908:
580:
136:
888:
163:
831:
935:
853:
4532:
801:
3278:
113:
1618:
Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (n.d.). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and
Gnetales".
4362:
759:, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms, in particular based on
4367:
4500:
1465:"Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants"
1504:
1780:
1958:
4638:
4418:
563:
period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the
535:, the so-called "seed ferns", were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late
4234:
1776:"Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers"
4625:
436:), meaning "to marry". These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae).
1930:
1352:
Jiao, Yuannian; Wickett, Norman J; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms".
302:
4717:
1951:
1412:
4424:
1336:
162:
1925:, 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA, London, UK. 1252 pages.
1717:"Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers"
3319:
2001:
1880:"Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain"
3758:
1996:
4239:
594:
4630:
3689:
2080:
2070:
2053:
1944:
4408:
3995:
3510:
4490:
4244:
771:, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the
4224:
1841:
4643:
907:
579:
4374:
4512:
4357:
3407:
1587:
1570:
1435:
413:
391:
319:
2085:
763:. However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological and fossil papers) have generally shown a
4552:
4342:
4266:
1302:
407:
295:
2989:
4664:
4507:
2048:
1498:
1239:
610:. This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of modern seed plants.
2977:
135:
2983:
4599:
4229:
4081:
3753:
3312:
3281:
3027:
1789:
1728:
1293:
509:, also known as angiosperms or magnoliophytes, the largest and most diverse group of spermatophytes:
2793:
1212:
667:
4712:
4399:
3944:
2995:
2446:
2429:
2339:
2187:
1936:
1327:; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002).
1284:
1257:
1230:
695:
618:
145:
3125:
1266:
1248:
1194:
4590:
4337:
4202:
4071:
3980:
3672:
3458:
3354:
2722:
2473:
2456:
2298:
2182:
2177:
2065:
2043:
2031:
2006:
1644:
1600:
1404:
701:
250:
157:
2805:
1203:
887:
713:
707:
673:
4689:
4679:
4669:
1275:
1221:
689:
425:
4651:
4495:
3344:
3339:
3188:
3089:
3077:
2921:
2900:
2614:
2434:
2365:
2355:
2285:
2075:
2038:
2026:
2016:
1926:
1901:
1860:
1817:
1756:
1712:
1693:
1636:
1592:
1551:
1521:
1486:
1396:
1332:
1133:
985:
830:
683:
524:
In addition to the five living taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many
4656:
4281:
4187:
4182:
4136:
4029:
4014:
3975:
3900:
3741:
3665:
3562:
3504:
3101:
3095:
3059:
2742:
2604:
2489:
2390:
1990:
1891:
1850:
1807:
1797:
1746:
1736:
1683:
1675:
1664:"A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny"
1628:
1582:
1541:
1525:
1476:
1436:"Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology"
1388:
1357:
1182:
1145:
1139:
1121:
718:
355:
122:
1055:
A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the
934:
4722:
4535:
4517:
4379:
4208:
4158:
4146:
4126:
4108:
4044:
3871:
3839:
3800:
3773:
3602:
3597:
3488:
3424:
3305:
3193:
3176:
3083:
2609:
2592:
2375:
2334:
2202:
2192:
2172:
1376:
1170:
1096:
1043:
989:
734:
600:
506:
485:
241:
444:
The extant spermatophytes form five divisions, the first four of which are classified as
1793:
1732:
1375:
Gerrienne, P.; Meyer-Berthaud, B.; Fairon-Demaret, M.; Streel, M.; Steemans, P. (2011).
4429:
4394:
4347:
4329:
4293:
4049:
3876:
3854:
3820:
3795:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3645:
3463:
3448:
3402:
3397:
3113:
3053:
2927:
2894:
2852:
2765:
2693:
2688:
2636:
2106:
2021:
1968:
1688:
1663:
1324:
1157:
1115:
760:
636:
632:
532:
187:
800:
4706:
4465:
4213:
4131:
4103:
4066:
4034:
3970:
3890:
3790:
3592:
3575:
3498:
3478:
3419:
3414:
3362:
3203:
3047:
3010:
2967:
2880:
2856:
2673:
2395:
2370:
2252:
2197:
1812:
1775:
1751:
1716:
1176:
1038:
386:
70:
1648:
1604:
1408:
852:
4460:
4450:
4352:
4076:
4061:
3570:
3537:
3264:
3119:
3107:
2847:
2678:
2668:
2468:
2420:
2293:
1188:
1163:
1151:
1011:
543:
474:
976:
However, the relationships between these groups should not be considered settled.
