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269:" capture silk and "fluffy" capture silk, depending on the type of spider. Webs may be in a vertical plane (most orb webs), a horizontal plane (sheet webs), or at any angle in between. It is hypothesized that these types of aerial webs co-evolved with the evolution of winged insects. As insects are spiders' main prey, it is likely that they would impose strong selectional forces on the foraging behavior of spiders. Most commonly found in the sheet-web spider families, some webs will have loose, irregular tangles of silk above them. These tangled obstacle courses serve to disorient and knock down flying insects, making them more vulnerable to being trapped on the web below. They may also help to protect the spider from predators such as
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moving inward, the spider methodically replaces this spiral with a more closely spaced one made of adhesive threads. It uses the initial radiating lines as well as the non-sticky spirals as guide lines. The spaces between each spiral and the next are directly proportional to the distance from the tip of its back legs to its spinners. This is one way the spider uses its own body as a measuring/spacing device. While the sticky spirals are formed, the non-adhesive spirals are removed as there is no need for them any more.
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119:. Many spiders build webs specifically to trap and catch insects to eat. However, not all spiders catch their prey in webs, and some do not build webs at all. The term "spider web" is typically used to refer to a web that is apparently still in use (i.e., clean), whereas "cobweb" refers to a seemingly abandoned (i.e., dusty) web. However, the word "cobweb" is also used by biologists to describe the tangled three-dimensional web of some spiders of the family
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For example, if a spider has chosen to wait along the outer edges of its web, it may spin a non-sticky prey or signal line to the web hub to monitor web movement. However, in the course of spinning sticky strands, spiders have to touch these sticky strands. They do this without sticking by using careful movements, dense hairs and nonstick coatings on their feet to prevent adhesion.
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187:. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it. Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime.
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Spiders do not usually adhere to their own webs, because they are able to spin both sticky and non-sticky types of silk, and are careful to travel across only non-sticky portions of the web. However, they are not immune to their own glue. Some of the strands of the web are sticky, and others are not.
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The spider, after spinning its web, then waits on or near the web for a prey animal to become trapped. The spider senses the impact and struggle of a prey animal by vibrations transmitted through the web. A spider positioned in the middle of the web makes for a highly visible prey for birds and other
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After the radials are complete, the spider fortifies the center of the web with about five circular threads. It makes a spiral of non-sticky, widely spaced threads to enable it to move easily around its own web during construction, working from the inside outward. Then, beginning from the outside and
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The web was completed the following day. The crew members were prompted to expand the initial protocol. They fed and watered the spiders, giving them a house fly. The first web was removed on August 13 to allow the spider to construct a second web. At first, the spider failed to construct a new web.
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balances the two methods of running and web spinning in its feeding habits. This spider weaves a small net which it attaches to its front legs. It then lurks in wait for potential prey and, when such prey arrives, lunges forward to wrap its victim in the net, bite and paralyze it. Hence, this spider
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Many webs span gaps between objects which the spider could not cross by crawling. This is done by first producing a fine adhesive thread to drift on a faint breeze across a gap. When it sticks to a surface at the far end, the spider feels the change in the vibration. The spider reels in and tightens
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Webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down, making it an efficient method of gathering food. However these energy savings are somewhat offset by the fact that constructing the web is in itself energetically costly, due to the large amount of protein required
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After the spider has completed its web, it chews off the initial three center spiral threads then sits and waits, usually with the head facing downwards. If the web is broken without any structural damage during the construction, the spider does not make any initial attempts to rectify the problem.
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After strengthening the first thread, the spider continues to make a Y-shaped netting. The first three radials of the web are now constructed. More radials are added, making sure that the distance between each radial and the next is small enough to cross. This means that the number of radials in a
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in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and thus become inefficient at capturing prey. It is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some of the energy used in spinning. Through ingestion and digestion, the silk proteins are thus recycled.
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When scientists were given the opportunity to study the webs, they discovered that the space webs were finer than normal Earth webs, and although the patterns of the web were not totally dissimilar, variations were spotted, and there was a definite difference in the characteristics of the web.
