405:. Over the previous ten years he had led a series of campaigns which greatly increased the area of Africa controlled by Carthage. Hanno was rigorous in squeezing taxes out of the newly conquered territory in order to pay for both the war with Rome and his own campaigns. Half of all agricultural output was taken as war tax, and the tribute previously due from towns and cities had been doubled. These exactions were harshly enforced, causing extreme hardship in many areas. A large part of the army, possibly the majority, were from Carthage's North African possessions and were, to a greater or lesser degree, dissatisfied with Carthage's treatment of its African subjects. These non-Carthaginian North Africans were deeply dissatisfied with Hanno's attitude towards tax raising and may also have believed that once the army was paid off and they returned home there would have been no obstacle to Carthage continuing, or even increasing, its exactions. Mathos became the recalcitrant spokesman for this group. He was vocally supported by Spendius, who faced death by torture if he were returned to Roman authority. The treaty which ended the war required Carthage to return all "Roman deserters" and Spendius took a dim view of the increasingly warm relationship between Carthage and Rome; he allied with Mathos and roused the non-African soldiery to refuse all Carthaginian efforts to settle the dispute.
608:
the army – possibly only the officers – and
Hamilcar was elected; Hanno left the army. In early 238 BC the lack of supplies forced Mathos and Spendius to lift the siege of Carthage. They fell back to Tunis, from where they maintained a more distant blockade.While Mathos maintained the blockade, Spendius led 40,000 men against Hamilcar. As in the previous year, they stayed to the higher and rougher terrain and harassed the Carthaginian army. After a period of campaigning, the details of which are not clear in the sources, Hamilcar trapped the rebels in a pass or mountain range known as the Saw. Pinned against mountains and with their food exhausted, the rebels ate their horses, their prisoners and then their slaves, hoping that Mathos would
590:
656:). The Carthaginian Senate encouraged reconciliation between Hanno and Hamilcar, and they agreed to serve together. The pair marched after them with an army totalling perhaps 25,000 including every Carthaginian citizen of military age. On this occasion Hanno and Hamilcar cooperated well and the rebels were forced into a succession of unsuccessful skirmishes as the Carthaginians attempted to wear them down. Mathos, rather than wait to be besieged, decided to meet the Carthaginians in open battle in mid-to-late 238 BC. Battle was given eight to ten weeks after the two armies first engaged near Leptis Parva, and
578:
feared the disintegration of his army; he was aware that such generous terms would not be extended to him personally. To remove the possibility of any goodwill between the sides, he had 700 Carthaginian prisoners, including Gisco, tortured to death: they had their hands cut off, were castrated, had their legs broken and were thrown into a pit and buried alive. Hamilcar, in turn, killed his prisoners. From this point, neither side showed any mercy, and the unusual ferocity of the fighting caused
Polybius to term it the "Truceless War". Any further prisoners taken by the Carthaginians were
568:
417:
be raised. The discontent seemed to have abated until
Spendius and Mathos stirred up the North African contingent with a vision of the Carthaginians wreaking vengeance on them once their comrades had been sent home and their discipline broke down. A riot broke out, dissenters were stoned to death, and Spendius and Mathos were jointly declared generals by the mutineers. After further, fruitless, negotiations Gisco and his staff were taken prisoner and his treasury was seized.
551:
Carthaginian allegiance with varying mixtures of diplomacy and force. He was shadowed by a superior-sized rebel force commanded by
Spendius, which kept to rough ground for fear of Hamilcar's cavalry and elephants, and harried his foragers and scouts. South west of Utica Hamilcar moved his force into the mountains in an attempt to bring the rebels to battle, but was surrounded. The Carthaginians were saved from destruction only when a Numidian leader,
520:
449:
394:), 180 kilometres (110 mi) away, even though a significant portion of their arrears had to be paid before they would go. Freed of their long period of military discipline and with nothing to do, the men grumbled among themselves and refused all attempts by the Carthaginians to pay them less than the full amount due. It was at this point that a junior officer named
459:
loyal. The few troops still in Sicily were paid up to date and redeployed with Hanno, and money was raised to hire fresh troops. An unknown number of
Carthaginian citizens were incorporated into Hanno's army. By the time Hanno assembled this force, the rebels had already blockaded the major Carthaginian port cities of
386:. Not wishing the freshly idle soldiers to combine for purposes of their own, Gisco split the army into small detachments based on their regions of origin. He sent these back to Carthage one at a time. He anticipated they would be promptly paid the several years' back pay they were owed and hurried on their way home.
