20:
753:
765:
741:
347:
160:
804:
777:
828:
513:
792:
473:
560:
286:
628:
816:
211:
77:
520:
England became the most inventive and important
European maker of fancy stoneware in the 18th and 19th centuries, but there is no clear evidence for native English stoneware production before the mid-17th century. German imports were common from the early 16th century at least, and known as "Cologne
362:
produced stoneware, with an industry of a nearly industrial-scale mass-production of stoneware bangles throughout the civilization's Mature Period (2600–1900 BC). Early examples of stoneware have been found in China, naturally as an extension of higher temperatures achieved from early development of
370:
In both medieval China and Japan, stoneware was very common, and several types became admired for their simple forms and subtle glaze effects. Japan did not make porcelain until about 1600, and north China (in contrast to the south) lacks the appropriate kaolin-rich clays for porcelain on a strict
752:
19:
273:
can vary widely. Non-refractory fire clay may be another key raw material. Fire clays are generally considered refractory, because they withstand very high temperatures before melting or crumbling. Refractory fire clays have a high concentration of kaolinite, with lesser amounts of
104:
thinking classifies pottery only into "low-fired" and "high-fired" wares, equating to earthenware and porcelain, without the intermediate
European class of stoneware, and the many local types of stoneware were mostly classed as porcelain, though often not white and translucent.
764:
740:
72:
Stoneware is fired at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). Historically, reaching such temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and temperatures somewhat below these were used for a long time.
233:
The compositions of stoneware bodies vary considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug'; the former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. Nevertheless, the vast majority will conform to: plastic
183:
Another type, Flintless
Stoneware, has also been identified. It is defined in the UK Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations of 1950 as: "Stoneware, the body of which consists of natural clay to which no
776:
346:
827:
536:, is sometimes classified as stoneware although its raw materials differ considerably from all other stonewares; it remains in production. Other manufacturers produced their own types, including various
521:
ware", after the centre of shipping it rather than of making it. Some German potters were probably making stoneware in London in the 1640s, and a father and son
Wooltus (or Woolters) were doing so in
803:
1435:
1376:
425:
aesthetic qualities of many
Japanese village traditions, originally mostly made by farmers in slack periods in the agricultural calendar, have retained considerable prestige. Influential
387:
comes very close to porcelain, and even modern
Western sources are notably divided as to how to describe it, although it is not translucent and the body often grey rather than white.
1889:
714:
Stone china - made in
Staffordshire, mainly in the first half of the 19th century. Very hard, opaque, giving "a clear ring when lightly tapped". Typically brightly decorated by
493:
In contrast to Asia, stoneware could be produced in Europe only from the late Middle Ages, as
European kilns were less efficient, and the right sorts of clay less common. Some
321:
content. Most commonly an oxidising kiln atmosphere is used. Typically, temperatures will be between 1180 °C and 1280 °C. To produce a better quality fired
1922:
128:. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed.
654:. It is one of the earliest types of stoneware made in England. The origin of the name has been disputed: on one theory, the ingredients included a clay from
623:
area as kitchen-ware and sanitary-ware. It had a fine-textured cane-coloured body with a white engobe on the inner surface often referred to as cane and white.
159:
497:
had approached being stoneware, but not as a consistent type of ware. Medieval stoneware remained a much-exported speciality of
Germany, especially along the
269:
are present their particle size is very small. Stoneware clay is often accompanied by impurities such as iron or carbon, giving it a "dirty" look, and its
442:, from at least the 5th century, and much of the finest Korean pottery might be so classified; like elsewhere the border with porcelain is imprecise.
100:
for example, is counted as porcelain by local definitions. Terms such as "porcellaneous" or "near-porcelain" may be used in such cases. Traditional
317:
Stoneware can be once-fired or twice-fired. Maximum firing temperatures can vary significantly, from 1100 °C to 1300 °C depending on the
1439:
1380:
791:
421:, and have been valued up to the present for this and other uses. From a combination of philosophical and nationalist reasons, the primitive or
815:
512:
435:, appearance of Japanese rural wares, mostly stoneware, over the perfection of Chinese-inspired porcelain made by highly skilled specialists.
333:(the firing used to form the glaze over the ware) 1180–1280 °C. After firing the Water absorption should be less than 1 per cent.
1159:
1038:
505:, and then "near-stoneware" was developed there by 1250, and fully vitrified wares were being produced on a large scale by 1325. The
325:
finish, twice-firing can be used. This can be especially important for formulations composed of highly carbonaceous clays. For these,
148:
Fine stoneware: made from more carefully selected, prepared, and blended raw materials. It is used to produce tableware and art ware.