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use environmental humidity to keep the capture silk soft and tacky. The glue balls are multifunctional – that is, their behavior depends on how quickly something touching a glue ball attempts to withdraw. At high velocities, they function as an elastic solid, resembling rubber; at lower
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The figure on the left is an optical microscope image of glue balls. The second figure from left is a scanning ion secondary electron image of the glue balls. The two figures on the right are the scanning ion secondary electron images before and after adhesion of the substrate to the glue
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In Brazil, there have been two instances of a phenomenon that became known as "raining spiders"; communal webs made by "social" spiders that cover such wide gaps and which strings are so difficult to see that hundreds of spiders seem to be floating in the air. The first occurred in
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Others manage to use the signaling-snare technique of a web without spinning a web at all. Several types of water-dwelling spiders rest their feet on the water's surface in much the same manner as an orb-web user. When an insect falls onto the water and is ensnared by
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period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs. Spiders gradually started using silk for hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, and eventually as the aerial webs that are familiar today.
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Zhou, J., Lai, J., Menda, G., Stafstrom, J.A., Miles, C.I., Hoy, R.R. and Miles, R.N., 2022. Outsourced hearing in an orb-weaving spider that uses its web as an auditory sensor. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 119(14), p.e2122789119.
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Additionally, while the webs were finer overall, the space web had variations in thickness in places: some places were slightly thinner, and others slightly thicker. This was unusual, because Earth webs have been observed to have uniform thickness.
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mission. The aim of the experiment was to test whether the two spiders would spin webs in space, and, if so, whether these webs would be the same as those that spiders produced on Earth. The experiment was a student project of Judy Miles of
833:), perched on the shield surrounding the number "1". This perception is enhanced by the resemblance of the background image of intertwining fine lines to a stylized spider web. However, other observers believe the figure is an owl.
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315:, which builds a horizontal web. During the process of making an orb web, the spider will use its own body for measurements. There is variation in web construction among orb-weaving spiders, in particular, the species
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Becker, Nathan; Oroudjev, Emin; Mutz, Stephanie; Cleveland, Jason P.; Hansma, Paul K.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y.; Makarov, Dmitrii E.; Hansma, Helen G. (2003). "Molecular nanosprings in spider capture-silk threads".
814:. In films, illustration, and other visual arts, spider webs may be used to readily suggest a "spooky" atmosphere, or imply neglect or the passage of time. Artificial "spider webs" are a common element of
467:, were created on fabrics consisting of layered and wound cobwebs, stretched over cardboard to make a mat, and strengthened by brushing with milk diluted in water. A small brush was then used to apply
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environment. Both spiders took a long time to adapt to their weightless existence. However, after a day, Arabella spun the first web in the experimental cage, although it was initially incomplete.
474:
In traditional
European medicine, cobwebs were used on wounds and cuts to reduce bleeding and aid healing. This use was recorded in ancient Greece and Rome, and was mentioned in Shakespeare's
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the first strand, then carefully walks along it and strengthens it with a second thread. This process is repeated until the thread is strong enough to support the rest of the web.
345:; many day-hunting orb-web spinners reduce this risk by hiding at the edge of the web with one foot on a signal line from the hub or by appearing to be inedible or unappetizing.
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Later experiments indicated that having access to a light source could orient the spiders and enable them to build their normal asymmetric webs when gravity was not a factor.
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The web is electrically conductive which causes the silk threads to spring out to trap their quarry, as flying insects tend to gain a static charge which attracts the silk.
1861:"Synthesis and Characterization of Wound Dressing Material from Bio-Wastes Impregnated with the Spider Web and the Ethanolic Weaves Extract of Mangifera indica (L.)"
355:
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The notable tensile strength of spider webs is often exaggerated in science fiction, often as a plot device to justify the presence of artificially giant spiders.
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into a box that resembled a window frame. The spiders proceeded to construct their web while a camera took photographs and examined the spiders' behavior in a
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Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its own function – there are also spiders with just one pair and others with as many as four pairs.
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to the cobwebs, or custom tools to create engravings. Fewer than a hundred cobweb paintings survive today, most of which are held in private collections.
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web directly depends on the size of the spider plus the size of the web. It is common for a web to be about 20 times the size of the spider building it.
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935:
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There are a few types of spider webs found in the wild, and many spiders are classified by the webs they weave. Different types of spider webs include:
1529:
Briceno, R.; Eberhard, W. (2012). "Spiders avoid sticking to their webs: clever leg movements, branched drip-tip setae, and anti-adhesive surfaces".