625:
has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years.
4612:
4584:
4276:
4261:
4256:
4192:
4054:
3834:
3805:
3704:
3699:
3547:
3387:
3382:
3367:
3071:
3065:
2860:
2841:
2799:
2749:
2556:
2499:
2440:
2385:
2318:
2268:
2238:
2220:
2212:
1127:
1109:
1104:
Unassigned extinct spermatophyte orders, some of which qualify as "seed ferns":
1088:
1072:
1030:
903:
644:
568:
513:
497:
458:
452:
403:
359:
354:(i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the
351:
224:
219:
45:
1711:
Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.;
4305:
4298:
4288:
4271:
3954:
3949:
3885:
3677:
3524:
3483:
3377:
3271:
3198:
3166:
3152:
3135:
2683:
2360:
2149:
2140:
1896:
1879:
813:
792:
768:
756:
752:
746:
651:
sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed.
640:
564:
480:
445:
234:
214:
112:
90:
55:
1640:
1596:
17:
4413:
4310:
4039:
3844:
3825:
3736:
3660:
3532:
3473:
3453:
3392:
2936:
2832:
2698:
2582:
2380:
2160:
2129:
1481:
1464:
1392:
1080:
1022:
678:
656:
547:
was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of
536:
470:
229:
127:
95:
4575:
1905:
1864:
1855:
1836:
1821:
1802:
1760:
1741:
1697:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1490:
1400:
665:
was followed shortly after by plants with a more condensed cupule, such as
4569:
4455:
4445:
4389:
4384:
4151:
4024:
4000:
3917:
3587:
3372:
3208:
2641:
2624:
2060:
1679:
882:
643:. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous (wind)
627:
614:
585:
560:
548:
150:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1632:
1361:
3640:
3635:
3552:
3542:
3161:
2864:
2663:
2120:
622:
552:
525:
100:
75:
4617:
1387:(5697). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 856–858.
589:
megasporangium and cupule, resembling a seed without a solid seed coat
4093:
3985:
3939:
3905:
3859:
3849:
3810:
3748:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3328:
1016:
847:
605:
491:
463:
431:
420:
397:
367:
308:
4546:
1463:
Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007).
717:. Some of these Devonian seeds are now classified within the order
639:
bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed
4317:
4251:
4173:
4141:
4098:
3990:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3910:
3895:
3864:
3785:
3443:
3434:
3286:
3147:
2560:
2258:
1972:
1064:
1003:
826:
764:
730:
578:
517:
371:
363:
343:
174:
1835:
Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002).
4604:
4168:
4163:
3815:
3655:
3630:
3625:
3609:
3580:
3468:
2932:
2651:
347:
4550:
3301:
2554:
1940:
1434:
Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007).
4088:
3650:
461:, which includes a single living species of tree in the genus
402:), meaning "visible", in contrast to the term "cryptogam" or "
1921:
Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and
Michael Krings. 2008.
1837:"Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes"
1530:"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"
1331:(2 ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
483:, the gnetophytes, various woody plants in the relict genera
423:
389:
984:
Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single
677:. Seed-bearing plants had diversified substantially by the
655:
has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid
2260:
1774:
Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaële; Claude (2000).
1588:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2
3297:
455:, the cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants,
1923:
Paleobotany: The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
1458:
1456:
1974:
631:, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented
516:, the flowering plants, possess seeds enclosed in a
4559:
4474:
4438:
4328:
4201:
4117:
4013:
3963:
3688:
3618:
3561:
3523:
3497:
3433:
3353:
3175:
3134:
3023:
3008:
2963:
2950:
2913:
2878:
2831:
2818:
2782:
2763:
2731:
2719:
2650:
2623:
2591:
2580:
2498:
2482:
2455:
2418:
2348:
2327:
2315:
2284:
2251:
2229:
2211:
2159:
2139:
2119:
2104:
751:The spermatophytes were traditionally divided into
681:, the last stage of the Devonian. Examples include
1381:Runcaria, A Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor
1781:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1721:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2562:
659:and a system to guide the pollen to the seed.
