979:
1166:
618:(U.S.P.). Sutures were originally manufactured ranging in size from #1 to #6, with #1 being the smallest. A #4 suture would be roughly the diameter of a tennis racquet string. The manufacturing techniques, derived at the beginning from the production of musical strings, did not allow thinner diameters. As the procedures improved, #0 was added to the suture diameters, and later, thinner and thinner threads were manufactured, which were identified as #00 (#2-0 or #2/0) to #000000 (#6-0 or #6/0).
963:
47:
128:
1178:
1031:. A continuous suture where the needle enters and exits the epidermis along the plane of the skin. This stitch is for approximating superficial skin edges and provides the best cosmetic result. Superficial gapping wounds may be reduced effectively by using continuous subcuticular sutures. It is unclear whether subcuticular sutures can reduce the rate of surgical site infections.when compared with other suturing methods.
245:
602:
2480:
1157:
preferred medical grade glue. It is available under various trade names, such as LiquiBand, SurgiSeal, FloraSeal, and
Dermabond. These have the advantages of being more flexible, making a stronger bond, and being easier to use. The longer side chain types, for example octyl and butyl forms, also reduce tissue reaction.
1145:
The tissue adhesive has been shown to act as a barrier to microbial penetration as long as the adhesive film remains intact. Limitations of tissue adhesives include contraindications to use near the eyes and a mild learning curve on correct usage. They are also unsuitable for oozing or potentially contaminated wounds.
317:, chromic catgut and fast catgut which are all produced from the collagen extracted from bovine intestines. They are all polyfilaments which have different degradations times ranging from 3–28 days. This material is often used for body tissue with low mechanical or shearing force and rapid healing time.
1156:
tissue adhesives to be used, and these are composed of n-butyl cyanoacrylate. These worked well but had the disadvantage of having to be stored in the refrigerator, were exothermic so they stung the patient, and the bond was brittle. Nowadays, the longer chain polymer, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, is the
301:
Absorbable sutures are either degraded via proteolysis or hydrolysis and should not be utilized on body tissue that would require greater than two months of tensile strength. It is generally used internally during surgery or to avoid further procedures for individuals with low likelihood of returning
1144:
adhesives (closely related to super glue), have been used in combination with, or as an alternative to, sutures in wound closure. The adhesive remains liquid until exposed to water or water-containing substances/tissue, after which it cures (polymerizes) and forms a bond to the underlying surface.
375:
Synthetic absorbable material includes polyglactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poliglecaprone, polydioxanone, and polytrimethylene carbonate. Among these are monofilaments, polyfilaments and braided sutures. In general synthetic materials will keep tensile strength for longer due to less local tissue
118:
of the specific suture thread needed to efficiently hold the tissues together depending on the mechanical and shear forces acting on the wound as well as the thickness of the tissue being approximated. One must also consider the elasticity of the thread and ability to adapt to different tissues, as
1111:
Removal of sutures is traditionally achieved by using forceps to hold the suture thread steady and pointed scalpel blades or scissors to cut. For practical reasons the two instruments (forceps and scissors) are available in a sterile kit. In certain countries (e.g. US), these kits are available in
1072:
was the first research result in this area, showing that the then-typical use of a suture-length to wound-length ratio of 2:1 increased the risk of a burst wound, and suggesting a SL:WL ratio of 4:1 or more in abdominal wounds. A later study suggested 6:1 as the optimal ratio in abdominal closure.
388:
Advantages/disadvantages: high tensile strength, excellent elasticity, excellent cosmetic outcomes, decreased hypertrophic scarring, minimal tissue reaction, good knot security originally; however, the material makes the security unreliable over time, thus it is important to keep ears of material
272:
Monofilament fibers have less tensile strength but create less tissue trauma and are more appropriate with delicate tissues where tissue trauma can be more significant such as small blood vessels. Polyfilament (braided) sutures are composed of multiple fibers and are generally greater in diameter
119:
well as the memory of the thread material which lends to ease of use for the operator. Different suture characteristics lend way to differing degrees of tissue reaction and the operator must select a suture that minimizes the tissue reaction while still keeping with appropriate tensile strength.