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When given more water, it built a second web. This time, it was more elaborate than the first. Both spiders died during the mission, possibly from
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to restrain enemies and to make ropes on which to swing between buildings as quick transportation. Some incarnations of the character, such as
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expends less energy catching prey than a primitive hunter such as the wolf spider. It also avoids the energy loss of weaving a large orb web.
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Lateef, A.; Ojo, S. A.; Azeez, M. A.; Asafa, T. B.; Yekeen, T. A.; Akinboro, A.; Oladipo, I. C.; Gueguim-Kana, E. B.; Beukes, L. S. (2016).
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have been detected in the glue balls of some spider webs. Presumably these toxins help immobilize prey, but their function could also be
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Veerabahu, Subbukutti; Ethirajulu, Sailatha; Sethu, Gunasekaran; Janarthanan, Uma Devi Kumba; Singaravelu, Ganesan (10 June 2021).
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Blackledge, T.A.; Coddington, J.A.; Gillespie, R.G. (January 2003). "Are three-dimensional spider webs defensive adaptations?".
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often featured the symbol of a spider web, meant to symbolise the fragility as well as the perseverance of the protesters.
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Some spiders use their webs for hearing, where the giant webs function as extended and reconfigurable auditory sensors.
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during the 2010 monsoon drove spiders above the waterline, into trees. The result was trees covered with spider webs.
31:
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696:
1810:"Studies on the use of recombinant spider silk protein/polyvinyl alcohol electrospinning membrane as wound dressing"
1693:
Tahir, H. M.; Rakha, A.; Mukhtar, M. K.; Yaqoob, R.; Samiullah, K.; Samiullah, K.; Ahsan, M. M. (31 December 2017).
691:
or of spiders building webs to spread out from one another. There is no consensus on how common this occurrence is.
446:, an intertidal species, use their web to trap air under water, where they can stay submerged long periods of time.
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The stickiness of spiders' webs is due to droplets of glue suspended on the silk threads. Orb-weaver spiders, e.g.
2001:"Hygroscopic compounds in spider aggregate glue remove interfacial water to maintain adhesion in humid conditions"
1368:
1114:
Blackedge, T. A.; Scharff, N.; Coddington, J. A.; Szuts, T.; Wenzel, J. W.; Hayashi, C. Y.; Agnarsson, I. (2009).
2458:
2712:
2655:
1951:
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Vollrath, F.; Selden, P. (December 2007). "The role of behavior in the evolution of spiders, silks, and webs".
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art, often symbolizing long periods of time spent in prison, or used simply to fill gaps between other images.
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individuals can collectively construct an aggregated web system to counter bird predation from all directions.
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1999:
Singla, Saranshu; Amarpuri, Gaurav; Dhopatkar, Nishad; Blackledge, Todd A.; Dhinojwala, Ali (May 22, 2018).
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Anotaux, M.; Marchal, J.; Châline, N.; Desquilbet, L.; Leborgne, R.; Gilbert, C.; Pasquet, A. (2012-11-01).
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velocities, they simply act as a sticky glue. This allows them to retain a grip on attached food particles.
44:
38:
484:, which is essential in blood clotting, and their large surface area is also thought to help coagulation.
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1746:
A guide to the musical instruments of
Cameroun: classification, distribution, history and vernacular names
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1331:"The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae:Nephilidae) in the Australasian region"
1208:
Bond, J. E.; Opell, B. D. (1998). "Testing adaptive radiation and key innovation hypotheses in spiders".
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is thus named because of its tangled and interlaced structure, said to resemble that of a spider web.
1714:"Effects of D-Amphetamine Sulphate and Diasepam on Thread Connection Fine Structure in a Spider's Web"
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127:, they actually have a huge range of web architectures; other names for this spider family include
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The effects of some drugs can be measured by examining their effects on a spider's web-building.
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1903:"Cobweb as a novel biomaterial for the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles"
1443:
1251:
Penalver, E.; Grimaldi, D. A.; Delclos, X. (2006). "Early
Cretaceous spider web with its prey".
806:
594:, or protection from ants or other animals that steal from the webs or might attack the spider.
