384:
pulses from an ABS sensor, but with a much cruder time/distance resolution ā typically one pulse/display update per revolution, or as seldom as once every 2ā3 seconds at low speed with a 26-inch (660 mm) wheel. However, this is rarely a critical problem, and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance. The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy, as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size, or additionally by wheel or tire circumference to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge. However, these devices carry some minor disadvantages in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in the receiver (and sensor, for wireless models), and, in wired models, the signal is carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes, gears, or cabled speedometers.
388:
gearing system at the hub (making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake, cylinder gear, or dynamo) as per a typical motorcycle, or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim (same position as rim brakes, but on the opposite edge of the fork) or the sidewall of the tire itself. The former type is quite reliable and low maintenance but needs a gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tire size, whereas the latter requires little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout (with standard tires, the "distance" covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size, almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself) but are unsuitable for off-road use, and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming.
283:. The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet. Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup are balanced by the opposing torque of the spring, and then stop. Given the torque on the cup is proportional to the car's speed, and the spring's deflection is proportional to the torque, the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed, so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed. At a given speed, the pointer will remain motionless and point to the appropriate number on the speedometer's dial.
658:
131:
38:
112:
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329:. As the part in question turns, the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring. Alternatively, particularly in vehicles with multiplex wiring, some manufacturers use the pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors which communicate to the instrument panel via the
1802:
601:(UNECE) Regulation 39, which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers. The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing on uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it is sold.
147:
351:
Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavours to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle-driven pulsator tries to push
640:
in place for speedometers in
Australia before July 1988. They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used. This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles. All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1
259:
This was followed by the
Chronometric speedometer where the distance traveled was measured over a precise interval of time (Some Smiths speedometers used 3/4 of a second) measured by an escapement. This was transferred to the speedometer pointer. The chronometric speedometer is tolerant of vibration
747:
article, GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed. That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged; logs from the vehicle's speedometer could likely
648:
All vehicles manufactured in
Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules. The state and territory governments may set policies for the tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10% in the earlier versions of
396:
Most speedometers have tolerances of some Ā±10%, mainly due to variations in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to
360:
A virtual speedometer is a computer-generated tool that displays the current speed of a vehicle or object. The virtual speedometer typically calculates the object's speed based on the distance it travels over time. Such speedometers are programmed using programming languages such as HTML, CSS, and
673:
The Motor
Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However, it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds
644:
The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 (or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off-road passenger vehicles) must conform to the previous
Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of
383:
speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution and give a readout on a small, handlebar-mounted digital display. The sensor is mounted on the bike at a fixed location, pulsing when the spoke-mounted magnet passes by. In this way, it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using
727:
The first and simpler method is based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement. Such speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle's speedometer (wheel size, transmission/drive ratios). Instead, the GPS's positional accuracy, and therefore the
387:
Other, usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel, as in the motorcycle speedometers described above. These do not require battery power, but can be relatively bulky and heavy, and may be less accurate. The turning force at the wheel may be provided either from a
623:
The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass-produced following type approval. At
Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km/h (3.7 mph) for cars, buses, trucks, and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus
584:
For example, a standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 2*185*(70/100)+(14*25.4) = 614.6 mm (185x70/1270 + 14 = 24.20 in). Another is "195/50R15" with 2*195*(50/100)+(15*25.4) = 576.0 mm (195x50/1270 + 15 = 22.68 in). Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" =
619:
The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process. For example, the test measurements should be made (for most vehicles) at 40, 80 and 120 km/h (25, 50 and 75 mph), and at a particular ambient
364:
Consistent use of the GPS module on mobile devices can result in faster battery drain. Furthermore, virtual speedometers calculate speed by measuring the distance and time between two points using GPS signals. However, various environmental factors such as weather conditions, terrain, and
585:
381 mm wheels), a speedometer reads 100 * ((614.6/576) - 1) = 100 * (24.20/22.68 - 1) = 6.7% higher than the actual speed. At an actual speed of 100 km/h (60 mph), the speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.067 = 106.7 km/h (60 * 1.067 = 64.02 mph), approximately.
302:
One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it cannot show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since the cup would turn in the opposite direction ā in this scenario, the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position.
588:
In the case of wear, a new "185/70R14" tire of 620 mm (24.4 inch) diameter will have ā8 mm tread depth, at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm, the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2% in 620 mm (24.4 inches).
290:
such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tail shaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the
461:
325:, and therefore the vehicle's speed, assuming the wheels have full traction. The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or (in transaxles) differential crown wheel, or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a
728:
accuracy of its calculated speed, is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time. Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower. The GPS software may also use a
689:
allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles. Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy.
