65:
2700:
916:
936:
3195:
2756:
926:
2345:
financial fragility among them. In 1921-1922, a long-delayed regulatory tightening led to all savings banks closing or merging into ordinary banks between then and the late 1940s, after which savings banks ceased to exist in Japan as a separate category. Several of the last remaining savings banks merged in May 1945 to form Japan
Savings Bank Inc. (
3527:
1216:
during which they were comparatively less affected than commercial banks, the savings banks came under increasing competitive pressure during the interest rate turmoil of the 1970s and underwent significant transformation and restructuring in many jurisdictions during the last quarter of the 20th
2344:
was established in 1880. The first national savings banks legislation was enacted in 1893, and by 1906 there were 486 savings banks in the country. Despite their inspiration by foreign models, Japanese savings banks had a more commercial or even speculative orientation, which led to widespread
1164:
or other instruments deemed of low financial risk. Over time, however, these distinctions have tended to erode, and over the 20th century the regulatory framework and business model of savings banks has largely converged with those of commercial banks, albeit with significant variations across
1152:, but it is of record that the savings bank idea was suggested in England as early as 1697. There was a savings bank in Hamburg, Germany, in 1778 and in Berne, Switzerland, in 1787. The first English savings bank was established in 1799, and postal savings banks were started in England in 1861.
1013:
entities, and/or piecemeal consolidation with other credit institutions. In most countries, the surviving savings banks have private-sector status and no longer operate under a distinctive legislative framework; significant exceptions include
Germany and Luxembourg, where savings banks are
2606:
1263:
1005:, and became a Europe-wide phenomenon in the first half of the 19th century. The trajectories of savings bank systems then diverged across European nations, variously leading to the formation of integrated banking groups, cohesive national networks, conversion into
3513:
1647:, Austrian savings banks have developed first as philanthropic associations and later as local government-sponsored entities. The 1980s and 1990s saw multiple rounds of reform and the departure from the network of the largest savings bank, Vienna's
1082:
The origin of savings banks lies in liberal and philanthropic aspirations that motivated their promoters to create non-profit establishments aimed at promoting a culture of thrift and financial prudence among the lower classes, and using
1224:
during the 20th century, monopolistic national retail banking networks were often labeled as savings banks. The label survives in the names of several significant
Central and Eastern European commercial banks such as
1617:(est. 1818), non-profit private-sector savings banks were created in numerous French towns and cities, and started developing a national organization of their own in the 1980s and 1990s. By legislation of 1999, the
1176:
which similarly collected retail savings and invested them in safe government securities, albeit with variations across countries; some of the postal banks have themselves been called "savings banks", e.g. the
2110:
were consolidated in 1967 into a single State
Savings Bank, then split in 1969 into a Czech and a Slovak components. In the post-Communist transition, Česká spořitelna was privatized and purchased in 2000 by
2990:
Brunner, A., Decressin, J. / Hardy, D. / Kudela, B. (2004): Germany’s Three-Pillar
Banking System – Cross-Country Perspectives in Europe, Occasional Paper, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
2056:. The number of Finnish savings banks reached more than four hundred in the mid-20th century, but has decreased since then to only 16. Of these, 15 participate in the decentralized Savings Bank Group (
2676:(est. 1963) have operated as a single entity, representing savings banks on a European and global basis and serves as a forum to compare savings banks practices. Most of its non-European members are
1444:. The remaining savings banks in 1993 joined other smaller Danish commercial and cooperative banks to form a single association of Local Banks, Savings Banks and Cooperative Banks in Denmark, or
1966:
1160:
which started developing a bit later during the 19th century. Savings banks were typically heavily regulated and supervised by local or national governments, and restricted to invest only in
2627:
1783:
1515:
in the early 1980s, and more mutual savings banks failed later in the 1980s and 1990s while other converted to joint-stock status. As of 2024, the oldest surviving mutual savings bank is
2161:. From then, Hungarian entities named "savings bank" were essentially indistinguishable from commercial banks. In 1949, the Communist authorities established the National Savings Bank (
1413:, in 1949. Their number declined from over 500 in the 1930s to a bit above 100 by the late 1980s. In 1986-1991, Fællesbanken was dismantled and its components acquired respectively by
1922:
1504:
1129:
2256:
2131:
triggered massive restructuring and consolidation, by which many savings banks were liquidated, purchased by commercial banks, or consolidated into four savings banks groups:
3520:
1120:
in 1778, followed by other endeavors in
Germany and Switzerland in the late 18th century. Savings banks mushroomed in the early 19th century, with landmark establishments in
1062:) and denotes their more restricted scope of activity, sometimes translated as "fund". That word has no direct equivalent in English; its etymology is identical with that of
2453:
1914:
2284:
3884:
3540:
3536:
1831:
3638:
2911:
1843:
3661:
3656:
3650:
1859:
3788:
2638:
2196:
1827:
3040:
1815:
2980:
1786:
as shareholders. This triggered significant consolidation in the 1990s and 2000s into larger commercial banking groups. For example, the savings banks of
1148:
France claims the credit of being the mother of savings banks, basing this claim on a savings bank said to have been established in 1765 in the town of
2830:
1091:
as an incentive to think beyond short-term living horizons. In France, savings banks projects started to emerge in the 1750s and multiplied during the
3383:
1950:
1799:
3668:
2760:
1890:
1867:
1313:(est. 1918). The German savings banks sector is currently operating as a group with some centralized functions but decentralized organization, the
3674:
3588:
2128:
4000:
2237:), "savings banks" were largely undistinguishable from commercial banks until the general destruction of the Croatian banking sector following
1986:
1728:
3620:
2774:
556:
422:
3556:
2154:
2016:
1942:
1851:
1847:
1759:
1408:
1349:
4012:
2892:
1198:
3704:
2967:
1898:
1202:
965:
1835:
2223:, like its Czech equivalent, results from the 1969 division of the State Savings Bank of Czechoslovakia. It was also purchased by
1301:, was a philanthropic endeavor, the dominant model for German savings banks has been sponsorship by local government, starting in
1156:
The original function of savings banks to service consumers was limited to savings, not borrowing, a foundational difference with
3896:
3744:
3177:
1217:
century. By the early 21st century, savings banks were most significant in
Germany and Spain, and to a lesser extent in Austria.