309:. Mathos ordered a large-scale night attack, which captured a senior Carthaginian general and a visiting delegation of 30 Carthaginian notables. They were tortured and then nailed to the crosses previously occupied by Spendius and his colleagues. Later that year the surviving rebels were crushed at the
577:
Since leaving
Carthage, Hamilcar had treated rebels he had captured well and offered them a choice of joining his army or free passage home. He made the same offer to the 4,000 captives from the recent battle. Spendius perceived this generous treatment as the motivation behind Naravas's defection and
416:
troops responded by demanding even more. Gisco, who had a good reputation with the army, was brought over from Sicily in late 241 BC and despatched to the camp with enough money to pay most of what was owed. He started to disburse this, with promises that the balance would be paid as soon as it could
261:
them. Spendius faced death by torture if he were returned to Roman authority and took a dim view of the increasingly warm relationship between
Carthage and Rome. He came to the fore as a member of the army most vocal in resisting Carthaginian efforts to settle the dispute. When the disagreement broke
529:
At some point during 240 BC the
Carthaginians raised another, smaller, force, of approximately 10,000. It included deserters from the rebels, 2,000 cavalry, and 70 elephants. This was placed under the command of Hamilcar, who had commanded the Carthaginian forces on Sicily for the last six years of
389:
The
Carthaginian authorities decided to instead wait until all of the troops had arrived and then attempt to negotiate a settlement at a lower rate. Meanwhile, as each group landed it was billeted inside the city of Carthage where the advantages of civilisation were appreciated to the full after up
607:
Having a clear superiority in cavalry, Hamilcar raided the supply lines of the rebels around
Carthage. In mid-239 BC he was joined by Hanno and his army, but the two men disagreed as to the best strategy and operations were paralysed. Unusually, the choice of supreme commander was put to a vote of
424:
with the news that a formed, experienced, anti-Carthaginian army now existed in the heart of its territory and many cities and towns rose in rebellion. Provisions, money and reinforcements poured in; eventually an additional 70,000 men according to the ancient historian of Rome, Polybius, although
629:
in full view of the city. Mathos ordered a large-scale night attack, which surprised the Carthaginians, who suffered many casualties. Hannibal's camp was overrun and they lost much of their baggage. In addition, Hannibal and a delegation of 30 Carthaginian notables who were visiting the army were
458:
Hanno, as the commander of Carthage's African army, took the field. Most of the Africans in his force remained loyal; they were accustomed to acting against their fellow Africans. His non-African contingent had remained quartered in Carthage when the army of Sicily was expelled, and also remained
585:
At some point between March and September 239 BC the previously loyal cities of Utica and Hippo slew their Carthaginian garrisons and joined the rebels. The people of Utica offered their city to the Romans, who declined. The rebels previously operating in the area moved south and laid siege to
550:
Hamilcar was appointed joint commander of the Carthaginian army, alongside Hanno, but there was no cooperation between the two. While Hanno manoeuvred against Mathos to the north near Hippo, Hamilcar confronted various towns and cities which had gone over to the rebels, bringing them back to
490:
the besiegers. Hanno's army took over the camp and Hanno himself entered the city in triumph. However, Spendius regrouped the battle-hardened veterans of the Sicilian army in the nearby hills and, not being pursued, led them back to Utica. The Carthaginians were accustomed to fighting the
381:
with the Romans, on whatever terms he could obtain. Instead, Hamilcar left Sicily in a rage, convinced that the surrender was unnecessary. The negotiation of the treaty and the subsequent evacuation of the Carthaginian army of 20,000 men from Sicily was left in the hands of
289:, and harassed the Carthaginian army. His army became trapped in a pass or mountain range known as the Saw. Pinned against mountains and with their food exhausted, the rebels ate their horses, their prisoners and then their slaves, hoping that Mathos would
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from Tunis to rescue them. Eventually, the surrounded troops forced Spendius to parley with Hamilcar, but on a thin pretext Hamilcar took Spendius and his lieutenants prisoner. The rebels then attempted to fight their way out in the
546:
and the rebels broke ranks to pursue; it is not recorded if this was ordered by Spendius or was against his wishes. The Carthaginians turned in good order and counter-attacked, routing the rebels, who suffered losses of 8,000 men.
620:
Hamilcar then marched on Tunis and laid siege to it in late 238 BC. The city was difficult to access from both the east and the west, so Hamilcar occupied a position to the south with half the army, and his deputy
425:
many would have been tied down in garrisoning their home towns against Carthaginian retribution. Almost all of Carthaginian Africa joined the mutineers. The pay dispute had become a full-scale revolt, the
274:
and they rose in rebellion. Provisions, money and 70,000 reinforcements poured in. For four years Spendius led a rebel army against Carthage, in what is known as the Mercenary War, with mixed success.
