855:
1011:
formal definition of fetal death. Only 11 areas specifically use the term 'stillbirth', often synonymously with late fetal death; however, they are split between whether stillbirths are "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy", or whether some age or weight constraint is applied. A movement in the U.S. has changed the way that stillbirths are documented through vital records. Previously, only the deaths were reported. However, 27 states have enacted legislation that offers some variation of a birth certificate as an option for parents who choose to pay for one. Parents may not claim a tax exemption for stillborn infants, even if a birth certificate is offered. To claim an exemption, the birth must be certified as live, even if the infant only lives for a very brief period.
454:β A short umbilical cord (<30 cm) can affect the fetus in that fetal movements can cause cord compression, constriction, and rupture. A long umbilical cord (>72 cm) can affect the fetus depending on the way the fetus interacts with the cord. Some fetuses grasp the umbilical cord but it is yet unknown as to whether a fetus is strong enough to compress and stop blood flow through the cord. Also, an active fetus, one that frequently repositions itself in the uterus can accidentally entangle itself with the cord. A hyperactive fetus should be evaluated with ultrasound to rule out cord entanglement.
829:"Fetal death" means death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and which is not an induced termination of pregnancy. The death is indicated by the fact that after such expulsion or extraction, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Heartbeats are to be distinguished from transient cardiac contractions; respirations are to be distinguished from fleeting respiratory efforts or gasps.
839:
53:
660:
422:
4424:
5567:
632:, and may respond by unusually high periods of kicking or struggling, to free the umbilical cord. These are sporadic if constriction is due to a change in the fetus' or mother's position, and may become worse or more frequent as the fetus grows. Extra attention should be given if mothers experience large increases in kicking from previous childbirths, especially when increases correspond to position changes.
440:β Prolapse of the umbilical cord happens when the fetus is not in a correct position in the pelvis. Membranes rupture and the cord is pushed out through the cervix. When the fetus pushes on the cervix, the cord is compressed and blocks blood and oxygen flow to the fetus. The mother has approximately 10 minutes to get to a doctor before there is any harm done to the fetus.
5591:
872:
onwards. In the
Perinatal Registry, gestational duration of both liveborn and stillborn children is available. They register all liveborn and stillborn children from 22, 24 or 28 weeks of gestation and onwards (dependent on the report: fetal, neonatal or perinatal mortality). Therefore, data from these institutions on (still)births cannot be compared simply one-on-one.
701:. How the diagnosis of stillbirth is communicated by healthcare workers may have a long-lasting and deep impact on parents. People need to heal physically after a stillbirth just as they do emotionally. In Ireland, for example, people are offered a 'cuddle cot', a cooled cot which allows them to spend a number of days with their child before burial or cremation.
773:
5579:
281:
32% in South Asia. Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the 2000s. According to UNICEF, the total number of stillbirths declined by 35%, from 2.9 million in 2000 to 1.9 million in 2021. It is estimated that if the stillbirth rate for each country stays at the 2021 level, 17,5 million babies will be stillborn by 2030.
1006:
The CDC states that, in the US, a stillbirth is typically defined as the loss of a fetus during or after the 20th week of pregnancy. Stillbirths can further be classified as early (occurring between week 20 and week 27 of pregnancy), late (occurring between week 28 and week 36 of pregnancy), and term
871:
In the
Netherlands, stillbirth is defined differently by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Stichting PRN). The birth and mortality numbers from the CBS include all livebirths, regardless of gestational duration, and all stillbirths from 24 weeks of gestation and
862:
Since 1 January 1995, stillbirths occurring in the
Republic of Ireland must be registered; stillbirths that occurred before that date can also be registered but evidence is required. For the purposes of civil registration, s.1 of the Stillbirths Registration Act 1994 refers to "...a child weighing at
763:
in the mother. Further psycho-social effects on parents include apprehension, anger, feelings of worthlessness and not wanting to interact with other people, with these reactions sometimes carried over into pregnancies that occur after the stillbirth. Men also suffer psychologically after stillbirth,
754:
impact is often underestimated. In the early 20th century, when a stillbirth occurred, the baby was taken and discarded and the parents were expected to immediately let go of the attachment and try for another baby. In many countries, parents are expected by friends and family members to recover from
722:
in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is roughly 26,000 stillbirths each year. In
Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is approximately 1 in every 200 births; in Scotland, 1 in 167. Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about two-thirds
1010:
The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation. Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no
975:
Registration of stillbirths can be made by a relative or certain other persons involved with the stillbirth but it is not compulsory to do so. Registration takes place with the
District Registrar for the Registration District where the still-birth occurred or for the District in which the mother is
280:
Worldwide in 2021, there were an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births). More than three-quarters of estimated stillbirths in 2021 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with 47% of the global total in sub-Saharan Africa and
2474:
There is probably no health outcome with a greater number of conflicting, authoritative, legally mandated definitions. The basic WHO definition of fetal death is the intrauterine death of any conceptus at any time during pregnancy. However, for practical purposes, legal definitions usually require
709:
In single stillbirths, common practice is to induce labor for the health of the mother due to possible complications such as exsanguination. Induction and labor can take 48 hours. In the case of various complications such as preclampsia, infections, multiples (twins), emergency
Cesarean may occur.
935:"still-born child" means a child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother breathe or show any other signs of life, and the expression "still-birth" shall be construed accordingly
880:
The registration of stillbirths has been required in
England and Wales from 1927 and in Scotland from 1939 but is not required in Northern Ireland. Sometimes a pregnancy is terminated deliberately during a late phase, for example due to congenital anomaly. UK law requires these procedures to be
604:
at greater than or equal to 28 completed weeks' gestation be classified as a stillbirth. The WHO uses the ICD-10 definitions of "late fetal deaths" as their definition of stillbirth. Other organisations recommend that any combination of greater than 16, 20, 22, 24 or 28 weeks gestational age or
998:
collects statistical information on "live births, fetal deaths, and induced termination of pregnancy" from 57 reporting areas in the United States. Each reporting area has different guidelines and definitions for what is being reported; many do not use the term "stillbirth" at all. The federal
470:β This term refers to the twisting of the umbilical around itself. Torsion of the umbilical cord is very common (especially in equine stillbirths) but it is not a natural state of the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord can be untwisted at delivery. The average cord has three twists.
293:
have been performed. A rarely used term to describe these is "sudden antenatal death syndrome", or SADS, a phrase coined in 2000. Many stillbirths occur at full term to apparently healthy mothers, and a postmortem evaluation reveals a cause of death in about 40% of autopsied cases.
854:
2475:
recorded fetal deaths to attain some gestational age (16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks) or birth weight (350, 400, 500, or 1000 g). In the US states, there are eight different definitions by combinations of gestational age and weight, and at least as many in Europe.