1544:
1123:
1103:
974:
952:
1517:
1177:
The
Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Characterization Studies
1512:
687:
Rosso Antico: A red, unglazed stoneware made in England during the 18th century by Josiah Wedgwood. It was a refinement of the
2005:
1927:
1499:
1297:
965:
943:
930:
145:
or stony fracture. Traditionally made of fine-grained secondary, plastic clays which can be used to shape very large pieces.
394:, and stoneware was mostly restricted to utilitarian wares and those for the poor. Exceptions to this include the unglazed
1401:
1932:
1853:
711:- patented in 1813, often classed as earthenware, but very strong and vitreous, and popular for wares with heavy usage.
575:: A decorated stoneware form that was manufactured in Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the
601:
2000:
1863:
862:
31:
1907:
1858:
1563:
615:
in the 1770s. During the 19th and the earlier part of the 20th century, cane ware continued to be made in South
611:
Cane Ware: An eighteenth-century English stoneware of a light brownish-yellow colour (like bamboo), developed by
543:
Significant amounts of modern, commercial tableware and kitchenware use stoneware, and it is common in craft and
501:, until the Renaissance or later, typically used for large jugs, jars and beer-mugs. "Proto-stoneware", such as
359:
627:
472:
116:
Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from
882:
1622:
559:
426:
257:
The key raw material is either naturally occurring stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. The mineral
151:
Chemical stoneware: used in the chemical industry, and when resistance to chemical attack is needed. Purer
1967:
1828:
450:
176:
141:
Traditional stoneware: a dense and inexpensive body. It is opaque, can be of any colour and breaks with a
1912:
1537:
834:
494:
418:
290:
109:
728:: The predominant houseware of 19th century North America, where the alternatives were less developed.
705:
moulded into sculptures and architectural details, imitating marble. Developed in England around 1770.
1818:
1778:
1695:
1690:
270:
285:
218:
142:
2015:
1995:
1868:
1823:
1637:
1632:
725:
647:
635:
461:
395:
214:
1513:
Beardman jugs from the Avondster site Photographs and history of early Rhenish stoneware vessels
1803:
1771:
1766:
1750:
1730:
1725:
1495:
1301:
1293:
1199:
1155:
1119:
1099:
970:
948:
926:
719:
715:
692:
294:
210:
2010:
1917:
1665:
1655:
1530:
838:
702:
380:
326:
121:
76:
1947:
1942:
1675:
1612:
1212:
708:
684:: Another Wedgwood development, using tinted clay bodies in contrasting colours, unglazed.
620:
612:
604:
by 1710, a superior form of redware. It is a very significant stage in the development of
537:
155:
are used than for other stoneware bodies. Has largely been replaced by chemical porcelain.
1962:
1798:
594:
544:
502:
457:
439:
858:
1989:
1937:
1848:
1838:
1788:
1098:; 2nd ed. Oxford: Published on behalf of the Institute of Ceramics by Pergamon, 1988
643:
564:
351:
322:
169:
168:
Thermal shock resistant stoneware: has additions of certain materials to enhance the
46:
1745:
572:
391:
376:
330:
318:
152:
27:
1340:
The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger - A Systematic Creative Development
894:
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products: ASTM Standard C242
1899:
1873:
1660:
1582:
1352:
300th Anniversary. Johann Friedrich Bottger - The Inventor Of European Porcelain
783:
698:
631:
590:
522:
482:
399:
364:
282:. Non-refractory fire clays, however, have larger amounts of mica and feldspar.
251:
85:
62:
1405:
1015:. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
297:
design. Visually this hardly differs from earthenware or porcelain equivalents.
1707:
1680:
1627:
1377:"WedgwoodŽ Official UK Site: Wedgwood China, Fine China Tableware and Gifting"
681:
659:
616:
533:
506:
479:
447:
410:
406:
84:
It was developed independently in different locations around the world, after
54:
1265:
1118:. Oxford: Published on behalf of the Institute of Ceramics by Pergamon, 1987
985:
Though "normally glazed" is not true for many historical and modern examples.
1952:
1740:
1735:
1685:
1617:
1602:
1242:. Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. New York, New York (1996), p. 39.
605:
548:
431:
384:
372:
258:
239:
235:
222:
125:
117:
101:
97:
93:
89:
58:
23:
1152:
Proto-Historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization; Study of Painted Motif
1843:
1813:
1670:
1607:
1592:
1577:
667:
663:
529:
509:
style that became typical was not perfected until the late 15th century.