481:
These sutures hold greater tensile strength for longer periods of time and are not subject to degradation. They are appropriate for tissues with a high degree of mechanical or shear force (tendons, certain skin location). They also supply the operator with greater ease of use due to less thread
147:
tissue during suturing. In a swaged suture the thread is of narrower diameter than the needle, whereas it protrudes on both sides in an eyed needle. Being narrower, the thread in a swaged suture has less drag when passing through tissue than the needle, and, not protruding, is less likely to
1601:
Lee, Alice; Stanley, Guy H. M.; Wade, Ryckie G.; Berwick, Daniele; Vinicombe, Victoria; Salence, Brogan K.; Musbahi, Esra; De Poli, Anderson R. C. S.; Savu, Mihaela; Batchelor, Jonathan M.; Abbott, Rachel A.; Gardiner, Matthew D.; Wernham, Aaron; Veitch, David; Ghaffar, S. A. (2023-02-08).
621:
Modern sutures range from #5 (heavy braided suture for orthopedics) to #11-0 (fine monofilament suture for ophthalmics). Atraumatic needles are manufactured in all shapes for most sizes. The actual diameter of thread for a given U.S.P. size differs depending on the suture material class.
288:
Tissue reactivity: inflammatory response of the surrounding tissue that can cause materials to break down quicker and lose tensile strength. Non absorbable synthetic suture have the lowest of tissue reactivity, while the absorbable natural fibers have the highest rates of tissue
135:
Historically, surgeons used reusable needles with holes (called "eyes"), which must be threaded before use just as is done with a needle and thread prior to sewing fabric. The advantage of this is that any combination of thread and needle may be chosen to suit the job at hand.
1151:
Cyanoacrylate is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like
Superglue and Krazy Glue) and n-butyl-cyanoacrylate. Skin glues like Indermil and Histoacryl were the first
263:
Suture material is often broken down into absorbable thread versus non-absorbable thread, which is further delineated into synthetic fibers versus natural fibers. Another important distinction among suture material is whether it is monofilament or polyfilament (braided)
111:. There are numerous types of suture which differ by needle shape and size as well as thread material and characteristics. Selection of surgical suture should be determined by the characteristics and location of the wound or the specific body tissues being approximated.
1307:
The next great leap came in the twentieth century. The chemical industry drove production of the first synthetic thread in the early 1930s, which exploded into production of numerous absorbable and non-absorbable synthetics. The first synthetic absorbable was based on
217:
Finally, atraumatic needles may be permanently swaged to the suture or may be designed to come off the suture with a sharp straight tug. These "pop-offs" are commonly used for interrupted sutures, where each suture is only passed once and then tied.
140:(or "atraumatic") needles with sutures consist of a pre-packed eyeless needle already attached (by swaging) to a specific length of suture thread. This saves time, and eliminates the most difficult threading of very fine needles and sutures.
1931:
500:
Advantages/disadvantages: This material has good tensile strength, is easy to handle and has excellent knot security. However, it is rarely used internally due to its significant tissue reaction which causes loss of tensile strength over
329:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence. Poor handling and high tissue reactivity causing quick loss of tensile
565:
Advantages/disadvantages: Good handling, good knot security and high tensile strength due to low tissue reactivity. However, this suture can create more tissue trauma when passing through the skin and is more expensive than its
346:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence. Improved handling and decreased tissue reactivity due to chromic salt
1101:
Whereas some sutures are intended to be permanent, and others in specialized cases may be kept in place for an extended period of many weeks, as a rule sutures are a short-term device to allow healing of a trauma or wound.
550:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent tensile strength, increased usability, and increased knot security as compared to its monofilamentous counterpart. However, its polyfilamentous nature is said to increase risk of
504:
Common use: Due to advancements in sutures, there is no longer indication for use of surgical silk. However, it is still commonly used in dentistry for mucosal surfaces or to secure surgical tubes on the bodies
1106:
Different parts of the body heal at different speeds. Common time to remove stitches will vary: facial wounds 3–5 days; scalp wound 7–10 days; limbs 10–14 days; joints 14 days; trunk of the body 7–10 days.
539:
Common use: Excellent for superficial skin closure due to minimal tissue reactivity. It is the most commonly used skin suture due to its excellent adaptability to potentially expanding tissues (edema).
302:
for suture removal. To-date, the available data indicates that the objective short-term wound outcomes are equivalent for absorbable and non-absorbable sutures, and there is equipoise amongst surgeons.
