1962:
the U.S. education system has historically excluded and punished practices of code-switching between languages in
English language arts (ELA), therefore, upholding white supremacy and notions of linguistic hierarchy. Furthermore, the education system in the U.S. has sustained colonialist practices through the rhetoric of an ‘academic language’. The term ‘academic language’ frames and minoritizes the Spanglish-speaking, bilingual students of America. Through teaching in a monolinguistic manner, ELA is given precedence to and places native languages or the use of bilingualism as secondary to English. This allows English to be reinforced as an 'academic language,' granting white people an advantage in reaching academic success and disassociating bilingual speakers from whiteness and, therefore, 'academic language'. A study done on Latin American middle schoolers in East Los Angeles highlights different ways in which bilingual students utilize Spanglish to advance academic literacy. Martinez’s list of skills students exhibited when using Spanglish in educational settings include:
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partially deals with the "prestige" of the donor language, which either forms a dissimilar or more similar word from the loan word. The growth of modern technology can be seen in the expressions: "hacer click" (to click), "mandar un e-mail" (to send an e-mail), "faxear" (to fax), "textear" (to text-message), or "hackear" (to hack). Some words borrowed from the donor languages are adapted to the language, while others remain unassimilated (e. g. "sandwich", "jeans" or "laptop"). The items most associated with
Spanglish refer to words assimilated into the main morphology. Immigrants are usually responsible for "Spanishizing" English words. According to The New York Times, "Spanishizing" is accomplished "by pronouncing an English word 'Spanish style' (dropping final consonants, softening others, replacing M's with N's and V's with B's), and spelled by transliterating the result using Spanish spelling conventions."
2433:, have also led to a greater prominence of Hispanic performers and lyricism in the contemporary top charts. These types of artists, also being second-generation Spanish speakers, suggest that there is less fear or feelings of intimidation of using Spanish in public spaces. Moreover, this lack of negative connotation with public use of Spanglish and heritage-language language tools point to a subconscious desire to challenge negative rhetoric, as well as the racism that may go along with it. Given the fact that Spanglish has been the language of communication for a growing Hispanic-American population in the United States, its growing presence in Latino music is considered, by some scholars, a persistent and easily identifiable marker of an increasingly intersectional Latino identity.
2122:
for their communities. It showcases the division of labor passed onto members of the immigrant population and the navigational skills obtained by those obliged to utilize their bilingualism and
Spanglish as a means of survival. Intergenerational skills like Spanglish can then be used as a ‘Fund of Knowledge’ to promote literacy in the classroom. ‘Funds of Knowledge’ encourages the use of Spanglish an other languages between familial relations in the classroom to bridge the skills used at home and welcome them to a classroom. This allows the development of Spanglish skills passed between generations to be viewed as equally valuable at home and in academia. It dismantles the idea that specific languages need to be segregated from the educational realm of society.
839:, the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 62.1 million between 2000 and 2020. Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 60% are of Mexican descent. Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups, increasing from 20.9 million to 37.2 million between 2000 and 2021. Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, as their new home. Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California. The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, and California. In Miami, the
2400:
Although Los
Angeles Chicano bands from the 1960s and 1970s are often remembered as part of the Chicano-movement as agents for social chance, Latin(o) music has long been a way for artists to exercise political agency, including the post-World War II jazz scene, the New York City salsa of the 1970s, and the hip-hop movement of the 80s. Some of the topics addressed in these movements include: redlining and housing policies; immigration; discrimination; and transnationalism.
886:, since, to give an answer, the speaker exerts much more mental effort to answer in English, Spanish, or Spanglish. Without first understanding the culture and history of the region where Spanglish evolved as a practical matter an in depth familiarizing with multiple cultures. This knowledge, indeed the mere fact of one's having that knowledge, often forms an important part of both what one considers one's personal identity and what others consider one's identity.
1739:
2055:
considered a language, it is a language that has evolved and is continuing to grow and affect the way new generations are educated, culture change, and the production of media. Living within the United States creates a synergy of culture and struggles for many
Mexican-Americans. The hope to retain their cultural heritage/language and their dual-identity in American society is one of the major factors that lead to the creation of Spanglish.
133:
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and bilingual duets are growing in popularity, indicating an audience demand for multi-language entertainment, as well as a space for traditional Latino artists to enter the mainstream and find chart success beyond the
Spanish-speaking world. This is despite the slower-growing opportunities for Latino musicians to occupy higher-up positions such as promoters, business owners, and producers.
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1043:. Code-switching has sparked controversy because it is seen "as a corruption of Spanish and English, a 'linguistic pollution' or 'the language of a "raced", underclass people'". For example, a fluent bilingual speaker addressing another bilingual speaker might engage in code-switching with the sentence, "I'm sorry I cannot attend next week's meeting
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1997:
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tends to assumably signify if one is truly of a member of their culture. Individuals of
Hispanic descent living in America face living in two very different worlds. Spanglish is used to facilitate communication with others in both worlds. While some individuals believe that Spanglish should not be
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of
Spanish because, though people claim they are native Spanglish speakers, Spanglish itself is not a language on its own, but speakers speak English or Spanish with a heavy influence from the other language. The definition of Spanglish has been unclearly explained by scholars and linguists despite
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Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of
Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. Monolingual speakers of standard Spanish may have difficulty in understanding it. It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903–1999) U.S. control of the
2408:
Over time, however, this more explicit show of political nature might have been lessened due to the desire to compete in the music business of the
English speaking world. This however, did not stop the a change in U.S. music, where English-speaking musicians have moved towards collaborative music,
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Immigrant youth in the United States have become prevalent social actors to sociologists because of their role as moderators and translators in their homes and the community. Orellana centers the ethnographic study around youth who have worked as translators in different spheres of societal issues
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Colonial roots are present in English education and are manifested through hegemonic language practices that discourage and harm students of color. The promotion of Spanglish is suggested as a restorative pedagogy that acknowledges linguistic racism and promotes the use of code-switching. However,
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being noted so often. Spanglish is the fluid exchange of language between English and Spanish, present in the heavy influence in the words and phrases used by the speaker. Spanglish is currently considered a hybrid language practice by linguists–many actually refer to Spanglish as "Spanish-English
2399:
The rise of Spanglish in music within the United States also creates new classifications of Latin(o) music, as well as the wider Latin(o) music genre. In some growing music scenes, it is noted that for artists go beyond music and bring in political inclinations as a way to make wider commentary.
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occur in any language due to the presence of items or ideas not present in the culture before, such as modern technology. The increasing rate of technological growth requires the use of loan words from the donor language due to the lack of its definition in the lexicon of the main language. This
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After Puerto Rico became a United States territory in 1898, Spanglish became progressively more common there as the United States Army and the early colonial administration tried to impose the English language on island residents. Between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public
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are translations of entire words or phrases from one language into another. They represent the simplest forms of Spanglish, as they undergo no lexical or grammatical structural change. The use of calques is common throughout most languages, evident in the calques of Arabic exclamations used in
1210:
Semantic extension or reassignment refers to a phenomenon where speakers use a word of language A (typically Spanish in this case) with the meaning of its cognate in language B (typically English), rather than its standard meaning in language A. In Spanglish this usually occurs in the case of
874:), immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various forms of Spanglish. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, but others believe that it should not exist. Spanglish is difficult, because if the speaker learned the two languages in separate contexts, they use the
878:, in which the referential meanings in the two languages differ considerably. Those who were literate in their first language before learning the other, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are sometimes those least able to master their second language. Spanglish is part of
631:
2049:
The use of Spanglish is often associated with the speaker's expression of identity (in terms of language learning) and reflects how many minority-American cultures feel toward their heritage. Commonly in ethnic communities within the United States, the knowledge of one's
1729:
are the result of a kind of "metalinguistic bracketing". That is, discourse in Spanish is circumscribed by English and by a small group of English functional words. These terms can act as punctuation for Spanish dialogue within an English-dominant environment.
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Since different Spanglish arises independently in different regions of varying degrees of bilingualism, it reflects the locally spoken varieties of English and Spanish. Different forms of Spanglish are not necessarily mutually intelligible.
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contained Spanglish lyrics, eventually growing to 6.2% in the 2000s. The lyrical emergence of Spanglish by way of Latin American musicians has grown tremendously, reflective of the growing Hispanic population within the United States.
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expressions are unique as a calque of an English verbal particle, since other phrasal verbs and particles are almost never calqued into Spanish. Because of this, and because they're consistent with existing Spanish grammar,
1791:). The humor comes from the fact that while the expression is completely grammatical in English, it makes no sense to a native English speaker. Hence it is necessary to understand both languages to appreciate the humor.
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Spanglish is informal, although speakers can consistently judge the grammaticality of a phrase or sentence. From a linguistic point of view, Spanglish often is mistakenly labeled many things. Spanglish is not a
1047:
I'll be back for the meeting the week after"—which means, "I'm sorry I cannot attend next week's meeting because I have a business obligation in Boston, but I hope to be back for the meeting the week after".
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Koegel, John; San Miguel, Guadalupe (2005). Burr, Ramiro; Guerrero, Lalo; Mentes, Sherilyn Meece; Reyes, David; Waldman, Tom; Broyles-González; Peña, Manuel; Valdez, Avelardo; Tejeda, Juan (eds.).
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Martínez, Ramón Antonio (November 2010). "'Spanglish' as Literacy Tool: Toward an Understanding of the Potential Role of Spanish-English Code-Switching in the Development of Academic Literacy".
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is found in conversations that otherwise take place entirely in Spanish. Its users run the gamut from Spanish-dominant immigrants to native, balanced bilinguals to English-dominant
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schools (used for all subjects except for Spanish class) was English. Currently Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages (see also
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and along the Caribbean coast of Central America where the local English varieties are heavily creolized. Meanwhile, they're unattested in non-contact varieties of Spanish.
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There is no single, universal definition of Spanglish. The term Spanglish has been used in reference to the following phenomena, all of which are distinct from each other:
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people into North America, specifically the United States of America. As mentioned previously, the phenomenon of Spanglish can be separated into two different categories:
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832:, which is very different from the Spanglish spoken elsewhere. A similar situation exists in the large Puerto Rican-descended populations of New York City and Boston.