603:in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about
448:, plants that have unenclosed, "naked seeds":
3313:
1952:
8:
4419:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1878:Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006).
1503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1575:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
595:Evolutionary history of plants § Seeds
279:
4547:
3520:
3320:
3306:
3298:
3277:
3020:
2960:
2956:
2910:
2886:
2828:
2824:
2779:
2775:
2760:
2728:
2716:
2588:
2577:
2573:
2551:
2495:
2479:
2461:
2452:
2415:
2324:
2312:
2281:
2277:
2116:
2112:
2101:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1571:"Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms"
1329:Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach
134:
111:
31:
1895:
1854:
1811:
1801:
1750:
1740:
1687:
1586:
1545:
1480:
4363:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1516:
1514:
1316:
1496:
1415:from the original on February 24, 2011
7:
875:
868:
819:
788:
778:
419: 'hidden'), together with the
528:taxa of seed plants, among those:
25:
4368:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1026:, the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")
505:The fifth extant division is the
4531:
4530:
3276:
933:
906:
886:
851:
829:
799:
747:Gnetophyta § Classification
326: 'plant'), also known as a
161:
1569:James A. Doyle (January 2006).
1469:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3287:Current definitions of Plantae
601:whole genome duplication event
1:
4409:History of plant systematics
3996:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1261:Anderson & Anderson 2003
1252:Anderson & Anderson 2003
1234:Anderson & Anderson 2003
1225:Anderson & Anderson 2003
1207:Anderson & Anderson 2003
635:surrounded by a cupule. The
432:
398:
1057:Superdivision Spermatophyta
755:, or flowering plants, and
4739:
4718:Devonian first appearances
4225:Alternation of generations
1842:American Journal of Botany
1534:American Journal of Botany
744:
729:Seed-bearing plants are a
592:
473:, the conifers, which are
424:
390:
318:
301:
4526:
4375:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4338:Biological classification
3335:
3259:
2959:
2909:
2889:
2827:
2778:
2759:
2715:
2576:
2572:
2550:
2464:
2414:
2311:
2280:
2115:
2100:
1984:
1897:10.1080/10635150600812619
930:
901:
880:
873:
866:
844:
824:
817:
796:
786:
315: 'seed' and
256:
249:
211:
206:
158:Scientific classification
156:
142:
133:
119:
110:
34:
4235:Evolutionary development
3886:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1393:10.1126/science.1102491
1216:Anderson & Anderson
617:(385-million-year-old)
608: million years ago
4501:by author abbreviation
4425:Plant taxonomy systems
4343:Botanical nomenclature
1856:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670
1803:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092
1742:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086
1662:Zi-Qiang Wang (2004).
1547:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
1524:; Soltis, Douglas E.;
1100:, the flowering plants
590:
350:. It is a category of
4665:Paleobiology Database
4508:Botanical expeditions
1482:10.1093/molbev/msm059
1306:E. Taylor et al. 2008
1297:E. Taylor et al. 2008
1288:E. Taylor et al. 2008
1279:E. Taylor et al. 2008
992:for the five groups:
980:Other classifications
745:Further information:
582:
520:, unlike gymnosperms.
477:trees and shrubs, and
4240:Evolutionary history
4230:Double fertilization
4082:Cellular respiration
3282:List of plant orders
3162:Pinopsida (conifers)
3148:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3140:(living gymnosperms)
2637:Leiosporocerotopsida
2356:Nephroselmidophyceae
1303:Dirhopalostachyaceae
621:to seed plants from
575:Evolutionary history
385:is derived from the
27:Clade of seed plants
3459:Non-vascular plants
2990:Archaeopteridopsida
2723:Polysporangiophytes
2447:Klebsormidiophyceae
2430:Mesostigmatophyceae
2376:Chlorodendrophyceae
2340:Pyramimonadophyceae
2294:Prasinodermophyceae
2188:Compsopogonophyceae
1794:2000PNAS...97.4092B
1733:2000PNAS...97.4086C
1633:10.1017/pab.2018.23
1362:10.1038/nature09916
798:(flowering plants)
773:gne-pine hypothesis
146:Acer pseudoplatanus
3964:Surface structures
3759:Flower development
3181:(flowering plants)
3102:Lyginopteridopsida
2895:Eophyllophytopsida
2848:Zosterophyllopsida
2786:Paratracheophytes*
2564:sensu strictissimo
2474:Coleochaetophyceae
2457:Phragmoplastophyta
2299:Palmophyllophyceae
2221:Glaucocystophyceae
2183:Stylonematophyceae
2178:Porphyridiophyceae
1967:Classification of
1884:Systematic Biology
1713:Palmer, Jeffrey D.
