
1399:
1292:
1194:
1164:
1042:
1002:
664:
509:
391:: the places of Abadelaueta, Anbotondo and Amezola, as well as an undetermined field at the
363:
188:
147:
936:
1685:
1585:
1481:
984:
887:
821:
465:
318:
135:
2329:
1870:
740:: a large number of people from this town were processed in 1609, including five priests.
604:: Inquisitor Ugarte was supposedly poisoned by the local witches in this village in 1531.
358:. Particularly important was the 1610 process of Logroño that focused on the akelarre of
1915:
1174:
896:
867:
757:
580:
437:
143:
84:
2435:
2415:
1905:
1865:
1830:
1710:
1285:
1169:
1018:
956:
837:
766:: local legend states that Mari lives in the cave of Odabe, having by main servant a
645:
405:: a woman from this village, Margarita Jauri, was one of the "witches" tried by the
2380:
2036:
1988:
1772:
1725:
1720:
1680:
1441:
1324:
1048:
877:
857:
811:
753:
680:: in the 1609 trials, the priest of this village was burnt at the stake as a witch.
410:
359:
478:: the cave of Azkondo was the witches' meeting place, according to local legend.
1956:
1900:
1885:
1840:
1740:
1705:
1690:
1632:
1545:
1471:
1394:
1209:
1122:
998:
847:
601:
586:
451:
326:
322:
26:
907:. Sometimes the hermit of St. Tirso has been named as place of sabbats as well.
2324:
2128:
1787:
1730:
1715:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1540:
1520:
1371:
1319:
1249:
1184:
1179:
861:
831:
570:
475:
351:
686:: Alakoandia field and the bridges that are between this village and Ciboure.
1820:
1602:
1580:
1530:
1525:
1503:
959:: the peak of Oskia or Arkaitz is said to be meeting place for witches here.
671:
589:: a local (but none-the-less brutal) series of inquisitorial trials in 1530
329:
plants) to "fly" to and from the akelarre and perform other supposed feats.
261:
are often said to recite the following spell to travel to and back from the
1376:
622:: witches met near the cliffs of Irantzi and Puilegi, according to legend.
346:
This changes in the 16th and 17th centuries with the establishment of the
2334:
1777:
1695:
1535:
1498:
1334:
1314:
1199:
1125:: the witches of this village and that of Lahuntza met a some field near
1061:
1012:
873:
841:
731:
663:
Lapurdi was particularly shaken by the large-scale trials of 1609 led by
625:
619:
607:
554:
419:: the field of Urkiza or Urkizo seems to have been the site of the local
234:), and hence it would be rendered as fortune-teller. Another states that
174:
166:
1880:
1810:
1700:
1461:
1436:
1214:
1030:
962:
920:
910:
817:
787:
763:
737:
725:
703:
689:
613:
560:
538:
525:
485:
469:
388:
1890:
1845:
1815:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1670:
1653:
1648:
1575:
1095:
974:
946:
930:
814:. Two witch-hunts affected this municipality: in 1525â27 and in 1575.
800:: the cave of Uli, at Ulizar mountain, was the favorite site for the
773:
706:: the apparently many witches of this village met in Sohouta (Soule).
677:
651:
635:
501:
494:: several places attributed as akelarre-sites are called generically
491:
433:
402:
392:
192:
162:
2411:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
2077:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
667:, who was convinced that most people in the country were witches.
2420:
1860:
1855:
1835:
1825:
1752:
1663:
1658:
1607:
1515:
1493:
1488:
1419:
968:
797:
790:: the cliff of Arrutxipi is said to have been the living place of
544:
519:
504:: local legend points to Garaigorta mountain as site of the local
1850:
1782:
1550:
1508:
516:, and it is even considered one of the mansions of Mari herself.
195:
are said to meet in the locally sacred cave to engender storms.
1218:
674:: the people of this village had the fame of all being witches.
462:
Valley in the 16th century, according to inquisitional records.
1098:: the local witches apparently washed clothes at Oxarti creek.
281:
20:
488:: the place of Etxebartxuko-landa, according to local legend.
1015:: the capital of Navarre was affected by the trial of 1527.
844:
mountain, along with their colleagues of Sara and Azkaine.
350:
and the pan-European witch panic that afflicted the Early
203:
The etymology of the name is disputed. The common suffix
454:: the farmhouse of Petralanda was the main site of the
583:: the cave of Sorgintxulo, as recorded by Barandiaran.
541:: an old bridge is said to have been built by witches.