1020:, some states restricted women's access to abortion, even when the pregnancy is nonviable. Legal restrictions on medications and procedures that have been used for abortions may also impact treatment options for women undergoing a miscarriage or stillbirth.
897:"still-born" and "still-birth" shall apply to any child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother, breathe or show any other signs of life.
520:
It is unknown how much time is needed for a fetus to die. Fetal behavior is consistent and a change in the fetus' movements or sleep-wake cycles can indicate fetal distress. A decrease or cessation in sensations of fetal activity may be an indication of
650:
Some maternal factors are associated with stillbirth, including being age 35 or older, having diabetes, having a history of addiction to illegal drugs, being overweight or obese, and smoking cigarettes in the three months before getting pregnant.
5629:
4263:
4244:
971:"still-birth" means the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy of a child which did not at any time after being completely expelled or extracted breathe or show any other evidence of life.
448:β These twins share the same placenta and the same amniotic sac and therefore can interfere with each other's umbilical cords. When entanglement of the cords is detected, it is highly recommended to deliver the fetuses as early as 31 weeks.
911:
s.2 of the 1953 Act requires that registration of a birth takes place within 42 days of the birth except where an inquest takes place or the child has been "found exposed" in which latter case the time limit runs from the time of finding.
5433:
943:
Except so far as otherwise provided by this section or as may be prescribed, the provisions of this Part of this Act shall, so far as applicable, apply to still-births in like manner as they apply to births of children born
976:
resident. A stillbirth certificate will be issued to the registrant with further copies only available to those obtaining official consent for their issue. Registration may be made within three months of the still-birth.
3656:
5622:
999:
guidelines suggest (at page 1) that fetal death and stillbirth can be interchangeable terms. The CDC definition of "fetal death" is based on the definition promulgated by the World Health
Organization in 1950 (see
5615:
928:
6320:
616:(early pregnancy loss). The word miscarriage is often used incorrectly to describe stillbirths. The term is mostly used in a human context; however, the same phenomenon can occur in all species of
3465:
3021:"Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980β2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
793:
In
Australia, stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life that weighs more than 400 grams, or more than 20 weeks in gestation. They legally must have their birth registered.
3718:
Bythell M, Bell R, Taylor R, Zalewski S, Wright C, Rankin J, Ward Platt MP (April 2008). "The contribution of late termination of pregnancy to stillbirth rates in
Northern England, 1994-2005".
727:
3303:
Stillbirth is defined within Australia as fetal death (no signs of life), whether antepartum or intrapartum, at β₯20 weeks of gestation or β₯400 g birthweight, if gestational age is unknown.
289:
As of 2016, there is no international classification system for stillbirth causes. The causes of a large percentage of stillbirths is unknown, even in cases where extensive testing and an
951:
Unlike the registers for births, marriages, civil partnerships and deaths, the register of still-births is not open to public access and issue of extracts requires the permission of the
5438:
4200:
3664:
1854:
Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, et al. (February 2016). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis".
2863:
2845:
2621:
846:
In Germany, a stillbirth is defined as the birth of a child of at least 500g weight without blood circulation or breath. Details for burial vary amongst the federal states.
2749:
2714:
1016:
2997:
1007:(occurring during or after week 37 of pregnancy). In the US, approximately 21,000 babies are stillborn annually, and stillbirth affects around 1 in 175 births.
3177:"From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride - a systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth"
1900:
1677:"Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009β2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system"
1556:
1223:
6003:
1256:
991:
of 2002 specifies that any breathing, heartbeat, pulsating umbilical cord or confirmed voluntary muscle movement indicate live birth rather than stillbirth.
3457:
1155:
460:β The umbilical cord can wrap around an extremity, the body or the neck of the fetus. When the cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus, it is called a
6018:
6008:
4413:
1983:"An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis of Maternal Going-to-Sleep Position, Interactions with Fetal Vulnerability, and the Risk of Late Stillbirth"
1188:
5489:
3402:
2665:
995:
3941:
265:
may be carried out. Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems.
1899:
Banks E, Meirik O, Farley T, Akande O, Bathija H, Ali M, et al. (WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome) (June 2006).
2820:
5548:
1081:
964:
916:
5595:
5471:
5998:
5509:
734:
care can be of low quality or unavailable. Reliable estimates calculate that, yearly, about 2.6 million stillbirths occur worldwide during the
1003:). Researchers are learning more about the long term psychiatric sequelae of traumatic birth and believe the effects may be intergenerational
3637:
3371:
3155:
1341:
858:
At one time, this Angels' Plot was one of the few burial grounds for stillborn babies that was consecrated by the Catholic Church in Ireland.
817:
Beginning in 1959, "the definition of a stillbirth was revised to conform, in substance, to the definition of fetal death recommended by the
349:
5901:
2252:"Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data"
2767:
948:
In the general case, s.14 of the Act requires that a birth has to be registered within 21 days of the birth or of the child being found.
5443:
4294:
756:
759:
are among the more common results. A stillbirth can have significant psychological effects on the parents, notably causing feelings of
5906:
5553:
3019:
Wang H, Bhutta ZA, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, et al. (GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators) (October 2016).
1773:
6330:
5684:
5448:
4596:
3702:
2859:
2841:
988:
3933:
764:
although they are more likely to hide their grief and feelings and try to act strong, with the focus on supporting their partner.
6227:
6202:
5993:
4781:
3324:"Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data"
2785:
235:
125:
6294:
6244:
5812:
5150:
4973:
4747:
4406:
2030:
Lamont K, Scott NW, Jones GT, Bhattacharya S (June 2015). "Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis".
464:. These entanglements can cause constriction of blood flow to the fetus. These entanglements can be visualized with ultrasound.
4436:
3432:
1527:
952:
902:
890:
739:
3161:
2734:
3415:
838:
245:
Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. Around half of stillbirths occur during
5986:
5531:
5499:
5397:
3839:
1122:
2175:
525:
or death, though it is not entirely uncommon for a healthy fetus to exhibit such changes, particularly near the end of a
6222:
6145:
5963:
5911:
5476:
5392:
4730:
1791:
755:
the loss of an unborn baby very soon after it happens. Societally-mediated complications such as financial hardship and
196:
5583:
6212:
6117:
6054:
5005:
4948:
4512:
570:
26:
5935:
2989:
1939:
3585:
Elferink-Stinkens PM, Van Hemel OJ, Brand R, Merkus JM (January 2001). "The Perinatal Database of the Netherlands".
1548:
1215:
52:
6059:
6049:
5940:
5571:
5536:
5526:
4566:
4448:
4399:
2350:
Kayode GA, Grobbee DE, Amoakoh-Coleman M, Adeleke IT, Ansah E, de Groot JA, Klipstein-Grobusch K (September 2016).