1044:. The needle point is pressed into the flesh, advanced along the trajectory of the needle's curve until it emerges, and pulled through. The trailing thread is then tied into a knot, usually a
978:
1056:
and scarring. Ideally, sutured skin rolls slightly outward from the wound (eversion), and the depth and width of the sutured flesh is roughly equal. Placement varies based on the location,
1300:
of all suture threads. He first attempted sterilization with the 1860s "carbolic catgut", and chromic catgut followed two decades later. Sterile catgut was finally achieved in 1906 with
594:
Advantages/disadvantages: Tensile strength is exceptional with very little tissue reactivity, thus maintaining minimal degradation over time. This suture material has very poor handling.
1324:
fibers. Silk and, rarely, gut sutures are the only materials still in use from ancient times. In fact, gut sutures have been banned in Europe and Japan owing to concerns regarding
562:
Description: made from polyethylene terephthalate, there are various brands and configurations of this type of suture. Many are braided, coated in silicone and dyed for visibility.
580:
Advantages/disadvantages: low tissue reactivity, good handling, high tensile strength that is greater than most other monofilaments, good elasticity during increasing edema.
1752:
1705:
1531:
360:
Description: Treated with heat to further break down protein and allow for more rapid absorption in bodily tissues. Tensile strength less than a week (3–5 days).
1052:. Ideally, sutures bring together the wound edges, without causing indenting or blanching of the skin, since the blood supply may be impeded and thus increase
363:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent elasticity allowing for adaptation to tissue swelling. Passes through the skin with very little tissue trauma occurrence.
385:
Description: copolymer of synthetic materials. Loses tensile strength quickly; sixty percent lost in the first week. All strength lost within 3 weeks.
1165:
2491:
1002:
is quicker but risks failing if the suture is cut in just one place; the continuous locking stitch is in some ways a more secure version. The
2460:
2435:
2410:
2383:
2349:
2312:
1907:
1874:
1841:
1808:
1775:
1728:
1681:
1577:
1507:
273:
with greater tensile strength, however, they tend to have greater tissue reaction and theoretically have more propensity to harbor bacteria.
2373:
2252:
Dumville, JC; Coulthard, P; Worthington, HV; Riley, P; Patel, N; Darcey, J; Esposito, M; van der Elst, M; van Waes, OJ (28 November 2014).
2177:
Stark, M.; Chavkin, Y.; Kupfersztain, C.; Guedj, P.; Finkel, A. R. (1995). "Evaluation of combinations of procedures in cesarean section".
434:
Description: sourced as vicryl is with irradiation to break down material for quicker absorption. Loss of all tensile strength in 5–7 days.
1089:
generally involves suturing at a deeper level of a tissue followed by another layer of suturing at a more superficial level. For example,
2400:
1993:
Goto, Saori; Sakamoto, Takashi; Ganeko, Riki; Hida, Koya; Furukawa, Toshi A; Sakai, Yoshiharu (2020-04-09). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).
1547:
990:; it is indeed the simplest to perform and is called "interrupted" because the suture thread is cut between each individual stitch. The
1898:
Lammers, Richard L; Trott, Alexander T (2004). "Chapter 36: Methods of Wound
Closure". In Roberts, James R; Hedges, Jerris R (eds.).
1068:
can lengthen significantly under strain. To accommodate this lengthening, continuous stitches must have an adequate amount of slack.
2519:
239:
1286:. The gut suture was similar to that of strings for violins, guitars, and tennis racquets and it involved harvesting sheep or cow
2042:
Osterberg, B; Blomstedt, B (1979). "Effect of suture materials on bacterial survival in infected wounds: An experimental study".
1325:
114:
In selecting the needle, thread, and suturing technique to use for a specific patient, a medical care provider must consider the
536:
Advantages/disadvantages: Excellent tensile strength. However, poor handling and poor knot security due to high material memory.
1293:
1258:
from 1100 BC. A detailed description of a wound suture and the suture materials used in it is by the Indian sage and physician
2220:
569:
Common use: Rare, pediatric valvular surgery, alternative to surgical steel for orthopedic surgery due to superior handling.
1020:, a continuous, circular inverting suture which is made to secure apposition of the edges of a surgical or traumatic wound.
1944:
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan; Toon, Clare D; Allen, Victoria B; Davidson, Brian R (2014-02-14). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).
998:
are also interrupted but are more complex and specialized for everting the skin and distributing tension. The running or
402:
Description: synthetic polymer that loses all tensile strength in by 25 days. Either dyed green for visibility or undyed.