1186:
1182:
1169:
2259:
was created in two stages in 1850 and 1865 as a national savings institution. In the 1990s it was privatized and became part of
3902:
3687:
3681:
3033:
1318:
1213:
129:
1614:
1133:
3913:
3721:
3626:
1990:
713:
464:
4038:
1656:
1403:
1140:(1819, first in the Austrian Empire). Even so, origin stories of the savings bank concept were long disputed. In 1914, the
3994:
3739:
3334:
3239:
2653:
2581:
2551:
1978:
1954:
1934:
1906:
1863:
1839:
1811:
1807:
1750:
1618:
1190:
867:
810:
2601:
2220:
1547:
1258:
1253:
in
Ukraine. Other non-European banks (other than postal savings systems or their successors) similarly named include the
1246:
4056:
3940:
3733:
3440:
2673:
1926:
1894:
1871:
1660:
1206:
1194:
837:
214:
4032:
3614:
3505:
2246:
2242:
1974:
1970:
1855:
1823:
1707:
1542:
1344:
658:
2397:
2339:
2812:
2793:
3026:
2324:
1962:
1930:
1886:
1712:
1508:
1373:
1221:
618:
546:
378:
104:
3930:
2927:
1876:
1803:
1736:
1706:) was established in 1820 and remained for some time the only financial institution in what is now Slovenia. The
1385:
521:
356:
4050:
2622:
2095:
1230:
3423:
3361:
2977:
2547:
2067:
1486:
471:
390:
986:
that is not run on a profit-maximizing basis, and whose original or primary purpose is collecting deposits on
2813:"Organizational Culture and Organizational Change: The Transformation of Savings Banks in Denmark, 1965—1990"
1445:
3970:
3925:
2971:
2569:
2031:
2000:
1626:
1512:
1314:
718:
361:
149:
3582:
3482:
3411:
3371:
1771:. Italian savings banks never coalesced in a national network or group. In 1990, the legislation known as
1121:
4006:
1022:
In many
European languages, savings banks are referred to by a word that differentiates them from banks (
4025:
4018:
3878:
3757:
3644:
3604:
3566:
3465:
2685:
2633:
2591:
2334:
2277:. Savings banks as a legal category disappeared in 1987, being replaced with so-called registered banks.
2106:) was established in 1825 under the savings bank framework of the Austrian Empire. The savings banks in
2079:
2026:
1361:
1310:
1281:
1254:
1173:
1125:
1100:
983:
958:
892:
653:
591:
551:
410:
189:
179:
39:
2873:
2062:
1450:
2074:
3965:
3816:
3632:
3344:
3164:
2123:
1768:
1520:
1462:
1377:
1305:
in 1801. In the early 20th century, savings banks created regional clearing entities, later known as
1002:
815:
790:
668:
628:
623:
491:
280:
229:
139:
1364:(est. 1810) is often referred to as the first British savings bank, with competing claims about the
4062:
3984:
3958:
3908:
3866:
3844:
3833:
3822:
3810:
3776:
3693:
3544:
3492:
2798:
Zeitschrift für die gesamte
Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
2546:: the State Specialized Commercial Savings Bank of Ukraine was established in 1991 from the former
2316:
2219:, followed by other savings bank foundations in what is now Slovakia throughout the 1840s. Today's
2158:
1982:
1622:
1500:
1422:
1369:
1157:
1006:
929:
882:
708:
698:
648:
586:
295:
164:
109:
31:
935:
3951:
3890:
3860:
3855:
3838:
3764:
3698:
3254:
3049:
2966:"Liberalisation of financial markets in New Zealand" Arthur Grimes, Institute of Policy Studies,
2555:
2525:
2359:
2192:
2162:
1772:
1178:
857:
832:
728:
723:
611:
596:
571:
536:
144:
49:
2354:
1740:
2482:) was established in 1950 on the basis of the former postal saving system, since then known as
1561:
64:
4044:
3919:
3872:
3827:
3487:
3433:
3396:
3281:
3244:
2573:
2435:
2346:
2274:
2273:: The first trustee savings bank was the New Plymouth Savings Bank (est. 1850), later branded
1104:
1092:
1088:
770:
765:
606:
576:
511:
224:
3470:
3455:
3400:
3351:
3313:
3303:
3013:
2831:"Seanad Éireann - 23/Jun/1965 Trustee Savings Bank Bill, 1965: Second and Subsequent Stages"
2677:
2180:
2057:
1819:
1754:
1664:
1648:
1414:
1340:
1055:
1047:
1039:
951:
919:
847:
825:
805:
780:
643:
633:
541:
459:
2913:
Las cajas municipales de ahorro y crédito: su experiencia en el micro crédito rural en Perú
2852:
1731:, a number of them merged in 1992 to form a commercial banking group that has been branded
1376:(est. 1814). In the 1970s and 1980s, surviving British savings banks consolidated into the
3804:
3716:
3576:
3450:
3378:
3308:
3286:
3259:
3085:
3057:
2984:
2618:
2483:
2475:
2365:
2099:
1882:
1764:
1680:
1430:
1328:
1238:
1161:
1031:
1023:
1010:
987:
887:
872:
862:
785:
775:
688:
638:
581:
561:
531:
506:
481:
395:
285:
275:
124:
99:
4084:
3477:
3460:
3445:
3091:
2136:
2107:
2091:
1659:
operates largely as a single commercial banking group (and is supervised as such under
1580:
1553:
1530:
1435:
1399:
1389:
1357:
939:
852:
820:
760:
693:
678:
673:
601:
400:
383:
366:
270:
235:
219:
204:
119:
3009:
World Savings and Retail Banking Institute / European Savings and Retail Banking Group
4078:
3135:
2323:) was established in 1861, and merged with other public institutions in 1967 to form
2199:. In 1991, the Russian network of the Soviet Savings Banks System was reorganized as
2188:
1496:
1490:
1071:
897:
877:
800:
755:
526:
516:
496:
373:
184:
174:
159:
154:
89:
79:
2945:
2737:
2518:
institutions that have developed as municipally-owned public enterprises since 1982.