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With this growing demand for Spanglish duets, there has also been a rise in indie Latino artists who incorporate Spanglish lyrics in their music. One such artist is
9385:
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Otheguy, Ricardo (January 31, 1993), "A reconsideration of the notion of loan translation in the analysis of U.S. Spanish", in Roca, Ana; Lipski, John M. (eds.),
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Rojas, Viviana, and Juan Piñón. "Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos."
1649:"Viaje de las Estrellas" - "Star Trek"; the television shows such as "King of the Hill" and "MadTV" sometimes used standard Spanish but in an elementary manner.
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Individuals "communicate their thoughts and ideas using a combination of Spanish and English, often referring to this hybrid language practice as Spanglish".
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6889:
3919:
3960:
882:
Receptive bilinguals are those who understand a second language but don't speak it. That is when they use Spanglish. Receptive bilinguals are also known as
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Campos, Javier (2002), "Escritores latinos en los Estados Unidos (a propósito de la antología de Fuguet y Paz-Soldán, se habla Español), Alfaguara, 2000",
1787:; an idiom that means that one is prone to choose a particularly risky action in a desperate situation (this is somewhat comparable to the English idiom
835:
Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States, reflecting the growth of the Hispanic-American population due to immigration. According to the
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The use of Spanglish by incorporating English and Spanish lyrics into music has risen in the United States over time. In the 1980s 1.2% of songs in the
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argues they are likely a result of a conceptual, not linguistic loan. That is, the notion of "backness" has been expanded in these contact varieties.
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3949:, Colección general ANLE (in Spanish) (First ed.), New York València: Academia Norteamericana de la lengua española Universitat de València,
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is usually pronounced with English phonetics, and speakers typically identify it as an English word and not an established English loan such as
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Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia (2000), "Attitudes Towards Oral and Written Codeswitching in Spanish/English Bilingual Youths", in Roca, Ana (ed.),
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2007:
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The use of Spanglish has evolved over time. It has emerged as a way of conceptualizing one's thoughts whether it be in speech or on paper.
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Belazi, Hedi M.; Rubin, Edward J.; Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline (1994), "Code Switching and X-Bar Theory: The Functional head Constraint",
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Gingras, Rosario (1974), "Problems in the Description of Spanish/English Intrasentential Code-Switching", in Bills, Garland D. (ed.),
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is never used to mean "in order that" as it often is in English. As a sociolinguistic phenomenon, speakers who subconsciously insert
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1600:"Aseguranza" (insurance; "seguros" is insurance in standard Spanish, aseguranza is literally "assurance" which is similar to the
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3004:"Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos."
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1219:), where words of similar form in Spanish and English are thought to have like meanings based on their cognate relationship.
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4944:" on Spanglish as the Nuyorican language; featuring Daddy Yankee, Giannina Braschi, Rita Moreno, and other Nuyorican icons.
2421:, who combines Spanglish lyrics with music influenced by traditional corridos. Other up and coming Latino artists, such as
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into their Spanish usually spend most of their time speaking English. This and other facts suggest that the insertion of
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4887:, vol. 32, no. 1, Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States, pp. 75–96,
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4370:(1986), "The construction pa(ra) atrás among Spanish-English bilinguals: parallel structures and universal patterns",
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2354:-winning artist from Miami, Florida that has brought Spanglish into mainstream music through his multiple hit songs.
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of the two languages. More narrowly, Spanglish can specifically mean a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English
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22:
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The Dictionary of Chicano Spanish/El Diccionario del Español Chicano: The Most Practical Guide to Chicano Spanish
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and second-language speakers of Spanish, and even people who reject the use of Anglicisms have been found using
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Poplack, Shana (1981), "Syntactic Structure and Social Function of Codeswitching", in Duran, Richard P. (ed.),
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1695:. This is unusual, since code-switched or lexically inserted words typically aren't as common and recurring as
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3002:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), p. 168, and quoted in turn by Viviana Rojas and Juan Piñón,
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in Spanish. It can be used phrase-internally, or at the beginning or end of a sentence. In Spanish discourse,
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are found in every stable English-Spanish contact situation: the United States, including among the isolated
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In turn, the skills used when speaking Spanglish can be applied as a method in academic settings as well.
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to simply be a loanword, although borrowing short function words is quite abnormal. In stressed positions,
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2011:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2235:(1933) predicted that in the 21st century English and Spanish would "become interchangeable languages".
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4232:
Garrigós, Cristina (2002), "Bilingües, biculturales y posmodernas: Rosario Ferré y Giannina Braschi",
797:). Consequently, many American English words are now found in the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Spanish.
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3724:"Bilingual Collaborations Are Taking The Music World By Storm, These Are The Dream Collabs For 2021"
2360:, a Spanish singer-songwriter with songs in English, Spanish and Spanglish; Spanglish songs include
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4389:(1987), "El dialecto español de Río Sabinas: vestigios del español mexicano en Luisiana y Texas",
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is a simple loanword, or part of some deeper form of language mixing, is disputed. Many consider
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3356:"Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms"
2216:(2009) is set in a future where Latin Americans have colonized the galaxy and Spanglish is the
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Torres, Lourdes (2007), "In the Contact Zone: Code-Switching Strategies by Latino/a Writers",
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1109:(estar pa' arriba de ..., estar para arriba de ...) (depender de ... or X decida (X decides))
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A judgement call by the tagger is expected to be made concerning the base prefix to be used.
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The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.
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8033:
7897:
7765:
7750:
7745:
7735:
7575:
7565:
7416:
7375:
7227:
7222:
7164:
6988:
6466:
6219:
6153:
6032:
5913:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5626:
5515:
5492:
5442:
5061:
4954:
4941:
4742:"Spanish as a Tool of Latinx Resistance against Repression in a Hostile Political Climate"
3569:
3010:
2999:
2986:
2629:
2585:
2465:
2347:
1543:
An example of this lexical phenomenon in Spanglish is the emergence of new verbs when the
1012:
658:
442:
385:
380:
335:
212:
38:
7535:
6278:
778:
709:
4621:
4245:, San Diego: University of California Institute for Cultural Pluralism, pp. 167–174
2317:(born Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll), a Colombian singer-songwriter, musician and model.
9319:
9048:
8986:
8948:
8793:
8749:
8744:
8729:
8724:
8601:
8539:
8511:
8477:
8342:
8337:
8231:
8156:
7915:
7902:
7760:
7697:
7687:
7626:
7598:
7515:
7403:
7341:
7334:
7242:
7112:
6973:
5992:
5974:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5826:
5820:
5727:
5572:
5519:
5476:
5464:
5436:
5381:
5350:
5049:
5026:
4419:
4386:
4367:
4336:
3853:
2624:
2470:
2321:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2272:
2227:
1216:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
961:
916:
650:
528:
300:
132:
68:
46:
2241:, a Mexican comedian, (known as Tin Tan) made heavy use of Spanglish. He dressed as a
9374:
8754:
8667:
8572:
8412:
8362:
8216:
7783:
7605:
7540:
7440:
7264:
7192:
7102:
6978:
5857:
5832:
5787:
5191:
5171:
4997:
4589:
4505:
4309:
4127:, in Vargas, Deborah R.; Mirabal, Nancy Raquel; La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence (eds.),
3979:
3877:
3449:
2337:
2217:
2169:
1212:
982:
757:
Code switching, particularly intra-sentential (i.e., within the same clause) switches
670:
509:
350:
265:
226:
57:
8996:
8981:
8938:
8806:
8357:
8304:
7197:
7013:
7008:
5925:
5014:
4823:
4803:
4762:
3801:
3316:"Accessing Assets: Immigrant Youth's Work as Family Translators or "Para-Phrasers""
2333:
2268:
2191:
2181:
2144:
1670:
806:
766:
674:
471:
75:
6191:
5542:
4710:
2875:
1631:”Mitin” (meeting) – An outdoors gathering of people mostly for political purposes.
1551:
is attached to an English verb. For example, the Spanish verb for "to eat lunch" (
6874:
4340:
4277:
4035:
2286:, whose song lyrics frequently switch back and forth between English and Spanish.
6411:
6336:
6325:
6147:
5962:
5781:
5674:
5651:
5375:
5209:
4497:
2531:
2521:
2430:
2418:
2308:
2223:
2200:
1880:
950:
927:
645:(a mix of the words "Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a
533:
193:
4158:
4124:
3932:
3754:"Meet Omar Apollo, the blue-haired, gender-rebellious, Mexican American Prince"
3355:
3013:
International Journal of Hispanic Media. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.
2320:
American singer, actress, producer, director, dancer, model, and businesswoman
809:
influenced much of local society, especially among the former residents of the
9113:
8116:
6998:
6428:
6112:
6071:
5869:
5853:
5548:
5470:
5187:
4269:
3371:
3315:
2426:
2422:
2372:
920:
912:
840:
794:
563:
4758:
4637:
4581:
4551:
4379:
4329:
3869:
3839:
3671:
3610:
3595:"Beyond Latin Night: Latinx Musicians and the Politics of Music in Charlotte"
3379:
3340:
3332:
2300:
grew up in a Spanish-speaking community, released several songs in Spanglish.
7132:
6481:
6313:
6236:
6169:
6130:
6065:
5810:
5804:
5747:
5668:
5632:
5566:
5560:
5424:
5404:
5337:
5278:
5177:
5148:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5055:
4892:
4741:
4403:
4193:
4140:
4129:
3313:
Orellana, Marjorie Faulstich; Dorner, Lisa; Pulido, Lucila (November 2003).
2515:
2485:
2475:
2447:
2387:
2327:
972:
939:
821:
581:
558:
88:
6197:
3354:
Moll, Luis C.; Amanti, Cathy; Neff, Deborah; Gonzalez, Norma (March 1992).
2844:
1031:
The inception of Spanglish is due to the influx of native Spanish speaking
500:
495:
485:
4514:
Research on Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Issues and Challenges
4321:
3406:
2931:
2330:(born Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques), a Jamaican singer and songwriter.
