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his own relays and "actually designed an electric multiplier and built the first three or four stages to see if it could be made to work" (p. 138). It is unknown whether
Stibitz and/or McPhail had any influence on this work of Turing's; McPhail's implication is that Turing's "about a possible war with Germany" (p. 138) caused him to become interested in cryptanalysis, and this interest led to discussions with McPhail, and these discussions led to the
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369:" be used in place of "pulse", as he felt the latter term was insufficiently descriptive of the nature of the processes involved. In the very same moment, he also pointed to the limits of this opposition between analog and digital. He presented it as a rather theoretical opposition with no practical use, as most computers of the time would consist of both analog and digital mechanisms.
1002:"The second American project was underway at Bell Laboratories. Here the engineer G. Stibitz had first only thought of designing relay machines to perform decimal arithmetic with complex numbers, but after the outbreak of war had incorporated the facility to carry out a fixed sequence of arithmetical operations. His 'Model III' was under way in the New York building at the time of
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Stibitz's work with binary addition has a peculiar (i.e. apparently simultaneous) overlap with some experimenting Alan Turing did in 1937 while a PhD student at
Princeton. The following is according to a Dr. Malcolm McPhail "who became involved in a sideline that Alan took up" (p. 137); Turing built
341:
of ever-increasing sophistication. The first of them was used to test the M-9 Gun
Director. Later models had more sophisticated capabilities. They had specialized names, but later on, Bell Labs renamed them "Model II", "Model III", etc., and the Complex Computer was renamed the "Model I". All used
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Bell Labs subsequently authorized a full research program in late 1938 with
Stibitz at the helm. He led the development of the Complex Number Calculator (CNC), completed in November 1939 and put into operation in 1940. Employing electromagnetic relay binary circuits for its operations, rather than
365:(OSRD), charged with evaluating various proposals for fire-control devices to be used against Axis forces during World War II. Stibitz noted that the proposals fell into two broad categories: "analog" and "pulse". In a memo written after the meeting, he suggested that the term "
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I have turned to non-verbal uses of the computer, and have made a display of computer "art". The quotes are obligatory, for the result of my efforts is not to create important art but to show that this activity is fun, much as the creation of computers was fifty years
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Stibitz held 38 patents, in addition to those he earned at Bell Labs. He became a member of the faculty at
Dartmouth College in 1964 to build bridges between the fields of computing and medicine, and retired from research in 1983.
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395:"For pioneering contributions to the development of computers, utilizing binary and floating-point arithmetic, memory indexing, operation from a remote console, and program-controlled computations."
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At the end of the war, Stibitz did not return to Bell Labs, but went into private consulting work. From 1964 until his retirement in 1974, Stibitz was a research associate in physiology at the
346:", was completed in 1946 and was a fully programmable, general-purpose computer, although its relay technology made it slower than the all-electronic computers then under development.
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in
December 1941, Bell Labs became active in developing fire-control devices for the U.S. military. The Labs' most famous invention was the M-9 Gun Director, an ingenious
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3rd ed., (New York: van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1993), pp. 1284–1286. Some accounts give April 20 as his birth date, but the Tropp citation is the most authoritative.
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who is internationally recognized as one of the fathers of the modern digital computer. He was known for his work in the 1930s and 1940s on the realization of
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Bernard O. Williams, "Computing with
Electricity, 1935–1945," PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1984 (University Microfilms International, 1987), p. 310
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to create computer art. In a 1990 letter, written to the department chair of the
Mathematics and Computer Science department of Denison University he said:
337:, an advisory body for the government, but he kept close ties with Bell Labs. For the next several years (1941–1945), with his guidance, the Labs developed
1074:
Reckoners: the
Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935–1945 (Westport CT: Greenwood Press 1983), Chapter 4
222:
minister and theology professor. Throughout his childhood, Stibitz enjoyed assembling devices and systems, working with material as diverse as a toy
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897:. The relay computers at Bell Labs : those were the machines, parts 1 and 2 | 102724647 | Computer History Museum. part 2: pp. 49. May 1967.