1212:
After a long period of relative stability, including through two world wars and the
3798:
3750:
3593:
3356:
3293:
3200:
2705:
2515:
2260:
2238:
2012:
1910:
1604:
1572:
1516:
683:
486:
351:
290:
247:
194:
114:
94:
2085:
1302:
1201:
in Thailand (est. 1913), the Caisse d'Épargne de Madagascar (est. 1918), and the
3989:
3977:
3849:
3266:
3220:
3172:
3119:
3114:
2681:
2270:
2264:
2234:
2224:
2112:
2008:
2007:
in 1822. Still run decentrally, they have coalesced into two national networks,
1787:
1630:
1526:
1470:
1426:
1381:
1324:
842:
733:
703:
324:
314:
199:
134:
84:
35:
1961:. As of early 2024, a few savings banks still exist as independent entities in
1777:
3727:
3428:
3416:
3216:
3190:
3073:
3067:
2755:
2695:
2449:
2280:
2216:
1946:
1938:
1918:
1724:
1640:
1306:
1250:
1137:
1096:
319:
3710:
3406:
2661:
2140:
2132:
1958:
1902:
1795:
1791:
1652:
1466:
1365:
432:
417:
254:
1566:
2396:) was established as a nationwide entity in 1880, and merged in 1885 with
3770:
3276:
3234:
3229:
3096:
2773:
Dilek Bülbül, Reinhard H. Schmidt & Ulrich Schüwer (September 2013),
2713:
2669:
2612:
2587:
2537:
2533:
2521:
2443:
2371:
2368:
as the result of successive mergers and restructurings from 1991 to 2003.
2303:
was established in 1858 for the specific benefit of government employees.
2206:
2200:
2170:
1732:
1698:
1670:
1576:
1482:
1478:
1242:
1234:
1226:
991:
476:
309:
17:
2738:"Histoire des Caisses d'épargne en France. 1818-1881. Une étude sociale"
2565:
2543:
2434:) in 1880 and in 1881 established a subsidiary named the Savings Bank (
2403:
2252:
2230:
2150:
2144:
2127:
developed from 1835 legislation that emulated the French template. The
2022:
1636:
1552:. In 1907, the savings banks started to operate as a national network (
1469:
in 1816. By 1992, the trustee savings banks of Waterford and others in
1458:
1418:
1395:
1298:
1288:
1149:
1117:
795:
566:
169:
1110:
The oldest lasting savings bank is widely recognized to have been the
3339:
3298:
3249:
3141:
3108:
3018:
2978:
The German Banking Sector: Competition, Consolidation and Contentment
2665:
2471:
2459:
2306:
2184:
2176:
1996:
1767:, followed by establishments in other Italian polities and after the
1720:
1644:
1610:
1538:
1474:
1441:
1402:. The Danish savings banks established a common national entity, the
1368:
Female Benefit Club and Children's Bank (est. 1798 by philanthropist
1084:
1001:
Savings banks originated in late-18th Europe as a development of the
995:
346:
2996:
The Promotion of Thrift and of Savings Banks in Developing Countries
1575:, itself dismantled in 2008 with the Dutch operations absorbed into
2862:, vol. 1, Washington DC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3211:
3147:
2657:
2597:
2330:
2294:
2118:
2053:
1746:
1425:, the latter a major savings bank that was eventually merged into
1269:
454:
405:
2550:, and converted in 1999 into a state-owned joint-stock bank, the
3318:
3271:
3102:
3079:
2489:
2179:: in 1842, the Imperial government established savings banks in
2004:
1336:
1067:
1063:
663:
501:
427:
56:
3509:
3022:
2233:: as in Hungary (with which Croatia was tied politically until
1560:). In 1979-1983 the largest Dutch savings banks merged to form
3153:
2594:
was established in 1992 as a national public development bank.
1485:
had consolidated into TSB Bank, which was acquired in 2001 by
1172:, savings banks were increasingly subject to competition from
994:. Savings banks have mostly existed as a separate category in
3008:
1723:: the first Swedish savings bank was established in 1820 in
1625:
group, which in 2009 merged with another cooperative group,
1735:
since 2006. Dozens of other savings banks survive, such as
2688:
rather than savings banks in the original European sense.
2187:. Like all Russian banks, savings banks disappeared under
1193:
in Austria-Hungary (est. 1882 and 1886 respectively), the
1107:
took interest in the economic and social role of savings.
1095:
but with no lasting success. Liberal luminaries including
2611:, a microfinance institution, was established in 1995 in
1782:
led to their conversion into joint-stock companies, with
2987:, Hamburg University of Technology (TU Hamburg-Harburg)
2157:
established in 1839-1840, was converted in 1844 into a
1505:
Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston
1398:: Holsteinsborg Saving Bank was established in 1810 in
1168:
Starting in 1861 with the establishment of the British
2775:"Caisses d'épargne et banques coopératives en Europe"
2893:"Liberalisation of financial markets in New Zealand"
2643:(est. 1999), are licensed microfinance institutions.