6309:
6288:
6185:
6173:
6106:
6077:
6059:
5986:
5968:
5901:
5897:
5875:
5863:
5814:
5743:
5509:
5454:
5418:
5414:
5369:
5333:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5262:
5256:
5246:
5239:
5221:
5203:
5197:
5165:
5154:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5084:
5078:
5037:
5033:
5020:
4917:
Woolford, Ellen (1983), "Bilingual Code-Switching and Syntactic Theory",
4901:
Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class
2979:
Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class
2480:
2361:
2304:
2289:
2135:
Books that feature Spanglish in a significant way include the following:
1768:
1587:
1188:
931:
844:
682:
543:
4796:
4521:
Moslimani, Mohamad; Noe-Bustamante, Luis; Shah, Sono (August 16, 2023),
4412:
3618:
3594:
2939:
2749:, "U.S. Hispanic population reached more than 62 million in 2020" graph.
6450:
6438:
6305:
6284:
6249:
6242:
6163:
6055:
6020:
5849:
5775:
5739:
5731:
5721:
5645:
5327:
5284:
5272:
5233:
5227:
5183:
5144:
5043:
4677:
4646:
Ursachen und Konsequenzen von Sprachkontakt – Spanglish in den USA
3679:
3646:
2989:(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 38, cited by Arlene Dávila,
2506:
2314:
2242:
1184:
1056:
1016:
908:
891:
785:
for Spanish spoken with some English terms, and the less commonly used
760:
Grammar mistakes in Spanish found among transitional bilingual speakers
678:
518:
4771:
3808:, Latinx and Latin American profiles, University of Pittsburgh Press,
2721:
1833:
Translations of American and British celebrities' names into Spanish:
9128:
6124:
5321:
5315:
4788:
4598:"Does Speaking English And Spanish Make You Worse At Both Languages?"
4488:
Metcalf, Allan A. (1974), "The Study of California Chicano English",
1743:
896:
814:
654:
523:
3663:
946:, in conversations that are otherwise in Spanish; examples include "
824:
speak in informal situations a unique Spanglish-like combination of
4622:"A linguistic analysis of Spanglish: relating language to identity"
2713:
777:
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist
751:
Nonassimilated Anglicisms (i.e., with English phonetics) in Spanish
4178:, LA weekly books (First ed.), New York: St. Martin's Press,
4167:
Lives in Translation: Bilingual Writers on Identity and Creativity
3920:"La imagen de los hispanos en la publicidad de los Estados Unidos"
3195:
3193:
2459:
1772:
1737:
1045:
porque tengo una obligación de negocios en Boston, pero espero que
930:, forms of Spanglish are used among Spanish-speaking migrants and
904:
635:
629:
490:
4966:
4568:
Otheguy, Ricardo; Stern, Nancy (2011), "On So-Called Spanglish",
2874:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
2843:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
2700:
Nash, Rose (1970). "Spanglish: Language Contact in Puerto Rico".
889:
Other places where similar mixed codes are spoken are Gibraltar (
4753:(2), Indiana University Press (published June 20, 2019): 59–76,
3806:
Poets, philosophers, lovers: on the writings of Giannina Braschi
2383:
1868:
Translations of multinational corporations' names into Spanish:
1846:
Translations of American and British street names into Spanish:
1763:, "free". The adoption of English words is very common in Spain.
1628:"Troca" (truck) – Widely used in most of northern Mexico as well
696:
was first recorded in 1933. It corresponds to the Spanish terms
6932:
6878:
6340:
4970:
4524:
Facts on Hispanics of Mexican origin in the United States, 2021
3943:
Nuevas voces sobre el "Spanglish": una investigación polifónica
3033:
3031:
4342:
Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know
4176:
Living in Spanglish: the search for Latino identity in America
2062:
1990:
1902:
3901:[The Definition of Spanglish in the Last Edition of the
634:
A sign offering free consultation from a mechanic, taken in
2876:"1. – Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2769:
2767:
2761:, "Mexican-origin population in the U.S., 2000–2021" graph.
2758:
2080:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2008:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1920:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1251:
en realidad, realmente, de verdad, verdaderamente, de hecho
4546:, Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, pp. 21–46,
4252:
Permissible narratives: the Promise of Latino/a Literature
3825:"It's the Talk of Nueva York: The Hybrid Called Spanglish"
4747:
Chiricú Journal: Latina/o Literatures, Arts, and Cultures
2311:
frequently mix Spanish and English lyrics in their songs.
1646:”Condición” (condition) – incorrectly used as “sickness”.
4310:"A multitude of "lishes": The nomenclature of hybridity"
4206:
Hispanic Americans' Trust in and Engagement With Science
3435:
3060:
3058:
843:
community makes use of a Spanglish familiarly known as "
4107:
Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture
3482:
Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture
2926:(2). National Council of Teachers of English: 124–149.
2086:
2014:
1926:
1637:”Escanear” (to scan) – To digitalize (e.g. a document).
4374:, vol. 10, no. 2/3 (28/29), pp. 87–96,
4086:, Kanazawa, Japan: Hokuriku University, archived from
3940:
Betti, Silvia; Serra Alegre, Enrique N., eds. (2016),
3895:"La definición del spanglish en la última edición del
2845:"Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2787:"Towards New Dialects: Spanglish in the United States"
1665:
is often inserted into Spanish discourse. This use of
1643:“Desorden” (disorder) – incorrectly used as “disease”.
1616:"Líder" (leader) – considered an established Anglicism
4739:
Sánchez-Muñoz, Ana; Amezcua, Angélica (Spring 2019),
3978:
Betti, Silvia; Jorques Jiménez, Daniel, eds. (2015),
3705:
3703:
3701:
3267:(in Spanish). Madrid: Publicaciones Formativas, S.A.
3246:
3244:
2524:, the unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish
4020:, Pittsburgh: Latin American Literary Review Press,
3856:(2005), "Spanglish: An Anglicized Spanish Dialect",
3782:
3407:"About Giannina Braschi | Academy of American Poets"
763:
Second-language Spanish, including poor translations
9194:
9165:
9145:
9127:
9094:
9085:
9043:
9005:
8962:
8924:
8915:
8875:
8833:
8824:
8779:
8717:
8710:
8646:
8548:
8520:
8502:
8398:
8380:
8328:
8202:
8097:
8043:
8004:
7977:
7925:
7888:
7857:
7821:
7726:
7678:
7504:
7454:
7426:
7389:
7351:
7163:
7156:
7145:
6923:
6798:
6693:
6667:
6641:
6598:
6537:
6492:
6459:
6404:
6297:
6258:
6228:
6212:
6139:
6096:
6041:
5954:
5884:
5841:
5796:
5689:
5660:
5612:
5581:
5534:
5501:
5396:
5361:
5070:
5060:
Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
5004:
4648:, Duisburg: Wissenschaftsverlag und Kulturedition,
4451:, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, archived from
1857:Translations of Spanish street names into English:
98:
86:
81:
65:
35:
30:
4845:
4807:
4770:
4740:
4490:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
4348:, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project,
4128:
3645:
3314:
2992:Latinos Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People
2386:released a song called "Spanglish" in their album
1767:Fromlostiano is a type of artificial and humorous
748:The use of integrated English loanwords in Spanish
7066:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
4426:, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,
4223:Galván, Roberto A.; Teschner, Richard V. (1995),
4037:Spanish/English Codeswitching in a Written Corpus
3580:
2195:Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language.
1759:derives from the English "by the face"; Spanish:
1094:(Está pa' arriba de ti, Está para arriba de ti) (
138:
6010:
5374:South Sudan local languages
4852:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
4828:Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language
4202:"A brief statistical portrait of U.S. Hispanics"
3263:Ochoa, Ignacio; Frederico López Socasau (1995).
830:Crucian dialect of Virgin Islands Creole English
1215:" (similar to, but technically not the same as
801:may also be known by different regional names.
661:) that results from conversationally combining
4492:, vol. 1974, no. 2, pp. 53–58,
4227:, Lincolnwood, Illinois: National Textbook Co.
4200:Funk, Cary; Lopez, Mark Hugo (June 14, 2022),
3984:(in Spanish), Valencia: Uno y Cero Ediciones,
2275:, whose members use Spanglish in their lyrics.
1237:Meaning of Spanglish word in standard Spanish
6890:
6352:
5912:Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
4982:
4516:, Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press
4254:, Columbus: The Ohio State University Press,
3184:
3160:
3037:
2904:
2832:. Grazer Linguistische. pp. 39–43 71–90.
2346:(born Armando Christian Pérez), a successful
1806:Translations of Spanish idioms into English:
1690:
1192:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1026:borrowing, and lexical and grammatical shifts
611:
8:
4718:International Journal of Human Communication
4662:Pisarek, Paulina; Valenzuela, Elena (2012),
4442:"Spanglish from a neurologist point of view"
4135:, vol. 6, NYU Press, pp. 144–147,
3511:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
1794:This phenomenon was first noted in the book
789:for English spoken with some Spanish terms.
4000:El Spanglish ¿medio eficaz de comunicación?
3300:
3172:
2773:
1980:(6) communicate subtle nuances of meaning.
820:Many Puerto Ricans living on the island of
9091:
8921:
8830:
8714:
7160:
7153:
6929:
6897:
6883:
6875:
6456:
6359:
6345:
6337:
4989:
4975:
4967:
4702:Latino Language and Communicative Behavior
1783:, which is a word-for-word translation of
993:". Similar phenomena occur amongst native
754:Calques and loan translations from English
618:
604:
120:
27:
5013:Cameroon Pidgin+French+English
4948:Spanglish – the Language of Chicanos
4676:
4424:Varieties of Spanish in the United States
4402:
3931:
2759:Moslimani, Noe-Bustamante & Shah 2023
2746:
2109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2037:Learn how and when to remove this message
1977:(5) shift voices for different audiences
1949:Learn how and when to remove this message
1798:in 1995. The book describes six types of
1041:borrowing, lexical and grammatical shifts
4704:, Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, pp. 169–184
4123:Cepeda, María Elena (December 1, 2017),
3546:
3392:
3291:. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.