263:
When the vehicle is in motion, a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable, which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself. A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminium cup (called a
649:
the
Australian Design Rules permitted, such as in Victoria. This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that they are speeding should their vehicle be fitted with an under-reading speedometer.
181:, they started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. Other vehicles may use devices analogous to the speedometer with different means of sensing speed, eg. boats use a
614:
The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km/h (2.5 mph) at specified test speeds. For example, at 80 km/h (50 mph), the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km/h
531:
669:
The amended Road
Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75/443 (as amended by Directive 97/39) or UNECE Regulation 39.
1011:"Regulation No 39 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) ā Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the speedometer equipment including its installation"
321:. In designs derived from earlier eddy-current models, a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the (average) rotational speed of the
403:
706:(90 km/h) and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph (136 km/h). On 25 March 1982, the NHTSA revoked the rule because no "significant safety benefits" could come from maintaining the standard.
580:
628:, of more than 50 cm (3.1 cu in)). European Union Directive 2000/7/EC, which relates to two- and three-wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production.
1036:"Commission Directive 97/39/EC of 24 June 1997 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 75/443/EEC of 26 June 1975 relating to the reverse and speedometer equipment of motor vehicles"
397:
the average error, to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle, to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits.
620:
temperature and road surface. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle.
824:
607:
member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that:
674:
between 25 mph and 70 mph (or the vehicles' maximum speed if it is lower than this), the indicated speed must not exceed 110% of the actual speed, plus 6.25 mph.
252:
Some early mechanical speedometers operated on the governor principle where a rotating weight acting against a spring moved further out as the speed increased, similar to the
474:
624:
8 km/h (5.0 mph) for two- or three-wheeled vehicles that have a maximum speed above 50 km/h (31 mph) (or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a
739:
to estimate its velocity. In ideal conditions, the accuracy for commercial devices is within 0.2ā0.5 km/h, but it may worsen if the signal quality degrades.
611:
The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed, i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading.
598:
400:
Excessive speedometer errors after manufacture can come from several causes, but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the error is:
1324:
732:
calculation to reduce error. Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under-report the speed by the road's gradient.
1242:
1115:
268:) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces
333:. Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle's speed when moving in reverse gear.
677:
For example, if the vehicle is actually traveling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph.
535:
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on the cup, "dragging" it, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them.
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it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms.
966:
336:
A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled, analogue-style needle or a
1836:
233:
to work. German inventor Otto
Schultze patented his version (which, like BeluÅ”iÄ's, ran on eddy currents) on 7 October 1902.
1479:
1350:
456:{\displaystyle {\mbox{Percentage error}}=100\times \left(1-{\frac {\mbox{new diameter}}{\mbox{standard diameter}}}\right)}
344:
or full-vehicle control system, e.g. triggering ABS or traction control, calculating average trip speed, or increment the
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645:Ā±10% at speeds above 40 km/h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km/h.
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obstructions can interfere with the accuracy of these signals and result in inaccurate speed readings.
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249:. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.
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in the cup, which itself produces another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet exerts a
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989:"UNECE Transport Division ā Vehicle Regulations ā Addenda to 1958 agreement ā Regulations 21ā40"
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22:
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In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the
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speedometer's self-test routine, showing how an analogue speedometer hand may indicate the
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used on steam engines. This movement was transferred to the pointer to indicate speed.
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Nearly all tires now have their size is shown as "T/A_W" on the side of the tire (See:
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43:
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is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which was usually fitted to
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526:{\displaystyle {\mbox{Diameter in millimetres}}=2\times T\times A/100+W\times 25.4}
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Starting with U.S. automobiles manufactured on or after 1 September 1979, the
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1197:
Written
Answers, Hansard (UK Parliament proceedings) Monday, 12th March 2001
772:
762:
466:
1062:"Directive 2000/7/EC ā speedometers for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles"
1654:
1494:
1469:
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139:
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and a separate "trip" odometer (both showing distance traveled in miles)
340:. Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the
1670:
380:
330:
182:
123:
1171:
Victoria Road Safety Committee, Inquiry into the Demerit Points Scheme
138:
speedometer, showing both mph (outer) and km/h (inner), as well as an
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221:(Giuseppe Bellussich) in 1888. He presented his invention at the
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in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable.
1424:
720:
151:
361:
Javascript. The program uses the mobile device's GPS module.
1218:"The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001: Schedule 3"
575:{\displaystyle {\mbox{Diameter in inches}}=T\times A/1270+W}
1281:(5). Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 1 April 1982
919:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 129.