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609:. Its microstructure is under investigation for potential applications in industry, including
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2382:"Spider web-building in outer space: Evaluation of records from the Skylab spider experiment"
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480:. Spider webs have been shown to significantly reduce wound healing times. They are rich in
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Not all use their webs for capturing prey directly, instead pouncing from concealment (e.g.
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Most orb weavers construct webs in a vertical plane, although there are exceptions, such as
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Spider webs have existed for at least 100 million years, as witnessed in a rare find of
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is known for its characteristic missing sector web crossed by a single signal thread.
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After the launch on July 28, 1973, and entering Skylab, the spiders were released by
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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This article is about structures created from spider silk. For other uses, see
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1116:"Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era"
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1952:"Loss of phosphate determines the versatility of a spider orb-web glue ball"
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750:(cross spiders) called Arabella and Anita, as part of an experiment on the
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Occasionally, a group of spiders may build webs together in the same area.
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435:, the spider can detect the vibrations and run out to capture the prey.
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1790:. Science Magazine, American Association for the Advancement of Science
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The Tommy Dot: Example of using spider silk for telescopic rifle sights
1695:"Evaluation of wound-healing potential of spider silk using mice model"
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Zhao, Liang; Chen, Denglong; Yao, Qinghua; Li, Min (2 November 2017).
78:
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2355:"'Raining spiders': airborne arachnids appear over south-east Brazil"
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often have holes covered with spider webs to create a buzzing sound.
180:
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83:
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978:"Oxford Dictionaries - The World's Most Trusted Dictionary Provider"
400:
A soldier ant finds itself entangled in the web of a garden spider.
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Many species also spin threads of silk to catch the wind and then
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Tubular webs, which run up the bases of trees or along the ground
2523:
Space
Station Spiders Found a Hack to Build Webs Without Gravity
1670:"Chance meeting leads to the creation of antibiotic spider silk"
1593:
Webs under water: The really bizarre lives of intertidal spiders
464:
457:, which began during the 16th century in a remote valley of the
274:
270:
98:
2644:
56:
Infographic illustrating the process of constructing an orb web
825:
Some observers believe that a small spider is depicted on the
2380:
Witt, P.N.; Scarboro, M.B.; Peakall, D.B.; Gause, R. (1976).
804:
Spider webs play a crucial role in the 1952 children's novel
2430:
Animals in Space: From
Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle
1719:. North Carolina Department of Mental Health. Archived from
2056:
Sahni, Vasav; Blackledge, Todd A.; Dhinojwala, Ali (2010).
168:
When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early
2640:
2508:, The Science of Nature, 108, 1 (2021), pdf available via
2505:
Spiders in space—orb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity
1009:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrasierCottonYenney2009 (
1329:
Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007).
735:
has an effect on the structure of spider webs in space.
2568:"Spider-Man Technology from Science Fiction to Reality"
224:
Spiral orb webs, associated primarily with the family
1173:
Craig, C. L. (1997). "Evolution of arthropod silks".
650:, Pakistan, many trees were covered with spider webs.
2235:. Independent News and Media Limited. Archived from
1950:
Zhao, Yue; Morita, Masato; Sakamoto, Tetsuo (2019).
505:
Spider web strands have been used for crosshairs or
2897:
2866:
2773:
2730:
2678:
2058:"Viscoelastic solids explain spider web stickiness"
1005:
941:
Garden
Orbweaver with beetle prey caught in its web
238:Tangle webs or cobwebs, associated with the family
1617:"Cobweb Art a Triumph of Whimsy Over Practicality"
1458:"Ask Smithsonian: How do Spiders Make Their Webs?"
780:The first web spun by the spider Arabella in orbit
1473:"Spider orientation and hub position in orb webs"
843:Artificial spider webs are used by the superhero
855:, are shown to be able to produce organic webs.
82:, meaning "spider") is a structure created by a
1604:How diving bell spiders can breathe under water
958:Effect of psychoactive drugs on animals#Spiders
829:, in the upper-right corner of the front side (
818:decorations. Spider webs are a common image in
520:military protection, wound dressings and other
2502:Zschokke, S., Countryman, S., Cushing, P. E.,
902:weaving the web. See the silk coming from the
265:may be used in web construction, including a "
2656:
2543:"Top 10 Images Hidden on the One Dollar Bill"
37:"Cobweb" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1024:
1022:
1020:
872:uses the fragility of the spider's web as a
516:spider silk has led to the manufacturing of
244:Funnel webs, with associations divided into
2599:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFairhall2006 (
1398:"Ageing alters spider orb-web construction"
411:) or running them down in open chase (e.g.