3022:
2166:(2008) features flourishes of Spanglish.
1965:(1) clarify and/or reiterate utterances
1224:
6833:
4709:Sankoff, David; Poplack, Shana (1981),
4620:Rothman, Jason; Rell, Amy Beth (2005),
3858:Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
3800:Aldama, Frederick Luis; O'Dwyer, Tess;
3508:Schaefer, Richard T. (March 20, 2008).
3417:from the original on September 28, 2020
3289:International Journal of Hispanic Media
3199:
3148:
2952:
2643:
2577:
2501:List of English words of Spanish origin
1816:Nobody gave you a candle in this burial
1199:
1073:(llamar pa' atrás, llamar para atrás) (
571:
508:
470:
285:
211:
183:
150:
123:
4860:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.808
4296:from the original on December 29, 2023
4282:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
4054:from the original on December 29, 2023
3764:from the original on December 10, 2020
3709:
3625:from the original on February 15, 2021
3528:from the original on December 29, 2023
3489:from the original on February 25, 2020
3448:Steinberg, Sybil (December 27, 1997).
3250:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3049:
2964:
2734:
2684:
2542:derived from English and Spanish words
2178:also uses Spanglish words and phrases.
1820:Nadie te ha dado vela en este entierro
708:, introduced by the Puerto Rican poet
16:Hybrid language of Spanish and English
9386:Spanish language in the United States
4903:, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
4711:"A Formal Grammar for Code-Switching"
4688:from the original on November 1, 2021
4570:International Journal of Bilingualism
3966:from the original on January 23, 2022
3913:(in Spanish), vol. 8, no. 8
3686:from the original on February 9, 2021
2830:"Poly-system repertoire and identity"
2815:
2551:Spanish language in the United States
1775:word-for-word into English. The name
1429:to carry out, to perform, to fulfill
1024:", though there is some influence of
7:
6859:
4391:Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica
4355:from the original on August 12, 2022
4234:Ínsula: Revista de Ciencias y Letras
3460:from the original on August 12, 2022
2695:
2693:
2654:
2652:
2619:
2617:
2220:among the galaxy's sentient species.
2175:The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
2148:(1998) is the first Spanglish novel.
3822:Alvarez, Lizette (March 25, 1997),
3734:from the original on April 10, 2021
3722:Lessner, Justin (January 6, 2021).
2920:Research in the Teaching of English
2886:from the original on April 10, 2019
2855:from the original on April 10, 2019
2797:from the original on March 29, 2016
2379:", recorded a version in Spanglish.
2154:uses Spanglish in his performances.
1899:Pedagogical approaches to Spanglish
857:African American Vernacular English
5042:Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic
4626:Linguistics and the Human Sciences
3436:Aldama, O'Dwyer & Stavans 2020
2666:from the original on March 5, 2021
2660:"Salvador Tió's 100th Anniversary"
2599:from the original on June 18, 2023
2590:"Registration form for 'spanglis'"
1974:(4) index solidarity and intimacy
1619:"Lonchear/Lonchar" (to have lunch)
1604:company's slogan, "peace of mind")
14:
6178:Gallo-Italic languages
5991:Gallo-Italic languages
5590:American Sign Language
5032:English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil
5025:Italian+Spanish+French+Arab
4815:The Chronicle of Higher Education
4727:from the original on May 16, 2017
2336:(born Enrique Martín Morales), a
669:. The term is mostly used in the
9174:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
7004:Inland Northern American English
6858:
6849:
6848:
6806:Stereotypes in the United States
5892:Malay trade and creole languages
4236:, vol. 57, pp. 667–668
4165:De Courtivron, Isabelle (2003),
4109:, Albany, New York: SUNY Press,
4072:, vol. 60, pp. 161–164
3918:Betti, Silvia (March 19, 2015),
3888:, vol. 25, pp. 221–237
3783:Sánchez-Muñoz & Amezcua 2019
2382:Likewise, Mexican pop rock band
2067:
1995:
1907:
1661:Within the US, the English word
859:that is itself a portmanteau of
131:
9156:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
6031:Southeast Asian languages
5388:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
5048:Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan
4844:Stavans, Ilan (June 30, 2020),
3981:Visiones europeas del Spanglish
3903:Dictionary of the Royal Academy
3897:Diccionario de la Real Academia
2340:pop musician, actor and author.
2209:(1967) using Spanglish phrases.
1193:
1171:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1114:
1105:
1090:
1069:
995:Spanish speakers in New Zealand
6906:Languages of the United States
5998:Hunsrückisch German
5346:English-based creole languages
4769:Stavans, Ilán (Summer 2000a),
4250:González, Christopher (2017),
4169:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan
4002:, Bologna: Pitagora Editrice,
2630:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2556:Spanish dialects and varieties
2496:Languages in the United States
2443:American literature in Spanish
1789:in for a penny, in for a pound
1465:to yield, to produce a profit
1265:application (written request)
847:," a portmanteau of the words
1:
6816:In the United States Congress
6368:Hispanic and Latino Americans
5054:Chinese+Tagalog+English
4131:Keywords for Latina/o Studies
4069:Revista Chilena de Literatura
4040:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
3581:Pisarek & Valenzuela 2012
2186:El Spanglish National Anthem.
1563:). The same process produces
1555:in standard Spanish) becomes
1349:finalmente, al final, por fin
1273:application (of paint, etc.)
673:and refers to a blend of the
9109:Black American Sign Language
8887:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
7128:Western Pennsylvania English
6168:Italian languages
6002:(when Portuguese-influenced)
5995:(when Portuguese-influenced)
5714:Romance languages
5708:Iranian languages
5702:Aramaic languages
5641:(when Portuguese-influenced)
5019:Bengali+Persian+Arabic
4720:, vol. 14, no. 1,
4544:Spanish in the United States
4316:, vol. 38, no. 3,
3405:Poets, Academy of American.
2212:Yoss' science fiction novel
1968:(2) quote and report speech
1828:A buenas horas mangas verdes
1824:To good hours, green sleeves
8903:Navajo Family Sign Language
5896:English+Chinese+Tamil
5696:Arabic languages
4854:, Oxford University Press,
4809:"The gravitas of Spanglish"
4498:10.1515/ling.1974.12.128.53
4243:Southwest Areal Linguistics
4105:Castillo, Debra A. (2005),
3561:The Shape of Things to Come
2232:The Shape of Things to Come
2059:Intergenerational Spanglish
1547:Spanish verb-making suffix
1381:to mop, to wash with a mop
1121:presentarse para gobernador
9412:
9381:Macaronic forms of English
9119:Puerto Rican Sign Language
6005:Bantu languages
5920:Sri Lankan Malay
4957:, University of California
4940:November 20, 2010, at the
4818:, vol. 47, no. 7
4372:Iberoamericana (1977-2000)
4016:Braschi, Giannina (1998),
3009:November 26, 2015, at the
1779:comes from the expression
1721:and similar items such as
1625:"Taipear/Tipear" (to type)
1519:sentence (court decision)
1231:English basis and meaning
23:Spanglish (disambiguation)
20:
8842:Anishinaabe Sign Language
7091:Southern American English
7071:Pacific Northwest English
7061:Northern American English
6942:
6912:
6829:
6374:
5413:English+Malay+Tamil
4899:Urciuoli, Bonnie (1996),
4276:Greenspan, Eliot (2010),
3924:Informes del Observatorio
3372:10.1080/00405849209543534
2828:Halwachs, Dieter (1993).
2561:Category:Forms of English
1385:trapear, pasar la fregona
7869:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
7123:Western American English
7019:Midland American English
6994:General American English
6947:African-American English
5716:Judaeo-Romance languages
5710:Judaeo-Iranian languages
5600:Philippine Sign Language
4671:, University of Ottawa,
4644:Pelzer, Melanie (2006),
4638:10.1558/lhs.2005.1.3.515
4582:10.1177/1367006910379298
4552:10.1515/9783110804973.21
4470:Lorenzo, Emilio (1996),
4080:Spanglish: The Third Way
4034:Callahan, Laura (2004),
3933:10.15427/OR009-03/2015SP
3870:10.1177/0739986304272358
3647:"Mexican American Music"
3593:Byrd, Samuel K. (2018).
3450:"Review of Yo-Yo Boing!"
3333:10.1525/sp.2003.50.4.505
2998:October 7, 2023, at the
2985:October 7, 2023, at the
2566:Category:Spanglish songs
2203:wrote the autobiography
1879:Translations of Spanish
1808:With you bread and onion
1771:that translates Spanish
1707:coordinating conjunction
1112:"to run for governor" →
936:Hispanophone Australians
870:Many Mexican-Americans (
773:History and distribution
8845:Blackfoot Sign Language
7056:New York Latino English
6959:American Indian English
6123:Norwegian+Swedish
6117:Norwegian+Spanish
6111:Norwegian+Russian
5973:Italian languages
5704:Judeo-Aramaic languages
5604:Malaysian Sign Language
5435:Mongolian+Tibetan
4596:Rosen, Michael (2016),
4404:10.24201/nrfh.v35i1.624
4308:Lambert, James (2017),
4141:10.2307/j.ctt1pwtbpj.43
4077:Cañas, Alberto (2001),
3804:, eds. (October 2020),
3301:Rothman & Rell 2005
3173:Rothman & Rell 2005
2791:homes.chass.utoronto.ca
2774:Rothman & Rell 2005
2491:Hispanicisms in English
2377:Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)
2375:, famous for his song "
2206:Down These Mean Streets
1750:instead of the Spanish
1511:sentence (linguistics)
1149:in expressions such as
1137:A well-known calque is
957:vacuum cleaner", "
880:receptive bilingualism.