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1325:"What's more accurate: the car's speedo or the GPS?"
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required speedometers to have a special emphasis on
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229:. His invention had a pointer and a magnet, using
735:Alternatively, the GPS may take advantage of the
661:A speedometer showing mph and km/h along with an
209:in 1888 and was originally called a velocimeter.
1116:"Australian Design Rule 18/02 ā Instrumentation"
1088:"Australian Design Rule 18/03 ā Instrumentation"
641:July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39.
279:The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine
1400:
599:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
260:and was used in motorcycles up to the 1970s.
202:The electric speedometer was invented by the
173:that measures and displays the instantaneous
8:
825:"Charles Babbage and the Difference Engine"
217:The speedometer was originally patented by
1407:
1393:
1385:
1304:"Principle of speed measurement using GPS"
748:have been used instead, had they existed.
245:driven by gearing linked to the vehicle's
36:
1268:"Child Restraint Law Adopted in Virginia"
558:
539:
537:
503:
478:
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434:
407:
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1275:The Highway Loss Reduction Status Report
1146:National Motorists Association Australia
723:devices can measure speeds in two ways:
177:of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
784:
916:The Wheel: Inventions and Reinventions
857:A Field Guide to Automotive Technology
27:
792:
790:
788:
7:
1801:
1243:"eCFR ā Code of Federal Regulations"
860:. Chicago Review Press. p. 78.
1222:Office of Public Sector Information
991:. UN Economic Commission for Europe
14:
1768:Automobile auxiliary power outlet
1095:Road Vehicle Certification System
295:, and the diameter of the driven
241:Many speedometers use a rotating
1810:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1423:Part of a series of articles on
797:Harris, William (10 July 2007).
945:Hrvatska tehniÄka encyclopedia
889:"US442849Ang use United States"
116:
1167:"3.6 Accuracy of speedometers"
1142:"Vehicle Speed Measurement II"
1:
1480:Electronic instrument cluster
1120:Commonwealth of Australia Law
317:Many modern speedometers are
16:Speed gauge in motor vehicles
1440:Automotive navigation system
716:Automotive navigation system
1566:Electronic throttle control
223:1889 Exposition Universelle
1873:
1612:Automatic vehicle location
713:
372:
310:
42:A modern speedometer in a
20:
1786:
1420:
1375:Autoblog: Gauging changes
685:Federal standards in the
97: (136 years ago)
35:
969:. Siemens. 26 April 2005
593:International agreements
185:, while aircraft use an
1445:Automotive night vision
799:"How Speedometers Work"
638:Australian Design Rules
481:Diameter in millimetres
1193:"Speedometer Accuracy"
1140:Felix, Leslie (2004).
803:auto.howstuffworks.com
666:
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527:
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158:
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1837:Measuring instruments
1627:Remote keyless system
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327:magnetic field sensor
286:The return spring is
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133:
114:
743:As mentioned in the
694:Regulation in the US
536:
475:
404:
369:Bicycle speedometers
313:Vehicle speed sensor
1857:Croatian inventions
1066:European Commission
1040:European Commission
1015:European Commission
911:Bulliet, Richard W.
356:Virtual Speedometer
115:An animation of an
1852:Vehicle technology
1475:Check engine light
1455:Blind spot monitor
1331:. 17 November 2010
1329:The Globe and Mail
947:. 11 November 2015
854:Sobey, Ed (2009).
758:Airspeed indicator
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542:Diameter in inches
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469:), and the tires.
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187:airspeed indicator
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1732:Glove compartment
1686:Child safety lock
926:978-0-231-54061-2
867:978-1-55652-812-5
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446:
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443:standard diameter
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411:
154:speedometer in a
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23:Speed measurement
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941:"BeluÅ”iÄ, Josip"
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891:. Google Patents
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835:on 3 August 2020
831:. Archived from
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1173:. November 1994
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1068:. 20 March 2000
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1597:
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1594:
1593:
1591:Steering wheel
1588:
1586:Power steering
1583:
1578:
1576:Manettino dial
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Cruise control
1558:
1553:
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1542:
1540:
1536:
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1505:Radar detector
1502:
1500:Parking sensor
1497:
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1397:
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1370:
1369:External links
1367:
1364:
1363:
1351:"GPS Accuracy"
1342:
1316:
1292:
1259:
1234:
1209:
1184:
1158:
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1053:
1042:. 24 June 1997
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815:
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777:
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775:
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741:
740:
737:Doppler effect
733:
730:moving average
714:Main article:
711:
708:
695:
692:
682:
679:
654:
653:United Kingdom
651:
636:There were no
633:
630:
617:
616:
615:(57 mph).
