Artificial turf - Knowledge (XXG)

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long throws fielders could deliberately bounce the ball in front of the player they were throwing to, with the certainty that it would travel in a straight line and not be deflected to the right or left. The biggest impact on the game of "turf", as it came to be called, was on the bodies of the players. The artificial surface, which was generally placed over a concrete base, had much less give to it than a traditional dirt and grass field did, which caused more wear-and-tear on knees, ankles, feet, and the lower back, possibly even shortening the careers of those players who played a significant portion of their games on artificial surfaces. Players also complained that the turf was much hotter than grass, sometimes causing the metal spikes to burn their feet or plastic ones to melt. These factors eventually provoked a number of stadiums, such as the

322: 702: 1245:, using local data on extant pitches, found that, per hour of use, natural turf had the lowest environmental footprint, followed by artificial turf with no infill, and then artificial turf using an infill (e.g. granulated rubber). However, because it could tolerate more hours of use, unfilled artificial turf often had the lowest environmental footprint in practice, by reducing the total number of pitches required. The study recommended optimising the use of existing pitches before building new ones, and choosing the best surface for the likely intensity of use. Another suggestion is the introduction of 1233:

environment, water-cooling of artificial turf can demand as much water as natural turf. However, a 2022 study that used real-world data to model a ten-year-life-cycle environmental footprint for a new natural-turf soccer field compared with an artificial-turf field found that the natural-turf field contributed twice as much to global warming as the artificial one (largely due to a more resource-intensive construction phase), while finding that the artificial turf would likely cause more pollution of other kinds. It promoted improvements to usual practice such as the substitution of

392:. Early AstroTurf baseball fields used the traditional all-dirt path, but starting in 1970 with Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium, teams began using the "base cutout" layout on the diamond, with the only dirt being on the pitcher's mound, batter's circle, and in a five-sided diamond-shaped "sliding box" around each base. With this layout, a painted arc would indicate where the edge of the outfield grass would normally be, to assist fielders in positioning themselves properly. The last stadium in MLB to use this configuration was 400: 1151: 544:, which did so in 2015. As of 2021, 14 NFL fields out of 30 are artificial. NFL players overwhelmingly prefer natural grass over synthetic surfaces, according to a league survey conducted in 2010. When asked, "Which surface do you think is more likely to shorten your career?", 90% responded artificial turf. When players were asked "Is the Turf versus Grass debate overblown or a real concern" in an anonymous player survey, 83% believe it is a real concern while 12.3% believe it is overblown. 4619: 921:

used to it in that way ... I think grass or turf you can still pull up sore after a game so it's definitely about getting the recovery in and getting it right", Foord said. A lawsuit was filed on 1 October 2014 in an Ontario tribunal court by a group of women's international soccer players against FIFA and the Canadian Soccer Association and specifically points out that in 1994 FIFA spent $ 2 million to plant natural grass over artificial turf in

741:(1986–1994). QPR had been the first team to install an artificial pitch at their stadium in 1981, but were the first to remove it when they did so in 1988. Artificial pitches were banned from top-flight (then First Division) football in 1991, forcing Oldham Athletic to remove their artificial pitch after their promotion to the First Division in 1991, while then top-flight Luton Town also removed their artificial pitch at the same time. The last 151: 143: 1067: 38: 1034:, it came to be used for tennis courts, both indoor and outdoor, though only a small minority of courts use the surface. Both infill and non-infill versions are used, and are typically considered medium-fast to fast surfaces under the International Tennis Federation's classification scheme. A distinct form found in tennis is an "artificial clay" surface, which seeks to simulate a 684: 311: 135: 159: 776:

made in several grounds meeting with FIFA approval. A team of UEFA, FIFA and German company Polytan conducted tests in the Stadion Salzburg Wals-Siezenheim in Salzburg, Austria which had matches played on it in UEFA Euro 2008. It is the second FIFA 2 Star approved artificial turf in a European domestic top flight, after Dutch club

1427:" when the big toe is involved, is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players. Artificial turf is a harder surface than grass and does not have much "give" when forces are placed on it. 1163:

homeowners have been fined, ordered to remove artificial turf and/or had to defend themselves in courts. Many of these restrictions can be found in local bylaws and ordinances. These not always applied in a consistent manner, especially in municipalities that utilize a complaint-based model for enforcing local laws.

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installing and maintaining grass greens, but are much more similar to real grass in appearance and feel compared to sand greens which are the traditional alternative surface. Because of the vast areas of golf courses and the damage from clubs during shots, it is not feasible to surface fairways with artificial turf.

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The major concerns stem from the infill material that is typically derived from scrap tires. Tire rubber crumb contains a range of organic contaminants and heavy metals that can volatilize into the air and/or leach into the percolating rainwater, thereby posing a potential risk to the environment and

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The first major academic review of the environmental and health risks and benefits of artificial turf was published in 2014; it was followed by extensive research on possible risks to human health, but holistic analyses of the environmental footprint of artificial turf compared with natural turf only

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Microplastics are increasingly seen as an environmental problem of global proportions. While the focus to date has been on microplastics in the ocean and their effects on marine life, microplastics in soils have largely been overlooked. Researchers are concerned about the lack of knowledge regarding

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analyzed the chemicals found in samples of tire crumbs, some used to install school athletic fields, and identified 92 chemicals only about half of which had ever been studied for their health effects and some of which are known to be carcinogenic or irritants. It stated "caution would argue against

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The use of artificial grass for convenience sometimes faces opposition: Legislation frequently seeks to preserve natural gardens and fully water permeable surfaces, therefore restricting the use of hardscape and plantless areas, including artificial turf. In several locations in different countries,

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Since the early 1990s, the use of synthetic grass in the more arid western states of the United States has moved beyond athletic fields to residential and commercial landscaping. New water saving programs, as of 2019, which grant rebates for turf removal, do not accept artificial turf as replacement

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said that after playing 90 minutes there was no difference to her post-match recovery – a view shared by the rest of the squad. The squad spent much time preparing on the surface and had no problems with its use in Winnipeg. "We've been training on turf pretty much all year so I think we're kind of

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and by many domestic football associations, though, in recent years, both governing bodies have expressed resurrected interest in the use of artificial surfaces in competition, provided that they are FIFA Recommended. UEFA has now been heavily involved in programs to test artificial turf, with tests

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The use of artificial turf in conjunction with changes in the game's rules (e.g., the removal of offside, introduction of rolling substitutes and the self-pass, and to the interpretation of obstruction) have contributed significantly to change the nature of the game, greatly increasing the speed and

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Field hockey artificial turf differs from artificial turf for other sports, in that it does not try to reproduce a grass feel, being made of shorter fibers. This allows the improvement in speed brought by earlier artificial turfs to be retained. This development is problematic for areas which cannot

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The biggest difference in play on artificial turf was that the ball bounced higher than on real grass and also traveled faster, causing infielders to play farther back than they would normally so that they would have sufficient time to react. The ball also had a truer bounce than on grass so that on

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took place entirely on artificial surfaces, as the event was played in Canada, where almost all of the country's stadiums use artificial turf due to climate issues. This plan garnered criticism from players and fans, some believing the artificial surfaces make players more susceptible to injuries.

