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can be negatively affected by docks and retaining walls which remove breeding habitat in shallow water. Some shoreline communities even deliberately try to remove wetlands since they may interfere with activities like swimming. Overall, the presence of human settlement has a demonstrated negative impact upon adjoining wetlands. An equally serious problem is the tendency to stabilize lake or river levels with dams. Dams removed the spring flood, which carries nutrients into littoral zones and reduces the natural fluctuation of water levels upon which many wetland plants and animals depend. Hence, over time, dams can reduce the area of wetland from a broad littoral zone to a narrow band of vegetation. Marshes and wet meadows are at particular risk.
805:
841:. The relative areas of these four types depends not only on the profile of the shoreline, but upon past water levels. The area of wet meadow is particularly dependent upon past water levels; in general, the area of wet meadows along lakes and rivers increases with natural water level fluctuations. Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food. Hence, a large and productive littoral zone is considered an important characteristic of a healthy lake or river.
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zones are both more negatively affected by human activity and less intensively studied than offshore waters. Conservation of the remarkable biodiversity and biotic integrity of large lakes will require better integration of littoral zones into our understanding of lake ecosystem functioning and focused efforts to alleviate human impacts along the shoreline.
643:. It extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. It is alternately exposed and submerged once or twice daily. Organisms living here must be able to withstand the varying conditions of temperature, light, and salinity. Despite this,
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often rely heavily on resources from the littoral zone. Littoral areas of ponds and lakes are typically better oxygenated, structurally more complex, and afford more abundant and diverse food resources than do profundal sediments. All these factors lead to a high diversity of insects and very complex
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penetrates to the lake bottom in sufficient quantities to support photosynthesis. The use of the term also varies from one part of the world to another, and between different disciplines. For example, military commanders speak of the littoral in ways that are quite different from the definition used
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Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons. First, human settlement is often attracted to shorelines, and settlement often disrupts breeding habitats for littoral zone species. For example, many turtles are killed on roads when they leave the water to lay their eggs in upland sites. Fish
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in depth. Such fixed-depth definitions often do not accurately represent the true ecological zonation, but are sometimes used because they are simple measurements to make bathymetric maps or when there are no measurements of light penetration. The littoral zone comprises an estimated 78% of Earth's
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The great lakes of the world represent a global heritage of surface freshwater and aquatic biodiversity. Species lists for 14 of the world's largest lakes reveal that 15% of the global diversity (the total number of species) of freshwater fishes, 9% of non-insect freshwater invertebrate diversity,
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Because the littoral zone is important for many recreational and industrial purposes, it is often severely affected by many human activities that increase nutrient loading, spread invasive species, cause acidification and climate change, and produce increased fluctuations in water level. Littoral
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is high in this zone. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shape and reform cliffs, gaps and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. Protected rocky shorelines usually show a narrow, almost homogenous, eulittoral strip, often marked by the presence of
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and 2% of aquatic insect diversity live in this handful of lakes. The vast majority (more than 93%) of species inhabit the shallow, nearshore littoral zone, and 72% are completely restricted to the littoral zone, even though littoral habitats are a small fraction of total lake areas.
589:) is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. Organisms that live here must cope with exposure to fresh water from rain, cold, heat, dryness and
708:. The benthic zone in the sublittoral is much more stable than in the intertidal zone; temperature, water pressure, and the amount of sunlight remain fairly constant. Sublittoral corals do not have to deal with as much change as intertidal corals.
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The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland,
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The term has no single definition. What is regarded as the full extent of the littoral zone, and the way the littoral zone is divided into subregions, varies in different contexts. For lakes, the littoral zone is the nearshore habitat where
543:. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the
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Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The
Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96
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Many vertebrates (e.g., mammals, waterfowl, reptiles) and invertebrates (insects, etc.) use both the littoral zone as well as the terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. Biota that are commonly assumed to reside in the
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In marine biology, the sublittoral zone refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the
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Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and
Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.
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Houlahan, J. E.; Keddy, P. A.; Makkay, K.; Findlay, C. S. (2006). "The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition".