139:
9181:Henniker Sign Language
9104:American Sign Language
8848:Cheyenne Sign Language
7713:Central Siberian Yupik
7708:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
7203:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7113:Upper Michigan English
7086:Puerto Rican Englishes
6011:
5698:Judeo-Arabic languages
5592:Bolivian Sign Language
5409:Chinese Pidgin English
4963:Texas State University
4777:World Literature Today
4665:A Spanglish Revolution
4472:Anglicismos hispánicos
3998:Betti, Silvia (2008),
3893:Betti, Silvia (2014),
3265:From Lost to the River
2462:, similar to Spanglish
2089:by rewriting it in an
2017:by rewriting it in an
1971:(3) joke and/or tease
1929:by rewriting it in an
1863:Calle de Concha Espina
1796:From Lost to the River
1781:From Lost to the River
1764:
1691:
1269:solicitud, postulación
1187:, and sporadically in
1161:reflects the particle
1155:'to call back'. Here,
1120:
1115:correr para gobernador
1096:
1081:
1075:
884:productively bilingual
639:
564:Palenquero or Palenque
559:Chavacano or Chabacano
8883:Hawai'i Sign Language
8866:Ktunaxa Sign Language
8861:Plateau Sign Language
8623:Northern Sierra Miwok
8563:Southern Sierra Miwok
7872:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
7620:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
7108:Transatlantic English
7051:New York City English
7041:New Mexican Englishes
7024:New England Englishes
6235:Chinese+English
6129:Swedish+English
5918:Sinhalese+Tamil
5459:Inter-topolects
5423:English+Tagalog
5101:Chinese+Tagalog
4893:10.1093/melus/32.1.75
4806:(October 13, 2000b),
4772:"Tickling the Tongue"
4440:Lopez, Angel (2013),
4322:10.1075/eww.00001.lam
3568:May 10, 2011, at the
3485:. www.sunypress.edu.
2932:10.58680/rte201012743
2747:Funk & Lopez 2022
2662:. November 15, 2011.
2514:vernacular unique to
2350:rapper, producer and
1885:Tu-tut that I saw you
1812:Contigo pan y cebolla
1742:Spanish street ad in
1741:
1167:English phrasal verbs
1106:estar pa'rriba de ...
1097:Depende de ti. decide
932:diasporic communities
633:
9331:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
9199:in 2021 in millions)
9137:Samoan Sign Language
8854:Navajo Sign Language
8789:Afro-Seminole Creole
8558:Central Sierra Miwok
8137:North Straits Salish
7561:Mescalero-Chiricahua
7081:Philadelphia English
6417:Creoles of Louisiana
6105:Danish+English
5975:Macaronic Portuguese
5930:North Moluccan Malay
5821:Macaronic Portuguese
5487:Malay+Javanese
5216:Manglish (Malayalam)
4953:May 2, 2017, at the
4608:on February 20, 2016
4174:Morales, Ed (2002),
3760:. October 16, 2020.
3360:Theory into Practice
2540:Philippine languages
2152:Guillermo Gómez-Peña
1705:is always used as a
1677:in Spanish. Whether
1602:Prudential Insurance
1103:"to be up to ..." →
1091:Está pa'rriba de ti.
1088:"It's up to you." →
980:voy a correr con mis
826:Puerto Rican Spanish
712:in the late 1940s),
137:A manuscript of the
21:For other uses, see
9197:(number of speakers
9195:Immigrant languages
8893:Inuit Sign Language
7118:Utah Mormon English
7046:New Orleans English
6964:Appalachian English
6821:Women in journalism
6384:Hispanic and Latino
5987:Dekasegi Portuguese
5969:Porglish/Portuglish
5864:Dekasegi Portuguese
4529:Pew Research Center
4210:Pew Research Center
3479:Castillo, Debra A.
3395:, pp. 555–558.
3214:, pp. 235–236.
1870:Ordenadores Manzana
1746:humorously showing
1640:”Chatear” (to chat)
1634:”Checar” (to check)
1622:"Marqueta" (market)
1206:Semantic extensions
1169:. Expressions with
855:, a slang term for
837:Pew Research Center
592:Instituto Cervantes
8972:Pennsylvania Dutch
8851:Cree Sign Language
8663:Havasupai–Hualapai
8609:Kings River Yokuts
8588:Buena Vista Yokuts
8568:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
7076:Pennsylvania Dutch
6999:High Tider English
6984:California English
6273:Canadian Ukrainian
6148:Portuñol/Portunhol
5981:Bengali Portuguese
5963:Portuñol/Portunhol
5596:Thai Sign Language
5571:Gallo-Italic
5386:Jordanian+Bengali
4961:What is Spanglish?
4919:Linguistic Inquiry
4830:, New York: Rayo,
4474:, Madrid: Gredos,
4458:on October 7, 2017
4314:English World-Wide
3886:Linguistic Inquiry
3831:The New York Times
3185:Montes-Alcalá 2000
3161:Montes-Alcalá 2000
3038:Montes-Alcalá 2000
2905:Montes-Alcalá 2000
2633:. Merriam-Webster.
2352:Latin Grammy Award
2214:Super Extra Grande
2091:encyclopedic style
2078:is written like a
2019:encyclopedic style
2006:is written like a
1931:encyclopedic style
1918:is written like a
1859:Shell Thorn Street
1848:Calle del Panadero
1785:de perdidos al río
1765:
1610:"Chorcha" (church)
1479:alquiler, arriendo
1461:alquilar, arrendar
1323:to check (verify)
1128:
1067:"to call back" →
1006:Spanglish patterns
944:Australian English
876:conditioned system
640:
9368:
9367:
9190:
9189:
9081:
9080:
8911:
8910:
8825:Manual Indigenous
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8706:
8705:
8081:Northeastern Pomo
8068:Southeastern Pomo
7841:Northern Kalapuya
7141:
7140:
6969:Baltimore English
6872:
6871:
6533:
6532:
6334:
6333:
6192:Frespañol/Fragnol
6082:Solombala English
6017:Gira da Tabatinga
5944:Makassarese
5681:Cappadocian Greek
5555:Meridional French
5543:Frespañol/Fragnol
5483:Tangwang language
5261:Singaporean
5251:Solombala English
4933:Current TV video
4869:978-0-19-932917-5
4289:978-1-118-00370-1
4261:978-0-8142-7582-5
4185:978-0-312-31000-4
4150:978-1-4798-9253-2
4116:978-0-7914-8401-2
4027:978-0-935480-97-9
4009:978-88-371-1730-6
3991:978-84-943590-4-0
3956:978-0-9967821-3-5
3815:978-0-8229-4618-2
3758:Los Angeles Times
3599:Southern Cultures
3521:978-1-4129-2694-2
3454:Publishers Weekly
3274:978-84-920231-1-0
3127:, pp. 91–92.
3115:, pp. 92–93.
3091:, pp. 88–91.
2976:Bonnie Urciuoli,
2404:Commercialization
2261:Billboard Top 100
2119:
2118:
2111:
2052:heritage language
2047:
2046:
2039:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1835:Vanesa Tumbarroja
1541:
1540:
1291:valiant, dashing
1234:Standard Spanish
987:la librería de la
934:. In particular,
811:Panama Canal Zone
781:coined the terms
628:
627:
141:Cantar de mio Cid
119:
118:
9403:
9391:1940s neologisms
9092:
9063:Louisiana Creole
8922:
8831:
8715:
8006:Plateau Penutian
7834:Central Kalapuya
7161:
7154:
6936:American English
6930:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6862:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6838:
6790:Washington, D.C.
6668:Religious groups
6493:Central American
6457:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6338:
6265:Belarusian
6146:Portuguese
6064:Belarusian
6027:Judeo-Portuguese
6014:
5862:Portuguese
5819:Portuguese
5637:Portuguese
5320:Vietnamese
5238:Portuguese
4991:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4935:"Nuyorican Power
4922:
4913:
4895:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4849:
4840:
4819:
4811:
4799:
4789:10.2307/40155823
4774:
4765:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4715:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4670:
4658:
4640:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4604:, archived from
4592:
4564:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4517:
4508:
4484:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4446:
4436:
4415:
4406:
4382:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4332:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4279:Frommer's Belize
4272:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4196:
4170:
4161:
4134:
4119:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4093:on March 4, 2016
4092:
4085:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4030:
4012:
3994:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3948:
3936:
3935:
3914:
3908:
3889:
3880:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3827:
3818:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3014:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2708:(3/4): 223–233.
2697:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2586:Everson, Michael
2582:
2546:Spanglish (film)
2457:Mexican-American
2358:Enrique Iglesias
2280:progressive rock
2163:Mexican WhiteBoy
2140:Giannina Braschi
2126:Arts and culture
2114:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2022:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1889:Tararí que te vi
1840:Vanessa Redgrave
1694:
1225:
1196:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1082:llamar de vuelta
1078:
1072:
951:rubbish bin
620:
613:
606:
331:Central American
144:
135:
125:Spanish language
121:
115:
91:
71:
41:
28:
9411:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9371:
9370:
9369:
9364:
9198:
9196:
9186:
9161:
9141:
9123:
9087:
9077:
9039:
9001:
8958:
8917:
8907:
8871:
8826:
8812:
8781:
8775:
8702:
8649:
8642:
8544:
8516:
8498:
8443:Northern Paiute
8394:
8390:Coast Tsimshian
8376:
8324:
8198:
8093:
8039:
8000:
7973:
7921:
7884:
7853:
7817:
7722:
7674:
7581:Upper Kuskokwim
7507:
7500:
7450:
7422:
7385:
7347:
7148:
7147:Oral Indigenous
7137:
7133:Yeshiva English
6989:Chicano English
6938:
6919:
6908:
6903:
6873:
6868:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6794:
6689:
6663:
6637:
6594:
6529:
6488:
6455:
6400:
6370:
6365:
6335:
6330:
6293:
6254:
6224:
6220:Te Parau Tinito
6208:
6202:Norwegian
6154:Belgranodeutsch
6135:
6098:
6092:
6070:Norwegian
6054:Ukrainian
6050:Deutschrussisch
6037:
6033:Macanese Patois
6007:Cafundó dialect
5950:
5908:Baba Malay
5880:
5837:
5792:
5760:Judeo-Malayalam
5758:Malayalam
5754:Judaeo-Georgian
5685:
5656:
5627:Belgranodeutsch
5621:Deutschrussisch
5608:
5583:
5577:
5530:
5497:
5489:Baba Malay
5443:Hezhou language
5392:
5357:
5220:Malaysian
5214:Malayalam
5164:Hungarian
5066:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4955:Wayback Machine
4942:Wayback Machine
4930:
4925:
4916:
4911:
4898:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4843:
4838:
4822:
4802:
4768:
4738:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4643:
4619:
4611:
4609:
4595:
4567:
4562:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4487:
4482:
4469:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4420:Lipski, John M.