2663:
2649:
2641:
2510:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-01708-8
2433:. Chichester UK: Praxis. pp. 323–26.
1868:Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry
1768:. Popular Science. April 1955. p. 216
709:individuals; the second was registered in
683:, measured 200 yards (180 m) across.
123:. While this large family is known as the
2229:"A spider's web that could catch an F-16"
2081:
2032:
1967:
1926:
1835:
1825:
1149:
1139:
1090:
849:the version in the Sam Raimi film trilogy
531:Spider webs can be used as a single step
2594:
1788:"Spinning spider silk into startup gold"
1444:"Spider - Spider webs | Britannica"
1043:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221
2107:"The shocking secret of a spider's web"
969:
887:
810:. Webs are also featured in many other
687:believe it may be the result of social
351:
27:Structure created by a spider from silk
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
1786:Service, Robert F. (18 October 2017).
1582:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212278911
153:Clearly visible spider silk production
2632:Beautiful Spider Web Build Time-lapse
2427:Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (2007).
2353:Kaiser, Anna Jean (11 January 2019).
2281:"Spider web engulfs Texas park trail"
2133:"Orb Weavers may spin poisonous webs"
1814:International Journal of Nanomedicine
7:
2259:"Trees Cocooned in Webs After Flood"
1699:Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
646:After severe, extensive flooding in
361:A typical orb web constructed by an
48:A classic circular form spider's web
2131:Wilcox, Christie (29 August 2020).
1647:. 10 September 2008. Archived from
731:It has been observed that being in
384:Australian garden orb weaver spider
2283:. Associated Press. 30 August 2007
863:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
675:One such web, reported in 2007 at
25:
2227:Connor, Steve (18 January 2002).
1615:Hock, Lauren (13 November 2008).
1471:Zschokke, S., Nakata, K. (2010).
1006:Brasier, Cotton & Yenney 2009
2923:
2922:
2721:
2324:"It's Raining Spiders in Brazil"
2155:"GM goat spins web based future"
2105:Whipple, Tom (17 January 2014).
1641:"German pharmacist used cobwebs"
1308:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00384.x
934:
918:
890:
717:, in January 2019, and involved
549:
543:Physical and chemical properties
376:
354:
176:Spiders produce silk from their
876:, comparing it to the faith of
512:Development of technologies to
427:on the wind to a new location.
97:, generally meant to catch its
2455:"Spiders in Space on Skylab 3"
1075:"The evolution of spider webs"
812:cultural depictions of spiders
628:needed to make this material.
277:. It is reported that several
1:
1701:– via The Free Library.
1414:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.017
1187:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.231
861:Posters used by the women at
827:United States one-dollar bill
578:moisture absorbing properties
2484:www.guinnessworldrecords.com
624:and bacteria to produce the
572:, coat their threads with a
386:, after having captured prey
183:located at the tip of their
2760:List of families of spiders
2457:. About.com. Archived from
2257:Than, Ker (31 March 2011).
1175:Annual Review of Entomology
1031:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst
658:The communal spider web at
261:Several different types of
32:Spider Web (disambiguation)
2970:
2157:. BBC News. 21 August 2000
2113:. Times Newspapers Limited
2025:10.1038/s41467-018-04263-z
1880:10.33263/BRIAC122.19982012
1712:Jackson, Robert R (1974).
909:located at the tip of the
635:
142:
36:
29:
2918:
2719:
1928:10.1007/s13204-015-0492-9
1551:10.1007/s00114-012-0901-9
1500:10.1007/s00114-009-0609-7
1073:Kaston, B.J. (May 1964).
