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144:. If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly.
625:
489:
336:
167:. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a "flip lip" and/or dissipator basin, which creates a
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38:
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229:
186:
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Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers within the spillway are at high risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure. Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in
139:
In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over the top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the
398:
Third, a stilling basin at the terminus of a spillway serves to further dissipate energy and prevent erosion. They are usually filled with a relatively shallow depth of water and sometimes lined with concrete. A number of velocity-reducing components can be incorporated into their design to include
135:
An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway, it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is controlled only by the height of water above the reservoir's spillway. The fraction of storage volume in the
318:
with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or
296:
The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the
287:
uses the difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such
305:
One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the
208:
have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the use of new construction materials (e.g.
326:
bases their requirements on the probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probable maximum precipitation (PMP). The PMP is the largest precipitation thought to be physically possible in the upstream watershed. Dams of lower hazard may be allowed to have an IDF less than the PMF.
131:
A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow. This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates.
955:
Non-Aerated
Skimming Flow Properties on Stepped Chutes over Small Embankment Dams in Hydraulic Structures: a Challenge to Engineers and Researchers, Proceedings of the International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic
79:
to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such features enable a spillway to regulate downstream flow—by releasing water in a controlled manner before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent an unacceptably large release later.
422:
351:. Failure to dissipate the water's energy can lead to scouring and erosion at the dam's toe (base). This can cause spillway damage and undermine the dam's stability. To put this energy in perspective, the spillways at
472:
288:
design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets.
260:), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.
217:) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.
438:
526:
136:
reservoir above the spillway crest can only be used for the temporary storage of floodwater; it cannot be used as water supply storage because it sits higher than the dam can retain it.
94:
Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods, when the reservoir has reached its capacity and water continues entering faster than it can be released. In contrast, an
408:
place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream.
114:
pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.
612:
163:
A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an
140:
reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a
1240:
390:
A ski jump can direct water horizontally and eventually down into a plunge pool, or two ski jumps can direct their water discharges to collide with one another.
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Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design.
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83:
Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams and outlets of channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through
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structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of the flood is sometimes expressed as a
1087:
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256:, where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the
1442:
314:
is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an
1291:
981:
912:
1411:
267:
in
Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a 64-by-12-foot (19.5 by 3.7 m) ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in
210:
240:
271:
reservoir in
Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in
315:
1113:
1009:"Analysis of the Impact of Effective Length of Morning Glory Spillway on Its Performance (Numerical Study)"
117:
1452:
1265:
861:
765:
411:
The sudden closure of a spillway gate can result in the stranding of fish, and this is usually avoided.
153:
1065:
275:, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring 105 ft (32 m) in diameter at the lake's surface.
98:
is a structure used to control water release on a routine basis for purposes such as water supply and
64:, typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as
268:
263:
Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in the world is at
233:
190:
723:(2001–2002). "Historical Development of Stepped Cascades for the Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy".
675:
670:
68:. Spillways ensure that water does not damage parts of the structure not designed to convey water.
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1216:
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1357:
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111:
1356:. IAHR Monograph, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, The Netherlands, 168 pages.
1139:
913:"Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators for Embankment Dams"
1020:
857:
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665:
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552:
367:
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could, at full capacity, produce 40,000 MW; about 10 times the capacity of its power plant.
344:
264:
205:
180:
99:
939:
Hydraulic Design of
Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators for Embankment Dams
335:
537:
959:. St. Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland, Division of Civil Engineering. p. 205.
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The energy can be dissipated by addressing one or more parts of a spillway's design.
37:
1447:
1431:
307:
257:
253:
194:
941:. Impact of Converging Chute Walls for Roller Compacted Concrete Stepped Spillways.
572:
464:
366:
First, on the spillway surface itself by a series of steps along the spillway (see
228:
122:
95:
84:
42:
1091:
1141:
The Bureau of
Reclamation: history essays from the centennial symposium, Volume 1
56:
is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from a
660:
514:
352:
185:
953:
618:
The spillway at
Monticello Dam, Lake Berryessa, in operation. February 19, 2017
499:
479:
164:
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650:
631:
533:
272:
141:
76:
72:
1326:(4. ed., repr. ed.). London : Taylor & Francis. pp. 244–260.
1415:
880:"Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators"
518:
236:
since its construction in 1955 such that it resembles a natural formation
17:
1025:
1008:
482:'s Arizona side channel drum-gate spillway (left) during the 1983 floods
495:
198:
88:
399:
chute blocks, baffle blocks, wing walls, surface boils, or end sills.
284:
214:
31:
980:
Ratnayaka, Don D.; Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael (2009).
792:
Hydraulic Design of
Stepped Cascades, Channels, Weirs and Spillways
334:
239:
227:
184:
116:
61:
46:
128:
The two main types of spillways are controlled and uncontrolled.
1420:- information, images, and construction information about the
1266:"Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)"
1007:
Sabeti, Parham; Karami, Hojat; Sarkardeh, Hamed (2019-06-30).
378:
Second, at the base of a spillway, a flip bucket can create a
57:
848:
Rajaratnam, N. (1990). "Skimming Flow in
Stepped Spillways".
27:
Structure for controlled release of flows from a dam or levee
986:(6th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 177.
1041:"Lake Berryessa, Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region"
428:
Lake
Berryessa overflowing into the glory hole spillway at
30:"Spillways" redirects here. For the song by Ghost, see
297:
dam directly through tunnels to the river downstream.
586:
Bell-mouth spillway of Hungry Horse Dam in operation.