644:
Despite the siege being lifted, few supplies were getting through and Mathos decided that the situation was untenable. He led the army 160 km (100 mi) south to the wealthy port city of
507:
and siege trains. For the rest of the year Hanno skirmished with Spendius's force, repeatedly missing opportunities to bring it to battle or to place it at a disadvantage; the military historian
253:
at some point prior to 241 BC. Spendius's date of birth is unknown, as are most details of his activities prior to his coming to prominence as a mutineer in 241 BC. After the First Punic War,
538:, and Spendius was reinforced by an additional 15,000 men drawn from the force laying siege to Utica, which the rebels had renewed. The rebel army of 25,000 moved to attack Hamilcar in the
398:
came to prominence as one of the most outspoken of the 20,000-strong army; he was totally opposed to anything less than full payment, including the fulfilment of all verbal promises.
390:
to eight years under siege. This "tumultuous licentiousness" so alarmed the city's authorities that before the full 20,000 had arrived they were relocated to Sicca Veneria (modern
341:(264–241 BC) at some point prior to 241 BC. Spendius's date of birth is unknown, as are most details of his activities prior to his coming to prominence as a mutineer in 241 BC.
167:
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captured. They were tortured and then nailed to the crosses previously occupied by Spendius and his colleagues. Hamilcar abandoned the siege and withdrew to the north.
534:
with 10,000 men commanded by Spendius. Hamilcar would need to force a crossing if he were to gain access to open country where he could manoeuvre. He did so by a
664:. Captives were sold into slavery. Mathos was also captured, and he was dragged through the streets of Carthage and tortured to death by its citizens.
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with Hamilcar, but on a thin pretext Hamilcar took Spendius and his lieutenants prisoner. The rebels then attempted to fight their way out in the
160:
660:, with few losses to the Carthaginians. In a change of policy, prisoners were taken, which probably helped to ensure that there was no desperate
555:, who had served with and admired Hamilcar in Sicily, swapped sides with his 2,000 cavalry. This proved disastrous for the rebels, and in the
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The military historian Nigel Bagnall questions the utility of the siege train, as the rebels held no towns which could be besieged.
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In mid- or late September 241 BC, frustrated by the Carthaginian negotiators' attempts to haggle, all 20,000 troops marched to
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cities, who once broken would scatter in all directions; they were still celebrating their victory when Spendius
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by his fellow mutineers. Mathos spread the news of the mutiny to the main African settlements under Carthaginian
1636:
1617:(2006) . "Carthage and Rome". In Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Frederiksen, M. W. & Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.).
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was to the north with the balance. The rebel leaders taken captive prior to the Saw, including Spendius, were
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412:, 16 km (10 mi) from Carthage. Panicking, the Senate agreed to payment in full. The
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Hoyos, Dexter (2015) . "Carthage in Africa and Spain, 241–218". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
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Hoyos, Dexter (2000). "Towards a Chronology of the 'Truceless War', 241–237 B.C.".
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In early 240 BC Hanno set off with the army to relieve Utica; he took with him 100
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described him as a "slave deserter from the Romans". He was recruited into the
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who escaped from his slavery, or was rescued from it; the ancient historian
471:); Spendius was in charge of operations around Utica, Mathos around Hippo.
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attempted to pay its soldiers less than the full amount due to them before
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Mathos sent messengers to the main African settlements under Carthaginian
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The leading Carthaginian negotiator was their senior general in Africa,
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Spendius's army was defeated, losing 10,000 killed and 4,000 captured.
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The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean
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to rescue them. Eventually, the surrounded troops forced Spendius to
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In 238 BC Spendius led 40,000 men against the Carthaginian general
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writes that Hanno showed his "incompetence as a field commander".
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58:
503:. The Carthaginians fled, with great loss of life, losing their
487:
145:
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who led a rebel army against Carthage, in what is known as the
149:
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and were massacred to a man. Spendius and his colleagues were
1621:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–569.
1554:
Truceless War: Carthage's Fight for Survival, 241 to 237 BC
1490:
Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome
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1372:
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in late 241 BC he was elected co-general with the African
1577:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 204–222.
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Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 7, Part 2, 2nd Edition
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accepted defeat and ordered their commander on Sicily,
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Spendius, as envisaged by Victor Armand Poirson in 1890
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369:. With their relief effort repulsed, the Carthaginian
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the First Punic War. The rebels held the line of the
542:. What happened next is unclear: it seems Hamilcar
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77:
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42:
23:
602:of Spendius and his lieutenants in front of Tunis.