738:Spider webs were spun in
711:Espírito Santo do Dourado
477:A Midsummer Night's Dream
2480:"Guinness World Records"
2395:(2): 115. Archived from
1335:Invertebrate Systematics
757:Lexington, Massachusetts
703:, in 2013, and involved
697:Santo Antônio da Platina
677:Lake Tawakoni State Park
660:Lake Tawakoni State Park
617:. Researchers have used
601:than the same weight of
597:Spider silk has greater
341:predators, even without
216:at the center of the web
2765:Lists of spider species
2334:Smithsonian Institution
1753:Educational Foundation.
1621:Northwestern University
1265:10.1126/science.1126628
1141:10.1073/pnas.0901377106
748:European garden spiders
746:, involving two female
76:(from the archaic word
39:Cobweb (disambiguation)
2306:www.badspiderbites.com
1969:10.2116/analsci.18P480
781:
662:
651:
576:aggregate. The glue's
401:
301:
217:
165:
161:Spider web covered in
154:
57:
49:
2062:Nature Communications
2011:(1890 (2018)): 1890.
2005:Nature Communications
1743:Blench, Roger. 2009.
1377:Table Grape Spider ID
779:
657:
645:
399:
296:
205:
160:
152:
55:
47:
2322:(18 February 2013).
670:flooding in Pakistan
632:Communal spider webs
619:genetically modified
569:Larinioides cornutus
305:Orb web construction
298:Larinioides cornutus
2879:Cultural depictions
2582:"UCSB Science Line"
2532:, December 10, 2020
2302:"Giant Spider Webs"
2263:National Geographic
2190:2003NatMa...2..278B
2074:2010NatCo...1E..19S
2017:2018NatCo...9.1890S
1956:Analytical Sciences
1919:2016ApNan...6..863L
1907:Applied Nanoscience
1543:2012NW.....99..337B
1531:Naturwissenschaften
1492:2010NW.....97...43Z
1480:Naturwissenschaften
1132:2009PNAS..106.5229B
1092:10.1093/icb/4.2.191
982:Oxford Dictionaries
929:, Western Australia
925:Spiral orb webs in
899:Opadometa fastigata
720:Parawixia bistriata
133:comb-footed spiders
2083:10.1038/ncomms1019
1827:10.2147/IJN.S47256
1079:American Zoologist
782:
706:Anelosimus eximius
663:
652:
611:bullet-proof vests
440:diving bell spider
417:net-casting spider
402:
302:
218:
166:
155:
129:tangle-web spiders
93:extruded from its
58:
50:
2936:
2935:
2867:Human interaction
2597:, pp. 40–41.
2520:Dvorsky, George,
2440:978-0-387-36053-9
2269:on April 3, 2011.
2111:The Times: Nature
1371:Uloborus diversus
1259:(5781): 1761–61.
605:and much greater
318:Zygiella x-notata
312:Uloborus diversus
294:
16:(Redirected from
2961:
2926:
2925:
2725:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2308:. 8 August 2007.
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:. Archived from
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2178:Nature Materials
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1971:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1874:(2): 1998–2012.
1865:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1408:(5): 1113–1121.
1402:Animal Behaviour
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
984:. Archived from
974:
938:
922:
894:
599:tensile strength
553:
490:In northeastern
455:Cobweb paintings
409:trapdoor spiders
380:
358:
295:
106:Early Cretaceous
21:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2914:
2910:Web decorations
2893:
2889:Spider fighting
2862:
2858:Urticating hair
2808:Cheliceral fang
2769:
2726:
2717:
2674:
2669:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2547:Terrific Top 10
2541:
2540:
2536:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2233:The Independent
2226:
2225:
2221:
2198:10.1038/nmat858
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2055:
2054:
2050:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1692:
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1687:
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1668:
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1623:
1614:
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1609:
1602:
1598:
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1578:
1574:
1528:
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1523:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1347:10.1071/is05016
1328:
1327:
1323:
1296:Ecology Letters
1293:
1292:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1222:10.2307/2411077
1207:
1206:
1202:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1126:(13): 5229–34.
1113:
1112:
1108:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1008:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
976:
975:
971:
966:
949:
942:
939:
930:
923:
914:
895:
886:
853:Spider-Man 2099
807:Charlotte's Web
802:
742:in 1973 aboard
740:low Earth orbit
729:
640:
634:
613:and artificial
564:
563:
562:
559:
554:
545:
522:medical devices
509:in telescopes.