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In 2009, FIFA launched the Preferred Producer Initiative to improve the quality of artificial football turf at each stage of the life cycle (manufacturing, installation and maintenance). Currently, there are five manufacturers that were selected by FIFA: Act Global, Limonta, Desso, GreenFields, and

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In the 1990s, many North American soccer clubs also removed their artificial surfaces and re-installed grass, while others moved to new stadiums with state-of-the-art grass surfaces that were designed to withstand cold temperatures where the climate demanded it. The use of artificial turf was later

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dug up its grass pitch and installed an artificial one. Others followed, and by the mid-1980s there were four artificial surfaces in operation in the English league. They soon became a national joke: the ball pinged round like it was made of rubber, the players kept losing their footing, and anyone

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during the 2000 and 2001 seasons. This would be the first of a leaguewide trend taking place over the next several seasons that would not only result in teams already using artificial surfaces for their fields switching to the new FieldTurf or other similar surfaces but would also see several teams

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as a term for any artificial turf. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available for the first home game. There was not enough for the entire outfield, but there was enough to cover the traditional grass portion of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt

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are an example of an English football club who currently use a third-generation artificial pitch. In 2018, Sutton United were close to achieving promotion to the Football League and the debate in England about artificial pitches resurfaced again. It was reported that, if Sutton won promotion, they

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A number of health and safety concerns have been raised about artificial turf. Friction between skin and older generations of artificial turf can cause abrasions and/or burns to a much greater extent than natural grass. Artificial turf tends to retain heat from the sun and can be much hotter than

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analyzed lead and other metals in dust kicked into the air by physical activity on five artificial turf fields. The results suggest that even low levels of activity on the field can cause particulate matter containing these chemicals to get into the air where it can be inhaled and be harmful. The

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argued that "regular physical activity during adolescence and early adulthood helps prevent cancer later in life. Restricting the use or availability of all-weather year-round synthetic fields and thereby potentially reducing exercise could, in the long run, actually increase cancer incidence, as

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Artificial turf gained a bad reputation globally, with fans and especially with players. The first-generation artificial turf surfaces were carpet-like in their look and feel, and thus, a far harder surface than grass and soon became known as an unforgiving playing surface that was prone to cause

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to the sand. Compared to earlier systems, modern artificial turf more closely resembles grass in appearance and is also considered safer for athletic competition. However, it is still not widely considered to be equal to grass. Sports clubs, leagues, unions and individual athletes have frequently

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Synthetic turf can also be used in the golf industry, such as on driving ranges, putting greens and even in some circumstances tee boxes. For low budget courses, particularly those catering to casual golfers, synthetic putting greens offer the advantage of being a relatively cheap alternative to

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In 1988, the Roughriders replaced the first artificial turf with a new type of system called OmniTurf. Unlike AstroTurf, OmniTurf was an inlay turf system, which relied on 300 tons of sand to hold it in place (rather than the traditional glued-down system). Over the years, a number of problems

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Artificial turf has been shown to contribute to global warming by absorbing significantly more radiation than living turf and, to a lesser extent, by displacing living plants that could sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis; a study at New Mexico State University found that in that

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began to emerge in the 2020s, and frameworks to support informed policymaking were still lacking. Evaluating the relative environmental footprints of natural and artificial turf is complex, with outcomes depending on a wide range of factors, including (to give the example of a sports field):

663:. Since being introduced in the 1970s, competitions in western countries are now mostly played on artificial surfaces. This has increased the speed of the game considerably and changed the shape of hockey sticks to allow for different techniques, such as reverse stick trapping and hitting. 3746:

researchers have ranked the sources of microplastic particles by size. The amount of microplastic particles emitted by traffic is estimated to 13 500 tonnes per year. Artificial turf ranks as the second largest source of emissions and is responsible for approximately 2300-3900 tonnes per

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are considering using an artificial hybrid grass to replace their natural lawn courts. Such systems incorporate synthetic fibers into natural grass to create a more durable surface on which to play. Such hybrid surfaces are currently used for some association football stadiums, including

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and substitutes for solar radiation are prohibitively expensive and energy-intensive. Disadvantages include increased risk of injury especially when used in athletic competition, as well as health and environmental concerns about the petroleum and toxic chemicals used in its manufacture.

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to artificial turf for the 2019 season; the stadium had grass from its opening in 1998 until 2018, but the difficulty of maintaining the grass in the stadium, which has a retractable roof and is located in a desert city, was cited as the reason for the switch. In 2020, Miami's

1373:) gained a particularly high profile in the first decades of the twenty-first century and attracted extensive study, with scientific reports around 2020 finding cancer-risks in modern artificial turf negligible. But concerns have extended to other human-health risks, such as 3814:"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) …/… of XXX amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards synthetic polymer microparticles" 1385:

authors state that since no level of lead exposure is considered safe for children, "only a comprehensive mandated testing of fields can provide assurance that no health hazard on these fields exists from lead or other metals used in their construction and maintenance."

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There is some evidence that periodic disinfection of artificial turf is required as pathogens are not broken down by natural processes in the same manner as natural grass. Despite this, a 2006 study suggests certain microbial life is less active in artificial turf.

863:, defended the reasoning behind using artificial turf because the stadium was designed to be "environment friendly and as such, having grass would result using too much water." Some players criticized the field, saying its harder surface caused many injuries. When 3109:" (Wädenswil: ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, 2021); cf. "Ökobilanzierung von Rasensportfeldern: Natur-, Kunststoff- und Hybridrasen der Stadt Zürich im Vergleich" (Wädenswil: ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, 2020), 831:

FIFA designated a star system for artificial turf fields that have undergone a series of tests that examine quality and performance based on a two star system. Recommended two-star fields may be used for FIFA Final Round Competitions as well as for

274:, but this failed miserably and the field conditions were grossly inadequate during the second half of the season, with the dead grass painted green. Due to a limited supply of the new artificial grass, only the infield was installed before the 1349:

What is less clear is how likely this pollution is in practice to harm humans or other organisms and whether these environmental costs outweigh the benefits of artificial turf, with many scientific papers and government agencies (such as the

3733: 593:, which installed 3M TartanTurf in 1970. Today, eight of the nine stadiums in the CFL currently use artificial turf, largely because of the harsh weather conditions in the latter-half of the season. The only one that does not is 1550:

This sense of the word has come to be frequently used as a generic term for any artificial turf (in the same way that other brand names have been genericized, such as xerox). When used this way, it's often seen in lowercase

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Shalat SL. An evaluation of potential exposures to lead and other metals as the result of aerosolized particulate matter from artificial turf playing fields. 2011. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.