2514:
1316:
were developed in the 1950s, and later the process of radiation sterilization was established for catgut and polyester.
1297:
497:
Description: surgical silk is a protein derived from silkworms that is coated to minimize friction and water absorption.
222:
456:
Common use: subcutaneous use often an alternative to PDS due to better handling and slightly superior tensile strength.
213:
side cutting or spatula points (flat on top and bottom with a cutting edge along the front to one side) for eye surgery
437:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, fair good handling and good knot security.
2524:
2484:
1023:
995:
615:
987:
967:
405:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, good handling, but poor knot security.
991:
971:
2451:
Rai, Anshul; Panneerselvam, Elavenil; Bonanthaya, Krishnamurthy; Manuel, Suvy; Kumar, Vinay V., eds. (2021).
1129:
256:
31:
1267:
203:
trocar point or tapercut (needle body is round and tapered, but ends in a small triangular cutting point)
450:
Description: co polymer product of synthetic materials. Loses 75% of the tensile strength after 40 days.
164:
1/2 circle. Subtypes of this needle shape include, from larger to smaller size, CT, CT-1, CT-2 and CT-3.
103:
together and approximate wound edges after an injury or surgery. Application generally involves using a
285:
Elasticity: the ability of the suture material to adapt to changing tissues such as in cases of edema.
1290:. Catgut sometimes led to infection due to a lack of disinfection and sterilization of the material.
184:
1320:
was discovered in the 1960s and implemented in the 1970s. Today, most sutures are made of synthetic
1407:
1389:
1383:
648:
605:
During the first dressing, Redon's drain was removed and the sutures were checked (surgical suture)
343:
Description: Maintains original strength for 21–28 days and full degradation occurs in 16–18 weeks.
1132:, used as buttresses under sutures when there is a possibility of sutures tearing through tissue.
46:
2509:
2202:
1746:
1699:
1525:
1003:
554:
Common use: soft tissue, vessel ligations and superficial skin (specifically facial lacerations).
962:
221:
Sutures can withstand different amounts of force based on their size; this is quantified by the
326:
Description: Maintains original strength for 7–10 days and full degradation occurs in 10 weeks.
2456:
2431:
2406:
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2345:
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2194:
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2024:
1975:
1903:
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1814:
1804:
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1513:
1503:
1463:
1455:
1350:
1317:
1309:
1049:
127:
1544:
1185:
Through many millennia, various suture materials were used or proposed. Needles were made of
453:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, excellent tensile strength, good handling.
421:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, good knot security,
333:
Common use: best used in rapidly healing tissues with good blood supply i.e. mucosal tissues.
2529:
2273:
2265:
2186:
2149:
2014:
2006:
1965:
1957:
1619:
1445:
1398: – Craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread
1259:
1177:
1090:
469:
Advantages/disadvantages: minimal tissue reaction, good tensile strength, but poor handling.
115:
100:
292:
Knot security: the ability of the suture to maintain a knot that holds the thread in place.
1551:
1401:
1148:
In surgical incisions it does not work as well as sutures as the wounds often break open.
255:
tissue section showing a non-absorbable multi-filament surgical suture with a surrounding
183:
The ski and canoe needle design allows curved needles to be straight enough to be used in
472:
Common use: subcutaneous with need of high tensile strength (abdominal incision closure).
2278:
2253:
1970:
1945:
197:
cutting (needle body is triangular and has a sharpened cutting edge on the inside curve)
2154:
2137:
2019:
1994:
999:
523:
96:
558:
Braided polyester (polyfilament, Ethibond, Dagrofil, Synthofil, PremiCron, Synthofil)
282:
Tensile strength: the ability of the suture to hold tissues in place without breaking.
2503:
2335:
2190:
1371:
1344:
1338:
1279:
1153:
1141:
1041:
1028:
1007:
957:
519:
108:
104:
60:
56:
2206:
1112:
sterile disposable trays because of the high cost of cleaning and re-sterilization.
187:, where instruments are inserted into the abdominal cavity through narrow cannulas.
2269:
2238:
2224:
2010:
1961:
1359:
1932:
Miller-Keane
Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health
252:
2339:
148:
traumatize friable tissue, earning the combination the designation "atraumatic".
1263:
1065:
244:
1093:
can be performed with single or double layer suturing of the uterine incision.