3939:
3787:
3603:
3565:
3327:
3210:
3163:
3128:
3056:
2580:) was established in 1992 and purchased in 2004 by
1280:By chronological order of inception (not including
1113:
Ersparungsclasse der Allgemeinen Versorgungsanstalt
3014:Crisis y Reforma de las Cajas de Ahorros en España
2468:was established in 1934 as a national public bank.
2015:(est. 1997). All savings banks are members of the
1571:which in the 1990s became a founding component of
1507:(est. 1816), and were heavily concentrated in the
1294:Ersparungskasse der Allgemeinen Versorgungsanstalt
990:that are invested on a low-risk basis and receive
2454:Cassa di Risparmio della Repubblica di San Marino
1523:are savings banks chartered at the federal level.
2442:). It has remained state-owned and been branded
2375:
2310:
1579:. Other savings banks merged into SNS Bank (for
2998:, International Savings Bank Institute, Geneva.
2860:History of the Eighties: Lessons for the Future
2195:. They were re-established in 1922-1923 as the
1763:) were established in the Italian parts of the
1519:, established 1825 as Middletown Savings Bank.
1146:
2413:
2407:
2300:Caja de Ahorros de Empleados Públicos de Chile
1197:in Zimbabwe (est. 1904, renamed in 1999), the
3521:
3034:
2874:"The oldest monetary institution in Slovenia"
2493:
2463:
2298:
1674:
959:
27:Category of non-profit financial institutions
8:
2210:
2197:State Labor Savings Banks System of the USSR
1292:
1111:
2928:"Austria's RZB buys Albania's biggest bank"
2761:Banks from The New Student's Reference Work
2499:
2419:
2415:Casa de Depuneri, Consemnațiuni și Economie
2381:
2037:
1688:
1588:
3528:
3514:
3506:
3125:
3041:
3027:
3019:
2976:Tiwari, Rajnish and Buse, Stephan (2006):
2003:started with the establishment of that of
1511:. They were decimated at the start of the
1440:, merged in 1990 into what in 2000 became
966:
952:
448:
259:
44:
296:Transaction (checking / current)
2257:Caisse Générale d'Épargne et de Retraite
1753:(est. 1822), a number of savings banks (
1339:in 1787. The oldest one still extant is
3589:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
2725:
2429:Deposits, Consignments and Savings Bank
1429:in 2000. The other major savings bank,
1343:(est. 1812). As of 2022, there were 59
301:
262:
55:
1639:: following the 1819 establishment of
1144:said of the origins of savings banks:
1124:(1801, first municipal savings bank),
3407:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
2731:
2729:
2495:Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito
1585:Samenwerkende Nederlandse Spaarbanken
1404:Fællesbanken for Danmarks Sparekasser
1388:in 2013, and was acquired by Spain's
1128:(1810, first in the United Kingdom),
7:
3557:Monetary policy of the United States
3541:central banking in the United States
2897:Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin
2536:, eventually purchased by Hungary's
1655:. As a result of these changes, the
1598:Dutch savings banks working together
1181:in the Netherlands (est. 1881), the
1132:(1816, first in the United States),
925:
3839:New York Clearing House Association
2910:Felipe Portocarrero Maisch (2000),
2602:Savings and Social Development Bank
2215:was established in 1842 in today's
2155:First National Savings Bank of Pest
2017:Norwegian Savings Banks Association
1259:Savings and Social Development Bank
3651:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
2509:municipal savings and credit banks
2312:Caixa Economica e Monte de Socorro
2129:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
1651:, which eventually became part of
1603:), later nationalized and renamed
1205:in Sri Lanka (est. 1971), and the
25:
3384:Akkadian standards of measurement
2968:Victoria University of Wellington
2916:, Inter-American Development Bank
2409:Casa de Depuneri și Consemnațiuni
1729:Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994
3745:Second Bank of the United States
3193:
2853:"The Mutual Savings Bank Crisis"
2754:
2736:Carole Christen-Lécuyer (2004),
2698:
2353:), which in 1948 renamed itself
1708:Ljubljana Municipal Savings Bank
1543:Amsterdam Municipal Savings Bank
1529:: the first Dutch savings bank (
1354:forming a decentralized network.
1345:Swiss regional and savings banks
1309:, soon followed by the national
1066:and it originally referred to a
934:
924:
915:
914:
63:
3903:Compound interest treasury note
3688:First Bank of the United States
3070:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
2891:Arthur Grimes (February 1998),
2811:Per H. Hansen (December 2007),
2742:Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle
2672:. Since then, the WSBI and the
2656:(WSBI), was created in 1924 in
2321:Savings Bank and Mount of Piety
1784:independent banking foundations
1541:; 1848 saw the creation of the
1384:in 1995, was again spun off as
1319:institutional protection scheme
1214:European banking crisis of 1931
3627:Continental currency banknotes
2578:Banka e Kursimeve e Shqipërisë
2560:Державний ощадний банк України
2364:and eventually became part of
2191:in the first few years of the
1537:)) was established in 1817 in
714:Strategic financial management
1:
3995:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3740:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
3387:
3335:List of historical currencies
3240:Central bank digital currency
2654:World Savings Banks Institute
2582:Raiffeisen Bank International
2552:State Savings Bank of Ukraine
2532:/ DSK, est. 1951) has become
2052:) was established in 1822 in
1751:Cassa di Risparmio di Venezia
1317:which relies on a group-wide
1191:Hungarian Postal Savings Bank
1136:(1818, first in France), and
868:Sustainable development goals
4057:National Monetary Commission
3441:Standard of deferred payment
2674:European Savings Banks Group
2562:), also known as Oschadbank.