1680:10.1093/aob/mch138
1522:Palmer, Jeffrey D.
1377:"Science Magazine"
1240:Hexapterospermales
1198:Taylor et al. 1994
885:(the pine family)
741:Internal phylogeny
591:
149:, a member of the
126:, a member of the
4700:
4699:
4652:Open Tree of Life
4553:Taxon identifiers
4544:
4543:
4183:Herbaceous plants
4009:
4008:
3295:
3294:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3189:Basal angiosperms
3090:Gigantopteridales
3039:seed plant groups
3037:and other extinct
3004:
3003:
2978:Noeggerathiopsida
2946:
2945:
2901:Trimerophytopsida
2874:
2873:
2814:
2813:
2770:(vascular plants)
2735:Protracheophytes*
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2674:Andreaeobryopsida
2615:Jungermanniopsida
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2435:Chlorokybophyceae
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2366:Chloropicophyceae
2307:
2306:
2286:Prasinodermophyta
2247:
2246:
1931:978-0-12-373972-8
1849:(10): 1670–1681.
1540:(10): 1437–1445.
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1134:Gigantopteridales
1092:, the gnetophytes
1034:, the gnetophytes
973:
972:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
919:
918:
737:(tracheophytes).
268:
267:
207:Extant divisions
41:Famennian–Present
16:(Redirected from
4730:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4548:
4534:
4533:
4513:Individual trees
4188:Secondary growth
4159:Succulent plants
4147:Prostrate shrubs
4030:Apical dominance
4015:Plant physiology
3976:Epicuticular wax
3521:
3514:
3505:Plant morphology
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3280:
3279:
3194:Core angiosperms
3182:
3141:
3136:Acrogymnospermae
3114:Peltaspermopsida
3096:Glossopteridales
3078:Corystospermales
3060:Callistophytales
3040:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
2984:Aneurophytopsida
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2911:
2887:
2883:
2842:Barinophytopsida
2829:
2825:
2821:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2743:Horneophytopsida
2734:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2657:
2642:Anthocerotopsida
2630:
2625:Anthocerotophyta
2605:Haplomitriopsida
2598:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2552:
2505:
2496:
2490:Zygnematophyceae
2480:
2462:
2453:
2423:
2416:
2391:Trebouxiophyceae
2361:Picocystophyceae
2325:
2321:
2313:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2166:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2013:
1993:
1978:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1788:(8): 4092–4097.
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1727:(8): 4086–4091.
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1668:Annals of Botany
1659:
1653:
1652:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1590:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1484:
1475:(6): 1366–1379.
1460:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1183:Erdtmanithecales
1146:Lyginopteridales
1140:Glossopteridales
1122:Callistophytales
1048:Angiospermopsida
1044:flowering plants
937:
910:
890:
876:
869:
855:
833:
820:
803:
789:
779:
775:and looks like:
719:Lyginopteridales
609:
507:flowering plants
435:
429:
428:
401:
395:
394:
356:flowering plants
322:
312:
305:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
166:
165:
143:Sycamore maple,
138:
123:Pinus sylvestris
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4522:
4491:Botanical terms
4484:
4470:
4434:
4380:Citrus taxonomy
4358:Author citation
4324:
4218:
4197:
4119:
4113:
4109:Turgor pressure
4017:
4005:
3959:
3774:Floral symmetry
3692:
3684:
3614:
3603:Vascular bundle
3598:Vascular tissue
3557:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3493:
3464:Vascular plants
3429:
3425:Plant pathology
3349:
3331:
3326:
3296:
3291:
3215:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3084:Czekanowskiales
3038:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2964:
2951:
2942:
2914:Moniliformopses
2905:
2879:
2870:
2820:Eutracheophytes
2819:
2810:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2732:
2720:
2703:
2694:Polytrichopsida
2689:Tetraphidopsida
2655:
2654:
2646:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2610:Marchantiopsida
2596:
2595:
2593:Marchantiophyta
2581:
2568:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2478:
2451:
2419:
2402:
2344:
2335:Mamiellophyceae
2316:
2303:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2225:
2207:
2203:Florideophyceae
2193:Rhodellophyceae
2173:Cyanidiophyceae
2164:
2163:
2155:
2135:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2011:
1989:
1980:
1965:
1918:
1916:Further reading
1913:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1495:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1325:Judd, Walter S.