896:; and after winning promotion in 2021 Sutton Utd were also obliged to tear up their artificial pitch and replace it with grass, at a cost of more than £500,000. Artificial pitches are permitted in all rounds of the 1016:, have incorporated a hybrid field, with grass and synthetic fibers used on the surface. This allows for the field to be much more hard wearing, making it less susceptible to weather conditions and frequent use. 1441: 2487: 2408: 870:

In November 2011, it was reported that a number of English football clubs were interested in using artificial pitches again on economic grounds. As of January 2020, artificial pitches are not permitted in the

1342:. As early as 2007, Environment and Human Health, Inc., a lobby-group, proposed a moratorium on the use of ground-up rubber tires in fields and playgrounds based on health concerns; in September 2022, the 1166:

Sunlight reflections from nearby windows can cause artificial turf to melt. This can be avoided by adding perforated vinyl privacy window film adhesive to the outside of the window causing the reflection.

427:. All other remaining artificial turf stadiums were either converted to third-generation surfaces or were replaced entirely by new natural grass stadiums. In a span of 13 years, between 1992 and 2005, the 1136:

Artificial grass is used to line the perimeter of some sections of some motor circuits, and offers less grip than some other surfaces. It can pose an obstacle to drivers if it gets caught on their car.

297:. More than 11,000 artificial turf playing fields have been installed nationally. More than 1,200 were installed in the U.S. in 2013 alone, according to the industry group the Synthetic Turf Council. 713:

clubs in Europe installed synthetic surfaces in the 1980s, which were called "plastic pitches" (often derisively) in countries such as England. There, four professional club venues had adopted them;

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environments. In Norway, Sweden, and at least some other places, the rubber granulate from artificial turf infill constitutes the second largest source of microplastics in the environment after the

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Artificial turf has been used at airports. Here it provides several advantages over natural turf – it does not support wildlife, it has high visual contrast with runways in all seasons, it reduces

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fibers into the turf. This would allow for runway lighting to be embedded in artificial landing surfaces for aircraft (or lighting or advertisements to be directly embedded in a playing surface).

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FIFA originally launched its FIFA Quality Concept in February 2001. UEFA announced that starting from the 2005–06 season, approved artificial surfaces were to be permitted in their competitions.

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The first-generation system of shortpile fibers without infill of the 1960s has largely been replaced by two more. The second features longer fibers and sand infill and the third adds recycled

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as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a rate significantly higher than on grass, rates of ACL sprains were 67% higher on FieldTurf."

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use of these materials where human exposure is likely, and this is especially true for playgrounds and athletic playing fields where young people may be affected". Conversely, a 2017 study in

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or trimming, although periodic cleaning is required. Stadiums that are substantially covered and/or at high latitudes often use artificial turf, as they typically lack enough sunlight for

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There is evidence showing higher rates of player injury on artificial turf. By November 1971, the injury toll on first-generation artificial turf had reached a threshold that resulted in

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Carpet has been used as a surface for indoor tennis courts for decades, though the first carpets used were more similar to home carpets than a synthetic grass. After the introduction of

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in 2010, only two MLB stadiums used artificial turf from 2010 through 2018: Tropicana Field and Toronto's Rogers Centre. This number grew to three when the Arizona Diamondbacks switched

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added its own artificial surface the same year (it has since been removed and replaced with a natural surface, which the stadium had before installing the turf). Later examples include

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was opened with an artificial surface, as it is also a retractable roof ballpark in a hot weather city; this puts the number of teams using synthetic turf in MLB at five as of 2023.

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Pochron, Sharon T.; Fiorenza, Andrew; Sperl, Cassandra; Ledda, Brianne; Lawrence Patterson, Charles; Tucker, Clara C.; Tucker, Wade; Ho, Yuwan Lisa; Panico, Nicholas (April 2017).

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since 2016 (part of the endzones at that stadium are covered with artificial turf). The first stadium to use the next-generation surface was Ottawa's Frank Clair Stadium (now

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are made of synthetic grass or of a hybrid of mostly natural and some artificial grass, with these "hybrid pitches" having been implemented across several parts of the

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in 1966, replacing the grass field used when the stadium opened a year earlier. Even though the grass was specifically bred for indoor use, the dome's semi-transparent

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Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank; Ragas, Ad; Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank G. A. J.; Ragas, Ad M. J. (20 October 2017).

2618: 2404: 177:, used in sports arenas, residential lawns and commercial applications that traditionally use grass. It is much more durable than grass and easily maintained without 2058: 1631: 2806: 1703: 1261:

Contrary to popular belief, artificial turf is not maintenance free. It requires regular maintenance, such as raking and patching, to keep it functional and safe.

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Benoit G & Demars S (2018). "Evaluation of organic and inorganic compounds extractable by multiple methods from commercially available crumb rubber mulch".

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ceiling panels, which had been painted white to cut down on glare that bothered the players, did not pass enough sunlight to support the grass. For most of the

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subcommittee on commerce and finance. In a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the

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The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the U.S. and Canada in the early 1970s, installed in both indoor and outdoor stadiums used for

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who fell over risked carpet burns. Unsurprisingly, fans complained that the football was awful to watch and, one by one, the clubs returned to natural grass.

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since it is a reliable way to prevent the octopusses from escaping their tank, as they prevent the suction cups on the tentacles from getting a tight seal.

938: 821: 3585: 3106: 1751: 1725: 365:. The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on 19 July 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed. 2089: 1225:

how resource-intensive and damaging maintenance is (whether through water, fertiliser, weed-killer, reapplication of rubber crumb, snow-clearing, etc.)

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It was the first stadium to include dirt sliding pits around each base, something that has become standard in every turf baseball field built since.

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The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Given its early use, the term

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that might affect early puberty, obesity, and children's attention spans. Potential harm to fish and earthworm populations has also been shown.