16:Anti-Carthaginian rebel general active 241–238 BC
1513:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
429:, threatening Carthage's existence as a state.
161:
8:
1492:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
241:. He escaped or was rescued from slavery in
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482:. Hanno stormed Spendius's camp in the
349:In 241 BC the First Punic War between
73:Anti-Carthaginian rebels (from 241 BC)
1645:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
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698:of Second Punic War fame, the son of
357:ended after 23 years. The Romans had
345:End of the First Punic War and mutiny
7:
648:(just south of the modern city of
305:in view of the rebel-held city of
14:
1533:Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
524:The Battle of the Bagradas River
200:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
129:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
1681:People executed by crucifixion
580:trampled to death by elephants
572:Main manoeuvres during the war
1:
1574:A Companion to the Punic Wars
855:, pp. 26, 42, 49, 66–67.
617:and were massacred to a man.
359:defeated a Carthaginian fleet
668:Notes, citations and sources
540:Battle of the Bagradas River
124:Battle of the Bagradas River
365:of its last strongholds on
245:and was recruited into the
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1597:Carthage Must be Destroyed
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1556:. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
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694:Not to be confused with
87:North African rebel army
658:the rebels were crushed
361:attempting to lift the
262:down into a full-scale
1552:Hoyos, Dexter (2007).
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638:Further information:
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437:Further information:
1676:Military of Carthage
598:which envisages the
1671:Ancient mercenaries
1599:. London: Penguin.
1516:. London: Phoenix.
1508:Goldsworthy, Adrian
1470:. London: Pimlico.
1435:, pp. 241–242.
1354:, pp. 220–223.
1330:, pp. 146–150.
1318:, pp. 121–122.
1243:, pp. 209–210.
1156:, pp. 150–152.
1127:, pp. 207–208.
1091:, pp. 115–117.
1050:, pp. 114–115.
939:, pp. 133–134.
927:, pp. 112–114.
787:, pp. 99, 112.
594:An illustration by
453:The Battle of Utica
69:Carthaginian Empire
903:, pp. 68, 70.
843:, pp. 60, 69.
605:
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486:and his elephants
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1652:978-1-56619-210-1
1637:Warmington, Brian
1606:978-0-141-01809-6
1584:978-1-1190-2550-4
1563:978-90-474-2192-4
1523:978-0-304-36642-2
1499:978-0-520-24618-8
1477:978-0-7126-6608-4
915:, pp. 74–76.
724:, pp. 7, 66.
615:Battle of the Saw
544:feigned a retreat
377:, to negotiate a
335:Carthaginian Army
299:Battle of the Saw
247:Carthaginian Army
233:BC) was a former
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134:Battle of The Saw
84:Carthaginian Army
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1539:(3/4): 369–380.
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1320:
1308:
1306:, p. 121.
1293:
1291:, p. 376.
1281:
1279:, p. 119.
1269:
1267:, p. 208.
1257:
1255:, p. 136.
1245:
1233:
1231:, p. 374.
1216:
1214:, p. 135.
1204:
1202:, p. 210.
1192:
1173:
1171:, p. 118.
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 208.
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 117.
1105:
1103:, p. 209.
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. 207.
1069:
1067:, p. 115.
1052:
1040:
1038:, p. 373.
1028:
1026:, p. 188.
1016:
1004:
1002:, p. 207.
992:
990:, p. 204.
980:
978:, p. 567.
965:
953:
951:, p. 371.
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
867:, p. 113.
857:
845:
833:
816:
814:, p. 114.
804:
802:, p. 205.
789:
777:
775:, p. 134.
765:
750:
748:, p. 112.
738:
736:, p. 133.
726:
713:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:Hamilcar Barca
687:
677:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
635:
632:
593:
571:
564:
561:
532:Bagradas River
523:
516:
513:
452:
445:
442:
434:
431:
375:Hamilcar Barca
346:
343:
318:
315:
229:(died late 238
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
186:
183:
182:
175:
173:
172:
165:
158:
150:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
111:
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
81:
75:
74:
71:(until 241 BC)
66:
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1698:
1687:
1686:Mercenary War
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:0-521-23446-8
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Scullard 2006
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:Eckstein 2017
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:, p. 88.
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
984:
981:
977:
976:Scullard 2006
972:
970:
966:
963:, p. 85.
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
909:
906:
902:
897:
894:
891:, p. 70.
890:
885:
882:
879:, p. 67.
878:
873:
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
830:
829:Eckstein 2017
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
769:
766:
763:, p. 48.