2373:
2352:
2317:
2301:
2259:
2208:
2177:
2146:
2137:
2094:
2087:
1924:
1801:
1641:
1454:
1387:
1263:
1256:
1115:is Artegaina. Near this place there's a cave named
508:Also the cave of Supelegor, in the karstic area of
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
317:or other animals) and anointing their bodies with
977:: in the process of 1610 was said that the local
776:: the local witches met at Urrizola slope before
692:: the local beach was the favorite site for the
436:peak is the well established principal home of
1934:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1068:(Hell's bridge) is said to have been built by
899:valley in 1532 and 1539 record a place called
2021:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
1230:
903:, impossible to locate, as site of the local
273:) and arrives to the akelarre quite bruised.
8:
512:, is associated with witches and especially
313:witches that absented themselves from them.
306:Other variants of this song are also known.
943:is said to have taken place in Berin-pikua.
362:. The previous year, in 1609, French judge
2143:
2091:
1260:
1237:
1223:
1215:
395:mountain are said to have been places of
333:Major persecutions against Basque witches
191:happened on Friday nights, when Mari and
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1119:, where legend says a dragon once dwelt.
173:are said often to have built the local
165:). Along with them, and specially with
2340:List of people executed for witchcraft
840:: the local witches met apparently on
563:: Itxu mountain was the local site of
271:Under the brambles and over the clouds
267:Under the clouds and over the brambles
16:Supernatural being in Basque mythology
2309:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
246:), and hence sorgin means literally:
7:
142:) are the assistants of the goddess
49:adding citations to reliable sources
981:took place in the field of Kolunba.
760:named Sorginzubi (witches' bridge).
2406:Left-hand path and right-hand path
1981:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
522:: it is called "town of sorcerers"
254:Most common references to sorginak
14:
610:: near a fence at Aini mountain.
25:
1064:: Ebrain bridge, known also as
1021:: near Dos Hermanas twin peaks.
371:Places associated with sorginak
36:needs additional citations for
2104:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
1965:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1142:, José Dueso, ROGER Ed. 2001.
298:Fourteen thousand here we are
1:
468:was the center of a medieval
2109:accusations against children
2005:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1109:Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette
557:: the farmhouse of Kimutxo.
2468:
2029:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
971:: the site of Campoluengo.
336:
279:also chant the following:
136:absolutive case (singular)
2061:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
296:We aren't, we are indeed,
289:Hamalau mila hemen geala
219:) is the only agreement.
2391:Christian views on magic
2069:The Discovery of Witches
1941:Directorium Inquisitorum
1997:De praestigiis daemonum
1949:De maleficis mulieribus
1140:GuĂa del Akelarre Vasco
698:as stars are in the sky
480:José Miguel Barandiaran
222:One theory claims that
183:used to participate in
2053:Compendium Maleficarum
2045:Magical Investigations
1936:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
444:(Witch of Anboto) and
294:
285:
1676:Cloak of invisibility
1432:Solitary practitioner
1345:Witch-cult hypothesis
716:Saint-PĂ©e-sur-Nivelle
2396:Magical organization
1911:Witches of Benevento
498:(partridges' field).
45:improve this article
2452:European witchcraft
2013:Newes from Scotland
1973:Malleus Maleficarum
1350:Anglo-Saxon England
1190:Spanish Inquisition
1117:Ertzagainako karbia
993:: Legend says that
884:(Lady of Putxerri).
577:(pleasure orchard).
409:in the case of the
348:Spanish Inquisition
339:Basque witch trials
287:Ez geala, ba geala,
2365:Witches in fiction
2353:In popular culture
1927:historic treatises
1078:in a single night.
997:was killed by the
987:: field of Baiona.