659:
22:
2882:"Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth in Northern Tanzania: A registry-based retrospective cohort study"
1449:
1248:
6089:
5798:
5794:
5754:
5607:
5329:
5199:
5157:
5018:
1147:
908:
The above definitions apply within those Acts thus other legislation will not necessarily be in identical terms.
822:
818:
597:
566:
415:
3884:
2613:
1769:
A phenomenological exploration of stillbirth and the effects of ritualization on maternal anxiety and depression
643:
and drug use may reduce the risk of a stillbirth. Umbilical cord constriction may be identified and observed by
6155:
6076:
5541:
5065:
4881:
4848:
4740:
4305:
1901:"Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries"
1180:
863:
least 500 grammes, or having reached a gestational age of at least 24 weeks who shows no signs of life."
689:
is recommended at this point. In many cases, the pregnant woman will find the idea of carrying the dead fetus
489:
After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%).
6251:
6217:
5822:
5742:
5732:
5679:
5494:
5348:
5140:
4833:
3810:
2842:"Statistical bulletin: Live Births, Stillbirths and Infant Deaths, Babies Born in 2009 in England and Wales"
1413:
Devall AJ, Melo P, Coomarasamy A (2022-03-01). "Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage".
436:
262:
203:
152:
112:
6132:
5950:
5859:
5842:
5407:
5275:
5265:
5130:
4853:
4786:
4761:
4697:
4571:
2816:
2647:"Evaluation of Fetal Death: Definition of Fetal Death, Frequency of Fetal Death, Diagnosis of Fetal Death"
3763:"Stillbirth registration and perceptions of infant death, 1900-60: the Scottish case in national context"
2109:
6066:
5774:
5387:
5189:
4993:
4668:
2150:
1073:
1039:
234:, and poor health in the mother. Risk factors include a mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of
3685:
van El C, Henneman L (January 2018). "Cell-Free DNA-Based Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Society.".
3322:
Tavares Da Silva F, Gonik B, McMillan M, Keech C, Dellicour S, Bhange S, et al. (December 2016).
2563:"Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy"
238:, and first pregnancy. Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. Confirmation is by
6104:
6094:
5896:
5852:
5402:
5353:
4673:
4663:
4591:
4586:
4561:
4546:
4541:
4019:
Cacciatore J (2010). "The unique experiences of women and their families after the death of a baby".
3094:
3068:
Heazell AE, Siassakos D, Blencowe H, Burden C, Bhutta ZA, Cacciatore J, et al. (February 2016).
2893:
915:
Extracts from the register of stillbirths are restricted to those who have obtained consent from the
690:
674:
585:
581:
during ultrasound examination to ensure that there is no compromise of oxygen and nutrient delivery.
334:
478:β If a pregnant woman gets trapped in a building fire, the smoke and fumes can kill an unborn child.
6315:
6289:
6272:
6122:
5978:
5888:
4906:
4863:
4828:
4735:
4715:
1675:
Leisher SH, Teoh Z, Reinebrant H, Allanson E, Blencowe H, Erwich JJ, et al. (September 2016).
534:
400:
390:
330:
316:
302:
211:
4386:
3382:
3277:
Lahra MM, Gordon A, Jeffery HE (March 2007). "Chorioamnionitis and fetal response in stillbirth".
2250:
Gravett C, Eckert LO, Gravett MG, Dudley DJ, Stringer EM, Mujobu TB, et al. (December 2016).
1957:
628:
When the umbilical cord is constricted (q.v. "accidents" above), the fetus experiences periods of
6335:
6325:
6207:
6163:
6140:
6030:
5807:
5504:
5233:
5087:
4858:
4843:
4098:
4054:
3976:
3743:
3107:
2410:
2065:
1981:
Cronin RS, Li M, Thompson JM, Gordon A, Raynes-Greenow CH, Heazell AE, et al. (April 2019).
1931:
1430:
1395:
1347:
719:
609:
444:
385:
361:
270:
258:
148:
92:
4201:"Dobbs-era Abortion Bans and Restrictions: Early Insights about Implications for Pregnancy Loss"
421:
673:
does not present an immediate health risk to the pregnant woman, and labour will usually begin
605:
350 g, 400 g, 500 g or 1000 g birth weight may be considered a stillbirth.
6040:
5958:
5928:
5869:
5847:
5664:
5324:
5243:
5167:
5145:
4658:
4576:
4427:
4345:
4316:
4155:
4046:
3908:
3792:
3735:
3698:
3633:
3602:
3567:
3518:
3487:
Ravelli AC, Tromp M, Eskes M, Droog JC, van der Post JA, Jager KJ, et al. (August 2011).
3353:
3294:
3259:
3208:
3151:
3099:
3050:
2961:
2921:
2880:
Chuwa FS, Mwanamsangu AH, Brown BG, Msuya SE, Senkoro EE, Mnali OP, et al. (2017-08-15).
2726:
2594:
2518:
2487:
2465:
2383:
2332:
2281:
2232:
2132:
2057:
2012:
1923:
1881:
1811:
1743:
1708:
1657:
1506:
1387:
1337:
750:
The way people view stillbirths has changed dramatically over time; however, its economic and
640:
629:
557:
to assist in detecting any changes. Fetal distress or death can be confirmed or ruled out via
344:
274:
266:
132:
68:
4257:
4253:
502:
have chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, etc.
6282:
6109:
5769:
5710:
5674:
4886:
4653:
4648:
4356:
4145:
4135:
4036:
4028:
3782:
3774:
3727:
3690:
3625:
3594:
3557:
3549:
3508:
3500:
3343:
3335:
3286:
3249:
3239:
3198:
3188:
3134:
3089:
3081:
3040:
3032:
2969:
2951:
2911:
2901:
2584:
2574:
2455:
2447:
2373:
2363:
2322:
2312:
2271:
2263:
2222:
2212:
2124:
2047:
2039:
2002:
1994:
1915:
1871:
1863:
1830:
1803:
1735:
1698:
1688:
1647:
1607:
1583:
1496:
1422:
1379:
1329:
1278:
617:
475:
250:
2689:
2110:"Excessive fetal movements are a sign of fetal compromise which merits further examination"
1634:
Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016).
1483:
Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016).
777:
6239:
6025:
5917:
5837:
5382:
5238:
5102:
5060:
4921:
4896:
4820:
4710:
4692:
4638:
4522:
3988:
1767:
1044:
1034:
760:
735:
686:
483:
395:
376:
254:
184:
3175:
Burden C, Bradley S, Storey C, Ellis A, Heazell AE, Downe S, et al. (January 2016).