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in Moscow. It was one of the first full international games to be played on such a surface approved by FIFA and UEFA. The latter ordered the

3390:"Evaluation of chemicals of environmental concern in crumb rubber and water leachates from several types of synthetic turf football pitches" 2260: 372:

became the first team to install artificial turf in an outdoor stadium, as they used it only in the infield and adjacent foul territory at

2753: 2517: 1985: 1950: 3129:"'Greenness' in the Eye of the Beholder: Comparing Perceptions of Sustainability and Well-being Between Artificial and Natural Turfgrass" 2648: 2577: 2304: 1411: 1292: 431:

went from having half of its teams using artificial turf to all of them playing on natural grass. With the replacement of Minneapolis's

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Armada, Daniel; Llompart, Maria; Celeiro, Maria; Garcia-Castro, Pablo; Ratola, Nuno; Dagnac, Thierry; de Boer, Jacob (15 March 2022).

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by using a very short pile carpet with an infill of the same loose aggregate used for clay courts that rises above the carpet fibers.

2547: 1415:, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009, finding that "the injury rate of knee 806:

final hosted in the same stadium in May 2008 to place on grass, so a temporary natural grass field was installed just for the final.

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spoken out and campaigned against it, while local governments have enacted and enforced laws restricting and/or banning its use.

55: 3767: 2848: 3178:"Reimagining Sustainable Community Sports Fields of the Future: a Framework for Convergent Science-Stakeholder Decision-Making" 1356: 668: 517: 226: 4597: 4151:"Global evaluation of the chemical hazard of recycled tire crumb rubber employed on worldwide synthetic turf football pitches" 3555: 1228:

how intensively the facility is used, for how long, and whether surface type can reduce the overall number of pitches required

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were the last two stadiums in the NFL to replace their first-generation AstroTurf surfaces for next-generation ones after the

102: 4659: 4371:"The response of earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) and soil microbes to the crumb rubber material used in artificial turf fields" 1092: 844:

Edel Grass. These firms have made quality guarantees directly to FIFA and have agreed to increased research and development.

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team to have an artificial pitch in England was Preston North End, who removed their pitch in 1994 after eight years in use.

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UEFA stressed that artificial turf should only be considered an option where climatic conditions necessitate. One Desso "

625:, which was used from 1988 to 2000, followed by AstroTurf from 2000 to 2007 and FieldTurf from 2007 to its 2016 closure. 4086:"ERASSTRI – European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill – Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation" 4021:"Synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate infill: are there health risks for people playing sports on such pitches?" 1045: 949:'s head of women's competitions, Tatjana Haenni, made it clear that "we play on artificial turf and there's no Plan B." 495:, originally planned to have a natural grass field, was instead surfaced with FieldTurf upon positive reaction from the 432: 3050:"The product environmental footprint approach to compare the environmental performances of artificial and natural turf" 81: 4664: 4568:"Ask Dr. Geier – Are ACL tears more common on grass or FieldTurf? | Dr. David Geier – Sports Medicine Simplified" 1900: 1402: 2488:"Equalizer Soccer – Players officially file lawsuit against FIFA, CSA over artificial turf at 2015 Women's World Cup" 2119: 1077: 929:. Various celebrities showed their support for the women soccer players in defense of their lawsuit, including actor 671:

and manufacturers are driving research in order to produce new fields that will be suitable for a variety of sports.

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was the only major professional sports venue in North America to use a second-generation artificial playing surface,

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for rubber in artificial pitches and more drought-resistant grasses and electric mowing in natural ones. In 2021, a

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occurred with this system and it eventually became necessary to replace it prior to its usable age being reached.

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Celeiro, Maria; Armada, Daniel; Ratola, Nuno; Dagnac, Thierry; de Boer, Jacob; Llompart, Maria (1 May 2021).

3363: 2875:"Gehrke: Salt Lake City should revisit its ban on artificial grass and give some leniency to property owners" 396:

in Toronto, when they switched to an all-dirt infield (but keeping the artificial turf) for the 2016 season.

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Chiba, Rihito; Fujinuma, Ryosuke; Yoshitomi, Tomoyasu; Shimizu, Yasuo; Kobayashi, Makito (24 January 2023).

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would subsequently be demoted two leagues if they refused to replace their pitch with natural grass. After

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The possibility that carcinogenic substances in artificial turf could increase risks of human cancer (the

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to declare Chaney as the man "responsible for indoor major league baseball and millions of welcome mats."

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Artificial turf first gained substantial attention in 1966, when ChemGrass was installed in the year-old

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whether input materials are recycled and whether these are recycled again at the end of the pitch's life

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became the adviser of the team, he recommended the switch to natural grass, which the team did in 2012.

856: 837: 473: 448:(now loanDepot Park) also switched to artificial turf for similar reasons, while the Texas Rangers' new 377: 330: 4459: 3422: 1150: 4549: 4150: 3389: 3049: 2032: 1925: 892:'s promotion to the Football League in 2020, the club was obliged to install a natural grass pitch at 270:. The state-of-the-art indoor stadium had attempted to use natural grass during its initial season in 4632: 4382: 4162: 4097: 4032: 3975: 3848: 3675: 3599:

potential consequences of microplastics in agricultural landscapes from application of sewage sludge.

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Rugby union also uses artificial surfaces at a professional level. Infill fields are used by English

710: 691: 654: 381: 4622: This article incorporates text by National Center for Health Research available under the 4417: 1817: 2357:"National League promotion final: Harrogate Town beat Notts County 3-1 to secure place in League 2" 1766: 1374: 1343: 642: 529: 481: 1495: 4370: 4204: 4131: 3919: 3864: 3711: 3443: 3282: 3215: 3158: 3085: 1013: 993: 833: 505: 409: 389: 243: 235: 4623: 4618: 2874: 1977: 1792:"Odell Beckham Jr.'s injury in Super Bowl prompts NFL players to speak out against turf fields" 1346:

made a draft proposal to restrict the use of microplastic granules as infill in sports fields.

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Over fifty of the female athletes protested against the use of artificial turf on the basis of

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on an artificial surface, which was installed to counteract adverse weather conditions, at the

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Straw, C. M.; McCullough, B. P.; Segars, C.; Daher, B.; Patterson, M. S. (1 September 2022).

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intensity of play as well as placing far greater demands on the conditioning of the players.