4418:
4387:Lipski, John M.
4385:
4368:Lipski, John M.
4366:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4337:Lipski, John M.
4335:
4307:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4275:
4262:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4199:
4186:
4173:
4164:
4159:j.ctt1pwtbpj.43
4151:
4122:
4117:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4033:
4028:
4015:
4010:
3997:
3992:
3977:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3946:
3939:
3917:
3906:
3892:
3883:
3854:Ardila, Alfredo
3852:
3844:
3842:
3821:
3816:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3664:10.2307/4153034
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3570:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3321:Social Problems
3312:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:, paragraph 25.
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3011:Wayback Machine
3000:Wayback Machine
2987:Wayback Machine
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2702:American Speech
2699:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2466:Chicano English
2439:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2296:, whose singer
2257:
2252:
2184:wrote the poem
2158:Matt de la Peña
2133:
2128:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2087:help improve it
2084:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2015:help improve it
2012:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1927:help improve it
1924:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1874:Apple Computers
1755:
1736:
1659:
1607:"Biles" (bills)
1597:
1585:
1319:chequear/checar
1208:
1135:
1076:volver a llamar
1054:
1008:
1003:
938:frequently use
901:Kitchen Spanish
775:
742:
659:creole language
651:hybrid language
647:contact dialect
624:
554:Roquetas Pidgin
276:irregular verbs
146:
114:
104:
87:
72:
67:
61:
42:
39:Language family
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9409:
9407:
9399:
9398:
9396:Code-switching
9393:
9388:
9383:
9373:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9332:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9202:
9200:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9177:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9089:
9086:Manual settler
9083:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9015:Caló (Chicano)
9011:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8898:Keresan Pueblo
8895:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8879:
8877:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8839:
8837:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8794:Chinook Jargon
8791:
8785:
8783:
8780:Mixed or trade
8777:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8721:
8719:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8654:
8652:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8602:Gashowu Yokuts
8598:
8591:
8584:
8576:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8508:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8489:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8473:Ute-Chemehuevi
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8193:Upper Chehalis
8189:
8182:
8175:
8172:Lower Chehalis
8168:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8112:Columbia-Moses
8109:
8103:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8030:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7990:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7866:Cochiti Pueblo
7863:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7829:
7827:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7593:
7591:Western Apache
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7462:
7460:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7432:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7293:Mohegan-Pequot
7289:
7286:Miami-Illinois
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7151:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6974:Boston English
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6538:South American
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6405:North American
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6184:Galician
6182:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6150:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6084:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6052:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5985:Japanese
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5946:Makassar Malay
5942:
5936:
5934:Ambonese Malay
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5829:
5827:Fiuman dialect
5825:Croatian
5823:
5817:
5807:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5762:
5756:
5752:Georgian
5750:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5728:Judaeo-Spanish
5724:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5573:Franco-Italian
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5547:Japanese
5545:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:Javanese
5522:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5479:
5477:Maojia dialect
5473:
5467:
5465:Shaozhou Tuhua
5457:
5453:Japanese
5451:
5445:
5439:
5437:Wutun language
5433:
5427:
5421:
5411:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5382:Cypriot Arabic
5378:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5351:Englishization
5348:
5340:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5281:
5275:
5265:
5259:
5255:Sicilian
5253:
5243:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5182:Japanese
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5160:Hong Kong
5157:
5151:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5050:Wutun language
5046:
5040:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4998:Interlanguages
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4929:
4928:External links
4926:
4924:
4923:
4921:, vol. 23
4914:
4909:
4896:
4880:
4868:
4841:
4836:
4820:
4800:
4783:(3): 555–558,
4766:
4736:
4706:
4697:
4659:
4654:
4641:
4632:(3): 515–536,
4617:
4593:
4565:
4560:
4539:
4518:
4509:
4485:
4480:
4467:
4437:
4432:
4416:
4397:(1): 111–128,
4393:(in Spanish),
4383:
4364:
4333:
4305:
4288:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4162:
4149:
4120:
4115:
4102:
4074:
4063:
4046:
4031:
4026:
4013:
4008:
3995:
3990:
3975:
3955:
3937:
3926:(in Spanish),
3915:
3890:
3881:
3850:
3819:
3814:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3745:
3714:
3697:
3658:(2): 257–274.
3652:American Music
3636:
3605:(3): 125–143.
3585:
3573:
3551:
3539:
3520:
3500:
3471:
3440:
3428:
3397:
3385:
3366:(2): 132–141.
3346:
3327:(4): 505–524.
3305:
3303:, p. 527.
3293:
3280:
3273:
3255:
3240:
3238:, p. 238.
3228:
3226:, p. 237.
3216:
3204:
3189:
3187:, p. 106.
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 105.
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3103:, p. 124.
3093:
3081:
3069:
3067:, p. 229.
3054:
3042:
3040:, p. 107.
3027:
3015:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2909:
2897:
2866:
2835:
2820:
2808:
2778:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2714:10.2307/454837
2689:
2677:
2648:
2636:
2613:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Code-switching
2468:
2463:
2453:Caló (Chicano)
2450:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2369:
2355:
2348:Cuban-American
2341:
2331:
2325:
2322:Jennifer Lopez
2318:
2312:
2301:
2298:Bradley Nowell
2287:
2284:The Mars Volta
2276:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2228:future history
2221:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1957:
1956:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1883:into English:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1831:
1735:
1732:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:"Ganga" (gang)
1611:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1559:(occasionally
1539:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:frase, oración
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1483:yield, profit
1481:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1217:false cognates
1207:
1204:
1200:Otheguy (1993)
1152:llamar pa'trás
1134:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1086:
1070:llamar pa'trás
1053:
1050:
1037:code-switching
1033:Latin American
1022:code-switching
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
942:/phrases from
828:and the local
774:
771:
770:
769:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
741:
738:
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
576:
575:
569:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:Judaeo-Spanish
526:
521:
513:
512:
510:Interlanguages
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
475:
474:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
429:
428:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
290:
289:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
273:
263:
258:
253:
252:
251:
246:
236:
235:
234:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
167:
166:
153:
152:
148:
147:
145:, 13th century
136:
128:
127:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
82:Language codes
79:
78:
73:
69:Writing system
66:
63:
62:
45:
43:
36:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9408:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9294:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9258:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9193:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9084:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8923:
8920:
8914:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8874:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8823:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8577:
8574:
8573:Valley Yokuts
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8353:Southern Tiwa
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8312:Tutelo-Saponi
8309:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:Coeur d'Alene
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8088:Northern Pomo
8085:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:Southern Pomo
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7881:Laguna Pueblo
7880:
7877:
7875:Western Keres
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7805:Susquehannock
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7791:Neutral Huron
7788:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7718:Chevak Cup’ik
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7641:Plains Apache
7638:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7447:
7446:Upper Chinook
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7272:Nawathinehena
7269:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7144:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7103:Texan English
7101:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Maine English
7012:
7010:
7009:Miami English
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Cajun English
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6914:Languages in
6911:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6865:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Massachusetts
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6716:San Francisco
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:Ethnic groups
6640:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6446:Nuevomexicano
6444:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:Scots Yiddish
6317:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6304:English
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6283:Russian
6282:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6271:English
6270:
6268:
6267:West Polesian
6264:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6248:Visayan
6247:
6244:
6241:English
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6199:
6196:Guarani
6195:
6193:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6158:English
6157:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6086:Chinese
6085:
6083:
6079:
6076:English
6075:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5979:Bengali
5978:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5967:English
5966:
5964:
5961:Spanish
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:Ternate
5923:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5906:Chinese
5905:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:Chinese
5873:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:Bonin English
5855:
5851:
5848:English
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5833:Judeo-Italian
5830:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5809:Spanish
5808:
5806:
5803:English
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5788:Judeo-Marathi
5785:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5738:English
5737:
5733:
5729:
5726:Spanish
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:Turkish
5678:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5667:English
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5650:Yiddish
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5631:English
5630:
5628:
5625:Spanish
5624:
5622:
5619:Russian
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5559:English
5558:
5556:
5553:Occitan
5552:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:Spanish
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5508:English
5507:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5475:Hmongic
5474:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5447:Russian
5446:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5429:Tibetan
5428:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5403:English
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5368:English
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:Yiddish
5331:
5329:
5326:Visayan
5325:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5308:Turkish
5307:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5283:Tagalog
5282:
5280:
5277:Swedish
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:Spanish
5266:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5245:Russian
5244:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:Namibia
5225:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5208:Maltese
5207:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:Kannada
5195:
5193:
5192:Bonin English
5189:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5176:Italian
5175:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5119:Finnish
5118:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5095:Chinese
5094:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:Bengali
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4910:0-8133-1830-0
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:0-06-008776-5
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:Stavans, Ilan
4821:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4804:Stavans, Ilan
4801:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:3-86553-149-0
4651:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:(1): 85–100,
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4561:9783110804973
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4481:84-249-1809-6
4477:
4473:
4468:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4433:9781589012134
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4351:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4053:
4049:
4047:9789027295378
4043:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:Stavans, Ilan
3798:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:González 2017
3543:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:Stavans 2000a
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3139:, p. 93.
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3079:, p. 88.
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:Stavans 2000b
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2910:
2907:, p. 98.
2906:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2881:
2880:teara.govt.nz
2877:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2849:teara.govt.nz
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:, p. 61.
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:, p. 53.
2686:
2681:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:, p. 13.