2646:
2543:
1450:"After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed"
4379:
G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Stillbirth and Sensibility The Case of Abigail and John Adams",
3138:
2897:
5864:
5722:
5425:
5252:
5228:
5172:
5050:
5045:
5035:
5023:
4901:
4685:
4556:
4502:
4150:
4123:
3787:
3762:
3694:
3562:
3537:
3513:
3488:
3348:
3323:
3254:
3227:
3203:
3176:
3045:
3020:
2974:
2939:
2916:
2881:
2589:
2562:
2460:
2435:
2378:
2351:
2327:
2300:
2276:
2251:
2227:
2200:
2007:
1982:
1703:
1676:
781:
578:
538:
522:
430:
410:
219:
4423:
3598:
3085:
3036:
2793:
1919:
1652:
1635:
1501:
1484:
588:
to identify, early on, pregnant women who may be at high risk of having a stillbirth.
6309:
5803:
5643:
5463:
5377:
5338:
5314:
5223:
5107:
5040:
4911:
4815:
4776:
4633:
4468:
3778:
3731:
3629:
3111:
1434:
1351:
677:
after two weeks, so the pregnant woman may choose to wait and bear the fetal remains
223:
207:
4174:
4058:
3747:
2069:
1399:
5923:
5764:
5292:
5287:
5028:
4928:
4873:
4601:
4480:
4475:
4072:
2083:
1935:
1302:
1029:
751:
636:
550:
3489:"Ethnic differences in stillbirth and early neonatal mortality in The Netherlands"
3436:
3339:
2267:
1383:
4310:
3228:"The impact of pregnancy loss on men's health and wellbeing: a systematic review"
3145:
2906:
1998:
1333:
492:
In the United States, highest rates of stillbirths happen in pregnant women who:
6267:
6169:
6035:
5737:
5282:
5218:
5055:
4998:
4938:
4933:
4771:
4720:
4581:
4391:
4340:
4003:
3963:
3406:
2868:
Stillbirths per 1,000 live births have increased from 5.1 in 2010 to 5.2 in 2011
2792:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 13 December 2011. Archived from
984:
In the United States, there is no standard definition of the term 'stillbirth'.
806:
805:, a stillbirth is defined as a birth of a child of at least 500g weight without
613:
601:
461:
192:
180:
119:
77:
73:
63:
is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk.
16:
Death of a fetus before or during delivery, resulting in delivery of a dead baby
3860:
3835:
3290:
2512:
2128:
1867:
1807:
1426:
1114:
6234:
6175:
6013:
5434:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
4680:
4620:
4551:
4321:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4140:
4032:
3244:
3193:
2956:
2940:"Meeting abstracts from the International Stillbirth Alliance Conference 2017"
2715:"Communication skills in Obstetrics: what can we learn from bereaved parents?"
2579:
2561:
Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009).
2544:"Umbilical Cord Complications: Overview, Cord Length, Single Umbilical Artery"
2368:
2217:
2199:
Haws RA, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Menezes EV, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009).
1693:
1454:
698:
678:
644:
554:
405:
373:
339:
246:
239:
138:
85:
81:
60:
3504:
2965:
2817:"Department of Neonatal Medicine Protocol Book: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital"
2451:
1528:"Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series"
6180:
5639:
5070:
4943:
4803:
4793:
4628:
4606:
4533:
4351:
4272:
2317:
2201:"Reducing stillbirths: screening and monitoring during pregnancy and labour"
1739:
1324:
Bamber AR (2022). "Macerated Stillbirth". In Khong TY, Malcomson RD (eds.).
694:
558:
542:
526:
380:
176:
101:
4159:
4050:
3796:
3739:
3606:
3571:
3522:
3357:
3298:
3263:
3212:
3103:
3054:
2925:
2730:
2598:
2522:
2469:
2387:
2336:
2285:
2236:
2136:
2061:
2016:
1927:
1885:
1815:
1747:
1712:
1661:
1510:
1391:
596:
There are a number of definitions for stillbirth. To allow comparison, the
573:. If the fetus is alive but inactive, extra attention will be given to the
541:, is recommended in the event of any type of any change in the strength or
4041:
3147:
Understanding reproductive loss: perspectives on life, death and fertility
2108:
Heazell AE, Stacey T, O'Brien LM, Mitchell EA, Warland J (February 2018).
772:
5973:
5453:
5270:
5184:
5162:
5082:
4983:
4891:
4798:
4725:
4643:
4463:
3553:
3538:"Determinants of stillbirths in katsina, Nigeria: a hospital-based study"
574:
369:
355:
320:
306:
231:
215:
4002:
National Research Council (US) Committee on National Statistics (2009).
1876:
5696:
5372:
5343:
5319:
5301:
5097:
5077:
1726:
Collins JH (February 2002). "Umbilical cord accidents: human studies".
802:
731:
562:
546:
425:
Entanglement of cord in twin pregnancy at the time of Caesarean section
365:
325:
298:
290:
227:
4236:
4122:
Haupt WF, Hansen HC, Janzen RW, Firsching R, Galldiks N (2015-04-16).
3372:"History, Vital Statistics β Stillbirth Database (Survey number 3234)"
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2436:"Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms"
2043:
600:
uses the ICD-10 definitions and recommends that any baby born without
5700:
5210:
5092:
4916:
4838:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4267:
4248:
3069:
2052:
681:. After two weeks, the pregnant woman is at risk of developing blood
669:
530:
3587:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
4365:
1372:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
612:(the baby was born alive, even if they died shortly thereafter) or
6084:
5831:
4507:
4458:
3934:"House Report 107-186 β Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2001"
853:
837:
771:
658:
420:
188:
172:
97:
3414:(1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics.
1636:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
1485:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
486:
after 28 weeks of pregnancy may be a risk factor for stillbirth.
5177:
4299:
3971:(1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics.
2666:"Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy - Women's Health Issues"
929:
Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965
682:
5611:
4395:
742:
which records worldwide deaths from various causes until 2015.
4988:
3836:"Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976"
2860:"Release: Characteristics of Birth 1, England and Wales, 2011"
2786:"Placental, pregnancy conditions account for most stillbirths"
2750:"Cooling 'cuddle cot' allows extra time with stillborn babies"
533:
than earlier in pregnancy for the fetus to move about. Still,
1328:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 345β368.
697:
birth is not recommended unless complications develop during
179:, depending on the source. It results in a baby born without
4175:"She was denied an abortion in Texas - then she almost died"
965:
Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976
2511:
Raines DA, Cooper DB (2022). "Braxton Hicks Contractions".
199:, where the baby dies a short time after being born alive.
3620:
Bakketeig LS, BergsjΓΈ P (208). "Perinatal epidemiology.".
726:
The vast majority of stillbirths worldwide (98%) occur in
257:. Otherwise, depending on how far along the pregnancy is,
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
5439:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
4005:
The U.S. Vital Statistics System: A National Perspective
3379:
Statistics Canada (Canada's National Statistical Agency)
511:
have multiple children at a time (twins, triplets, etc.)
3536:
Suleiman BM, Ibrahim HM, Abdulkarim N (February 2015).
2176:"Fetal development: Month-By-Month Stages of Pregnancy"
3125:
Cooper JD (1980). "Parental Reactions to Stillbirth".