95: 4390: 4341: 4333: 4292: 4284: 4243: 4235: 4178: 4170: 4105: 4056: 4040: 3991: 3983: 3895: 3856: 3693: 3683: 3679: 3634: 3624: 3501: 3485: 3417: 3409: 3334: 3326: 3266: 3197: 3140: 3110: 3069: 3015: 1323: 1311: 1009: 981: 957: 848: 799: 695: 606: 602: 537: 513: 496: 449: 413: 385: 4627: 3270: 2702:"Sebastian Vettel: F1's rules-for-everything culture led to Canada penalty, says GPDA boss" 1219:

how resource-intensive is the landscaping work and transport of materials to create a pitch

4498: 3799: 3313:

Jastifer JR, McNitt AS, Mack CD, Kent RW, McCullough KA, Coughlin MJ, Anderson RB (2019).

2218: 2120:"Desso GrassMaster hybrid grass > reinforced natural grass | Desso Sports Systems" 1595:"Throwback Thursday: Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium and the Era of Multipurpose Mistakes" 1319: 1296: 1234: 1050: 1005: 876: 777: 742: 724: 721: 610: 521: 420: 314: 170: 3688: 3663: 2947: 2892: 1299:

of artificial turf are also subject to degradation. Thus chemicals from artificial turfs

4386: 4166: 4101: 4036: 3979: 3852: 3481: 3405: 3193: 3065: 2781:"You Can Rip Out Your SoCal Lawn For Money Again – Now Without Landscaping Abominations" 2290: 1767:"Anonymous NFL player poll 2023: Best player? Biggest trash talker? Most annoying fans?" 4346: 4321: 4297: 4272: 4248: 4223: 4061: 4020: 3996: 3963: 3639: 3612: 3559: 3506: 3465: 3339: 3314: 3253:

Kanaan, Ahmed; Sevostianova, Elena; Leinauer, Bernd; Sevostianov, Igor (October 2020).

1327: 1284: 961: 922: 872: 638: 562: 552: 533: 525: 477: 445: 346: 275: 182: 150: 4394: 3413: 3107:

Life Cycle Assessment of Artificial and Natural Turf Sports Fields – Executive Summary

555:, other NFL players started calling for turf to be banned since the site of the game, 4643: 4208: 4135: 3868: 3760: 3715: 3447: 3286: 3219: 3162: 3089: 1315: 1304: 1001: 989: 917: 893: 860: 840:

matches. There are currently 130 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations in the world.

731: 634: 597:

in Toronto, which initially had an artificial pitch and has been shared by the CFL's

500: 393: 373: 4174: 4110: 4085: 3923: 3048:

Russo, Carlo; Cappelletti, Giulio Mario; Nicoletti, Giuseppe Martino (1 July 2022).

1194:

Artificial turf is commonly used for tanks containing octopusses, in particular the

4593: 3128: 2726: 1658: 1288: 1280: 1041: 1025: 884: 864: 810: 660: 556: 436: 251: 233:

researchers who created the first notable artificial turf. That accomplishment led

209: 142: 3232:

Golden, Leslie M. (2021) "The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming,"

3987: 1847: 460:

The first professional American football team to play on artificial turf was the

4432: 2701: 2671:"Wimbledon considering controversial plans to introduce artificial grass courts" 2378: 2356: 1339: 1275:

Some artificial turf uses infill such as silicon sand, but most uses granulated

1183: 1066: 934: 852: 825: 717: 541: 440: 37: 3613:"Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment" 3489: 3202: 3177: 3073: 2849:"'It breaks my heart to do it': Toronto homeowner ordered to remove fake grass" 1700:"Pats sign Testaverde; Gillette Stadium's grass field replaced with Field Turf" 641:

and Australia. The first synthetic turf cricket field in the USA was opened in

4435:(Press release). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 30 August 2006. 4337: 4288: 4044: 3899: 3860: 1537: 1246: 1035: 942: 926: 683: 659:

The introduction of synthetic surfaces has significantly changed the sport of

310: 178: 4192: 4119: 4052: 3907: 3707: 3497: 3431: 3330: 3278: 3211: 3154: 3145: 3081: 403:

Artificial turf being installed on a baseball field in Queens, New York City.

4239: 4019:

Pronk, Marja E. J.; Woutersen, Marjolijn; Herremans, Joke M. M. (May 2020).

3883: 2730: 2705: 2382: 1446: 1335: 1331: 1031: 968:, started the implementation of the second artificial pitch in the country. 930: 594: 582: 469: 424: 334: 259: 255: 198: 190: 4402: 4355: 4306: 4257: 4200: 4127: 4070: 4005: 3915: 3648: 3629: 3515: 3439: 3348: 3027: 2123: 3698: 738: 622: 590: 509: 423:

became the first MLB field to use a third-generation artificial surface,

376:

from 1969 through 1975. Artificial turf was later installed in other new

290: 194: 3241: 3114: 242:

Artificial turf was first installed in 1964 on a recreation area at the

17: 4183: 2518:"Players file lawsuit in Canada over artificial Women's World Cup turf" 1216:

what ecosystem services are lost by converting a site to a sports pitch

780:

received the FIFA certificate in August 2005. The tests were approved.

687: 263: 134: 3019: 2379:"Sutton United: Replacing pitch will cost promoted club over £500,000" 524:). For example, after a three-year experiment with a natural surface, 158: 4433:"New Penn State Study Debunks Staph Bacteria Scare in Synthetic Turf" 1416: 1276: 1242: 909: 897: 750: 472:

in 1968, which had installed AstroTurf two years prior. In 1969, the

338: 1951:"Fremont: First official, fully lighted cricket field opens Aug. 21" 1179:(FOD) since the surface has no rocks or clumps, and it drains well. 2405:"USWNT stars not backing down on artificial playing surface stance" 2146:"FIFA Quality Concept – Handbook of Test Methods for Football Turf" 1442:

List of college football stadiums with non-traditional field colors

828:

called on FIFA to "have some courage" and ban artificial surfaces.

813:" product incorporates both natural grass and artificial elements. 3584:. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA). 3 February 2017. 3315:"Synthetic Turf: History, Design, Maintenance, and Athlete Safety" 2231:"Chivas quitará el pasto sintético que costó 1 mdd – construccion" 1149: 700: 682: 398: 320: 309: 267: 174: 157: 149: 141: 133: 4418:

http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/artificial-turf-report.pdf

3962:

Perkins, AN; Inayat-Hussain, SH; Deziel, NC; et al. (2019).