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1294:Hermanophytales
1171:Czekanowskiales
1166:(corystosperms)
982:
974:
965:
956:
947:
932:other conifers
920:
761:vessel elements
749:
743:
735:vascular plants
727:
604:
597:
577:
442:
291:
288:
285:
282:
160:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4661:
4648:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4596:
4581:
4565:
4563:
4561:Spermatophytes
4557:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:Related topics
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4430:Taxonomic rank
4427:
4422:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Botanical name
4340:
4334:
4332:
4330:Plant taxonomy
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4306:Megasporangium
4303:
4302:
4301:
4294:Microsporangia
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4132:Cushion plants
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4067:Plant hormones
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4050:Photosynthesis
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Floral formula
3766:
3764:Floral diagram
3761:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3693:(incl. Flower)
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3593:Storage organs
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Spermatophytes
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Archaeplastida
3446:
3440:
3438:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3403:Phytogeography
3400:
3398:Phytochemistry
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3355:Subdisciplines
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3120:Pentoxylopsida
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3054:Calamopityales
3050:
3043:
3041:
3018:
3011:Spermatophytes
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2968:Progymnosperms
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:Polypodiopsida
2930:
2928:Cladoxylopsida
2924:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2881:Euphyllophytes
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2853:Lycopodiopsida
2850:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2794:Cooksoniopsida
2789:
2787:
2773:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Oedipodiopsida
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2570:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2328:Prasinophytina
2322:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2275:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:incertae sedis
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2107:Archaeplastida
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:Mesomycetozoea
2083:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2022:Diaphoretickes
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1969:Archaeplastida
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1890:(4): 610–622.
1870:
1827:
1766:
1703:
1674:(2): 281–288.
1654:
1627:(3): 490–510.
1610:
1581:(1): 169–209.
1561:
1526:Chase, Mark W.
1510:
1452:
1426:
1367:
1344:
1337:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1213:Axelrodiopsida
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1158:Peltaspermales
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1116:Calamopityales
1112:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1084:, the conifers
1077:
1069:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1008:
981:
978:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
823:
818:
816:
810:
809:
806:
805:
795:
787:
785:
783:Spermatophytes
777:
742:
739:
726:
723:
668:Spermasporites
637:megasporangium
633:megasporangium
593:Main article:
576:
573:
557:
556:
540:
533:Pteridospermae
522:
521:
503:
502:
478:
468:
456:
441:
438:
346:that produces
266:
265:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
209:
208:
204:
203:
201:Spermatophytes
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
154:
153:
140:
139:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4735:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4680:spermatopsida
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4591:Spermatophyta
4586:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4466:Phytochemical
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Transpiration
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:Inflorescence
3889:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:Ground tissue
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:Plant anatomy
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Plant ecology
3418:
3416:
3415:Plant anatomy
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Archaeobotany
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:Bennettitales
3045:
3044:
3042:
3029:
3028:Pteridosperms
3022:
3019:
3015:(seed plants)
3012:
3007:
2997:
2996:Protopityales
2993:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2766:Tracheophytes
2762:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Andreaeopsida
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:(land plants)
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2397:
2396:Chlorophyceae
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Pedinophyceae
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:Chlorophytina
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2253:Viridiplantae
2250:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Bangiophyceae