1768:
Skin and soft tissue injuries and infections: a practical evidence based guide
1517:
1170:
601:
248:
2426:
Chen, Hua; Wu, Kejian; Tang, Peifu; Zhang, Yixin; Fu, Zhongguo, eds. (2021).
1884:
1851:
1818:
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1631:
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1459:
1313:
1287:
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1053:
1045:
2287:
2163:
2028:
1979:
1639:
1467:
2479:
2198:
1623:
1603:
424:
Common use: subcutaneous tissue, skin closure (avoid dyed Vicryl on face).
366:
Common use: Advised for skin closure only generally on the mucosa or face.
190:
Needles may also be classified by their point geometry; examples include:
2085:
2072:
Macht, SD; Krizek, TJ (1978). "Sutures and suturing - Current concepts".
2055:
1555:
1450:
1433:
1228:
583:
Common use: rare, tendon repairs, plastics (pull out subcuticular stitch)
17:
1321:
1224:
966:
A wound before and after suture closure. The closure incorporates five
207:
144:
1946:"Continuous versus interrupted skin sutures for non-obstetric surgery"
1643:
143:
Two additional benefits are reduced drag and less potential damage to
73:
1395:
1365:
1328:. Silk suture is still used today, mainly to secure surgical drains.
1301:
1275:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1216:
1201:
1194:
1190:
314:
1766:
Singer, Adam J.; Hollander, Judd E.; Blumm, Robert M., eds. (2010).
1719:
Langley-Hobbs, S. J.; Demetriou, Jackie; Ladlow, Jane, eds. (2013).
1386: – Piece of thread (suture) tied around an anatomical structure
1040:
Sutures are placed by mounting a needle with attached suture into a
392:
Common use: Advised for subcutaneous and superficial tissue closure.
179:
half curved at both ends of a straight segment (also known as canoe)
1867:
Evidence-based orthopaedics: the best answers to clinical questions
1250:
The earliest reports of surgical suture date to 3000 BC in ancient
1604:"International, prospective cohort study comparing non-absorbable
1271:
1255:
1251:
1176:
1164:
977:
961:
600:
515:
243:
171:
137:
126:
1922:
Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Copyright 2007
380:
Poliglecaprone (monofilament, Monocryl, Monocryl Plus, Suruglyde)
1995:"Subcuticular sutures for skin closure in non-obstetric surgery"
1377:
1240:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1186:
1181:
Old refillable surgical thread supplier (middle of 20th century)
490:
1608:
absorbable sutures for skin surgery: CANVAS service evaluation"
1128:, that is, a small flat non-absorbent pad normally composed of
151:
There are several shapes of surgical needles. These include:
526:
all of which are monofilaments with great tensile strength.
194:
taper (needle body is round and tapers smoothly to a point)
2138:"Six-fold suture:wound length ratio for abdominal closure"
1410: – Porous surgical tape used for closing small wounds
1282:
along with the surgery needle were used in operations by
982:
Suturing two operation wounds with eleven simple stitches
1380: – Method of fastening or securing linear materials
986:
Many different techniques exist. The most common is the
1355:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
429:
Polyglactin 910 Irradiated (polyfilament, Vicryl Rapid)
1266:, described suture techniques, as did the later Roman
493:(polyfilament, Permahand, Ethicon; Sofsilk, Covidien)
2136:
Varshney, S; Manek, P; Johnson, CD (September 1999).
2117:
Grossman, JA (1982). "The repair of surface trauma".
1902:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 671.
418:
Description: loss of all tensile strength in 28 days.
2254:"Tissue adhesives for closure of surgical incisions"
2179:
International
Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
466:
Description: loss of tensile strength in 36–53 days.
1404: – Staples used in surgery in place of sutures
1368: – Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
1262:, written in 500 BC. The Greek father of medicine,
543:Nylon (polyfilaments, Nurolon, Surgilon, Supramid)
350:
Common use: skin closure (face), mucosa, genitalia.
39:
2304:Acs(I) Textbook on Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
2142:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
1674:Wounds and lacerations: emergency care and closure
591:Description: synthetic mixture of multiple alloys.
1392: – Overview of and topical guide to medicine
27:Medical device used to hold body tissues together
2453:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician
2428:Tutorials in Suturing Techniques for Orthopedics
1836:. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1341: – French surgeon and biologist (1873–1944)
440:Common use: scalp and facial laceration closure.
1832:Anderson, Robert H.; et al., eds. (2010).