2480:Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności
2474:: the General Savings Bank (
2263:, since 2008 itself part of
1901:(1838), have become part of
1661:European Banking Supervision
1207:Postal Savings Bank of China
1142:New Student's Reference Work
4033:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
3765:New York Safety Fund System
3639:U.S. Finance Superintendent
3615:Second Continental Congress
2779:Revue d'économie financière
2247:City Savings Bank of Zagreb
2243:First Croatian Savings Bank
1957:(1908) have become part of
1917:(1859) have become part of
1881:(1949) have become part of
1802:(1860) have become part of
1657:Sparkassengruppe Österreich
1185:in France (est. 1882), the
4101:
2623:Opportunities Savings Bank
2524:: the State Savings Bank (
2377:Caixa Económica Portuguesa
2291:, was established in 1856.
2285:Caisse d'Épargne de l'État
1509:Northeastern United States
1374:Edinburgh Bank for Savings
1183:Caisse Nationale d'Épargne
619:Fractional-reserve banking
547:Enterprise risk management
29:
3941:2nd Industrial Revolution
3931:Public Credit Act of 1869
3817:Independent U.S. Treasury
3605:1st Industrial Revolution
3552:
3188:
2621:: savings banks, such as
2559:
2529:
2350:
1737:Westra Wermlands Sparbank
1615:Caisse d'Épargne de Paris
1327:: an early savings bank (
1222:Communist banking systems
1195:People's Own Savings Bank
1051:
522:Diversification (finance)
3856:Legal Tender Act of 1862
3669:U.S. Treasury Department
3424:Quantity theory of money
3245:Chattel/movable property
2973:Retrieved Feb. 11, 2006.
2817:Enterprise & Society
2548:Savings Bank of the USSR
2465:Caja de Ahorro en Panamá
2456:was established in 1882.
2412:(est. 1864) was renamed
2398:Caixa Geral de Depósitos
2167:Országos Takarék Pénztár
1717:was established in 1889.
1487:Irish Life and Permanent
1170:Post Office Savings Bank
1014:public-sector entities.
472:Automated teller machine
30:Not to be confused with
3971:National Gold Bank Note
3926:Contraction Act of 1866
3675:U.S. Treasury Secretary
2994:Mauri, Arnaldo (1969).
2660:, relocated in 1949 in
2570:Savings Bank of Albania
2530:Държавна спестовна каса
2391:Portuguese Savings Bank
2325:Caixa Econômica Federal
2088:) is run independently.
2073:, est. 2014) while the
2001:savings banks in Norway
1627:Groupe Banque Populaire
1619:Groupe Caisse d'Épargne
1513:savings and loan crisis
1446:Lokale Pengeinstitutter
1315:Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe
1199:Government Savings Bank
719:Stress test (financial)
3682:U.S. Treasury security
3583:Tobacco Inspection Act
3483:Complementary currency
3412:Credit theory of money
3372:Depository institution
2851:Alane Moysich (1997),
2686:postal savings systems
2577:
2494:
2479:
2464:
2439:
2414:
2408:
2376:
2320:
2311:
2299:
2212:Pressburger Spar-Casse
2211:
2166:
2103:
2061:
1804:Crédit Agricole Italia
1758:
1684:
1675:
1667:as its central entity.
1584:
1557:
1534:
1332:
1293:
1282:postal savings systems
1187:Austrian Postsparkasse
1174:postal savings systems
1154:
1112:
1059:
1043:
1035:
1027:
4026:Juilliard v. Greenman
4019:Refunding Certificate
3885:National banks system
3879:Interest bearing note
3758:McCulloch v. Maryland
3645:Bank of North America
3621:U.S. dollar banknotes
3567:Commercial Revolution
3466:Digital gold currency
2794:"Das Sparkassenwesen"
2664:and again in 1969 in
2592:Botswana Savings Bank
2241:. These included the
1621:was converted into a
1521:Federal savings banks
1362:Ruthwell Savings Bank
1335:) was established in
1311:Deutsche Girozentrale
1255:Botswana Savings Bank
1203:National Savings Bank
1101:Thomas Robert Malthus
984:financial institution
893:Too connected to fail
654:Investment management
552:Environmental finance
411:Correspondent account
105:Community development
40:Postal savings system
4051:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
3966:Currency Act of 1870
3633:Bank of Pennsylvania
3345:Coincidence of wants
3165:Representative money
2970:, Wellington, 1998
2221:Slovenská sporiteľňa
1769:unification of Italy
1685:Krainische Sparkasse
1501:mutual savings banks
1463:trustee savings bank
1380:, which merged with
1378:Trustee Savings Bank
1247:Slovenská sporiteľňa
791:Exchange traded fund
669:Mathematical finance
629:Fundamental analysis
624:Full-reserve banking
230:Bank holding company
140:Export credit agency
48:Part of a series on
4063:Federal Reserve Act
3985:Coinage Act of 1873
3959:Hepburn v. Griswold
3909:Coinage Act of 1864
3867:Fractional currency
3845:Coinage Act of 1857
3834:Coinage Act of 1853
3823:Coinage Act of 1849
3777:Coinage Act of 1834
3694:Coinage Act of 1792
3493:Time-based currency
2792:Max Seidel (1908),
2159:joint-stock company
2104:Böhmische Sparkasse
1676:Kranjska hranilnica
1623:cooperative banking
1423:Sparekassen Bikuben
1370:Priscilla Wakefield
1158:cooperative banking
1007:cooperative banking
883:Time value of money
709:Statistical finance
699:Sustainable finance
649:Investment advisory
291:Time deposit (Bond)
32:Cooperative banking
4013:Silver certificate
3952:Legal Tender Cases
3891:National Bank Note
3873:National Bank Acts
3861:United States Note
3699:United States Mint
3362:Clearinghouse bank
3050:Medium of exchange
2983:2016-03-30 at the
2634:Fulm Savings Banks
2335:Tokyo Savings Bank
2193:Russian Revolution
2169:), later known as
2047:Turku Savings Bank
2027:Turun Säästöpankki
1760:Cassa di Risparmio
1461:: the first Irish
1179:Rijkspostspaarbank
1126:Ruthwell, Scotland
1011:commercial banking
858:Security (finance)
833:History of banking
729:Structured product
724:Structured finance
537:Economic expansion
50:financial services
4072:
4071:
4045:Gold Standard Act
4007:Bland–Allison Act
4001:Twenty-cent piece
3920:Three-cent nickel
3828:Three-cent silver
3705:U.S. dollar coins
3503:
3502:
3488:Sectoral currency
3434:Market monetarism
3397:Code of Hammurabi
3186:
3185:
3178:Gold certificates
2934:. 5 January 2004.