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Stramenopiles
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:(major groups
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:0-87893-403-0
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:Vojnovskyales
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:Matatiellales
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:Hamshawviales
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:Bennettitales
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:Magnoliophyta
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:Magnoliopsida
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:Spermatophyta
995:
994:
993:
991:
987:
979:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
942:
941:
938:
936:
928:
927:
924:
923:
915:
914:
911:
909:
905:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
884:
878:
877:
871:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
854:
850:
849:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
832:
828:
822:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
802:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:Archaeosperma
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
596:
588:
587:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
530:
529:
527:
519:
515:
512:
511:
510:
508:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
466:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
449:
447:
439:
437:
434:
427:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:Ancient Greek
405:
400:
393:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
304:
300:
297:
296:Ancient Greek
277:
276:spermatophyte
273:
261:
258:
257:
255:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
210:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:Tracheophytes
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
164:
159:
155:
152:
148:
147:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
18:Spermatopsida
4560:
4461:Horticulture
4451:Floriculture
4353:Correct name
4203:Reproduction
4193:Woody plants
4118:Plant growth
4077:Gas Exchange
4062:Phytomelanin
3940:Plant embryo
3690:Reproductive
3538:Phragmoplast
3265:paraphyletic
3177:Angiospermae
3154:
3153:Ginkgoales (
3126:Petriellales
3108:Medullosales
3035:(seed ferns)
2748:
2669:Sphagnopsida
2664:Takakiopsida
2597:(liverworts)
2563:
2557:Embryophytes
2511:(see below↓)
2469:Charophyceae
2439:
2421:Streptophyta
2273:land plants)
2261:
2230:
2148:
2141:Rhodelphidia
2128:
2071:Opisthokonta
1975:
1922:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1724:
1720:
1706:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1624:
1621:Paleobiology
1620:
1613:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1537:
1533:
1499:cite journal
1472:
1468:
1446:
1442:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1384:
1380:
1370:
1353:
1347:
1328:
1319:
1267:Arberiopsida
1249:Hlatimbiales
1195:Petriellales
1189:Pentoxylales
1164:Umkomasiales
1152:Medullosales
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1076:, the ginkgo
1071:
1068:, the cycads
1063:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1012:Ginkgoopsida
1010:
1007:, the cycads
1002:
997:
983:
975:
931:
902:
881:
846:
845:
825:
797:
782:
772:
750:
728:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
672:
666:
662:
661:
652:
648:
626:
612:
598:
584:
558:
544:Glossopteris
542:
523:
504:
496:
490:
484:
475:cone-bearing
462:
443:
416:
411:
406:" (from
383:phanerogamae
382:
378:
376:
339:
335:
332:Phanerogamae
331:
327:
323:
316:
309:
306:
299:
275:
271:
269:
259:Phanerogamae
242:Angiospermae
215:Gymnospermae
200:
194:
181:
144:
121:
120:Scots pine,
29:
4613:iNaturalist
4585:Wikispecies
4277:Pollen tube
4272:Pollinators
4262:Pollination
4257:Germination
4072:Respiration
4055:Chlorophyll
3901:Pedicellate
3835:Gametophyte
3754:Aestivation
3705:Antheridium
3700:Archegonium
3548:Plasmodesma
3525:Plant cells
3388:Paleobotany
3383:Ethnobotany
3368:Astrobotany
3072:Cordaitales
3066:Caytoniales
2952:Lignophytes
2935:(ferns and
2861:spikemosses
2800:Rhyniopsida
2750:Aglaophyton
2629:(hornworts)
2500:Embryophyta
2483:Anydrophyta
2441:Spirotaenia
2386:Ulvophyceae
2319:Chlorophyta
2269:green algae
2239:Algospongia
2213:Glaucophyta
2165:(red algae)
1270:Doweld 2001
1243:Doweld 2001
1128:Caytoniales
1110:Cordaitales
1073:Ginkgophyta
1065:Cycadophyta
1004:Cycadopsida
904:Gnetophytes
814:Gymnosperms
793:Angiosperms
769:gymnosperms
757:gymnosperms
753:angiosperms
733:within the
702:Hydrasperma
645:pollination
583:Drawing of
569:angiosperms
567:, when the
551:during the
514:Angiosperms
498:Welwitschia
459:Ginkgophyta
453:Cycadophyta
446:gymnosperms
440:Description
404:cryptogamae
360:gymnosperms
352:embryophyte
340:Phaenogamae
294:; from
262:Phaenogamae
225:Ginkgophyta
220:Cycadophyta
35:Seed plants
4713:Superphyla
4707:Categories
4299:Microspore
4289:Sporangium
4267:Artificial
3955:Sporophyte
3950:Sporophyll
3945:Receptacle
3840:Gynandrium
3710:Androecium
3619:Vegetative
3489:Angiosperm
3484:Gymnosperm
3378:Dendrology
3199:Magnoliids
3167:Gnetopsida
2937:horsetails
2865:quillworts
2857:clubmosses
2833:Lycophytes
2806:Renaliales
2583:Bryophytes
2161:Rhodophyta
2150:Rhodelphis
1443:Strelitzia
1312:References
1204:Avatiaceae
1089:Gnetophyta
1031:Gnetopsida
714:Warsteinia
708:Aglosperma
674:Moresnetia
641:integument
571:radiated.