1104:
1013:Other stitches or suturing techniques include:
30:"Stitches" redirects here. For other uses, see
131:A surgeon suturing a wound in a person's thumb
1498:Jeffrey M. Sutton; et al., eds. (2018).
200:reverse cutting (cutting edge on the outside)
8:
1865:Wright, James G.; et al., eds. (2009).
1353: – Small self-adhesive medical dressing
2258:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1362: – Cutting of tissue by a taut element
1010:are variations of the horizontal mattress.
313:Natural absorbable material includes plain
1799:Ducheyne, Paul; et al., eds. (2011).
1770:. Shelton, Connecticut: People's Medical.
1751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1530:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1274:described sutures made of surgical gut or
461:Polydioxanone closures (PDS, monofilament)
45:
2277:
2153:
2018:
1969:
1900:Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine
1449:
597:Common use: orthopedics, sternum closure.
529:Nylon (monofilaments, Dermalon, Ethilon)
2067:
2065:
1347: – Type of knotless surgical suture
1207:. Sutures were made of plant materials (
624:
2399:Rakel, David; Rakel, Robert E. (2011).
2097:
2095:
1999:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1950:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1421:
413:Polyglactin 910 (polyfilament, Vicryl)
397:Polyglycolic acid (polyfilament, Dexon)
1744:
1721:Feline soft tissue and general surgery
1697:
1523:
1254:, and the oldest known suture is in a
577:Description: A copolymer of polyester.
36:
2307:. Jaypee Brothers. pp. 125–126.
1432:Byrne, Miriam; Aly, Al (2019-03-14).
573:Polybutester (monofilament, Novafil)
7:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1570:Local flaps in facial reconstruction
1502:. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 81–90.
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1427:
1425:
1374: – Type of fast-acting adhesive
2455:. Springer Singapore. p. 231.
2106:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
1869:. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
69:
2402:Textbook of Family Medicine E-Book
1270:. The 2nd-century Roman physician
974:(center) at the apex of the wound.
445:Polglyconate (monofilament, Maxon)
223:U.S.P. Needles Pull Specifications
25:
2301:Mysore, Venkataram (2012-12-15).
2239:"Polytetrafluoroethylene Pledget"
240:Suture materials comparison chart
2478:
1326:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
614:Suture sizes are defined by the
408:Common use: subcutaneous tissue.
268:Monofilament versus polyfilament
1500:The Mont Reid surgical handbook
176:half curved (also known as ski)
2430:. Springer Nature. p. 7.
2270:10.1002/14651858.CD004287.pub4
2011:10.1002/14651858.CD012124.pub2
1962:10.1002/14651858.CD010365.pub2
1676:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1124:is one that is supported by a
1060:Stitching interval and spacing
1:
2492:Computer modelling of sutures
2405:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2191:10.1016/0020-7292(94)02306-J
514:Synthetic materials include
277:Other properties to consider
2344:. Taylor & Francis US.
1568:Shan R. Baker, ed. (2007).
1278:. In the 10th century, the
107:with an attached length of
2546:
1801:Comprehensive biomaterials
1612:British Journal of Surgery
996:horizontal mattress stitch
968:simple interrupted sutures
955:
616:United States Pharmacopeia
338:Chromic gut (polyfilament)
237:
52:
29:
2104:Basic Surgical Techniques
1672:Trott, Alexander (2012).
1438:Aesthetic Surgery Journal
988:simple interrupted stitch
70:
44:
2520:Surgical suture material
972:vertical mattress suture
321:Plain gut (polyfilament)
206:blunt points for sewing
2074:Journal of Oral Surgery
1803:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1130:polytetrafluoroethylene
355:Fast gut (polyfilament)
257:foreign-body giant cell
32:Stitch (disambiguation)
1268:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
1219:) or animal material (
1182:
1174:
1109:
1024:Figure-of-eight stitch
983:
975:
606:
547:Description: polyamide
533:Description: polyamide
260:
132:
2487:at Wikimedia Commons
2375:The Story of Medicine
2372:Rooney, Anne (2009).
1834:Paediatric cardiology
1545:Surgical Needle Guide
1434:"The Surgical Suture"
1296:endorsed the routine
1180:
1168:
1083:single layer suturing
981:
965:
604:
247:
238:Further information:
130:
1444:(Supp. 2): S67–S72.