498:in traditional
452:
433:surface tension
394:
387:
381:
372:
359:
343:web decorations
307:
300:builds its web.
286:
280:Nephila pilipes
214:web decorations
200:
147:
141:
139:Silk production
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2954:Spider anatomy
2951:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2708:Classification
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2621:
2620:
2606:
2587:
2573:
2570:. 2 July 2021.
2559:
2534:
2513:
2495:
2471:
2446:
2439:
2412:
2372:
2345:
2311:
2293:
2272:
2249:
2219:
2167:
2146:
2123:
2097:
2048:
1991:
1962:(6): 645–649.
1942:
1913:(6): 863–874.
1893:
1851:
1800:
1778:
1755:
1751:Kay Williamson
1736:
1704:
1685:
1661:
1632:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1572:
1521:
1463:
1449:
1435:
1388:
1360:
1321:
1286:
1243:
1200:
1165:
1106:
1085:(2): 191–207.
1065:
1056:
1016:
998:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
933:
931:
924:
917:
915:
896:
889:
885:
882:
838:World Wide Web
801:
798:
728:
725:
689:cobweb spiders
636:Main article:
633:
630:
556:
555:
548:
547:
546:
544:
541:
526:consumer goods
451:
448:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
375:
373:
360:
353:
306:
303:
259:
258:
255:
252:
242:
236:
230:Tetragnathidae
199:
196:
140:
137:
125:cobweb spiders
115:, in southern
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Arachnophobia
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Cephalothorax
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Arthropod leg
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Opisthothelae
2753:
2751:
2750:Mygalomorphae
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Araneomorphae
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2615:"Quran 29:41"
2610:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:Fairhall 2006
2591:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2461:on 2011-10-21
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2402:on 2019-11-21
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:Nuwer, Rachel
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2239:on 2008-01-22
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:(4): 278–83.
2183:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:: 8103–8114.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:. Cambridge:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1726:on 2010-09-17
1722:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1651:on 2008-06-16
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:(4): 337–41.
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:(2): 403–14.
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
999:
988:on 2005-11-20
987:
983:
979:
973:
970:
963:
959:
956:
954:
953:Filter feeder
951:
950:
946:
937:
932:
928:
921:
916:
912:
908:
905:
901:
900:
893:
888:
883:
881:
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875:
871:
866:
864:
859:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
799:
797:
794:
790:
788:
778:
774:
772:
768:
767:Owen Garriott
765:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
733:Earth's orbit
726:
724:
723:individuals.
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
692:
690:
686:
685:Entomologists
682:
678:
673:
671:
666:
661:
656:
649:
644:
639:
638:Social spider
631:
629:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
592:antimicrobial
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
570:
558:
552:
542:
540:
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2793:Calamistrum
2698:Cannibalism
2680:Arachnology
2389:J. Arachnol
2329:Smithsonian
787:dehydration
727:Low gravity
588:Neurotoxins
574:hygroscopic
494:, cow horn
240:Theridiidae
212:sitting on
145:Spider silk
121:Theridiidae
91:spider silk
2943:Categories
2905:Spider web
2803:Chelicerae
2745:Mesothelae
2688:Ballooning
2553:2017-12-23
2489:2017-12-23
2465:2010-08-13
2406:2013-01-25
2366:2019-02-21
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2117:2014-01-20
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1655:2008-09-10
1626:2008-11-13
1382:2017-06-10
1341:(5): 407.
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1037:: 819–46.
992:2018-03-16
964:References
845:Spider-Man
800:In culture
607:elasticity
500:xylophones
496:resonators
469:watercolor
257:Sheet webs
234:Uloboridae
163:hoar frost
143:See also:
95:spinnerets
62:spider web
2853:Spinneret
2813:Cribellum
2788:Book lung
2703:Evolution
2636:BBC Earth
1978:0910-6340
1937:138160768
1888:241004125
1645:Channel 4
1422:0003-3472
1355:1445-5226
1210:Evolution
904:spinneret
878:idolators
816:Halloween
764:astronaut
518:prototype
482:vitamin K
450:Human use
369:Araneidae
246:primitive
226:Araneidae
178:spinneret
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2928:Category
2843:Scopulae
2833:Pedipalp
2732:Taxonomy
2713:Glossary
2693:Behavior
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367:(family
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