612:
605:European Union
594:
591:
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373:Main article:
370:
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308:
305:
281:torsion spring
243:flexible cable
238:
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179:motor vehicles
107:
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51:Classification
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44:Toyota Corolla
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1847:Vehicle parts
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1842:Speed sensors
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368:
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219:Josip BeluÅ”iÄ
212:
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208:
207:Josip BeluÅ”iÄ
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180:
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156:Honda Insight
153:
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125:
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94:
90:
87:
86:Josip BeluÅ”iÄ
84:
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59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1546:Bowden cable
1509:
1422:
1415:Car interior
1354:. Retrieved
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1274:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
983:
971:. Retrieved
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
935:
915:
905:
895:21 September
893:. Retrieved
883:
871:. Retrieved
856:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
829:NewMyths.com
828:
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:
742:
719:
697:
684:
676:
672:
668:
647:
643:
635:
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618:
603:
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438:new diameter
399:
395:
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335:
316:
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293:differential
285:
278:
270:eddy current
265:
262:
258:
251:
247:transmission
240:
216:
201:
191:
166:
162:
160:
120:Aston Martin
18:
1756:Convenience
1747:Vehicle mat
1696:Rumble seat
1681:Bucket seat
1637:VIN etching
1617:Immobiliser
1510:Speedometer
1460:Boost gauge
1433:Instruments
1380:Speedometer
1252:18 February
1227:19 December
839:30 December
704:55 mph
626:heat engine
231:electricity
197:locomotives
167:speed meter
163:speedometer
150:A digital,
76:measurement
71:Application
31:Speedometer
1831:Categories
1773:Cup holder
1717:Boot liner
1676:Bench seat
1600:Anti-theft
1571:Gear stick
1520:Telematics
1515:Tachometer
1485:Fuel gauge
1177:14 January
1151:14 January
1125:14 January
995:30 January
973:30 January
873:30 January
808:30 January
779:References
768:Tachometer
323:driveshaft
319:electronic
311:See also:
307:Electronic
288:calibrated
237:Mechanical
117:electronic
65:Automotive
1778:Car phone
1742:Sun visor
1727:Dashboard
1701:Seat belt
1632:Smart key
1525:Tell-tale
1202:7 January
1100:7 January
1072:7 January
1046:7 January
951:19 August
773:Taximeter
763:Hubometer
632:Australia
553:×
518:×
498:×
492:×
467:Tire code
432:−
421:×
213:Operation
124:vehicle's
1796:Category
1539:Controls
1495:Odometer
1470:Carputer
1285:10 April
1247:ecfr.gov
913:(2020).
752:See also
663:odometer
379:Typical
346:odometer
266:speedcup
254:governor
142:in miles
140:odometer
92:Invented
82:Inventor
61:Industry
1806:Commons
1671:Armrest
1655:Seating
1356:28 June
1335:27 June
1309:27 June
1020:8 April
381:bicycle
331:CAN Bus
183:pit log
100: (
1816:Portal
1666:Airbag
1650:Safety
1556:Clutch
1465:Buzzer
923:
864:
745:satnav
274:torque
74:Speed
1763:Audio
1607:Alarm
1551:Brake
1271:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
700:NHTSA
392:Error
297:tires
227:Paris
204:Croat
175:speed
171:gauge
169:is a
126:speed
55:Gauge
1425:cars
1358:2020
1337:2020
1311:2020
1287:2019
1254:2019
1229:2007
1204:2008
1179:2008
1153:2008
1127:2008
1102:2008
1074:2007
1048:2007
1022:2017
997:2015
975:2015
953:2020
921:ISBN
897:2020
875:2015
862:ISBN
841:2022
810:2015
564:1270
521:25.4
136:Ford
102:1888
95:1888
721:GPS
710:GPS
509:100
418:100
342:ECU
225:in
165:or
152:LCD
1833::
1327:.
1295:^
1279:17
1277:.
1273:.
1245:.
1220:.
1195:.
1169:.
1144:.
1118:.
1093:.
1064:.
1038:.
1013:.
943:.
827:.
801:.
787:^
299:.
199:.
189:.
161:A
134:A
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1360:.
1339:.
1313:.
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1256:.
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1129:.
1104:.
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1024:.
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955:.
929:.
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877:.
843:.
812:.
570:W
567:+
560:/
556:A
550:T
547:=
515:W
512:+
505:/
501:A
495:T
489:2
486:=
450:)
429:1
425:(
415:=
104:)
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