2768:"Preparing for labour and birth with a stillborn baby"
821:". The definition of "fetal death" promulgated by the
809:, e.g. blood circulation, breath or muscle movements.
6321:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
4381:
Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,
3070:"Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences"
545:
of fetal movement, especially a complete cease; most
4226:
3885:"What is birth registration and why does it matter?"
2645:
Mattingly PJ, Joy S (2022-02-15). Talavera F (ed.).
6260:
6195:
6154:
6131:
6103:
6075:
5972:
5949:
5887:
5880:
5821:
5787:
5751:
5719:
5693:
5661:
5650:
5518:
5462:
5424:
5415:
5364:
5209:
5198:
5129:
5120:
4972:
4963:
4872:
4814:
4760:
4619:
4532:
4521:
4447:
4434:
4331:
4230:
2862:. Office for National Statistics. 31 October 2012.
158:
144:
131:
118:
107:
91:
67:
42:
37:
2690:"Vaginal Birth: Is It Possible After a C-Section?"
2614:"Studies identify stillbirth risk factors, causes"
2542:Beall MH, Ross MG (2021-10-16). Talavera F (ed.).
738:. Stillbirths were previously not included in the
183:. A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of
2640:
2638:
2411:"Stillbirth: Definition, Causes & Prevention"
2352:"Predicting stillbirth in a low resource setting"
1415:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1249:"How do health care providers manage stillbirth?"
893:(as amended), section 12 contains the definition:
2844:. Office for National Statistics. 21 June 2012.
2713:Nuzum D, Meaney S, O'Donohue K (February 2017).
1790:Warland J, Mitchell EA, O'Brien LM (June 2017).
124:Mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of
21:"Stillborn" redirects here. For other uses, see
2517:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2488:"halden fgr experiments: Topics by Science.gov"
969:
941:
933:
895:
202:Often the cause is unknown. Causes may include
3226:Due C, Chiarolli S, Riggs DW (November 2017).
1831:"Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs During Pregnancy"
1370:Robinson GE (January 2014). "Pregnancy loss".
5623:
4407:
3279:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2305:The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging
1856:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1522:
1520:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1175:
1173:
529:when there is considerably less space in the
508:have previously lost a child during pregnancy
297:About 10% of cases are believed to be due to
8:
4099:"Convention on the Rights of the Child text"
3965:State Definitions and Reporting Requirements
3493:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
3408:State Definitions and Reporting Requirements
2440:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
1772:(Thesis). University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
1142:
1140:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1017:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3663:. Belfast, Northern Ireland. Archived from
3651:
3649:
3622:International Encyclopedia of Public Health
3144:Earle S, Komaromy C, Layne L, eds. (2012).
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1243:
1241:
1181:"What are the risk factors for stillbirth?"
901:A similar definition is applied within the
5884:
5658:
5630:
5616:
5608:
5490:International Center for Research on Women
5421:
5206:
5126:
4969:
4529:
4444:
4414:
4400:
4392:
4227:
4077:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3435:. Initiative-regenbogen.de. Archived from
3403:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3397:
3395:
2088:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1785:
1783:
1629:
1627:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1305:. Center of Disease Control and Prevention
996:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
191:in the mother. The term is in contrast to
51:
34:
4149:
4139:
4040:
3786:
3561:
3512:
3347:
3253:
3243:
3202:
3192:
3095:1983/4be97bfc-b656-4731-ac50-d7ba35fb9efc
3093:
3044:
2973:
2955:
2915:
2905:
2588:
2578:
2459:
2377:
2367:
2326:
2316:
2275:
2226:
2216:
2051:
2006:
1875:
1796:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1702:
1692:
1651:
1500:
1148:"What are possible causes of stillbirth?"
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
608:The term is often used in distinction to
162:1.9 million (1 for every 72 total births)
2866:from the original on 12 September 2013.
1792:"Novel strategies to prevent stillbirth"
195:, which is an early pregnancy loss, and
1056:
917:Registrar General for England and Wales
903:Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953
891:Births and Deaths Registration Act 1926
842:Monument to stillborn babies in Germany
780:, a Buddhist patron deity of children,
584:Some researchers have tried to develop
4383:Spring 2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 2β29.
3984:
3974:
2848:from the original on 10 February 2013.
2434:Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ (December 2005).
1326:Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology
939:s.21(1) of the same Act requires that:
693:and will elect to have labor induced.
259:medications may be used to start labor
1761:
1759:
1757:
1578:
1576:
1574:
967:, as amended contains the definition:
931:(as amended) contains the definition:
350:intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
249:, with this being more common in the
7:
5902:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
5578:
5472:Office of Research on Women's Health
3944:from the original on 16 October 2006
3689:. Academic Press. pp. 235β249.
3468:from the original on 7 February 2009
1125:from the original on 19 October 2022
175:death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of
5590:
5510:Society for Women's Health Research
5444:International Day of the Girl Child
3687:Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
3139:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a054495
3000:from the original on 5 October 2016
1559:from the original on 5 October 2016
1259:from the original on 5 October 2016
1226:from the original on 5 October 2016
1191:from the original on 5 October 2016
1158:from the original on 5 October 2016
1084:from the original on 5 October 2016
100:death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of
5907:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
5554:Birth control in the United States
3695:10.1016/B978-0-12-814189-2.00014-1
3127:The British Journal of Social Work
1958:"What Is Umbilical Cord Prolapse?"
1608:"Stillbirths and stillbirth rates"
14:
5685:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
5449:Commission on the Status of Women
4459:External female genitalia (vulva)
4199:Ranji U, Salganicoff A, Sobel L.
2624:from the original on May 24, 2013
989:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
905:(as amended), contained in s.41.
6203:Vertically transmitted infection
5589:
5577:
5566:
5565:
4782:Assisted reproductive technology
4422:
4387:Lancet series on stillbirth 2016
4008:. National Academies Press (US).
3779:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00478.x
3732:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01668.x
3630:10.1016/B978-012373960-5.00199-4
3421:from the original on 2017-08-29.
3164:from the original on 2017-03-19.
2664:Bunce EE, Heine RP (June 2021).
1776:from the original on 2016-10-18.
728:low- and middle-income countries
236:assisted reproductive technology
126:assisted reproductive technology
6295:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
6245:Group B streptococcal infection
5813:Intrauterine growth restriction
4748:Breastfeeding and mental health
3842:from the original on 2013-05-23
2823:from the original on 2009-05-20
496:are of low socioeconomic status
5638:Conditions originating in the
3811:"National Records of Scotland"
2151:"Fetal Movements in Pregnancy"
1216:"How is stillbirth diagnosed?"