3617:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2548:"FIFA officials to inspect BC Place turf in light of controversy" 4626:

license. The text and its release have been received by the

3466:"Ingestion of rubber tips of artificial turf fields by goldfish" 1818:"BMO Field: New renovations accommodate TFC, Argos – CBC Sports" 1674:"Arizona Diamondbacks installing synthetic grass at Chase Field" 946: 859:, one of the most popular teams in Mexico. The owner of Chivas, 772: 768: 667:

afford to build an extra artificial field for hockey alone. The

3938:"Granules and mulches on sports pitches and playgrounds – ECHA" 3732:. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. 29 March 2016. 3001:"Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review" 1901:"SIS Pitches uses hybrid grass technology to transform cricket" 705:

A slide tackle driving up crumbed rubber in the playing surface

4519:. (Washington). Associated Press. 2 November 1971. p. 16. 4084:

Schneider, Klaus; Bierwisch, Anne; Kaiser, Eva (20 May 2020).

3884:"Synthetic Turf Fields, Crumb Rubber, and Alleged Cancer Risk" 3530:"Microplastic Pollution from Artificial Grass – A Field Guide" 3301:

Ecosystem services for compensation of artificial turf systems

2925:"Going Green – Artificial Turf for Tortoise Troubles and More" 2578:"Palmeiras begin installing synthetic pitch at Allianz Parque" 1060: 31: 1366:

well as cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses."

536:(now Paycor Stadium), which went from grass to turf in 2004; 4025:

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

3662:

Bø, S M; Bohne, R A; Aas, B; Hansen, L M (1 November 2020).

1654:"Blue Jays begin work on all-dirt infield at Rogers Centre" 1473:

Dave Brady, "It's All So Artificial: The Uncommon Ground",

565:

is played indoors on the older short-pile artificial turf.

499:

when they played on the surface at their temporary home of

27:

Surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass

4537:. (Oregon). Associated Press. 3 November 1971. p. 5D. 1182:

Some artificial turf systems allow for the integration of

3582:"Microplastics in agricultural soils: A reason to worry?" 1303:

into the environment, and artificial turf is a source of

2090:"England could slip up on plastic field, warns Ferguson" 1874:"Artificial (pitch) intelligence – all you need to know" 484:, switched from grass to AstroTurf, making it the first 416:, to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass. 1354:) calling for more research. A 2018 study published in 952:

The first stadium to use artificial turf in Brazil was

254:. The material came to public prominence in 1966, when 3668:

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

3664:"Material flow analysis for Norway's artificial turfs" 3127:

Barnes, Michael R; Watkins, Eric (30 September 2022).

1477:

Los Angeles: Petersen Publishing Co., 1972; pp. 62–65.

2305:"Artificial 3G Pitches: Coming to a ground near you?" 1437:

International Association for Sports Surface Sciences

205:(registered to a new owner) for any artificial turf. 2754:"Pros and Cons: Artificial Grass Versus a Live Lawn" 2458:"Matildas stay out of turf war at women's World Cup" 1295:, and other chemicals of environmental concern. The 655:

Field hockey history § The synthetic revolution

480:

in Philadelphia, at the time also home field of the

325:

An artificial-turf field at a high school in Oregon.