756:: there's a local
640:Donibane-Lohitzune
238:is the radical of
157:are confused with
2429:
2428:
2386:Witch (archetype)
2348:
2347:
2297:
2296:
1623:Sympathetic magic
1450:
1449:
995:Joan I of Navarre
901:Soto de Tarragona
684:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
304:
303:
121:
120:
113:
95:
2459:
2447:Basque mythology
2360:Magic in fiction
2190:Northern Moravia
2144:
2124:Papua New Guinea
2092:
1876:Nine sorceresses
1628:Witches' Sabbath
1477:Ceremonial magic
1467:Apotropaic magic
1261:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1195:Pierre de Lancre
1165:Basque mythology
1003:Bishop of Troyes
882:Putxerriko Damea
665:Pierre de Lancre
442:Anbotoko Sorgina
440:, also known as
364:Pierre de Lancre
282:
148:Basque mythology
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2369:
2344:
2313:
2293:
2255:
2209:Northern Europe
2204:
2173:
2133:
2083:
1926:
1920:
1803:
1797:
1736:Magical weapons
1686:Flying ointment
1637:
1482:Magical formula
1446:
1383:
1330:Greece and Rome
1252:
1243:
1205:MarĂa de Zozaya
1156:
1136:
1105:
1058:
985:Miranda de Arga
747:
661:
535:
430:
385:
375:Throughout the
373:
341:
335:
319:flying ointment
300:
297:
291:
288:
256:
201:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Basque history
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2260:Western Europe
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2178:Eastern Europe
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1916:Witch of Endor
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1793:Witch's ladder
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Mari (goddess)
1172:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1079:
1066:Infenuko zubia
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
988:
982:
972:
966:
960:
954:
944:
934:
924:
918:
908:
885:
871:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
805:
795:
785:
771:
761:
758:natural bridge
746:
743:
742:
741:
735:
729:
723:
713:
707:
701:
687:
681:
675:
660:
657:
656:
655:
649:
643:
633:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
584:
578:
568:
558:
552:
542:
534:
531:
530:
529:
523:
517:
499:
489:
483:
473:
463:
449:
446:Anbotoko Damie
429:
426:
425:
424:
414:
400:
384:
381:
377:Basque Country
372:
369:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
302:
301:
292:
255:
252:
200:
197:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2464:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Folk religion
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Three Witches
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Morgan le Fay
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Kitchen witch
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Latin America
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:Witch smeller
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Basque people
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:84-8490-001-0
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:Lower Navarre
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:Piedramillera
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:: a possible
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
886:
883:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:to all asked.
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
772:
769:
765:
762:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
744:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
666:
658:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
378:
370:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
314:
311:
307:
299:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:derives from
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2381:Witch (word)
2330:Witch's mark
2139:Early Modern
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2037:Daemonologie
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1989:Laienspiegel
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1895:
1871:Muma PÄdurii
1802:Folklore and
1773:Sator Square
1726:Magic circle
1721:Magic carpet
1681:Crystal ball
1618:Spiritualism
1442:Witch doctor
1325:Cunning folk
1139:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1086:akelartarrak
1085:
1082:Saint-Michel
1075:
1069:
1065:
1049:Zugarramurdi
1007:Irati forest
978:
950:
949:: the local
940:
914:
904:
900:
891:
881:
851:
812:Roncesvalles
801:
794:in the past.
791:
781:
777:
767:
754:Abaurregaina
748:
719:
697:
693:
662:
629:
595:
590:
575:Atsegin Soro
574:
564:
548:
513:
505:
495:
455:
445:
441:
420:
411:Zugarramurdi
396:
374:
360:Zugarramurdi
355:
345:
342:
321:(containing
315:
309:
308:
305:
295:
286:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
180:
179:
170:
161:(similar to
154:
152:
139:
131:
123:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2088:Persecution
1957:Formicarius
1901:Spearfinger
1841:Elbow witch
1741:Magic sword
1706:Julleuchter
1691:Goofer dust
1633:White magic
1546:Incantation
1472:Black magic
1427:Renaissance
1395:Chaos magic
1367:Middle East
1298:Philippines
1090:akelarreans
999:black magic
848:Bertizarana
587:Hondarribia
407:Inquisition
327:Solanaceous
323:entheogenic
2436:Categories
2401:Maleficium
2325:Witch-hunt
2129:Witch camp
1788:Witch ball
1731:Magic ring
1716:Love charm
1571:Necromancy
1566:Moon magic
1561:Mediumship
1556:Love magic
1541:Gray magic
1521:Divination
1320:Benandanti
1250:witchcraft
1185:Witch-hunt
1180:Witchcraft
1134:References
917:locations.