476:
422:
247:
16:
Term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature
589:: Unglazed stoneware with a terracotta red, initially imitating Chinese
1957:
1833:
1783:
1717:
1647:
1553:
1522:
688:
671:
651:
586:
580:
576:
443:
307:
205:
42:
112:
of the European Communities, a European industry standard. It states:
1808:
414:
379:
was mostly used for tea wares, and appealed to Buddhist monks. Most
279:
266:
243:
193:
189:
662:, the word "crouch" being a corruption. On another, it comes from
1492:
The World of British Stoneware: Its History, Manufacture and Wares
655:
626:
558:
511:
498:
471:
345:
284:
209:
185:
158:
75:
18:
45:
fired at a relatively high temperature. A modern definition is a
1974:
1793:
1597:
1587:
275:
262:
66:
50:
1526:
1292:, Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, 2013, Routledge,
398:, made from a clay believed to suit tea especially well, and
390:
In China, fine pottery largely consisted of porcelain by the
1255:. Chilton Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1959), pp. 7 - 8.
969:, pp. 22, 59-60, 72, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
923:
The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics
92:. Stoneware is not recognised as a category in traditional
405:
In Japan many traditional types of stoneware, for example
383:, a very important ware in medieval China, was stoneware.
363:
reduction firing, with large quantities produced from the
1518:
Japanese stoneware in the collection of the Asia Society
402:, used for popular figures and architectural sculpture.
179:, although it has been replaced by electrical porcelain.
137:
Five basic categories of stoneware have been suggested:
464:. The firing technology seems to have come from China.
96:
terminology, and much Asian stoneware, such as Chinese
49:
or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware
1253:
Stoneware and Porcelain: The Art of High-Fired Pottery
1190:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Stoneware".
456:
Historical stoneware production sites in Thailand are
1890:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
1179:. Madison, WI, USA: Prehistory Press. pp. 37–44.
1342:. W. Schule, W. Goder. Keram. Z. 34, (10), 598, 1982
1008:
1006:
1004:
758:
Caneware teapot in the form of cut bamboo, 1779-1780
532:
developed a number of ceramic bodies. One of these,
293:
stoneware plate from the 1850s with white glaze and
1898:
1882:
1759:
1716:
1646:
1570:
1229:(1st edition). John Weatherhill, Inc. (1981), p.15.
1116:
Whitewares: production, testing and quality control
1039:"Red Wing bailed jug with Jacob Esch advertisement"
678:
jugs were called "crouch" when imported to England.
821:Advertisement for Chemical stoneware, Germany 1888
1404:. Wedgwoodsocalif.org. 2012-01-23. Archived from
650:stoneware. Light-coloured, developed in 1696 in
600:Böttger Ware: A dark red stoneware developed by
354:, Qing dynasty, c. 1765–1835, with painted slip.
217:jug with Albany slip glaze on the top, c. 1900,
1462:. N.H.Moore. Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1909.
1137:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
1059:Iola, Wisc.: Krause Publications, 2000, p. 109.
1028:; 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals, 1994.
947:, p. 22, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
912:; 3rd edition. The Institute of Minerals, 1994.
593:teapots. Mostly c. 1680–1750. The Dutch-German
782:Glazed Chinese stoneware storage jar from the
691:previously made in North Staffordshire by the
1538:
1085:London: The Geological Society, 2006, p. 408.
1070:Ceramic Technology for Potters and Sculptors.
540:types, which some classified as earthenware.
8:
1240:Chinese Ceramics: A New Comprehensive Survey
1096:An Introduction to the Technology of Pottery
718:, often with outlines that were finished in
175:Electrical stoneware: historically used for
809:Stoneware toilet bowl. Royal Doulton, 1898
26:tea bowl with "hare's fur" glaze, southern
1545:
1531:
1523:
1366:. M. Mields. Sprechsaal 115, (1), 64, 1982
1081:Cripss, J.C.; Reeves, G.M.; and Sims, I.
597:brought it to Staffordshire in the 1690s.
80:Three contemporary stoneware mixing bowls
1175:Blackman, M. James; et al. (1992).
261:is present but disordered, and although
108:One definition of stoneware is from the
1139:. Oxford University Press. p. 260.
850:
736:
528:In the second half of the 18th century
1208:
1197:
904:
902:
1485:The Country Life Pocket Book of China
1436:"Wedgwood Official UK Site: Wedgwood"
1072:London: A.&C. Black, 1994, p. 64.
7:
1083:Clay Materials Used in Construction.
642:Crouch Ware, now often just called
57:fire clay. End applications include
925:, p. 13, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon
1494:, 2014, Troubador Publishing Ltd,
1055:Rhodes, Daniel and Hopper, Robin.
998:. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963
859:"Tea Bowl with "Hare's-Fur" Glaze"
770:English red stoneware, early 1700s
329:firing is around 900 °C, and
14:
1227:Chinese Ceramics: A Short History
1150:Satyawadi, Sudha (July 1, 1994).
1288:Wood, 2; Crabtree, Pamela, ed.,
1154:. D.K. Printworld. p. 324.
1024:Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.
908:Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.
826:
814:
802:
790:
775:
763:
751:
739:
547:. The popular Japanese-inspired
429:praised the rough, spontaneous,
1364:Invention Of European Porcelain
1194:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
1135:Mark Kenoyer, Jonathan (1998).
1057:Clay and Glazes for the Potter.
438:Stoneware was also produced in
163:Telegraph insulator, 1840s-1850
1438:. Wedgwood.com. Archived from
1379:. Wedgwood.com. Archived from
1354:. Interceram 31, (1), 15, 1982
994:F. Singer & S. S. Singer.
966:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
944:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
746:Brown Bottger tea caddy, ~1710
124:, and normally only partially
1:
172:resistance of the fired body.
1854:Northern Black Polished Ware
883:Clay vitrifying temperatures
797:Stoneware ginger beer bottle
2032:
1460:Wedgwood and his imitators
1114:W. Ryan & C. Radford.
863:Metropolitan Museum of Art
305:
203:
32:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1571:Base minerals, and glazes
1564:Glossary of pottery terms
1561:
1068:Cuff, Yvonne Hutchinson.
453:can be called stoneware.
360:Indus Valley civilization
206:Pottery § Production
1760:Processes and decoration
1487:, 1965, Country Life Ltd
1471:Hughes, 72-75, 73 quoted
602:Johann Friedrich Böttger
1192:Encyclopædia Britannica
963:Valenstein, S. (1998).
941:Valenstein, S. (1998).
551:is normally stoneware.
1270:www.wangdermpalace.org
1026:Dictionary of Ceramics
1013:Dictionary Of Ceramics
910:Dictionary of Ceramics
837:stoneware for sale in
638:
568:
517:
516:Gutter pipe. 1850-1875
490:
451:blue and white pottery
355:
308:Pottery § Shaping
298:
225:
192:or other form of free
164:
130:
81:
35:
2006:Cookware and bakeware
1923:Pre-conquest Americas
674:, whose type of tall
630:
562:
515:
495:ancient Roman pottery
475:
419:Japanese tea ceremony
413:, were preferred for
349:
291:Staffordshire pottery
288:
213:
177:electrical insulators
162:
114:
110:Combined Nomenclature
79:
22:
1483:Hughes, G. Bernard,
1290:Medieval Archaeology
371:Western definition.
41:is a broad term for
1648:Main types, by body
996:Industrial Ceramics
563:Salt glazed jug by
555:Historical examples
120:because it is more
1900:History of pottery
1824:Black and red ware
1718:Forming techniques
921:Medley, Margaret,
726:American stoneware
639:
636:Twickenham Stadium
569:
518:
491:
396:Yixing clay teapot
356:
299:
226:
215:American stoneware
165:
82:
36:
2001:Ceramic materials
1983:
1982:
1859:Painted Grey Ware
1772:biscuit porcelain
1300:, 9781135582982,
1207:Missing or empty
720:overglaze enamels
716:transfer printing
487:The Dancing Hours
196:has been added."
2023:
1666:Egyptian faience
1656:Asbestos-ceramic
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1490:Wood, Frank L.,
1472:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
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1398:
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1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1251:Rhodes, Daniel.
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1225:Sato, Masahiko.
1223:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:MNHS Collections
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1010:
999:
992:
986:
983:
977:
961:
955:
939:
933:
919:
913:
906:
897:
891:
885:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
855:
839:Norwich, Norfolk
830:
818:
806:
794:
779:
767:
755:
743:
703:artificial stone
381:Longquan celadon
295:transfer printed
30:, 12th century,
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1968:list of potters
1894:
1878:
1755:
1712:
1642:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1509:
1502:, 9781783063673
1480:
1478:General sources
1475:
1470:
1466:
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993:
989:
984:
980:
962:
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936:
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916:
907:
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892:
888:
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877:
868:
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857:
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852:
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841:
831:
822:
819:
810:
807:
798:
795:
786:
780:
771:
768:
759:
756:
747:
744:
735:
709:Ironstone china
621:Burton-on-Trent
613:Josiah Wedgwood
567:, England, 1875
557:
538:ironstone china
470:
344:
339:
310:
208:
202:
135:
63:decorative ware
17:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:Studio pottery
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Ancient Greece
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:Blue and white
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:Biscuit firing
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1751:Wheel throwing
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
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1714:
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1615:
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1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
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1883:Conservation
1819:Black-figure
1746:Slip casting
1741:RAM pressing
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1556:and claywork
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1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
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1406:the original
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1381:the original
1371:
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865:. 2012-11-30
853:
701:: A type of
675:
573:Bartmann jug
542:
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392:Ming dynasty
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377:Song dynasty
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254:, 0 to 15%.