565:Cretaceous
481:Gnetophyta
379:phanerogam
362:, but not
342:), is any
328:phanerogam
289:seed plant
272:seed plant
235:Gnetophyta
4496:Botanists
4414:Herbarium
4311:Megaspore
4209:Evolution
4152:Subshrubs
4120:and habit
4045:Nutrition
4040:Cellulose
4035:Bulk flow
4018:Materials
3981:Epidermis
3845:Gynoecium
3826:Endosperm
3821:Dispersal
3737:Staminode
3673:Sessility
3661:Cataphyll
3581:Mesophyll
3533:Cell wall
3474:Lycophyte
3454:Bryophyte
3408:Geobotany
3393:Phycology
2699:Bryopsida
2652:Bryophyta
2381:UTC clade
2130:Picomonas
2066:Amoebozoa
2044:Alveolata
2032:Cryptista
2007:Eukaryota
1641:0094-8373
1597:1095-5674
1419:March 22,
1276:Iraniales
1222:Alexiales
1081:Pinophyta
1023:Pinopsida
996:Division
725:Phylogeny
690:Xenotheca
679:Famennian
657:seed coat
619:precursor
613:A middle
537:Paleozoic
471:Pinophyta
417:(kruptós)
377:The term
336:phaenogam
310:spérmatos
303:σπέρματος
230:Pinophyta
171:Kingdom:
128:Pinophyta
4687:SEINet:
4570:Wikidata
4536:Category
4456:Forestry
4446:Agronomy
4439:Practice
4390:Cultivar
4385:Cultigen
4245:timeline
4137:Rosettes
4025:Aleurone
4001:Trichome
3918:Perianth
3730:Filament
3588:Meristem
3511:glossary
3373:Bryology
3209:Eudicots
3204:Monocots
2922:Ibykales
2656:(mosses)
2561:Plantae
2259:Plantae
2061:Amorphea
2039:Rhizaria
2027:Hacrobia
2017:Excavata
2002:Bacteria
1973:Plantae
1906:16969937
1865:21665594
1822:10760278
1761:10760277
1715:(2000).
1698:15229124
1649:91488394
1605:86302668
1556:21652302
1528:(2004).
1491:17383970
1449:: 1–280.
1413:Archived
1409:34269432
1401:15514154
986:division
883:Pinaceae
684:Elkinsia
663:Runcaria
653:Runcaria
649:Runcaria
628:Runcaria
615:Devonian
586:Runcaria
561:Triassic
549:Gondwana
399:phanerós
358:and the
324:(phytón)
251:Synonyms
151:Eudicots
4657:7058445
4605:8665119
4214:Ecology
3971:Cuticle
3801:Capsule
3791:Anatomy
3742:Tapetum
3666:Petiole
3641:Rhizome
3636:Rhizoid
3563:Tissues
3553:Vacuole
3543:Plastid
3345:Outline
3340:History
3272:extinct
2121:Picozoa
2076:Animals
1997:Archaea
1790:Bibcode
1729:Bibcode
1689:4242163
990:classes
988:, with
623:Belgium
559:By the
555:period.