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to send commands over telegraph lines to the CNC in New York . This was the first real-time, remote use of a computing machine.
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991:. Stibitz is mentioned briefly on pp. 299 &326. Hodges refers to Stibitz's machine as one of two "big relay calculators" (
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After the time that the designs for Model V were completed I resigned from Bell Labs to go into independent consulting work.
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The Mathematics and Computer Science department at Denison University has enlarged and displayed some of his artwork.
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The relay computers at Bell Labs : those were the machines, parts 1 and 2 | 102724647 | Computer History Museum
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Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935–1945
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set or the electrical wiring of the family home. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from
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after his doctorate, where he would remain until 1941. In November 1937 he completed a relay-based
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In his later years, Stibitz "turned to non-verbal uses of the computer". Specifically, he used a
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experiments (the pertinent part of McPhail's letter to Hodges is quoted in Hodges p. 138).
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Henry S. Tropp, "Stibitz, George Robert," in Anthony Ralston and Edwin D. Reilly, eds.,
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The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer
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that directed anti-aircraft fire with uncanny accuracy. Stibitz moved to the
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telephone relays for logic, and paper tape for sequencing and control. The "
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103:
661:
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Obituary by Kip Crosby of the Computing History Association of California
891:"The relay computers at Bell Labs : those were the machines, part 2"
597:"'A Spirit of Fire and Air' | Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | September 1978"
1136:
Home of the George R. Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Awards
970:(Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975), pp. 237–286.
745:, Stibitz, George R., "Complex computer", issued 1954-02-09
343:
223:
17:
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in 1930 with a thesis entitled "Vibrations of a Non-Planar Membrane."
576:"Dr. George Stibitz, 90, Inventor Of First Digital Computer in '40"
218:, the son of Mildred Murphy, a math teacher, and George Stibitz, a
432:
249:
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194:(April 30, 1904 – January 31, 1995) was an American researcher at
1022:
Ritchie, David (1986). "George Stibitz and the Bell Computers".
927:
709:
Ritchie, David (1986). "George Stibitz and the Bell Computers".
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In April 1942, Stibitz attended a meeting of a division of the
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counting wheels or gears, the machine executed calculations on
963:, Valley News West Lebanon NH, Thursday March 31, 1983, p. 13.
29:
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1085:. By Stibitz, George R. as told to Mrs. Loveday, Evelyn. 1967
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1006:'s stay there, but it had not drawn his attention." (p. 299)
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Relay computers of George Stibitz (Detailed descriptions)
851:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press , 1990), p. 128
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A Computer Perspective: Background to the Computer Age
321:
Wartime activities and subsequent Bell Labs computers
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806:History of Computers: Hardware, Software, Internet
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238:in 1927, and a Ph.D. in mathematical physics from
968:The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers
601:Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | The Complete Archive
1131:George R. Stibitz website at Denison University
277:. Replicas of the "Model K" now reside in the
776:History of Computing in the Twentieth Century
363:Office of Scientific Research and Development
305:. In a demonstration at the meetings of the
8:
869:. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
863:"4. Number, Please – Computers at Bell Labs"
827:"Blow Hot – Blow Cold – The M9 never failed"
681:"Computer Pioneers – George Robert Stibitz"
621:"Computer Pioneers – George Robert Stibitz"
313:in September 1940, Stibitz used a modified
309:and Mathematical Association of America at
102:
91:
1030:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
202:digital circuits using electromechanical
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:American inventor of the digital computer
959:Melina Hill, Valley News Correspondent,
921:"IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients"
717:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p.
43:This article includes a list of general
1147:– By Kerry Redshaw, Brisbane, Australia
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553:
291:American Computer & Robotics Museum
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1095:
289:Library at Denison University and the
995:'s being the other one, p. 326).
646:"Vibrations of a Non-Planar Membrane"
7:
1052:, Random House Digital, Inc., 2010.