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2239:Germán Valdés
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:lingua franca
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2076:This section
2074:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:This section
2002:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1916:This section
1914:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:semi-speakers
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:to watch out
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:desinfectante
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:eventualmente
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:false friends
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1183:communities,
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:(You decide))
1098:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
790:
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
745:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:United States
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
632:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:
570:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
511:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
473:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
366:Equatoguinean
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
288:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
182:
177:
174:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:Pronunciation
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
110:
107:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
90:
85:
80:
77:
74:
70:
64:
59:
58:Indo-European
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
24:
19:
9179:
9172:
9154:
9146:
9067:
9035:Sabine River
9030:Puerto Rican
8982:Plautdietsch
8916:Oral settler
8859:
8807:Mohawk Dutch
8805:
8768:
8761:
8637:Plains Miwok
8635:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8491:
8484:
8369:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8086:
8079:
8058:Eastern Pomo
8053:Central Pomo
8032:
8025:
7993:
7966:
7914:
7878:Acoma Pueblo
7846:
7839:
7832:
7822:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7667:
7662:Upper Umpqua
7660:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7586:Upper Tanana
7556:Lower Tanana
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7455:
7415:
7353:Austronesian
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7307:Narragansett
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7208:Massachusett
6934:Dialects of
6918:are extinct.
6915:
6836:
6477:Puerto Rican
6396:Demographics
6324:German
6277:Polish
6190:French
6159:
6152:German
6097:Scandinavian
6048:German
6025:Hebrew
5926:Manado Malay
5868:French
5831:Hebrew
5774:Slavic
5720:German
5673:Hebrew
5644:Hebrew
5565:Hebrew
5441:Uyghur
5296:Telugu
5268:
5232:Polish
5202:Korean
5143:Hebrew
5131:German
5125:French
5107:Danish
5077:Arabic
5015:Camfranglais
4918:
4900:
4884:
4873:, retrieved
4851:
4827:
4813:
4780:
4776:
4763:Project MUSE
4761:– via
4750:
4746:
4729:, retrieved
4717:
4701:
4690:, retrieved
4664:
4645:
4629:
4625:
4610:, retrieved
4606:the original
4601:
4573:
4569:
4543:
4534:December 30,
4532:, retrieved
4523:
4513:
4489:
4471:
4460:, retrieved
4453:the original
4448:
4423:
4394:
4390:
4371:
4357:, retrieved
4341:
4313:
4298:, retrieved
4278:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:December 29,
4213:, retrieved
4205:
4175:
4166:
4130:
4106:
4097:November 26,
4095:, retrieved
4088:the original
4079:
4067:
4056:, retrieved
4036:
4018:Yo-Yo Boing!
4017:
3999:
3980:
3970:December 29,
3968:, retrieved
3942:
3923:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3885:
3864:(1): 60–81,
3861:
3857:
3845:December 30,
3843:, retrieved
3829:
3805:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3727:
3717:
3688:. Retrieved
3655:
3651:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3602:
3598:
3588:
3576:
3560:
3554:
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3510:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3481:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3410:
3400:
3388:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3324:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3264:
3258:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3200:Alvarez 1997
3180:
3168:
3156:
3149:Otheguy 1993
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3045:
3018:
2991:
2978:
2972:
2960:
2955:, p. 9.
2953:Morales 2002
2948:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2790:
2781:
2776:, p. 1.
2754:
2742:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2644:Lambert 2017
2639:
2628:
2608:
2601:. Retrieved
2580:
2532:hybrid words
2505:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2338:Puerto Rican
2334:Ricky Martin
2269:Mexican rock
2258:
2230:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2192:Ilan Stavans
2185:
2182:Pedro Pietri
2173:
2161:
2145:Yo-Yo Boing!
2143:
2134:
2120:
2105:
2096:
2077:
2048:
2033:
2024:
2005:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1945:
1936:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1881:minced oaths
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1852:Baker Street
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:fromlostiano
1799:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:fromlostiano
1776:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1734:Fromlostiano
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1470:
1460:
1452:
1447:to remember
1442:
1434:
1425:darse cuenta
1424:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1340:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1287:estrambótico
1286:
1278:
1268:
1260:
1250:
1242:
1221:
1209:
1181:Sabine River
1162:
1136:
1062:
1055:
1044:
1030:
1009:
990:
986:
979:
975:
969:
965:
958:
954:
947:
925:
915:(along with
900:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
869:
864:
860:
852:
848:
834:
819:
807:Panama Canal
803:
798:
791:
786:
782:
779:Salvador Tió
776:
767:Mock Spanish
743:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:Salvador Tió
705:
701:
697:
693:
691:
687:
642:
641:
538:
472:Dialectology
433:Puerto Rican
261:Prepositions
18:
9265:Hindi (0.9)
9073:Angloromani
9025:New Mexican
8954:New England
8595:Coast Miwok
8468:Tübatulabal
8400:Uto-Aztecan
8382:Tsimshianic
8371:Piro Pueblo
8291:Mitchigamea
8247:Omaha–Ponca
8212:Assiniboine
8127:Lushootseed
7979:Palaihnihan
7812:Wenrohronon
7508:Yeniseian?)
7371:Refaluwasch
7258:Gros Ventre
6811:In politics
6500:Costa Rican
6326:Lachoudisch
6318:Scots
5938:Dutch
5786:Indic
5780:Greek
5764:Tatar
5675:Judeo-Greek
5652:Lachoudisch
5582:French Sign
5514:Malay
5481:Santa
5380:Greek
5376:Juba Arabic
5290:Tamil
5242:/Portuglish
5210:Maltenglish
5170:Irish
5153:Hindi
5137:Greek
5113:Dutch
5089:Czech
4875:November 4,
4847:"Spanglish"
4731:January 22,
4692:November 1,
4678:10393/31399
4300:November 1,
4058:January 22,
3768:February 9,
3710:Cepeda 2017
3559:H.G.Wells,
3532:October 20,
3421:November 4,
3251:Lipski 2005
3236:Lipski 2008
3224:Lipski 2008
3212:Lipski 2008
3137:Lipski 1986
3125:Lipski 1986
3113:Lipski 1986
3101:Lipski 1987
3089:Lipski 1986
3077:Lipski 1986
3065:Lipski 2008
3050:Lipski 1986
2965:Ardila 2005
2735:Ardila 2005
2685:Lipski 2008
2670:October 22,
2625:"Spanglish"
2431:Ambar Lucid
2419:Omar Apollo
2413:Present-day
2224:H. G. Wells
2201:Piri Thomas
1761:por la cara
1489:sanitizador
1421:to realize
1345:eventually
1243:actualmente
1165:in various
928:Australasia
740:Definitions
714:Ingléspañol
438:Rioplatense
391:New Mexican
346:Costa Rican
271:conjugation
222:Determiners
171:Orthography
111:es-spanglis
108:en-spanglis
9375:Categories
9286:Urdu (0.5)
9254:Portuguese
9224:Vietnamese
9114:Protactile
9096:Francosign
8763:Chitimacha
8616:Lake Miwok
8117:Halkomelem
7613:Holikachuk
7488:Purisimeño
7233:Potawatomi
6952:Vernacular
6753:New Mexico
6748:New Jersey
6706:California
6675:Christians
6590:Venezuelan
6575:Paraguayan
6570:Ecuadorian
6525:Salvadoran
6520:Panamanian
6515:Nicaraguan
6505:Guatemalan
6429:Floridanos
6412:Californio
6113:Russenorsk
6072:Russenorsk
5955:Portuguese
5870:Franponais
5854:Wasei-eigo
5549:Franponais
5471:E language
5342:See also:
5314:Urdu
5302:Thai
5188:Wasei-eigo
5172:Béarlachas
4449:El Circulo
4270:1003108988
3793:References
2816:Rosen 2016
2538:and other
2512:Andalusian
2427:Empress Of
2423:Kali Uchis
2170:Junot Díaz
2131:Literature
2099:April 2024
2027:April 2024
1939:April 2024
1657:-insertion
1588:Loan words
1583:Loan words
1545:productive
1493:sanitizer
1439:to record
1403:estacionar
1371:bookstore
1367:biblioteca
1261:aplicación
1255:currently
1228:Spanglish
1222:Examples:
1146:para atrás
1063:Examples:
970:vivo en un
968:toilet", "
921:Papiamento
841:Afro-Cuban
795:New Mexico
783:Espanglish
698:Espanglish
638:, Florida.
463:Venezuelan
448:Salvadoran
421:Philippine
411:Peninsular
406:Panamanian
396:Nicaraguan
371:Guatemalan
361:Ecuadorian
296:Andalusian
256:Adjectives
204:Influences
9088:languages
9068:Spanglish
9051:languages
8977:Hutterite
8934:Louisiana
8918:languages
8835:Hand Talk
8827:languages
8782:Languages
8630:Palewyami
8581:Bay Miwok
8550:Yuk-Utian
8428:Kitanemuk
8262:Winnebago
8186:Tillamook
8014:Nez Perce
7968:Apalachee
7940:Chickasaw
7927:Muskogean
7824:Kalapuyan
7771:Tuscarora
7728:Iroquoian
7571:Tanacross
7546:Jicarilla
7521:Deg Xinag
7495:Ventureño
7467:Barbareño
7457:Chumashan
7436:Kathlamet
7428:Chinookan
7381:Tokelauan
7300:Nanticoke
7213:Menominee
7183:Blackfoot
7149:languages
6711:San Diego
6694:By region
6585:Uruguayan
6565:Colombian
6555:Brazilian
6545:Argentine
6482:Nuyorican
6472:Dominican
6460:Caribbean
6314:Yeshivish
6259:Ukrainian
6237:Hokaglish
6204:Norspañol
6170:Cocoliche
6160:Spanglish
6131:Swenglish
6119:Norspañol
6099:languages
6066:Trasianka
5811:Cocoliche
5805:Itanglese
5748:Yeshivish
5669:Greeklish
5633:Denglisch
5567:Zarphatic
5561:Franglais
5469:Tai
5425:Hokaglish
5405:Chinglish
5338:Yeshivish
5279:Swenglish
5269:Spanglish
5178:Itanglese
5149:Yeshivish
5139:Greeklish
5133:Denglisch
5127:Franglais
5103:Hokaglish
5097:Chinglish
5091:Czenglish
5056:Hokaglish
5007:languages
5005:Multiple
4759:2472-4521
4590:144838690
4506:144056095
4380:0342-1864
4330:0172-8865
3878:144307431
3840:0362-4331
3738:March 18,
3690:March 18,
3672:0734-4392
3629:March 18,
3611:1068-8218
3493:April 21,
3464:April 21,
3411:poets.org
3380:0040-5841
3341:0037-7791
2890:April 10,
2859:April 10,
2603:March 12,
2516:Gibraltar
2486:Franglais
2476:Dog Latin
2448:Nuyorican
2388:Secuencia
2328:Sean Paul
2303:American
2292:pioneers
2278:American
2160:'s novel
1757:Baidefeis
1748:baidefeis
1507:sentencia
1353:possibly
1331:verificar
1327:comprobar
1247:actually
1185:Gibraltar
1060:Spanish.