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and makes the sublittoral zone the location of the majority of sea life. As in physical oceanography, this zone typically extends to the edge of the
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penetrates to the lake bottom in sufficient quantities to support photosynthesis. Sometimes other definitions are used. For example, the
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497. Chapter 2.
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starts immediately below the eulittoral zone. This zone is permanently covered with seawater and is approximately equivalent to the
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
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Different disciplines and agencies divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.
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those land areas (and their adjacent areas and associated air space) that are susceptible to engagement and influence from the sea
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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The littoral zone of an ocean is the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf.
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Shallower regions of the sublittoral zone, extending not far from the shore, are sometimes referred to as the
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is a late-medieval innovation, and the word is sometimes seen in the more classical-looking spelling
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The adjacency of water gives a number of distinctive characteristics to littoral regions. The
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divides the littoral zone in the ways shown on the diagram at the top of this article. The
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The three primary zones of a lake are the littoral zone, the open-water (also called the
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is the region beyond the infralittoral, that is, below the algal zone and dominated by
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is the algal dominated zone, which may extend to five metres below the low water mark.
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In freshwater situations, the littoral zone is the nearshore habitat where
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can live in both zones, but they are more common in the sublittoral zone.
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For the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country, see
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Within the sublittoral, marine biologists also identify the following:
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by land animals and seabirds. At the top of this area, patches of dark
539:, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the
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1144:"Borders of Biodiversity: Life at the Edge of the World's Large Lakes"
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Flood
Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance
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383:(which is rarely inundated), to coastal areas that are permanently
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defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15
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937: – Shoreline where the land descends gradually into the sea
898: – Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water
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1012:"Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes"
30:"Littoral" and "Litoral" redirect here. For other uses, see
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have their own definitions, which have legal implications.
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Shoreline of a lake with nearly unvegetated littoral zone
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10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2
27:
Part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore
1010:
Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Norman, S.; Byström, P. (2021).
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
912:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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extends well beyond the intertidal zone to include all
958: – Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean
1287:(Fifth ed.). Ministry of Defense. October 2017.
1282:"Joint Doctrine Publication 0-10, UK Maritime Power"
1116:"Littoral Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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547:. These three subregions are called, in order, the
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2318:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
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2308:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
952: – Sediment moved by the longshore current
931: – Ship designed for operations near shore
919: – Area of coast exposed only at low tide
910: – Area of coast exposed only at low tide
464:power of water results in particular types of
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946: – Military operations in coastal waters
597:can appear as crusts on rocks. Some types of
516:of a beach is also part of the littoral zone.
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792:) zone, and the deep-water (also called the
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609:commonly inhabit the lower supralittoral.
331:
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1169:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
1035:
818:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
892: – Marine biology measurement scale
995:
548:
269:
248:
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167:
148:
1639:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1331:Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999)
492:supporting unique types of organisms.
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488:due to evaporation usually creates a
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3611:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3573:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
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1137:
1135:
1088:participating institution membership
552:
484:. In addition, the additional local
72:adding citations to reliable sources
814:photosynthetically active radiation
450:photosynthetically active radiation
3332:Integrated coastal zone management
2466:National Oceanographic Data Center
1893:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1781:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1142:Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne (July 2011).
863:US Environmental Protection Agency
496:In oceanography and marine biology
25:
3537:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2313:Global Sea Level Observing System
693:, with depths around 200 meters.
375:, the littoral zone includes the
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1771:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1687:
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985: – Beach composed of gravel
431:, meaning "shore". (The doubled
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48:
3653:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2501:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2224:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
59:needs additional citations for
3966:Ecological land classification
3495:Biogeographic regionalisations
3430:Region of freshwater influence
1257:Middleton, B. A., ed. (2002).
527:are also in the littoral zone.