553:Permian
526:extinct
486:Ephedra
414:κρυπτός
392:φανερός
338:(taxon
334:) or a
330:(taxon
283:
175:Plantae
4723:Plants
4690:170633
4631:846504
4618:505248
4576:Q25814
4518:Plants
4421:(IAPT)
4174:Lianas
4142:Shrubs
4094:Starch
3986:Nectar
3906:Raceme
3872:Stigma
3860:Locule
3850:Carpel
3811:Pyrena
3749:Flower
3725:Anther
3720:Stamen
3715:Pollen
3437:groups
3329:Botany
3267:groups
3155:Ginkgo
2863:&
2721:
2317:
2054:Plants
1991:Domain
1929:
1904:
1863:
1820:
1810:
1759:
1749:
1696:
1686:
1647:
1639:
1603:
1595:
1554:
1489:
1407:
1399:
1354:Nature
1335:
1042:, the
1017:ginkgo
1015:, the
848:Ginkgo
827:Cycads
711:, and
495:, and
492:Gnetum
464:Ginkgo
421:suffix
368:mosses
4677:PPE:
4670:55350
4644:58024
4478:Lists
4395:Group
4318:Spore
4252:Flora
4169:Vines
4164:Trees
4127:Habit
4099:Sugar
3991:Stoma
3933:Sepal
3928:Petal
3923:Tepal
3911:Umbel
3896:Bract
3877:Style
3865:Ovule
3855:Ovary
3796:Berry
3786:Fruit
3779:Whorl
3646:Shoot
3444:Algae
3435:Plant
2271:&
2081:Fungi
1813:18159
1752:18157
1645:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1439:(PDF)
1405:S2CID
1046:, or
765:clade
731:clade
518:fruit
433:gaméō
426:γαμέω
410:
387:Greek
372:algae
370:, or
364:ferns
348:seeds
344:plant
320:φυτόν
298:
195:Clade
182:Clade
4639:NCBI
4626:ITIS
4400:Grex
4282:Self
3816:Seed
3678:Stem
3656:Leaf
3631:Root
3626:Bulb
3610:Wood
3571:Cork
3469:Fern
3270:† =
2262:s.s.
1976:s.l.
1927:ISBN
1902:PMID
1861:PMID
1818:PMID
1757:PMID
1694:PMID
1637:ISSN
1593:ISSN
1552:PMID
1505:link
1487:PMID
1421:2011
1397:PMID
1333:ISBN
671:and
280:lit.
46:PreꞒ
4600:EoL
4089:Sap
3806:Nut
3651:Bud
2559:or
2257:or
1971:or
1892:doi
1851:doi
1808:PMC
1798:doi
1747:PMC
1737:doi
1684:PMC
1676:doi
1629:doi
1583:doi
1579:133
1542:doi
1477:doi
1389:doi
1385:306
1358:doi
1059:):
767:of
705:",
699:, "
606:319
381:or
274:or
4709::
4667::
4654::
4641::
4628::
4615::
4602::
4587::
4572::
2859:,
1900:.
1888:55
1886:.
1882:.
1859:.
1847:89
1845:.
1839:.
1816:.
1806:.
1796:.
1786:97
1784:.
1778:.
1755:.
1745:.
1735:.
1725:97
1723:.
1719:.
1692:.
1682:.
1672:94
1670:.
1666:.
1643:.
1635:.
1625:44
1623:.
1599:.
1591:.
1577:.
1573:.
1550:.
1538:91
1536:.
1532:.
1513:^
1501:}}
1497:{{
1485:.
1473:24
1471:.
1467:.
1455:^
1447:20
1445:.
1441:.
1411:.
1403:.
1395:.
1383:.
1379:.
1356:.
721:.
693:,
687:,
647:.
599:A
489:,
374:.
366:,
270:A
197::
184::
96:Pg
3513:)
3509:(
3321:e
3314:t
3307:v
3263:*
3157:)
3124:†
3118:†
3112:†
3106:†
3100:†
3094:†
3088:†
3082:†
3076:†
3070:†
3064:†
3058:†
3052:†
3046:†
3031:*
3025:†
2994:†
2988:†
2982:†
2976:†
2970:*
2965:†
2939:)
2926:†
2920:†
2899:†
2893:†
2867:)
2855:(
2846:†
2840:†
2804:†
2798:†
2792:†
2784:†
2747:†
2741:†
2733:†
2267:(
2088:)
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1933:.
1908:.
1894::
1867:.
1853::
1824:.
1800::
1792::
1763:.
1739::
1731::
1700:.
1678::
1651:.
1631::
1607:.
1585::
1558:.
1544::
1507:)
1493:.
1479::
1423:.
1391::
1364:.
1360::
1341:.
1301:†
1292:†
1283:†
1274:†
1265:†
1256:†
1247:†
1238:†
1229:†
1220:†
1211:†
1202:†
1193:†
1187:†
1181:†
1175:†
1169:†
1162:†
1156:†
1150:†
1144:†
1138:†
1132:†
1126:†
1120:†
1114:†
1108:†
539:.
501:.
467:,
430:(
396:(
313:)
307:(
292:'
286:'
278:(
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