242:, 0 to 15%;
232:
228:
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182:
136:
115:
107:
83:
71:
38:
37:
28:Song dynasty
1874:Sea pottery
1661:Earthenware
1633:Salt glazed
1623:Lead-glazed
1583:China stone
1402:"Cane Ware"
784:Han dynasty
699:Coade stone
648:salt-glazed
632:Coade stone
591:Yixing ware
523:Southampton
507:salt-glazed
489:, 1780–1785
483:salt cellar
427:tea masters
400:Shiwan ware
365:Han dynasty
88:and before
86:earthenware
34:(see below)
1990:Categories
1869:Red-figure
1864:Rang Mahal
1779:Burnishing
1708:Terracotta
1696:soft-paste
1691:hard-paste
1681:Jasperware
1638:Tin-glazed
1628:Lustreware
1500:178306367X
1446:2012-04-26
1412:2012-04-26
1387:2012-04-26
1298:113558298X
1275:2018-10-09
1209:|url=
1094:Paul Rado
931:071482593X
869:2013-02-19
682:Jasperware
660:Derbyshire
617:Derbyshire
608:in Europe.
579:region of
534:Jasperware
480:jasperware
448:underglaze
411:Shino ware
407:Oribe ware
271:plasticity
240:ball clays
236:fire clays
200:Production
143:conchoidal
102:East Asian
94:East Asian
55:refractory
2016:Tableware
1996:Stoneware
1953:Delftware
1804:Pit fired
1703:Stoneware
1686:Porcelain
1676:Ironstone
1618:Ash glaze
1603:Kaolinite
1266:"Pottery"
846:Citations
606:porcelain
549:raku ware
462:Sukhothai
446:and much
432:wabi-sabi
385:Ding ware
373:Jian ware
367:onwards.
259:kaolinite
229:Materials
223:Minnesota
126:vitrified
118:porcelain
98:Ding ware
90:porcelain
59:tableware
39:Stoneware
24:Jian ware
1975:Tilework
1844:Kakiemon
1814:Slipware
1799:Painting
1736:Pinching
1731:Moulding
1671:Fritware
1608:Petuntse
1593:Feldspar
1578:Bone ash
1238:Li, He.
1200:cite web
722:by hand.
668:Bayreuth
664:Creussen
634:lion at
619:and the
530:Wedgwood
477:Wedgwood
444:Celadons
423:folk art
350:Chinese
252:chamotte
248:feldspar
219:Red Wing
65:such as
47:vitreous
2011:Pottery
1958:Faience
1943:Islamic
1834:Celadon
1789:Glazing
1726:Coiling
1554:Pottery
1330:Wood, 1
1312:Wood, 2
733:Gallery
689:redware
672:Bavaria
652:Burslem
587:Redware
581:Germany
577:Cologne
565:Doulton
375:in the
337:History
327:biscuit
302:Shaping
53:or non-
43:pottery
1948:Persia
1809:Saggar
1784:Firing
1498:
1296:
1158:
1122:
1102:
973:
951:
929:
676:cruche
468:Europe
415:chawan
313:Firing
280:quartz
267:quartz
246:, 0%;
244:quartz
194:silica
190:quartz
122:opaque
1933:Korea
1928:Japan
1918:China
1849:Malwa
1839:Jorwe
835:Denby
666:near
656:Crich
499:Rhine
485:with
323:glaze
186:flint
133:Types
67:vases
1938:Maya
1794:Kiln
1613:Slip
1598:Frit
1588:Clay
1496:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1213:help
1156:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1100:ISBN
971:ISBN
949:ISBN
927:ISBN
460:and
409:and
358:The
342:Asia
319:flux
278:and
276:mica
265:and
263:mica
250:and
51:clay
670:in
188:or
69:.
1992::
1268:.
1204::
1202:}}
1198:{{
1041:.
1003:^
901:^
861:.
658:,
646::
289:A
221:,
61:,
1546:e
1539:t
1532:v
1449:.
1415:.
1390:.
1278:.
1215:)
1211:(
1164:.
1045:.
896:.
872:.
695:.
583:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