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673:
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519:List of pioneers in computer science
234:, a master's degree in physics from
802:"Relay computers of George Stibitz"
351:medical school of Dartmouth College
335:National Defense Research Committee
1076:(Detailed description and history)
961:A Tinkerer Gets a Place in History
847:Eames, office of Charles and Ray,
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
644:Stibitz, George R. (1930-08-01).
562:Encyclopedia of Computer Science,
325:After the United States entered
34:
1202:20th-century American inventors
1187:Union College (New York) alumni
416:National Inventors Hall of Fame
409:National Academy of Engineering
1197:People from York, Pennsylvania
1:
837:(12): 454–456. December 1946.
773:Metropolis, Nicholas (2014).
501:; Larrivee, Jules A. (1957).
379:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
307:American Mathematical Society
174:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
1153:at Dartmouth College Library
1151:The Papers of George Stibitz
1141:Biography of Stibitz on the
389:IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
181:IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
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206:as the switching element.
1182:Denison University alumni
1177:Cornell University alumni
861:Ceruzzi, Paul E. (1983).
779:. Elsevier. p. 481.
698:"Model K" Adder (replica)
504:Mathematics and Computers
357:Use of the term "digital"
261:Stibitz began working at
254:Plaque in McNutt Hall at
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831:Bell Laboratories Record
507:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
210:Early life and education
1192:Scientists at Bell Labs
976:Alan Turing: The Enigma
595:Campion, Nardi Reeder.
531:(reflected binary code)
381:in 1965 (together with
283:Smithsonian Institution
279:Computer History Museum
64:more precise citations.
973:Andrew Hodges (1983),
662:10.1103/PhysRev.36.513
524:John Vincent Atanasoff
477:Stibitz, George Robert
455:Stibitz, George Robert
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402:Computer Pioneer Award
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144:Hanover, New Hampshire
1026:The Computer Pioneers
713:The Computer Pioneers
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269:he later dubbed the "
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192:George Robert Stibitz
937:on November 24, 2010
685:history.computer.org
625:history.computer.org
537:(Gray excess-3 code)
461:. Patent USA 2307868
287:William Howard Doane
214:Stibitz was born in
1115:CS1 maint: others (
966:Brian Randall, ed.
483:. Patent US2668661A
981:Simon and Schuster
481:"Complex Computer"
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240:Cornell University
228:Denison University
216:York, Pennsylvania
164:Denison University
156:Cornell University
125:York, Pennsylvania
1058:978-0-385-52713-2
800:Dalakov, Georgi.
574:Saxon, Wolfgang.
535:Gray–Stibitz code
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1172:1995 deaths
1167:1904 births
1004:Alan Turing
494:(102 pages)
383:Konrad Zuse
62:introducing
1161:Categories
1089:2017-10-11
1041:067152397X
895:Datamation
743:US2668661A
728:067152397X
630:2023-04-25
606:2023-04-25
581:2018-09-07
548:References
487:2020-05-24
465:2020-05-24
117:1904-04-30
45:references
1108:ignored (
1098:cite book
941:March 20,
529:Gray code
472:(4 pages)
263:Bell Labs
196:Bell Labs
1143:Pioneers
811:30 March
513:See also
315:teletype
246:Computer
1145:website
400:IEEE's
367:digital
344:Model V
271:Model K
224:Meccano
58:improve
18:Stibitz
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418:, 1985
411:, 1981
404:, 1982
373:Awards
285:, the
281:, the
204:relays
184:(1977)
177:(1965)
170:Awards
146:, U.S.
127:, U.S.
47:, but
1032:33–52
935:(PDF)
924:(PDF)
393:1977
267:adder
1117:link
1110:help
1054:ISBN
1036:ISBN
985:ISBN
943:2021
928:IEEE
871:ISBN
835:XXIV
813:2015
781:ISBN
723:ISBN
440:ago.
133:Died
111:Born
658:doi
293:in
230:in
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54:.
20:)
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