2759:The full text of
2678:cooperative banks
2063:Säästöpankkiryhmä
1503:started with the
1249:in Slovakia, and
1105:Jean-Baptiste Say
1093:French Revolution
1089:compound interest
1087:and the logic of
976:
975:
771:Corporate finance
766:Capital structure
741:
740:
512:Corporate finance
332:
331:
16:(Redirected from
4092:
3897:Gold certificate
3530:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3471:Virtual currency
3456:Digital currency
3392:
3389:
3352:Bureau de change
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3129:Domestic animals
3126:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2642:
2632:(est. 1996) and
2631:
2610:
2561:
2531:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2467:
2440:Casa de Economie
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2352:
2343:
2314:
2302:
2287:, also known as
2245:(est. 1846) and
2214:
2181:Saint Petersburg
2124:cajas de ahorros
2096:Česká spořitelna
2083:
2075:Oma Säästöpankki
2071:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2011:(est. 1996) and
1880:
1781:
1749:: starting with
1716:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1665:Erste Group Bank
1649:Zentralsparkasse
1613:: following the
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1570:
1551:
1454:
1439:
1415:Hafnia Insurance
1412:
1353:
1341:Sparkasse Schwyz
1296:
1267:
1231:Česká spořitelna
1165:jurisdictions.
1115:
1053:
988:savings accounts
968:
961:
954:
938:
928:
927:
918:
917:
848:Personal finance
781:Equity (finance)
644:Impact investing
634:Growth investing
542:Enterprise value
449:
260:
215:Savings and loan
67:
45:
21:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
3943:
3935:
3811:Forstall System
3805:Wildcat banking
3791:
3783:
3717:1792 half disme
3607:
3599:
3577:Bills of credit
3569:
3561:
3548:
3537:Monetary policy
3534:
3504:
3499:
3451:Unit of account
3390:
3323:
3309:Promissory note
3287:Deposit account
3260:Cheque clearing
3214:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3159:
3124:
3092:Precious metals
3059:
3052:
3047:
3005:
2985:Wayback Machine
2963:
2958:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2668:and in 1994 in
2650:
2636:
2625:
2619:North Macedonia
2604:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2484:PKO Bank Polski
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2366:Resona Holdings
2357:
2337:
2077:
2065:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2029:
1921:; and those of
1883:Intesa Sanpaolo
1874:
1775:
1765:Austrian Empire
1741:Värmland County
1710:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1564:
1545:
1465:was founded in
1448:
1433:
1431:Sparekassen SDS
1406:
1347:
1297:, est. 1778 in
1278:
1261:
1239:PKO Bank Polski
1162:government debt
1116:established in
1080:
1020:
972:
907:
906:
888:Too big to fail
873:Systematic risk
786:Ethical banking
776:Cost of capital
751:
743:
742:
689:Private banking
659:Islamic banking
639:Hedge (finance)
562:Ethical banking
532:Economic bubble
507:Climate finance
482:Bank regulation
446:
438:
437:
396:Instant payment
342:
334:
333:
257:
240:
239:
75:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3914:Two-cent piece
3911:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3893:(1863–c. 1930)
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3684:(1789–present)
3679:
3678:
3677:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3579:(c. 1690–1750)
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:Local currency
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Cryptocurrency
3453:
3448:
3446:Store of value
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3401:§100; §122–125
3394:
3391: 2150 BC
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:(Tibet, China)
3151:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:(cotton cloth)
3094:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3003:External links
3001:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2974:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2946:"WSBI Members"
2937:
2919:
2902:
2883:
2865:
2843:
2822:
2819:(8:4): 920–953
2803:
2800:(64:1): 58–107
2784:
2765:
2747:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2690:
2649:
2648:Representation
2646:
2645:
2644:
2616:
2595:
2585:
2563:
2541:
2519:
2487:
2469:
2457:
2447:
2401:
2369:
2328:
2304:
2292:
2278:
2268:
2250:
2228:
2204:
2174:
2148:
2116:
2108:Czechoslovakia
2092:Czech Republic
2089:
2020:
1994:
1744:
1718:
1668:
1634:
1608:
1524:
1494:
1489:and rebranded
1456:
1393:
1390:Banco Sabadell
1358:United Kingdom
1355:
1322:
1277:
1274:
1209:(est. 2007).