1338:particles that make up a large portion of the fine 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2807:"Turf Replacement Program, Terms & Conditions" 1394:natural grass with prolonged exposure to the sun. 154:Diagram of the structure of modern artificial turf 2727:"Korean GP: Hamilton hampered by loose astroturf" 1382:New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 3255:"Water Requirements for Cooling Artificial Turf" 3105:René Itten, Lukas Glauser und Matthias Stucki, " 1624:"Blue Jays adding dirt infield at Rogers Centre" 1253:the conversion of grassland to artificial turf. 3364:"Toxic PFAS Chemicals Found in Artificial Turf" 3259:Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2261:"El Estadio Omnilife, listo con pasto natural" 4458:C. Frank Williams, Gilbert E. Pulley (2002). 1352:United States Environmental Protection Agency 349:played on green-painted dirt and dead grass. 8: 4427: 4425: 3730:"Tire wear foremost source of microplastics" 3556:"Artificial Turf. Why it is not the answer" 3423:1871.1/b88f1b78-db15-4e7c-9129-91bc833e35e3 1926:"Stitched pitch – SACA adds hybrid wickets" 1095:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 504:playing on grass adopt a new surface. (The 2893:"Airside Applications for Artificial Turf" 2830:"Council bans fake grass from city verges" 1530:"Definition of Astroturf – Dictionary.com" 1475:Petersen's 12th Pro Football Annual, 1972. 816:In June 2009, following a match played at 225:, in 1960 and later served as Dean of the 4345: 4296: 4247: 4182: 4109: 4060: 3995: 3697: 3687: 3638: 3628: 3505: 3421: 3338: 3201: 3144: 2898:. Federal Aviation Administration. 2006. 1564:"Chicago Tribune – Historical Newspapers" 1115:Learn how and when to remove this message 945:. Even with the possibility of boycotts, 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 2828:Richards, Stefanie (12 September 2019). 2307:. Football Ground Guide. 26 April 2016. 1850:. Saskatchewan Roughriders. 12 June 2002 960:in 2016. In 2020, the administration of 229:College of Textiles, headed the team of 138:Artificial turf with rubber crumb infill 3766:. Environment & Human Health, Inc. 3459: 3457: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1469: 1467: 1463: 4494: 4483: 3795: 3784: 3054:Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 1750:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1743: 1283:". Granulated rubber can be made from 790:was played on 17 October 2007 between 4596:. Orthoinfo.aaos.org. 1 August 2012. 4273:"Environmental estrogens and obesity" 3299:Julian E. Lozano and Shon Ferguson, " 3101: 3099: 3043: 3041: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2651:from the original on 15 December 2015 1988:from the original on 17 February 2006 1265:Pollution and associated health risks 1239:Zurich University of Applied Sciences 786:A full international fixture for the 540:, which made the switch in 2006; and 7: 4631:; for more information, see the 4600:from the original on 9 December 2015 4570:. Dr. David Geier. 18 January 2013. 4548:Underwood, John (15 November 1971). 4326:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 4277:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 3242:http://doi.org/10.1089/scc.2021.0038 2779:McNary, Sharon (16 September 2019). 2580:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from 2411:from the original on 20 October 2014 2311:from the original on 31 October 2016 1978:"Field battle over artificial grass" 1828:from the original on 31 January 2017 1634:from the original on 7 November 2017 1574:from the original on 5 November 2016 1154:A home's yard with artificial grass. 1093:adding citations to reliable sources 60:adding citations to reliable sources 4574:from the original on 9 January 2016 4439:from the original on 30 August 2006 4322:"Endocrine disruptors as obesogens" 3182:Circular Economy and Sustainability 2558:from the original on 8 October 2014 2528:from the original on 8 October 2014 2468:from the original on 9 January 2016 2437:from the original on 3 October 2014 2291:"Clubs want artificial turf return" 2039:from the original on 8 October 2007 2033:"England to play on synthetic turf" 1412:American Journal of Sports Medicine 577:stadium to use artificial turf was 4513:"Senate (House) studies 'Mod Sod'" 4472:from the original on 10 April 2008 3882:Bleyer, Archie (1 December 2017). 3773:from the original on 10 April 2008 3736:from the original on 19 April 2017 3588:from the original on 19 April 2017 3536:from the original on 19 April 2017 3271:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001506 2999:Cheng H, Hu Y, Reinhard M (2014). 2905:from the original on 14 April 2012 2088:Martyn Ziegler (10 October 2007). 1706:from the original on 19 April 2012 1510:from the original on 21 March 2018 851:with an artificial turf opened in 528:went to FieldTurf for 2003, while 329:Artificial turf was first used in 25: 4628:Wikimedia Volunteer Response Team 4395:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.091 4228:Environmental Health Perspectives 3414:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128610 3362:Lerner, Sharon (8 October 2019). 3234:Sustainability and Climate Change 2834:INDaily Adelaide Independent News 2681:from the original on 31 July 2018 2621:from the original on 13 June 2018 2122:. Dessosports.com. Archived from 1371:artificial turf–cancer hypothesis 1271:Artificial turf–cancer hypothesis 1202:Environmental and safety concerns 1159:and require a minimum of plants. 4617: 4460:"Synthetic Surface Heat Studies" 4155:Science of the Total Environment 4090:Science of the Total Environment 3841:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2938:Monte Burke (27 November 2006). 2271:from the original on 8 July 2018 2069:from the original on 5 June 2011 2018:Mark Chaplin (10 November 2004) 1357:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1065: 488:stadium to use artificial turf. 36: 4175:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152542 4111:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137721 2873:Gehrke, Robert (10 July 2019). 2760:from the original on 1 May 2018 2700:Benson, Andrew (11 June 2019). 2059:"Field 'No Excuse' For England" 669:International Hockey Federation 317:with its artificial turf field. 227:North Carolina State University 47:needs additional citations for 3759:David R. Brown, Sc.D. (2007). 3689:10.1088/1755-1315/588/4/042068 2456:Dominic Bossi (10 June 2015). 2020:Approval for artificial fields 1976:Lawton, Graham (4 June 2005). 804:2008 European Champions League 757:In 1981, London football club 1: 4531:"Fake turf makers deny fault" 2752:Hall, Janet (11 March 2018). 2293:. BBC News. 18 November 2011. 1899:Nolan, Grace (4 April 2019). 966:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras 609:used when they began play in 4465:. Brigham Young University. 3988:10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.018 2847:Yuen, Kelda (29 July 2019). 2009:. UEFA.com (12 January 2006) 433:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 146:Side view of artificial turf 4630: 4594:"Turf Toe-OrthoInfo – AAOS" 2433:. ESPN. 26 September 2014. 1905:British Plastics and Rubber 1593:Moore, Jack (2 July 2015). 1568:Archives.chicagotribune.com 1389:Kinesiological health risks 905:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup 788:2008 European Championships 583:Vancouver, British Columbia 221:David Chaney, who moved to 162:Artificial turf square mats 4681: 4550:"New Slant on the Mod Sod" 3532:. KIMO. 27 February 2017. 3490:10.1038/s41598-023-28672-3 3203:10.1007/s43615-021-00115-z 3133:Cities and the Environment 3074:10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106800 2879:The Salt Lake City Tribune 2611:"ITF surface descriptions" 2431:"elite female players sue" 2359:. BBC Sport. 2 August 2020 2337:. London. 28 February 2018 2035:. BBC News. 11 July 2007. 1268: 1023: 652: 474:University of Pennsylvania 419:In 2000, St. Petersburg's 173:made to look like natural 4338:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018 4289:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024 4045:10.1038/s41370-018-0106-1 3900:10.1007/s40279-017-0735-x 3861:10.1007/s11270-018-3711-7 2462:The Sydney Morning Herald 1765:Staff, The Athletic NFL. 1421:Metatarsophalangeal joint 1012:. Some fields, including 998:United Rugby Championship 879:but are permitted in the 3331:10.1177/1941738118793378 3146:10.15365/cate.202.150102 2970:"Exhibit Galleries Blog" 2096:. London. Archived from 1494:Weeks, Jennifer (2015). 