953:Registrar General for Scotland
740:Global Burden of Disease Study
261:or a type of surgery known as
1:
5987:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
5398:Social determinants of health
3599:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00295-5
3340:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.044
3086:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00836-3
3037:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31575-6
2268:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.043
1920:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3
1653:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
1502:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
1384:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012
881:registered as "stillbirths".
482:A pregnant woman sleeping on
6146:Periventricular leukomalacia
5964:Persistent fetal circulation
5912:Meconium aspiration syndrome
5393:Gender disparities in health
4731:Mother-to-child transmission
3815:National Records of Scotland
3624:. Elsevier. pp. 45β53.
3232:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3181:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2944:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2907:10.1371/journal.pone.0182250
2567:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2356:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2205:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1999:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014
1681:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1448:Edeib D (29 November 2022).
1334:10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15
782:memorialize stillborn babies
312:Other risk factors include:
197:sudden infant death syndrome
6055:Intraventricular hemorrhage
5006:Pelvic inflammatory disease
4949:Hormone replacement therapy
4513:Reproductive system disease
4124:"Coma and cerebral imaging"
3767:The Economic History Review
3657:"Registering a still-birth"
2990:"How common is stillbirth?"
2748:McAuliffe NI (9 May 2016).
2670:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2612:WebMD (December 14, 2011).
1914:(9525). London: 1835β1841.
1766:Cacciatore J (2007-01-01).
1000:
571:electronic fetal monitoring
27:Stillbirth (disambiguation)
6352:
6060:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
6050:Velamentous cord insertion
5941:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
5500:Black Women's Health Study
4567:Complications of pregnancy
4021:Social Work in Health Care
3909:"Registering a stillbirth"
3458:"Registering a stillbirth"
3291:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.900
3150:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
2299:Kinare A (November 2008).
2129:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.024
1956:Brennan D (5 March 2021).
1868:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080
1808:10.1016/j.siny.2017.01.005
1427:10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005
1279:"Stillbirth (UNICEF Data)"
624:Constricted umbilical cord
499:are aged 35 years or older
23:Stillborn (disambiguation)
20:
6090:Necrotizing enterocolitis
5799:Large for gestational age
5795:Small for gestational age
5561:
5477:Women's Health Initiative
5330:Major depressive disorder
5158:Intimate partner violence
5019:Female genital mutilation
5014:
4706:
4141:10.1186/s40064-015-0869-y
4033:10.1080/00981380903158078
3245:10.1186/s12884-017-1560-9
3194:10.1186/s12884-016-0800-8
2957:10.1186/s12884-017-1457-7
2580:10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S4
2369:10.1186/s12884-016-1061-2
2218:10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S5
1694:10.1186/s12884-016-1040-7
1119:World Health Organization
963:In Northern Ireland, the
823:World Health Organization
819:World Health Organization
598:World Health Organization
416:female genital mutilation
277:are known complications.
59:
50:
46:Fetal death, fetal demise
6331:Medical aspects of death
5066:Gynaecological disorders
4882:Culture and menstruation
4849:Contraceptive prevalence
4741:Compulsory sterilization
3505:10.1136/jech.2009.095406
2452:10.1136/jech.2004.023465
1728:Seminars in Perinatology
1549:"Stillbirth: Other FAQs"
889:For the purposes of the
437:Prolapsed umbilical cord
431:umbilical cord accidents
360:maternal consumption of
171:is typically defined as
137:No fetal movement felt,
6252:Neonatal conjunctivitis
5743:Single umbilical artery
5733:Umbilical cord prolapse
5680:Placental insufficiency
5653:complicating pregnancy,
5349:Urinary tract infection
5141:Abuse during childbirth
3761:Davis G (August 2009).
2950:(1): 1β47. 2017-09-01.
2318:10.4103/0971-3026.43848
1740:10.1053/sper.2002.29860
1001:section above on Canada
825:in 1950 is as follows:
718:The average stillbirth
553:recommend the use of a
340:chromosomal aberrations
263:dilation and evacuation
204:pregnancy complications
153:dilation and evacuation
113:pregnancy complications
6228:ureaplasma urealyticum
5936:WilsonβMikity syndrome
5860:Brachial plexus injury
5266:Cardiovascular disease
4854:Contraceptive security
4787:In vitro fertilization
4698:Postpartum confinement
4572:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3838:. Legislation.gov.uk.
3462:citizensinformation.ie
1074:"Stillbirth: Overview"
973:
946:
937:
899:
859:
843:
785:
664:
426:
6176:Congenital hypertonia
6067:Anemia of prematurity
5775:Shoulder presentation
5388:Healthcare inequality
5190:Gender discrimination
4994:Human papilloma virus
4669:Vesicovaginal fistula
4073:"What is Stillbirth?"
2996:. 23 September 2014.
2719:Irish Medical Journal
2084:"What is Stillbirth?"
1829:Rice A (2018-03-12).
1555:. 23 September 2014.
1303:"What is Stillbirth?"
1255:. 23 September 2014.
1222:. 23 September 2014.
1187:. 23 September 2014.
1154:. 23 September 2014.
1080:. 23 September 2014.
1040:Smoking and pregnancy
927:Section 56(1) of the
857:
841:
776:In Japan, statues of
775:
662:
452:Umbilical cord length
424:
226:, infections such as
6181:Congenital hypotonia
6095:Meconium peritonitis
5897:Intrauterine hypoxia
5853:Subgaleal hemorrhage
5495:Nurses' Health Study
5403:Reproductive justice
5354:Urinary incontinence
4974:Sexually transmitted
4829:Intrauterine devices
4674:Rectovaginal fistula
4664:Obstetrical fistulae
4592:Gestational diabetes
4587:Obstetrical bleeding
4562:Adolescent pregnancy
4547:Gravidity and parity
4542:Unintended pregnancy
3554:10.4081/pr.2015.5615
3285:(3): 229.e1β229.e4.
3031:(10053): 1725β1774.
505:are African-American
391:placental abruptions
374:pharmaceutical drugs
335:pulmonary hypoplasia
214:, problems with the
6290:Neonatal withdrawal
6273:Perinatal mortality
6123:Sclerema neonatorum
5979:hematologic disease
5408:Women's empowerment
5276:Alzheimer's disease
4907:Cloth menstrual pad
4864:Fertility awareness
4834:Oral contraceptives
4716:Perinatal mortality
4079:. 29 September 2022
3913:www.nidirect.gov.uk
3661:www.nidirect.gov.uk
2898:2017PLoSO..1282250C
2301:"Fetal environment"
850:Republic of Ireland
746:Society and culture
637:high blood pressure
535:medical examination
401:radiation poisoning
317:bacterial infection
303:high blood pressure
212:birth complications
6223:mycoplasma hominis
6208:Neonatal infection
6164:Gray baby syndrome
6141:Perinatal asphyxia
6031:Hyperbilirubinemia
5808:Postterm pregnancy
5655:labour or delivery
5505:Cartwright Inquiry
5416:Politics, research
5234:Endometrial cancer
5088:Sexual intercourse
4859:Planned parenthood
4844:Male contraceptive
4332:External resources
3080:(10018): 604β616.