1028:as well.
991:es grande
940:loanwords
822:St. Croix
799:Spanglish
694:Spanglish
692:The term
683:loanwords
643:Spanglish
582:Hispanism
539:Spanglish
458:Uruguayan
356:Dominican
341:Colombian
326:Caribbean
306:Argentine
89:ISO 639-3
31:Spanglish
9335:Armenian
9308:Gujarati
9302:Japanese
9166:Isolates
8992:Alsatian
8944:Missouri
8876:Isolates
8718:Isolates
8678:Maricopa
8673:Kumeyaay
8504:Wakashan
8463:Timbisha
8458:Shoshoni
8423:Kawaiisu
8418:Ivilyuat
8408:Comanche
8179:Quinault
8152:Thompson
8142:Okanagan
8132:Nooksack
8099:Salishan
8019:Sahaptin
7995:Atsugewi
7987:Achumawi
7960:Muscogee
7955:Mikasuki
7848:Yoncalla
7798:Nottoway
7756:Onondaga
7741:Cherokee
7680:Eskaleut
7648:Tsetsaut
7531:Gwich’in
7526:Dena'ina
7481:Obispeño
7366:Hawaiian
7361:Chamorro
7321:Powhatan
7251:Etchemin
7188:Cheyenne
7157:Families
6854:Category
6766:Portland
6758:New York
6733:Maryland
6723:Colorado
6631:Galician
6621:Canarian
6611:Asturian
6599:European
6580:Peruvian
6550:Bolivian
6510:Honduran
6310:Yinglish
6289:Balachka
6213:Tahitian
6186:Castrapo
6174:Lunfardo
6107:Danglish
6078:Runglish
6060:Balachka
5902:Manglish
5898:Singlish
5876:Kyowa-go
5842:Japanese
5815:Lunfardo
5770:Krymchak
5744:Yinglish
5584:Language
5510:Dunglish
5455:Kyowa-go
5419:Manglish
5415:Singlish
5370:Arablish
5334:Yinglish
5310:Turklish
5304:Tinglish
5298:Tenglish
5292:Tanglish
5263:Singlish
5257:Siculish
5247:Runglish
5240:Porglish
5222:Manglish
5204:Konglish
5198:Kanglish
5166:Hunglish
5155:Hinglish
5121:Finglish
5115:Dunglish
5109:Danglish
5085:Banglish
5079:Arablish
5038:Manglish
5034:Singlish
5021:Dobhashi
4951:Archived
4938:Archived
4826:(2004),
4797:40155823
4722:archived
4683:archived
4612:March 6,
4462:March 6,
4422:(2008),
4413:40298730
4350:archived
4339:(2005),
4294:archived
4194:48435328
4052:archived
3961:archived
3762:Archived
3732:Archived
3684:Archived
3623:Archived
3619:26510212
3566:Archived
3563:, Ch. 12
3526:Archived
3514:. SAGE.
3487:Archived
3458:Archived
3415:Archived
3007:Archived
2996:Archived
2983:Archived
2940:40997087
2884:Archived
2853:Archived
2801:March 6,
2795:Archived
2664:Archived
2597:Archived
2595:. IANA.
2536:Filipino
2522:Portuñol
2481:Dunglish
2437:See also
2366:Bailando
2362:Bailamos
2309:Ill Niño
2305:nu metal
2290:Ska punk
2255:Overview
1987:Identity
1769:wordplay
1723:you know
1595:Examples
1577:twittear
1573:emailear
1569:parquear
1565:watchear
1561:lunchear
1557:lonchear
1553:almorzar
1457:to rent
1435:recordar
1417:realizar
1399:to park
1395:parquear
1363:library
1359:librería
1305:alfombra
1283:bizarre
1189:Trinidad
985:", and "
872:Chicanos
845:Cubonics
787:Inglañol
726:Inglañol
573:Teaching
544:Castrapo
534:Portuñol
453:Standard
416:Peruvian
401:Paraguay
376:Honduran
321:Canarian
316:Bolivian
311:Belizean
287:Dialects
244:personal
239:Pronouns
151:Overview
9326:Punjabi
9314:Bengali
9290:Persian
9281:Italian
9260:Haitian
9248:Russian
9218:Tagalog
9212:Chinese
9206:Spanish
9147:Kentish
9007:Spanish
8987:Bernese
8949:Muskrat
8770:Tonkawa
8740:Siuslaw
8735:Kutenai
8698:Yavapai
8688:Quechan
8658:Cocopah
8650:Cochimí
8530:Nomlaki
8522:Wintuan
8453:Serrano
8448:O'odham
8433:Luiseño
8348:Picuris
8298:Moneton
8284:Chiwere
8277:Catawba
8227:Hidatsa
8165:Cowlitz
8122:Klallam
8063:Kashaya
8027:Klamath
7950:Koasati
7945:Choctaw
7935:Alabama
7908:Nisenan
7890:Maiduan
7859:Keresan
7776:Wyandot
7703:Alutiiq
7693:Inupiat
7669:Wailaki
7655:Tututni
7634:Mattole
7551:Koyukon
7474:Cruzeño
7409:Wichita
7399:Arikara
7391:Caddoan
7328:Quiripi
7314:Pamlico
7279:Mahican
7238:Shawnee
7218:Mi'kmaq
7178:Arapaho
7173:Abenaki
7034:Western
7029:Eastern
6925:English
6916:italics
6864:Commons
6778:Houston
6762:Oregon
6728:Florida
6701:Arizona
6685:Muslims
6626:Catalan
6606:Spanish
6560:Chilean
6439:Chicano
6434:Mexican
6312:,
6308:,
6306:Heblish
6298:Yiddish
6287:,
6285:Surzhyk
6250:Bisalog
6245:/Englog
6243:Taglish
6229:Tagalog
6180:Chipilo
6172:,
6164:Llanito
6162:,
6140:Spanish
6088:Kyakhta
6080:,
6058:,
6056:Surzhyk
6042:Russian
6021:Kalunga
6012:cupópia
6000:Hunsrik
5928:,
5856:,
5852:,
5850:Engrish
5813:,
5797:Italian
5782:Yevanic
5776:Knaanic
5768:,
5746:,
5742:,
5740:Heblish
5732:Haketia
5730:,
5722:Yiddish
5646:Yiddish
5639:Hunsrik
5526:Javindo
5518:,
5491:,
5463:,
5461:Linghua
5449:Kyakhta
5407:,
5397:Chinese
5336:,
5328:Bislish
5287:/Englog
5285:Taglish
5273:Llanito
5271:,
5249:,
5234:Poglish
5228:Namlish
5190:,
5186:,
5184:Engrish
5147:,
5145:Heblish
5071:English
5044:Yiddish
4359:May 31,
4125:"Music"
3680:4153034
2528:Siyokoy
2507:Llanito
2395:History
2373:Silentó
2371:Rapper
2344:Pitbull
2315:Shakira
2294:Sublime
2273:Molotov
2243:pachuco
2085:Please
2013:Please
1925:Please
1754:(free).
1579:, etc.
1533:cuidado
1407:aparcar
1389:to map
1313:folder
1309:moqueta
1301:carpet
1297:carpeta
1279:bizarro
1194:Pa'trás
1172:pa'trás
1158:pa'trás
1140:pa'trás
1131:pa'trás
1057:Calques
1052:Calques
1017:dialect
983:runners
976:pequeño
913:Curaçao
909:Bonaire
892:Llanito
865:phonics
853:Ebonics
815:Zonians
734:Español
724:), and
722:Español
706:English
702:Español
679:grammar
667:English
663:Spanish
549:Creoles
519:Llanito
443:Saharan
386:Murcian
381:Mexican
336:Chilean
213:Grammar
185:History
54:English
50:Spanish
9353:Hebrew
9296:Telugu
9275:Polish
9269:German
9242:Korean
9236:French
9230:Arabic
9208:(41.3)
9129:BANZSL
9058:Gullah
9045:Creole
9020:Isleño
8964:German
8926:French
8799:Michif
8711:Others
8693:Tiipai
8683:Mojave
8648:Yuman–
8535:Patwin
8493:Tongva
8486:Cupeño
8330:Tanoan
8319:Woccon
8270:Biloxi
8257:Stoney
8252:Quapaw
8242:Mandan
8237:Lakota
8222:Dakota
8204:Siouan
8147:Salish
8045:Pomoan
8034:Molala
7898:Konkow
7766:Seneca
7751:Oneida
7746:Mohawk
7736:Cayuga
7576:Tolowa
7566:Navajo
7506:Dené(–
7441:Tsinúk
7417:Kitsai
7376:Samoan
7228:Ojibwe
7223:Munsee
6743:Nevada
6616:Basque
6451:Tejano
6422:Isleño
6389:Latino
6198:Jopará
6125:Svorsk
5993:Talian
5914:Betawi
5766:Karaim
5690:Hebrew
5613:German
5535:French
5516:Betawi
5493:Betawi
5431:Daohua
5362:Arabic
5322:Vinish
5316:Urdish
5062:Betawi
4907:
4866:
4834:
4795:
4757:
4652:
4602:Fusion
4588:
4558:
4504:
4478:
4430:
4411:
4378:
4328:
4286:
4268:
4258:
4192:
4182:
4157:
4147:
4113:
4044:
4024:
4006:
3988:
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