818:Estadio Ricardo Saprissa 615:Saskatchewan Roughriders 587:Canadian Football League 486:National Football League 466:American Football League 4517:Spokane Daily Chronicle 4240:10.1289/ehp.108-2556932 3818:The European Commission 3680:2020E&ES..588d2068B 3558:. SELVA. Archived from 2783:. LAist. Archived from 2217:4 December 2011 at the 1452:The Flying Grass Carpet 1207:Environmental footprint 573:The first professional 278:' home opener in April 223:Raleigh, North Carolina 4493:Cite journal requires 3968:Environmental Research 3794:Cite journal requires 3630:10.3390/ijerph14101265 2198:. FIFA. Archived from 2180:. FIFA. Archived from 2151:. FIFA. Archived from 2007:Salzburg turf approval 1500:Distillations Magazine 1241:study for the city of 1155: 939:U.S. men's soccer team 855:to be the new home of 822:American national team 764: 706: 698: 690:, Norway: home of the 404: 378:multi-purpose stadiums 326: 318: 231:Research Triangle Park 163: 155: 147: 139: 4660:Plastics applications 4535:Eugene Register-Guard 1269:Further information: 1196:Giant Pacific octopus 1177:foreign object damage 1153: 910:gender discrimination 883:and lower divisions. 755: 704: 686: 653:Further information: 468:, who moved into the 402: 380:such as Pittsburgh's 331:Major League Baseball 324: 313: 258:was installed in the 161: 153: 145: 137: 4271:Newbold, RR (2009). 2202:on 28 February 2008. 2184:on 28 February 2008. 1702:. 14 November 2006. 1630:. 10 February 2016. 1375:endocrine disruption 1089:improve this section 992:and the now defunct 711:association football 679:Association football 559:, was a turf field. 530:M&T Bank Stadium 382:Three Rivers Stadium 56:improve this article 4387:2017Chmsp.173..557P 4167:2022ScTEn.81252542A 4102:2020ScTEn.71837721S 4037:2020JESEE..30..567P 3980:2019ER....169..163P 3853:2018WASP..229...64B 3820:. 23 September 2022 3482:2023NatSR..13.1344C 3406:2021Chmsp.27028610C 3194:2022CirES...2.1267S 3115:10.21256/zhaw-20774 3066:2022EIARv..9506800R 3008:Environ Sci Technol 2950:on 15 December 2007 2809:. SoCal Water$ mart 2492:Womens.soccerly.com 2126:on 10 December 2015 1662:. 11 February 2016. 1344:European Commission 1190:Tanks for octopuses 954:Atlético Paranaense 759:Queens Park Rangers 736:Preston North End's 643:Fremont, California 585:, then home of the 547:Following receiver 482:Philadelphia Eagles 464:, then part of the 388:, and Cincinnati's 301:Sports applications 4665:Water conservation 4554:Sports Illustrated 3470:Scientific Reports 2974:galleries.neaq.org 2940:"Field of Screens" 2584:on 14 January 2020 2554:. 7 October 2014. 2524:. 1 October 2014. 2100:on 12 January 2008 1798:. 14 February 2022 1771:The New York Times 1732:on 11 January 2015 1423:sprain, known as " 1285:recycled car tires 1279:, referred to as " 1156: 1141:Other applications 1014:Twickenham Stadium 994:Worcester Warriors 834:UEFA Europa League 707: 699: 534:Paul Brown Stadium 506:Indianapolis Colts 410:Kansas City Royals 405: 390:Riverfront Stadium 327: 319: 244:Moses Brown School 236:Sports Illustrated 164: 156: 148: 140: 4320:Grun, F. (2009). 4222:Colon, I (2000). 3894:(12): 2437–2441. 3761:"Artificial Turf" 3020:10.1021/es4044193 2733:. 12 October 2012 2647:. 3 August 2001. 2498:on 5 October 2014 2196:"Football Fields" 1680:. 12 October 2018 1125: 1124: 1117: 986:Newcastle Falcons 978:Premiership Rugby 729:Oldham Athletic's 599:Toronto Argonauts 575:Canadian football 569:Canadian football 551:'s injury during 549:Odell Beckham Jr. 518:Edward Jones Dome 493:CenturyLink Field 456:American football 384:, Philadelphia's 370:Chicago White Sox 203:generic trademark 197:and rebranded as 132: 131: 124: 106: 71:"Artificial turf" 16:(Redirected from 4672: 4635: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4186: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4113: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3701: 3691: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3562:on 3 August 2016 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3425: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3250: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3205: 3188:(3): 1267–1277. 3173: 3167: 3166: 3148: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3005: 2996: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2946:. Archived from 2935: 2929: 2928: 2927:. 13 April 2017. 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2787:on 13 April 2020 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2494:. Archived from 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2267:. 19 July 2012. 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2241:on 1 August 2018 2237:. 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Archived from 1526: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1491: 1478: 1471: 1405:hearings by the 1380:A study for the 1312:rubber pollution 1297:synthetic fibers 1120: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1069: 1061: 1010:Glasgow Warriors 958:Arena da Baixada 849:Estadio Omnilife 838:Champions League 800:Luzhniki Stadium 734:(1986–1991) and 607:Ottawa Renegades 603:TD Place Stadium 538:Gillette Stadium 497:Seattle Seahawks 450:Globe Life Field 414:Kauffman Stadium 386:Veterans Stadium 361:until after the 171:synthetic fibers 169:is a surface of 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4650:Artificial turf 4640: 4639: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4492: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4414: 4410: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3888:Sports Medicine 3881: 3880: 3876: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3793: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3104: 3097: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2609: 2608: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2335:The Independent 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2265:Mediotiempo.com 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2219:Wayback Machine 2211: 2207: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2178:"Football Turf" 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2158:on 3 April 2018 2155: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2094:The Independent 2087: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1726:"Archived copy" 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1602: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1543: 1541: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1493: 1492: 1481: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1433: 1391: 1363:Sports Medicine 1273: 1267: 1259: 1209: 1204: 1192: 1173: 1148: 1143: 1134: 1121: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1086: 1070: 1059: 1051:Wembley Stadium 1028: 1022: 974: 881:National League 877:Football League 820:in Costa Rica, 778:Heracles Almelo 743:Football League 725:Kenilworth Road 681: 657: 651: 635:cricket pitches 631: 571: 458: 429:National League 421:Tropicana Field 356:has since been 333:in the Houston 315:Tropicana Field 308: 303: 286:Break in July. 219: 193:, developed by 167:Artificial turf 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4655:Gardening aids 4652: 4642: 4641: 4612: 4611: 4585: 4559: 4540: 4522: 4504: 4495:|journal= 4450: 4421: 4408: 4361: 4332:(1–2): 19–29. 4312: 4283:(1–2): 84–89. 4263: 4234:(9): 895–900. 4214: 4141: 4076: 4031:(3): 567–584. 4011: 3954: 3942:echa.europa.eu 3929: 3874: 3831: 3805: 3796:|journal= 3751: 3721: 3654: 3603: 3573: 3547: 3521: 3453: 3380: 3354: 3305: 3292: 3245: 3225: 3168: 3119: 3095: 3037: 3014:(4): 2114–29. 2986: 2961: 2930: 2916: 2884: 2865: 2839: 2820: 2798: 2771: 2744: 2718: 2692: 2662: 2632: 2595: 2569: 2539: 2509: 2479: 2448: 2422: 2407:. Fox Sports. 2396: 2370: 2348: 2322: 2296: 2282: 2252: 2222: 2205: 2187: 2169: 2137: 2111: 2080: 2050: 2024: 2011: 1999: 1968: 1942: 1917: 1891: 1880:. 12 June 2015 1865: 1839: 1809: 1783: 1757: 1717: 1691: 1665: 1645: 1615: 1585: 1555: 1534:dictionary.com 1521: 1479: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1390: 1387: 1293:PFAS chemicals 1287:and may carry 1266: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1191: 1188: 1172: 1169: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 973: 970: 962:Allianz Parque 890:Harrogate Town 873:Premier League 680: 677: 650: 647: 639:United Kingdom 630: 627: 579:Empire Stadium 570: 567: 563:Arena football 553:Super Bowl LVI 526:Giants Stadium 514:St. Louis Rams 478:Franklin Field 462:Houston Oilers 457: 454: 363:All-Star Break 307: 304: 302: 299: 276:Houston Astros 218: 215: 183:photosynthesis 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4677: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4556:. p. 32. 4555: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4487: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3788: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3699:11250/2724609 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674:(4): 042068. 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3368:The Intercept 3365: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Sports Health 3316: 3309: 3306: 3303:" (May 2021). 3302: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240:(6) 436-449; 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