638:Synthetic absorbable
371:Synthetic absorbable
185:laparoscopic surgery
51:Surgical suture and
2515:Implants (medicine)
1624:10.1093/bjs/znad008
1408:Wound closure strip
1390:Outline of medicine
1169:Sewing wound after
1029:Subcuticular stitch
1018:Purse-string suture
59:thread held with a
2227:on 24 August 2013.
2119:Emergency Medicine
1934:, Seventh Edition.
1572:. Mosby Elsevier.
1550:2014-11-06 at the
1451:10.1093/asj/sjz036
1189:or metals such as
1183:
1175:
1087:two layer suturing
1004:chest drain stitch
984:
976:
607:
309:Natural absorbable
261:
133:
87:, also known as a
2525:Surgical stitches
2483:Media related to
2462:978-981-15-1346-6
2437:978-981-336-330-4
2412:978-1-4377-3567-3
2385:978-1-84858-039-8
2351:978-0-415-36848-3
2314:978-93-5090-591-3
2102:Kirk, RM (1978).
1909:978-0-7216-9760-4
1876:978-1-4377-1113-4
1843:978-0-7020-3735-1
1810:978-0-08-055294-1
1777:978-1-60795-201-5
1730:978-0-7020-5420-4
1683:978-0-323-09132-9
1646:on 27 March 2023.
1579:978-0-323-03684-9
1558:. Copyright 2005.
1509:978-0-323-53174-0
1351:Butterfly closure
1318:Polyglycolic acid
1310:polyvinyl alcohol
1000:continuous stitch
949:
948:
81:
80:
16:(Redirected from
2537:
2482:
2467:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2417:
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2341:Ancient Medicine
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2281:
2264:(11): CD004287.
2249:
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2229:
2228:
2223:. Archived from
2221:"www.scribd.com"
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1642:. Archived from
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1542:
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1535:
1529:
1521:
1495:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1429:
1356:
1136:Tissue adhesives
1122:pledgeted suture
1091:Cesarean section
625:
116:tensile strength
74:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
2545:
2544:
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2044:Acta Chir Scand
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2005:(4): CD012124.
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1956:(2): CD010365.
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1430:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1402:Surgical staple
1354:
1334:
1163:
1138:
1118:
1099:
1081:In contrast to
1079:
1064:Skin and other
1062:
1038:
960:
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644:
639:
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629:
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587:Surgical steel
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253:H&E stained
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85:surgical suture
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40:Surgical suture
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2474:External links
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2338:(2005-07-30).
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97:medical device
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1723:. Edinburgh.
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1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:Cyanoacrylate
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:Barbed suture
1343:
1340:
1339:Alexis Carrel
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:sterilization
1295:
1294:Joseph Lister
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:catgut suture
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:medical grade
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:cyanoacrylate
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:Jenkin's rule
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:needle holder
1035:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:corner stitch
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
980:
973:
969:
964:
959:
958:Surgical knot
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942:
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645:diameter (mm)
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640:diameter (mm)
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635:diameter (mm)
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520:polypropylene
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99:used to hold
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62:
61:needle holder
58:
57:polypropylene
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38:
33:
19:
2496:
2477:
2452:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2401:
2394:
2378:. Arcturus.
2374:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2303:
2296:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2233:
2225:the original
2215:
2185:(3): 273–6.
2182:
2178:
2172:
2148:(5): 333–6.
2145:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2080:(9): 710–2.
2077:
2073:
2050:(7): 431–4.
2047:
2043:
2037:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1927:
1918:
1899:
1893:
1866:
1860:
1833:
1827:
1800:
1794:
1767:
1761:
1720:
1714:
1673:
1644:the original
1615:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1569:
1563:
1540:
1499:
1441:
1437:
1360:Cheesewiring
1306:
1292:
1249:
1184:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1039:
1017:
1012:
985:
620:
613:
586:
572:
566:counterparts
557:
542:
528:
513:
489:
480:
374:
312:
304:
300:
271:
262:
220:
216:
189:
182:
150:
142:
134:
113:
101:body tissues
92:
88:
84:
82:
65:shown above.
2357:21 November
1304:treatment.
1264:Hippocrates
1235:strips and
1066:soft tissue
1046:square knot
630:designation
289:reactivity.
63:. Packaging
2504:Categories
2320:25 January
1518:1006511397
1416:References
1314:Polyesters
1288:intestines
1171:herniotomy
1116:Expansions
956:See also:
952:Techniques
651:wire gauge
551:infection.