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
709:
701:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
633:
631:
628:
624:
618:
616:
611:
601:
597:
591:
587:
583:
581:
569:
563:Truceless War
562:
560:
558:
554:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
521:
514:
512:
510:
509:Nigel Bagnall
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
450:
444:Against Hanno
443:
440:
439:Mercenary War
432:
430:
428:
427:Mercenary War
423:
418:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
393:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Mercenary War
236:
228:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
179:
178:Mercenary War
171:
166:
164:
159:
157:
152:
151:
148:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:Mercenary War
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
85:
82:
76:
70:
67:
63:
60:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1641:
1618:
1596:
1573:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1512:
1489:
1466:
1440:
1428:
1401:
1359:
1347:
1340:Bagnall 1999
1335:
1323:
1316:Bagnall 1999
1311:
1304:Bagnall 1999
1284:
1277:Bagnall 1999
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1207:
1195:
1190:, p. 7.
1169:Bagnall 1999
1149:
1120:
1113:Bagnall 1999
1108:
1096:
1089:Bagnall 1999
1084:
1072:
1065:Bagnall 1999
1048:Bagnall 1999
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
956:
944:
932:
925:Bagnall 1999
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
865:Bagnall 1999
860:
848:
836:
831:, p. 6.
812:Bagnall 1999
807:
785:Bagnall 1999
780:
768:
746:Bagnall 1999
741:
729:
717:
690:
681:
646:Leptis Parva
643:
619:
606:
584:
576:
549:
528:
473:
457:
419:
407:
400:
388:
379:peace treaty
348:
320:
276:
259:demobilising
226:
225:
215:Leptis Parva
102:Battles/wars
18:
600:crucifixion
480:siege train
337:during the
323:Roman slave
249:during the
235:Roman slave
1665:Categories
1445:Miles 2011
1433:Hoyos 2007
1421:Hoyos 2007
1406:Hoyos 2000
1394:Hoyos 2007
1364:Hoyos 2007
1352:Hoyos 2007
1328:Hoyos 2007
1289:Hoyos 2000
1265:Hoyos 2015
1241:Miles 2011
1229:Hoyos 2000
1200:Miles 2011
1154:Hoyos 2007
1142:Miles 2011
1125:Miles 2011
1101:Miles 2011
1077:Miles 2011
1036:Hoyos 2000
1012:Hoyos 2007
1000:Hoyos 2015
988:Miles 2011
961:Hoyos 2007
949:Hoyos 2000
913:Hoyos 2007
901:Hoyos 2007
889:Hoyos 2007
877:Hoyos 2007
853:Hoyos 2007
841:Hoyos 2007
800:Hoyos 2015
761:Hoyos 2007
722:Hoyos 2007
662:last stand
586:Carthage.
422:suzerainty
317:Background
272:suzerainty
65:Allegiance
1639:(1993) .
710:Citations
634:Aftermath
627:crucified
536:stratagem
476:elephants
303:crucified
287:elephants
1642:Carthage
1595:(2011).
1545:41234468
1510:(2006).
1488:(2017).
1464:(1999).
696:Hannibal
650:Monastir
623:Hannibal
497:Numidian
493:militias
467:(modern
414:mutinous
363:blockade
351:Carthage
331:Polybius
327:Campania
279:Hamilcar
255:Carthage
243:Campania
227:Spendius
195:Bagradas
78:Service/
47:Campania
25:Spendius
1454:Sources
654:Tunisia
553:Naravas
505:baggage
495:of the
469:Bizerte
283:cavalry
205:The Saw
96:General
1649:
1625:
1603:
1581:
1560:
1543:
1520:
1496:
1474:
610:sortie
488:routed
478:and a
396:Mathos
392:El Kef
371:Senate
367:Sicily
295:parley
291:sortie
268:Mathos
264:mutiny
231:
80:branch
56:238 BC
1541:JSTOR
673:Notes
465:Hippo
461:Utica
410:Tunis
403:Hanno
384:Gisco
325:from
307:Tunis
210:Tunis
190:Utica
59:Tunis
1647:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1472:ISBN
463:and
355:Rome
353:and
285:and
92:Rank
53:Died
43:Born
1537:143
433:War
1667::
1535:.
1413:^
1386:^
1371:^
1296:^
1219:^
1176:^
1161:^
1132:^
1055:^
968:^
819:^
792:^
753:^
652:,
582:.
313:.
1655:.
1631:.
1609:.
1587:.
1566:.
1547:.
1526:.
1502:.
1480:.
702:.
169:e
162:t
155:v
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