1079:
1076:
1019:
1016:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
945:
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905:
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900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
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870:
865:
860:
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853:Public finance
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Bond (finance)
758:
752:
750:Related topics
749:
748:
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744:
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738:
737:
736:
731:
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721:
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711:
706:
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694:Sustainability
691:
686:
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679:Money creation
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674:Mobile banking
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341:Funds transfer
340:
339:
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322:
317:
312:
304:
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294:
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271:Christmas club
265:
264:
258:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:Lists of banks
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
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190:Postal savings
187:
182:
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172:
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165:Mutual savings
162:
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74:Types of banks
73:
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68:
60:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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4082:
4080:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:Treasury Note
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
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3972:
3969:
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3961:
3960:
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3859:
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3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:Civil War Era
3786:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:Treasury Note
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
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3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
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3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3594:Currency Acts
3592:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3517:
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3508:
3494:
3491:
3489:
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3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
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3449:
3447:
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3442:
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3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:; c. 1750 BC)
3402:
3398:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
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3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
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3310:
3307:
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3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
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3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
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3251:
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3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3191:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:Water buffalo
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:(Roman world)
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:(Mesoamerica)
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
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3025:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
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2979:
2975:
2972:
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2960:
2951:
2947:
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2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2763:at Wikisource
2762:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:war communism
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Reggio Emilia
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:Civitavecchia
1849:
1848:Ascoli Piceno
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:(est. 1840),
1789:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:. During the
1726:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:Spaarbankbond
1555:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:United States
1495:
1492:
1491:Permanent TSB
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Dienstenkasse
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:in Bulgaria,
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:cash register
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:Enlightenment
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
933:
931:
923:
921:
913:
912:
911:
910:
903:
902:
899:
898:Watered stock
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Systemic risk
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:List of banks
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Asset pricing
754:
753:
747:
746:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:Eco-investing
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Disinvestment
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:Capital asset
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
442:
441:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
253:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Participation
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Middle market
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
90:Bulge bracket
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4024:
3976:
3957:
3950:
3875:(1863; 1864)
3799:Free banking
3756:
3751:Suffolk Bank
3657:Section VIII
3596:(1751; 1764)
3367:Savings bank
3366:
3357:Central bank
3294:Legal tender
3201:Money portal
2995:
2961:Bibliography
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2806:
2797:
2787:
2778:
2768:
2750:
2741:
2706:Banks portal
2682:public banks
2651:
2516:microfinance
2288:
2261:Fortis Group
2249:(est. 1913).
2239:World War II
2122:
2013:Eika Gruppen
1953:(1907), and
1913:(1846), and
1897:(1836), and
1870:(1861), and
1798:(1859), and
1743:(est. 1856).
1701:Savings Bank
1605:De Volksbank
1573:Fortis Group
1517:Liberty Bank
1291:: while the
1279:
1237:in Hungary,
1233:in Czechia,
1219:
1211:
1167:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1109:
1081:
1021:
1000:
980:savings bank
979:
977:
811:participants
684:Pension fund
492:Asset growth
487:Bank secrecy
362:Bill payment
281:Money-market
251:
234:
209:
115:Credit union
4059:(1909–1912)
4041:(1890–1891)
4021:(1879–1907)
4015:(1878–1964)
4003:(1875–1878)
3990:Free silver
3978:Knox v. Lee
3973:(1870–1875)
3944:(1870–1914)
3922:(1865–1889)
3916:(1864–1873)
3905:(1863–1864)
3899:(1863–1933)
3887:(1863–1913)
3881:(1863–1865)
3869:(1862–1876)
3863:(1862–1971)
3852:(1861–1862)
3850:Demand Note
3841:(1853–1863)
3830:(1851–1873)
3819:(1846–1913)
3813:(1842–1865)
3807:(1836–1865)
3801:(1836–1865)
3792:(1840–1870)
3773:, 1832–1836
3767:, 1829–1842
3753:, 1818–1858
3747:, 1816–1836
3736:(1812–1913)
3730:(1793–1857)
3724:(1793–1857)
3713:(1792–1873)
3701:(1792–1873)
3690:(1791–1811)
3673:1789–1913;
3655:1787–1788;
3647:(1781–1791)
3641:(1781–1785)
3635:(1780–1781)
3629:(1775–1779)
3617:(1776–1780)
3608:(1760–1840)
3570:(1607–1760)
3319:Safekeeping
3173:Bimetallism
3088:(W. Africa)
2637: [
2626: [
2605: [
2446:since 2008.
2358: [
2338: [
2271:New Zealand
2265:BNP Paribas
2235:World War I
2225:Erste Group
2113:Erste Group
2078: [
2066: [
2030: [
2009:SpareBank 1
2005:Christiania
1905:; those of
1899:Alessandria
1885:; those of
1875: [
1806:; those of
1776: [
1773:legge Amato
1711: [
1631:Groupe BPCE
1565: [
1546: [
1527:Netherlands
1449: [
1434: [
1427:Danske Bank
1407: [
1382:Lloyds Bank
1348: [
1325:Switzerland
1307:Landesbanks
1262: [
1245:in Russia,
1241:in Poland,
843:Market risk
734:Toxic asset
704:Speculation
592:engineering
130:Development
110:Cooperative
36:Public bank
3728:Large cent
3429:Monetarism
3417:Chartalism
3314:Redemption
3304:Possession
3267:Clay token
3120:Trade bead
3074:Cocoa bean
3058:Commodity
2932:The Banker
2836:29 January
2720:References
2450:San Marino
2355:Kyowa Bank
2351:株式会社日本貯蓄銀行
2317:Portuguese
2289:Spuerkeess
2281:Luxembourg
2217:Bratislava
2084:(based in
1987:Savigliano
1919:BPER Banca
1725:Gothenburg
1641:Erste Bank
1629:, to form
1372:) and the
1276:By country
1251:Oschadbank
1097:Adam Smith
816:regulation
465:management
460:allocation
357:Electronic
150:Industrial
145:Investment
125:Depository
100:Commercial
3722:Half cent
3711:Half dime
3662:Section X
3138:(SE Asia)
3068:Axe-money
2950:WSBI-ESBG
2878:Bankarium
2662:Amsterdam
2556:Ukrainian
2526:Bulgarian
2163:Hungarian
2141:Kutxabank
2133:CaixaBank
2086:Seinäjoki
1959:UniCredit
1903:Banco BPM
1792:La Spezia
1653:UniCredit
1562:VSB Group
1535:Spaarbank
1467:Waterford
1366:Tottenham
1303:Göttingen
1122:Göttingen
1070:, then a
796:Financial
587:economics
567:Financial
433:BRICS PAY
225:Wholesale
220:Universal
120:Custodian
18:Sparkasse
4079:Category
3771:Bank War
3545:pre–1913
3277:Currency
3255:Clearing
3235:Banknote
3230:Bailment
3150:(Arabia)
3111:(barley)
3097:Quachtli
2981:Archived
2781:(111(3))
2714:Eufiserv
2692:See also
2670:Brussels
2613:Khartoum
2588:Botswana
2574:Albanian
2540:in 2003.