2756:. Dublin, Ireland.
2117:Medical Hypotheses
1646:(10018): 587β603.
1495:(10018): 587β603.
860:
844:
786:
665:
445:Monoamniotic twins
427:
386:postdate pregnancy
362:recreational drugs
345:growth restriction
149:Induction of labor
6303:
6302:
6191:
6190:
6041:Neonatal jaundice
5959:Pneumopericardium
5929:Pneumomediastinum
5870:Klumpke paralysis
5848:Caput succedaneum
5783:
5782:
5651:Maternal factors
5605:
5604:
5485:
5484:
5310:
5309:
5261:
5260:
5244:Papanicolaou test
5200:Non-communicable
5168:Sexual harassment
5146:Domestic violence
5116:
5115:
4959:
4958:
4756:
4755:
4659:Retained placenta
4577:Ectopic pregnancy
4375:
4374:
4357:search/Stillbirth
3639:978-0-12-373960-5
3542:Pediatric Reports
3388:on 1 August 2004.
3334:(49): 6057β6068.
3157:978-1-4094-2810-7
2446:(12): 1019β1021.
2262:(49): 6084β6092.
2044:10.1136/bmj.h3080
1987:eClinicalMedicine
1945:on 12 March 2012.
1343:978-3-030-84168-3
987:In the U.S., the
885:England and Wales
768:Legal definitions
723:since the 1950s.
618:placental mammals
458:Cord entanglement
166:
165:
133:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
6343:
6283:Infant mortality
6118:Erythema toxicum
6110:thermoregulation
6077:Gastrointestinal
5885:
5881:Affected systems
5758:
5726:
5711:Chorioamnionitis
5704:
5675:Placenta praevia
5668:
5659:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5609:
5593:
5592:
5581:
5580:
5569:
5568:
5422:
5207:
5127:
5121:Non-reproductive
4970:
4887:Feminine hygiene
4654:Cesarian section
4649:Obstructed labor
4530:
4445:
4426:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4228:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4143:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4044:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3970:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3381:. Archived from
3376:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3196:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3097:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2959:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2737:on 1 March 2017.
2733:. Archived from
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2463:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2415:Cleveland Clinic
2407:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2180:Cleveland Clinic
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:News-Medical.net
2147:
2141:
2140:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1938:. Archived from
1905:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1835:familydoctor.org
1826:
1820:
1819:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1212:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:
959:Northern Ireland
647:, if requested.
476:Smoke inhalation
275:family breakdown
55:
35:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6256:
6240:Neonatal sepsis
6187:
6156:Musculoskeletal
6150:
6127:
6108:
6099:
6071:
6026:Hydrops fetalis
5977:
5968:
5945:
5918:Pleural disease
5876:
5838:Cephalohematoma
5817:
5779:
5752:
5747:
5720:
5715:
5694:
5689:
5662:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5636:
5606:
5601:
5557:
5542:Family planning
5520:
5514:
5481:
5458:
5417:
5411:
5383:Gender equality
5366:
5360:
5306:
5257:
5239:Cervical cancer
5201:
5194:
5132:
5122:
5112:
5103:Sex differences
5061:Forced marriage
5010:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4897:Menstrual cycle
4868:
4821:Family planning
4819:
4810:
4763:
4752:
4711:Maternal deaths
4702:
4693:Postpartum care
4639:Multiple births
4615:
4524:
4517:
4450:
4441:
4438:
4430:
4420:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4327:
4326:
4239:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3668:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3143:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2892:(8): e0182250.
2879:
2878:
2874:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:The Irish Times
2747:
2746:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2573:(Suppl 1): S4.
2560:
2559:
2555:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2492:www.science.gov
2486:
2485:
2481:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2395:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2211:(Suppl 1): S5.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1344:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1058:
1053:
1045:Sands (charity)
1035:Perinatal death
1026:
982:
961:
925:
887:
878:
869:
852:
836:
815:
799:
791:
770:
748:
736:third trimester
716:
707:
687:labor induction
657:
626:
594:
518:
396:physical trauma
377:contraindicated
287:
255:developed world
111:Often unknown,
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6349:
6347:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6218:herpes simplex
6215:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6133:Nervous system
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5990:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5951:Cardiovascular
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5723:umbilical cord
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5519:Women's health
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5426:United Nations
5419:
5418:& advocacy
5413:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5365:Sociocultural
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5253:Ovarian cancer
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5229:Uterine cancer
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5173:Sexual assault
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5051:Child marriage
5048:
5046:Breast ironing
5043:
5038:
5036:Breast binding
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:Clitoridectomy
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4902:Menstrual aids
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4686:Husband stitch
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4557:Antenatal care
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:Fallopian tube
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4455:
4453:
4449:Reproductive
4442:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:Women's health
4421:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4313:
4302:
4291:
4260:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:Classification
4224:
4223:External links
4221:
4218:
4217:
4191:
4165:
4114:
4103:www.unicef.org
4090:
4064:
4042:2286/R.I.28317
4027:(2): 134β148.
4011:
3994:
3985:|website=
3955:
3925:
3900:
3889:www.unicef.org
3876:
3852:
3827:
3802:
3773:(3): 629β654.
3753:
3726:(5): 664β666.
3710:
3703:
3677:
3645:
3638:
3612:
3593:(1): 125β138.
3577:
3528:
3499:(8): 696β701.
3479:
3449:
3424:
3391:
3363:
3307:
3269:
3218:
3167:
3156:
3117:
3060:
3011:
2981:
2931:
2872:
2851:
2833:
2807:
2777:
2759:
2740:
2705:
2681:
2656:
2634:
2604:
2553:
2534:
2503:
2479:
2426:
2393:
2342:
2311:(4): 326β344.
2291:
2242:
2191:
2167:
2142:
2100:
2075:
2022:
1973:
1948:
1891:
1862:(2): 225β234.
1846:
1821:
1802:(3): 146β152.
1779:
1753:
1718:
1667:
1623:
1599:
1570:
1540:
1516:
1468:
1440:
1405:
1378:(1): 169β178.
