102:
134:
873:
382:
core with secondary xylem tissue present in some species. The leaves, which can be several centimeters long, are borne on each node in whorls (called verticels) and are wedge-shaped, fan-shaped, linear, or forked. Reproductive parts are either long terminal cones (consisting of two lobes, a sterile
361:
Sphenophyllales are small, slender branching plants, usually growing to a height of less than 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. The long stems range from 0.5 cm (0.20 in) to 1.2 cm (0.47 in) in diameter. The stems are jointed and ribbed with weak
416:
958:
739:
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133:
1049:
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or shrub-like when alive, and formed a portion of the understory in
Carboniferous forests. The stem anatomy is
111:
1024:
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120:
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128:
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831:(4). Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences; BioOne, www.bioone.org: 723â732.
963:
832:
427:
371:
363:
322:
101:
820:
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158:
993:
821:"Two New Carboniferous Fertile Sphenophylls and their Spores from the Czech Republic"
456:
431:
412:
350:
300:
206:
116:
59:
610:
588:
447:
223:
940:
450:-important spores found near them). This results in species that may actually by
920:
469:
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34:
911:
346:
330:
79:
44:
384:
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696:. Vol. V. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier International. p. 1637.
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39:
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64:
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379:
145:
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of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day
178:
168:
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472:
are shown in the cladogram below. The possible position of
791:
Thomas N. Taylor; Edith L. Taylor; Michael Krings (2009).
422:
Sphenophyllalean taxonomy is often derived from isolated
426:
parts of plants and classification may be based on the
793:
Paleobotany:the biology and evolution of fossil plants
694:
Grolier
Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
819:
Milan LibertĂn; JiĹĂ Bek & Jana DrĂĄbkovĂĄ (2008).
895:
407:Sphenophyllales was first described by the British
383:lower lobe and the fertile upper lobe bearing the
855:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
720:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
8:
366:, making it probable that these plants were
454:. Sphenophyllales is typified by the genus
349:, with most of the fossils coming from the
883:
419:words ĎĎΎν ("wedge") and ĎĎΝΝον ("leaf").
109:Fossil leaves and branches of the species
100:
20:
836:
767:. Middlesex, England: The Echo Library.
684:
786:
784:
814:
812:
446:(mainly the fossilized cones and the
7:
333:). They are fossils dating from the
603:
580:
557:
537:
512:
486:
479:
378:-like), containing a solid primary
341:. They were common during the Late
468:The probable relationships within
14:
853:"Introduction to the Sphenophyta"
718:"Introduction to Sphenophyllales"
415:in 1898. The name comes from the
871:
132:
1:
825:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
692:Sybil P. Parker, ed. (1986).
795:. Academic Press, New York.
395:, with monolete or trilete
1066:
1035:Devonian first appearances
764:Darwin and Modern Science
608:
601:
585:
578:
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542:
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491:
484:
219:
214:
129:Scientific classification
127:
108:
99:
23:
1010:Prehistoric plant orders
112:Sphenophyllum miravallis
391:. All sphenophylls are
761:Seward, A. C. (2006).
972:Paleobiology Database
880:at Wikimedia Commons
838:10.4202/app.2008.0414
1050:Pennsylvanian plants
1045:Mississippian plants
1040:Triassic extinctions
1020:Carboniferous plants
121:Universiteit Utrecht
119:. Collection of the
566:Archaeocalamitaceae
522:Pseudobornia ursina
294:Sphenophyllostachys
438:plant parts (like
987:
986:
889:Taxon identifiers
876:Media related to
802:978-0-12-373972-8
740:"Sphenophyllales"
675:
674:
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665:
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629:
621:
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544:â Sphenophyllales
448:stratigraphically
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30:DevonianâTriassic
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980:
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954:
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742:. Access Science
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476:has been added.
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27:Temporal range:
21:
1065:
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1030:Triassic plants
1015:Devonian plants
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927:Sphenophyllales
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897:Sphenophyllales
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878:Sphenophyllales
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444:fructifications
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319:Sphenophyllales
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245:Columnisporites
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24:Sphenophyllales
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16:Order of plants
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11:
5:
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1025:Permian plants
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411:and geologist
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321:is an extinct
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179:Polypodiopsida
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774:1-4068-0480-0
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703:0-7172-8525-1
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457:Sphenophyllum
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
413:Albert Seward
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
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386:
381:
377:
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365:
356:
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351:Carboniferous
348:
347:Early Permian
344:
343:Pennsylvanian
340:
336:
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328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:Sphenophyllum
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247:
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238:Cheirostrobus
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159:Tracheophytes
157:
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126:
122:
118:
117:Carboniferous
114:
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56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
896:
870:
857:. Retrieved
847:
828:
824:
792:
763:
756:
744:. Retrieved
734:
722:. Retrieved
712:
693:
687:
611:Equisetaceae
609:
589:Calamitaceae
586:
563:
543:
520:
518:
494:
492:
473:
467:
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421:
406:
360:
318:
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287:Sentistrobus
285:
278:
271:
266:Peltastrobus
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
224:Hamatophyton
222:
220:
201:
152:
110:
18:
1005:Fern orders
921:Wikispecies
470:Equisetidae
393:homosporous
387:) or loose
372:protostelic
357:Description
327:Equisetales
308:Xihuphyllum
273:Rinistachya
189:Equisetidae
1000:Horsetails
994:Categories
746:27 January
724:27 January
679:References
452:synonymous
428:morphology
424:fossilized
331:horsetails
231:Bowmanites
185:Subclass:
165:Division:
464:Phylogeny
385:sporangia
280:Rotafolia
142:Kingdom:
948:BioLib:
912:Q2899203
906:Wikidata
409:botanist
403:Taxonomy
389:strobili
353:period.
339:Triassic
335:Devonian
259:Lilpopia
115:, Upper
859:31 July
436:sterile
432:anatomy
337:to the
215:Genera
195:Order:
175:Class:
146:Plantae
977:249934
941:223967
799:
771:
700:
440:leaves
397:spores
364:habits
209:, 1898
207:Seward
964:11393
959:IRMNG
951:61464
496:Ibyka
474:Ibyka
442:) or
417:Greek
380:xylem
323:order
153:Clade
936:APNI
861:2011
797:ISBN
769:ISBN
748:2011
726:2011
698:ISBN
499:(?)
430:and
376:root
368:vine
35:Preę
833:doi
434:of
345:to
996::
974::
961::
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923::
908::
829:53
827:.
823:.
811:^
783:^
460:.
399:.
155::
123:.
85:Pg
863:.
841:.
835::
805:.
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750:.
728:.
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