297:Absorbable
249:Micrograph
167:5/8 circle
161:3/8 circle
158:1/4 circle
2510:First aid
1885:460904348
1852:460904281
1819:771916865
1786:801407265
1747:cite book
1739:865542682
1700:cite book
1692:793588304
1632:0007-1323
1588:489075341
1526:cite book
1460:1090-820X
1312:in 1931.
1284:Abulcasis
1199:aluminium
1054:infection
1036:Placement
649:American
510:Synthetic
330:strength.
234:Materials
170:compound
2288:25431843
2279:10074547
2207:72559269
2164:10645176
2029:32271475
1980:24526375
1971:10692401
1640:36753053
1556:Novartis
1548:Archived
1468:30869751
1384:Ligature
1332:See also
1260:Sushruta
1229:arteries
1140:Topical
992:vertical
970:and one
633:Collagen
505:surface.
482:memory.
347:coating.
259:reaction
155:Straight
93:stitches
18:Stitches
2530:Surgery
2199:7781869
2155:2503300
2020:7144739
1322:polymer
1225:tendons
1161:History
1126:pledget
1097:Removal
501:months.
486:Natural
210:tissues
208:friable
145:friable
123:Needles
95:, is a
2459:
2434:
2409:
2382:
2348:
2311:
2286:
2276:
2205:
2197:
2162:
2152:
2125:: 220.
2086:355612
2084:
2056:539325
2054:
2027:
2017:
1978:
1968:
1906:
1883:
1873:
1850:
1840:
1817:
1807:
1784:
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1727:
1690:
1680:
1638:
1630:
1606:versus
1586:
1576:
1516:
1506:
1466:
1458:
1396:Sewing
1366:Chitin
1302:iodine
1276:catgut
1245:catgut
1243:, and
1237:nerves
1233:muscle
1217:cotton
1202:bronze
1197:, and
1195:copper
1191:silver
1173:, 1559
1077:Layers
931:19–20
916:20–21
900:21–22
866:23–24
849:25–26
832:26–27
798:29–32
781:32–34
764:35–38
747:38–40
315:catgut
229:Thread
138:Swaged
109:thread
105:needle
89:stitch
55:gauge
2203:S2CID
1554:from
1272:Galen
1256:mummy
1252:Egypt
610:Sizes
516:nylon
389:long.
251:of a
172:curve
72:[
2457:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2359:2012
2346:ISBN
2322:2016
2309:ISBN
2284:PMID
2262:2014
2195:PMID
2160:PMID
2082:PMID
2052:PMID
2025:PMID
2003:2020
1976:PMID
1954:2014
1904:ISBN
1881:OCLC
1871:ISBN
1848:OCLC
1838:ISBN
1815:OCLC
1805:ISBN
1782:OCLC
1772:ISBN
1753:link
1735:OCLC
1725:ISBN
1706:link
1688:OCLC
1678:ISBN
1636:PMID
1628:ISSN
1584:OCLC
1574:ISBN
1532:link
1514:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1464:PMID
1456:ISSN
1378:Knot
1241:silk
1221:hair
1215:and
1213:hemp
1209:flax
1205:wire
1187:bone
1006:and
994:and
829:0.35
826:0.35
806:0.35
778:0.15
775:0.15
755:0.15
744:0.07
741:0.07
728:0.05
725:0.05
722:0.07
712:0.04
709:0.04
706:0.05
696:0.03
693:0.03
690:0.03
680:0.02
677:0.02
674:0.02
671:10-0
664:0.01
657:11-0
522:and
491:Silk
2274:PMC
2266:doi
2187:doi
2150:PMC
2048:145
2015:PMC
2007:doi
1966:PMC
1958:doi
1620:doi
1616:110
1446:doi
1247:).
1048:or
945:18
928:0.8
913:0.7
910:0.7
897:0.6
894:0.6
891:0.8
883:22
880:0.6
877:0.6
874:0.7
863:0.5
860:0.5
857:0.6
846:0.4
843:0.4
840:0.5
823:0.4
815:28
812:0.3
809:0.3
803:2-0
795:0.2
792:0.2
789:0.3
786:3-0
772:0.2
769:4-0
761:0.1
758:0.1
752:5-0
738:0.1
735:6-0
719:7-0
703:8-0
687:9-0
628:USP
91:or
53:6-0
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