1357:
1342:
1316:
1294:
1270:
1237:
1202:
1169:
1136:
1095:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
981:
978:
960:
957:
924:
921:
886:
883:
877:
876:United Kingdom
874:
868:
865:
851:
848:
835:
832:
831:
830:
814:
811:
798:
795:
790:
787:
769:
766:
747:
744:
715:
712:
706:
703:
685:problems, and
656:
653:
625:
622:
593:
590:
579:umbilical cord
539:nonstress test
537:, including a
523:fetal distress
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
480:
479:
473:
472:
471:
465:
455:
449:
441:
419:
418:
413:
411:celiac disease
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
358:
352:
347:
342:
337:
328:
323:
286:
283:
271:financial loss
220:umbilical cord
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
146:
142:
141:
135:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
95:
89:
88:
71:
65:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6348:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:Preterm birth
5802:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5644:fetal disease
5641:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5598:
5597:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5464:United States
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Disadvantaged
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:Urinary tract
5337:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5315:Mental health
5313:
5312:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Breast cancer
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5133:against women
5128:
5125:
5119:
5109:
5108:Sex education
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Breast health
5039:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Menstrual cup
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:Contraception
4813:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Childlessness
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4762:Reproductive
4759:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:Sterilization
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Preterm birth
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4469:Clitoral hood
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:Reproductive
4433:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3978:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3704:9780128141892
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3667:on 2012-03-27
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3439:on 2013-07-13
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2796:on 2013-08-01
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
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1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1584:"Stillbirths"
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1521:
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1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
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1475:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
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1428:
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1420:
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1409:
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1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
985:
980:United States
979:
977:
972:
968:
966:
958:
956:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
930:
922:
920:
918:
913:
909:
906:
904:
898:
894:
892:
884:
882:
875:
873:
866:
864:
856:
849:
847:
840:
833:
828:
827:
826:
824:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
796:
794:
788:
783:
779:
774:
767:
765:
762:
758:
753:
745:
743:
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5765:Breech birth
5755:presentation
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5293:Hip fracture
5288:Osteoporosis
5029:Infibulation
4929:Dysmenorrhea
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4602:Preeclampsia
4597:Hypertension
4481:Labia majora
4476:Labia minora
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5865:Erb's palsy
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5738:Nuchal cord
5596:WikiProject
5283:Bone health
5219:Lung cancer
5056:Dyspareunia
4999:HPV vaccine
4939:Amenorrhoea
4934:Menorrhagia
4772:Infertility
4721:Stillbirths
4582:Miscarriage
4341:MedlinePlus
4083:16 February
3865:www.who.int
3548:(1): 5615.
1612:UNICEF DATA
1588:UNICEF Data
1537:. Jan 2016.
1461:29 November
1283:UNICEF Data
1129:29 November
867:Netherlands
807:vital signs
635:Regulating
614:miscarriage
462:nuchal cord
372:, etc.) or
193:miscarriage
78:neonatology
74:Gynaecology
43:Other names
6316:Stillbirth
6310:Categories
6278:Stillbirth
6235:Omphalitis
6196:Infections
6105:Integument
5521:by country
5325:Depression
4976:infections
4681:Episiotomy
4621:Childbirth
4552:Obstetrics
4317:DiseasesDB
4173:Tawfik N.
4108:2022-04-28
3948:15 January
3919:2022-04-27
3894:2022-04-27
3870:2022-04-27
3846:2013-08-06
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2185:2022-04-27
2161:2022-04-27
2094:2019-08-02
1967:2022-04-27
1840:2022-04-27
1617:2023-10-31
1593:2023-10-25
1535:The Lancet
1455:ProPublica
1288:2023-10-25
1051:References
757:depression
645:ultrasound
610:live birth
592:Definition
567:ultrasound
555:kick chart
406:Rh disease
267:Depression
251:developing
247:childbirth
240:ultrasound
169:Stillbirth
139:ultrasound
86:obstetrics
82:pediatrics
61:Ultrasound
38:Stillbirth
6336:Midwifery
6326:Fertility
6004:Anti-Kell
5642:period /
5640:perinatal
5151:Pregnancy
5131:Violence
5071:Vaginitis
4944:Menopause
4804:Fostering
4794:Parenting
4764:life plan
4629:Midwifery
4607:Eclampsia
4534:Pregnancy
4523:Maternal
4352:eMedicine
4271:: fetal:
4252:: fetal:
3987:ignored (
3977:cite book
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1162:4 October
1088:4 October
789:Australia
695:Caesarean
679:vaginally
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364:(such as
354:maternal
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145:Treatment
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5974:Bleeding
5665:placenta
5572:Category
5532:Ethiopia
5454:UN Women
5271:Dementia
5202:diseases
5185:Femicide
5163:Misogyny
5083:Polygamy
4984:Safe sex
4892:Menarche
4799:Adoption
4726:Abortion
4644:Oxytocin
4464:Clitoris
4179:BBC News
4160:25984436
4059:39669213
4051:20175019
3942:Archived
3840:Archived
3797:20098665
3748:41058738
3740:18333949
3607:11134838
3572:25918622
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2731:28657257
2651:Medscape
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1257:Archived
1224:Archived
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1123:Archived
1082:Archived
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6213:rubella
5843:Chignon
5697:chorion
5584:Commons
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5302:Anaemia
5098:Puberty
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4964:Sexual
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732:medical
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563:doptone
468:Torsion
366:alcohol
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319:, like
299:obesity
291:autopsy
228:malaria
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5549:Russia
5211:Cancer
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4966:health
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813:Canada
586:models
531:uterus
285:Causes
273:, and
108:Causes
6261:Other
6085:Ileus
5832:scalp
5537:India
5527:China
4818:&
4508:Ovary
4451:tract
4289:Z37.7
4285:Z37.4
4281:Z37.3
4277:Z37.1
4055:S2CID
3969:(PDF)
3744:S2CID
3419:(PDF)
3412:(PDF)
3386:(PDF)
3375:(PDF)
3108:S2CID
2994:NICHD
2694:WebMD
2113:(PDF)
2066:S2CID
1962:WebMD
1943:(PDF)
1932:S2CID
1904:(PDF)
1553:NICHD
1531:(PDF)
1431:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1253:NICHD
1220:NICHD
1185:NICHD
1152:NICHD
1078:NICHD
761:guilt
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189:grief
185:guilt
173:fetal
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6019:Rh E
6014:Rh D
6009:Rh c
5178:Rape
4322:6890
4306:MeSH
4295:OMIM
4258:QA46
4254:KD3B
4212:2024
4186:2024
4156:PMID
4085:2023
4047:PMID
3989:help
3950:2017
3793:PMID
3736:PMID
3720:BJOG
3699:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3603:PMID
3568:PMID
3519:PMID
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3295:PMID
3260:PMID
3209:PMID
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3100:PMID
3051:PMID
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2922:PMID
2802:2013
2727:PMID
2595:PMID
2519:PMID
2466:PMID
2384:PMID
2333:PMID
2282:PMID
2233:PMID
2133:PMID
2058:PMID
2013:PMID
1924:PMID
1882:PMID
1812:PMID
1744:PMID
1709:PMID
1658:PMID
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1507:PMID
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1232:2016
1197:2016
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1131:2022
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778:JizΕ
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549:and
230:and
210:and
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4264:ICD
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3775:doi
3728:doi
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2323:PMC
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1995:doi
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