444:
A labyrinth spillway and a fish ladder (left) of the
343:
As water passes over a spillway and down the chute,
339:
232:Vegetation has grown in the bell mouth spillway at
747:"Hydraulics of Stepped Spillways: Current Status"
536:(bottom) and an auxiliary ogee spillway (top) at
696:"Chute spillways, The Engineering of Large Dams"
1241:"INFLOW DESIGN FLOODS FOR DAMS AND RESERVOIRS"
937:S.L. Hunt, S.R. Abt & D.M. Temple (2008).
902:
900:
825:The Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways
494:A labyrinth spillway entrance (bottom) at the
171:, protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.
815:
813:
811:
8:
1386:. Dordrecht u.a.: Kluwer. pp. 213–218.
1064:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from
1353:Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures
1185:Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
952:I. Meireles; J. Cabrita; J. Matos (2006).
252:A bell-mouth spillway is designed like an
1024:
1315:
1313:
1146:United States Government Printing Office
634:bell-mouth spillway exposed at low water
189:A stepped chute baffled spillway of the
110:A spillway is located at the top of the
36:
862:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:4(587)
766:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:9(636)
686:
551:Semicircular spillways of Ohzuchi Dam (
418:
121:Cross-section of typical spillway with
1293:Irrigation and Water Power Engineering
1217:"Hydraulic Design, Types of Spillways"
1383:Energy dissipators and hydraulic jump
324:United States Army Corps of Engineers
7:
1296:. Firewall Media. pp. 500–501.
725:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
25:
1013:Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie
850:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
754:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
623:
611:
591:
579:
560:
544:
525:
506:
487:
471:
456:
437:
421:
1043:. Dept. of Interior. 2017-12-15
1114:"Hungry Horse Project History"
206:Stepped channels and spillways
1:
513:An ogee-type spillway at the
463:Spillway with flip bucket at
1191:(3): 915–930. Archived from
1119:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
382:and deflect water upwards.
312:100-year recurrence interval
1138:Storey, Brit Allan (2008).
532:An emergency spillway with
248:, California, in March 2017
1469:
178:
151:
29:
1178:"Design of Volute Siphon"
347:converts into increasing
211:roller-compacted concrete
1176:Rao, Govinda NS (2008).
598:A drop inlet in use at
567:Low-height spillway of
244:Glory hole spillway in
340:
319:property downstream.
249:
237:
202:
125:
71:Spillways can include
49:
338:
301:Design considerations
243:
231:
188:
154:Open channel spillway
148:Open channel spillway
120:
40:
1443:Hydraulic structures
1323:Hydraulic structures
983:Twort's water supply
316:exceedance frequency
224:Bell-mouth spillway
191:Yeoman Hey Reservoir
1026:10.18280/i2m.180217
676:Oroville Dam crisis
671:Toddbrook Reservoir
1320:Novak, P. (2008).
1222:. Rowan University
1062:"Hungry Horse Dam"
694:Henry H., Thomas.
341:
331:Energy dissipation
250:
238:
203:
126:
50:
41:Chute spillway of
1393:978-0-7923-1508-7
1363:978-1-138-02755-8
1333:978-0-415-38625-8
1303:978-81-7008-084-8
1271:. WMO. p. 26
1155:978-0-16-081822-6
993:978-0-7506-6843-9
966:978-1-86499-868-9
834:978-90-5809-352-3
801:978-0-08-041918-3
646:Dam safety system
269:Covão dos Conchos
234:Covão dos Conchos
66:overflow channels
16:(Redirected from
1460:
1419:
1414:. Archived from
1412:"The Glory Hole"
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698:. Archived from
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666:Tailrace fishing
656:Stepped spillway
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491:
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368:stepped spillway
345:potential energy
265:Hungry Horse Dam
181:Stepped spillway
175:Stepped spillway
100:hydroelectricity
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1290:Punmia (1992).
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1112:Stene, Eric A.
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1068:on 13 June 2011
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1422:Lake Berryessa
1418:on 2011-06-01.
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1404:External links
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1424:glory hole.
1348:Chanson, H.
909:Chanson, H.
876:Chanson, H.
827:. Balkema.
661:Fish ladder
553:Shiga Pref.
515:Crystal Dam
374:Flip bucket
353:Tarbela Dam
292:Other types
1432:Categories
1226:2010-07-05
1202:2013-12-19
1161:1 November
1123:1 November
1098:2016-10-04
1072:1 November
1047:2019-03-08
956:Structures
821:H. Chanson
788:H. Chanson
743:H. Chanson
721:H. Chanson
706:2010-07-05
682:References
500:New Mexico
480:Hoover Dam
165:ogee curve
77:fuse plugs
73:floodgates
1438:Spillways
774:0733-9429
651:Reservoir
632:Geehi Dam
534:fuse plug
273:Geehi Dam
142:fuse plug
112:reservoir
18:Spillways
1380:(1992).
1350:(2015).
911:(2007).
878:(2001).
823:(2002).
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640:See also
555:, Japan)
519:Colorado
386:Ski jump
89:moraines
87:such as
54:spillway
1275:5 April
1250:5 April
1246:. USACE
496:Ute Dam
415:Gallery
215:gabions
199:England
193:in the
45:dam in
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403:Safety
285:siphon
258:flower
32:Impera
1269:(PDF)
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1181:(PDF)
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883:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
604:circa
571:with
362:Steps
106:Types
62:levee
47:Wales
1448:Dams
1388:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1277:2019
1252:2019
1163:2010
1150:ISBN
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