2538:OTP Bank
2534:DSK Bank
2522:Bulgaria
2444:CEC Bank
2436:Romanian
2372:Portugal
2347:Japanese
2227:in 2001.
2207:Slovakia
2201:Sberbank
2171:OTP Bank
2137:IberCaja
1991:Volterra
1949:(1861),
1945:(1852),
1941:(1846),
1937:(1842),
1933:(1836),
1929:(1827),
1925:(1825),
1915:L'Aquila
1909:(1838),
1893:(1835),
1889:(1834),
1868:Calabria
1866:(1857),
1862:(1855),
1854:(1847),
1850:(1842),
1846:(1839),
1842:(1837),
1838:(1836),
1834:(1831),
1826:(1830),
1822:(1829),
1820:Florence
1818:(1823),
1814:(1822),
1800:Piacenza
1794:(1842),
1733:Swedbank
1699:Carniola
1671:Slovenia
1663:), with
1607:in 2017.
1577:ABN AMRO
1483:Limerick
1479:Monaghan
1400:Skælskør
1392:in 2015.
1386:TSB Bank
1243:Sberbank
1235:OTP Bank
1227:DSK Bank
1078:Overview
1068:cash box
992:interest
920:Category
612:services
597:forecast
572:analysis
477:Bad debt
263:Accounts
248:Accounts
185:Payments
175:Offshore
155:Merchant
80:Advising
3707:(1792–)
3623:(1775–)
3328:General
3282:Deposit
3272:Coinage
3144:(Hindu)
3086:Manilla
2566:Albania
2544:Ukraine
2503:
2423:
2404:Romania
2385:
2253:Belgium
2231:Croatia
2151:Hungary
2145:Unicaja
2058:Finnish
2041:
2023:Finland
1983:Ravenna
1979:Fossano
1967:Bolzano
1955:Perugia
1951:Treviso
1935:Trieste
1907:Ferrara
1895:Livorno
1864:Foligno
1860:Viterbo
1840:Bologna
1836:Spoleto
1832:Pistoia
1828:Gorizia
1755:Italian
1692:
1637:Austria
1592:
1459:Ireland
1419:Sydbank
1396:Denmark
1299:Hamburg
1289:Germany
1150:Brumath
1118:Hamburg
1085:savings
1056:Spanish
1048:Russian
1040:Italian
930:Commons
607:planner
577:analyst
325:Prepaid
286:Savings
276:Deposit
210:Savings
195:Private
170:Neobank
95:Central
57:Banking
4065:(1913)
4053:(1908)
4047:(1900)
4035:(1890)
4029:(1884)
4009:(1878)
3997:(1875)
3981:(1871)
3962:(1870)
3761:, 1819
3585:(1730)
3340:Barter
3299:Notary
3250:Cheque
3115:Shells
3109:Shekel
3082:(rice)
2899:(61:4)
2666:Geneva
2600:: the
2590:: the
2568:: the
2514:) are
2492:: the
2476:Polish
2472:Poland
2462:: the
2460:Panama
2452:: the
2406:: the
2374:: the
2333:: the
2309:: the
2307:Brazil
2297:: the
2283:: the
2255:: the
2209:: the
2185:Moscow
2177:Russia
2153:: the
2143:, and
2121:: the
2100:German
2094:: the
1999:: the
1997:Norway
1989:, and
1947:Sicily
1939:Modena
1923:Verona
1872:Apulia
1808:Venice
1788:Rimini
1721:Sweden
1681:German
1673:: the
1645:Vienna
1611:France
1539:Workum
1475:Dublin
1442:Nordea
1360:: the
1329:German
1138:Vienna
1130:Boston
1032:German
1028:caisse
1024:French
1018:Naming
996:Europe
940:Portal
863:Shares
826:system
806:market
367:Mobile
347:Cheque
315:Credit
250:
205:Retail
200:Public
135:Direct
4085:Banks
3221:Token
3212:Money
3148:Camel
3060:money
2991:2004.
2856:(PDF)
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2658:Milan
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2598:Sudan
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2331:Japan
2295:Chile
2119:Spain
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2070:]
2054:Turku
2034:]
1975:Fermo
1971:Cento
1927:Turin
1911:Genoa
1891:Lucca
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1856:Cuneo
1844:Forlì
1824:Prato
1816:Milan
1812:Padua
1796:Parma
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1747:Italy
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1581:Dutch
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1554:Dutch
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1134:Paris
1052:касса
1044:cassa
1036:Kasse
982:is a
582:asset
455:Asset
445:Terms
406:SWIFT
320:Debit
302:Cards
255:Cards
38:, or
3539:and
3379:Mint
3217:Fiat
3103:Salt
3080:Koku
2838:2016
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2500:lit.
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2420:lit.
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1963:Asti
1931:Rome
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1858:and
1830:and
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1589:lit.
1481:and
1471:Cork
1421:and
1337:Bern
1284:):
1257:and
1189:and
1103:and
1064:cash
1060:caja
821:risk
664:Loan
602:plan
502:Cash
428:SPFS
423:CIPS
401:Giro
379:RTGS
374:Wire
352:Card
85:Banq
3154:Yak
3142:Cow
2275:TSB
1739:in
1643:in
1268:in
1220:In
1009:or
801:law
557:ESG
418:CLS
391:ACH
310:ATM
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1981:,
1977:,
1973:,
1969:,
1965:,
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1451:da
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1409:da
1350:de
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1042::
1038:,
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384:NS
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