591:discovered
571:Errenteria
417:Urizaharra
352:Modern Age
153:Sometimes
101:March 2013
71:newspapers
60:"Sorginak"
2302:Classical
1821:Baba Yaga
1804:mythology
1613:Spiritism
1603:Sex magic
1581:Shamanism
1576:Occultism
1531:Evocation
1526:Entheogen
1504:Damnation
1455:Practices
1113:akelarres
1025:Erronkari
991:Otxagabia
927:Hiriberri
892:magic oil
852:confessed
672:Arcangues
596:akelarres
565:akelarres
496:eperlanda
397:akelarres
244:to create
199:Etymology
189:mysteries
175:megaliths
128:root form
2335:Pricking
2246:Scotland
2169:Virginia
2159:New York
2154:Maryland
2147:Americas
1896:Sorginak
1886:Pasiphaë
1778:Talisman
1748:Mojo bag
1696:Grimoire
1591:Regional
1536:Familiar
1499:Anathema
1415:Neopagan
1410:Medieval
1315:Akelarre
1210:BrujerĂa
1200:Megalith
1160:Akelarre
1154:See also
1123:Chéraute
1076:sorginak
1062:Bidarray
1037:Urdazubi
1013:Pamplona
979:akelarre
951:akelarre
941:akelarre
915:akelarre
905:akelarre
874:Ergoiena
802:akelarre
792:sorginak
782:akelarre
732:Ustaritz
694:akelarre
630:sorginak
620:Oiartzun
608:Lizartza
555:Azkoitia
549:sorginak
533:Gipuzkoa
506:akelarre
456:akelarre
421:akelarre
356:sorginak
310:Sorginak
277:Sorginak
263:akelarre
259:Sorginak
187:. These
185:Akelarre
181:Sorginak
171:sorginak
167:Jentilak
155:sorginak
124:Sorginak
2374:Related
2318:Related
2236:Iceland
2231:Finland
2226:England
2221:Denmark
2185:Hungary
1881:Obayifo
1811:Agamede
1768:Potions
1701:Incense
1642:Objects
1462:Animism
1437:Warlock
1372:Oceania
1355:Britain
1127:Mauléon
1031:Ultzama
1001:of the
963:Larraun
933:Valley.
921:Garaioa
911:Etxalar
897:Salazar
888:Esparza
862:Logroño
832:Logroño
818:Bargota
788:Arantza
780:to the
768:sorgina
764:Altsasu
745:Navarre
738:Ciboure
726:Urrugne
720:maistre
704:Lahonce
690:Hendaye
659:Labourd
614:Mendaro
581:Hernani
561:Bergara
539:Andoain
526:Zeberio
486:Murueta
476:Mañaria
470:Beguine
466:Durango
460:Arratia
389:Aramaio
248:creator
240:sor(tu)
232:fortune
211:, from
140:sorgina
85:scholar
2287:Basque
2272:Geneva
2267:France
2251:Sweden
2241:Norway
2216:Baltic
2200:Russia
2195:Poland
2096:Modern
2080:(1751)
2072:(1647)
2064:(1627)
2056:(1608)
2048:(1599)
2040:(1597)
2032:(1595)
2024:(1593)
2016:(1591)
2008:(1584)
2000:(1563)
1992:(1509)
1984:(1489)
1976:(1487)
1968:(1484)
1960:(1475)
1952:(1440)
1944:(1376)
1891:Sebile
1846:Hecate
1816:Aradia
1763:Poppet
1758:Nkondi
1671:Censer
1654:Athame
1649:Amulet
1608:Sigils
1596:Yellow
1405:Hoodoo
1400:Goetia
1377:MÄkutu
1305:Europe
1276:Azande
1271:Africa
1264:Region
1146:
1096:Iholdy
1071:lamiak
1043:Ziordi
975:Lesaka
947:Ituren
931:Aezkoa
878:Aralar
842:Larrun
828:Baztan
822:Basque
808:Auritz
778:flying
774:Araitz
678:Ascain
652:Zegama
646:Tolosa
636:Pasaia
514:lamiak
510:Itxina
502:Orozko
492:Muxika
434:Anboto
428:Biscay
403:Maeztu
393:Gorbea
193:Sugaar
163:nymphs
159:lamiak
132:sorgin
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2421:Adept
2282:Spain
2277:Italy
2164:Salem
2119:Nepal
2114:India
1925:Major
1861:Medea
1856:Kalku
1836:Drude
1831:Dayan
1826:Circe
1753:Nkisi
1664:besom
1659:Broom
1586:Black
1516:Demon
1494:Curse
1489:Coven
1420:Wicca
1340:Völva
1335:SeiĂ°r
1310:Italy
1281:Ghana
1257:Types
1246:Magic
1103:Soule
969:Lerga
937:Izaba
868:Burgi
858:Biana
798:Areso
626:Oñati
545:Ataun
520:Zalla
383:Ălava
228:sorte
217:to do
209:actor
92:JSTOR
78:books
1851:Huld
1783:Wand
1551:Jinn
1509:Jinx
1388:Form
1293:Asia
1248:and
1144:ISBN
957:Itza
838:Bera
710:Sare
602:Lezo
452:Dima
438:Mari
213:egin
205:-gin
144:Mari
64:news
1074:or
458:of
236:sor
224:sor
146:in
47:by
2438::
1092:).
325:,
265::
250:.
215::
177:.
169:,
138::
134:,
130::
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
1129:.
1088:(
804:.
784:.
770:.
700:.
642:.
632:.
567:.
423:.
399:.
242:(
230:(
207:(
126:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