1:
3192:Large-scale coastal behaviour
3024:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3632:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1761:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1731:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1487:Luke's variational principle
1016:Geophysical Research Letters
399:waters within the bounds of
4037:Oceanographical terminology
3873:Temperate Northern Atlantic
3563:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1315:Mann, Kenneth Henry (2000)
4063:
3976:Vegetation classifications
3878:Temperate Northern Pacific
1826:Ocean dynamical thermostat
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859:US Army Corps of Engineers
754:Habitats in littoral zones
663:
616:
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36:
29:
3888:Temperate Southern Africa
3443:
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2571:
2361:Ocean acoustic tomography
2174:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1766:General circulation model
1402:Benjamin–Feir instability
1318:Ecology of Coastal Waters
1075:Oxford English Dictionary
32:Littoral (disambiguation)
3898:Tropical Eastern Pacific
3848:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3137:Coastal biogeomorphology
2491:Ocean surface topography
1866:Thermohaline circulation
1856:Subsurface ocean current
1796:Hydrothermal circulation
1629:Wave–current interaction
1407:Boussinesq approximation
1301:Haslett, Simon K (2001)
1165:"Fisheries lake surveys"
875:defines the littoral as
776:In freshwater ecosystems
3919:Biogeographic provinces
3883:Temperate South America
3601:Moist broadleaf forests
2528:Sea surface temperature
2511:Outline of oceanography
1706:Atmospheric circulation
1644:shallow water equations
1634:Waves and shallow water
1527:Significant wave height
1261:. New York: John Wiley.
1080:Oxford University Press
700:. This results in high
3034:Coastal morphodynamics
2523:Sea surface microlayer
1888:Wind generated current
1338:University of Salzburg
1321:Blackwell Publishing.
809:
801:
764:trophic interactions.
528:
517:
505:
423:. It derives from the
415:may be used both as a
3981:Zoogeographic regions
3939:Global 200 ecoregions
3868:Temperate Australasia
3606:Dry broadleaf forests
3425:Physical oceanography
2356:Deep scattering layer
2338:World Geodetic System
1846:Princeton Ocean Model
1726:Coriolis–Stokes force
1376:Physical oceanography
1120:www.sciencedirect.com
1022:(20): e2021GL095046.
807:
783:
683:physical oceanography
605:and detritus feeding
523:
511:
503:
367:that is close to the
3961:Altitudinal zonation
3903:Western Indo-Pacific
3863:Eastern Indo-Pacific
3858:Central Indo-Pacific
3254:Submergent coastline
3207:Marine transgression
3162:Discordant coastline
3147:Concordant coastline
2376:Underwater acoustics
1936:Perigean spring tide
1801:Langmuir circulation
1512:Rossby-gravity waves
1037:10.1029/2021GL095046
929:Littoral combat ship
639:, known also as the
68:improve this article
3934:Lists of ecoregions
3591:Tropical rainforest
3358:Coastal engineering
2538:Science On a Sphere
2144:Convergent boundary
1816:Modular Ocean Model
1776:Geostrophic current
1492:Mild-slope equation
1078:(Online ed.).
1028:2021GeoRL..4895046S
873:Ministry of Defence
401:continental shelves
379:extending from the
355:, is the part of a
3971:Floristic kingdoms
3735:Hydrothermal vents
3596:Coniferous forests
3558:Coniferous forests
3327:Coastal management
3167:Emergent coastline
2838:Intertidal wetland
2741:Continental margin
2194:Seafloor spreading
2184:Outer trench swell
2149:Divergent boundary
2049:Continental margin
2034:Carbonate platform
1931:Lunitidal interval
839:aquatic vegetation
810:
802:
728:circalittoral zone
721:infralittoral zone
702:primary production
654:intertidal ecology
633:mediolittoral zone
575:supralittoral zone
569:Supralittoral zone
563:Supralittoral zone
549:supralittoral zone
529:
518:
506:
285:Hydrothermal vents
236:Surface microlayer
4032:Coastal geography
4027:Fisheries science
3989:
3988:
3949:
3948:
3893:Tropical Atlantic
3769:
3768:
3676:
3675:
3568:Deciduous forests
3461:
3460:
3289:Wave-cut platform
3202:Marine regression
2746:Continental shelf
2736:Coastal waterfall
2645:Coastal geography
2611:
2610:
2603:Oceans portal
2563:World Ocean Atlas
2553:Underwater glider
2496:Ocean temperature
2159:Hydrothermal vent
2124:Submarine volcano
2059:Continental shelf
2039:Coastal geography
2029:Bathymetric chart
1911:Amphidromic point
1599:Wave nonlinearity
1457:Infragravity wave
1327:978-0-86542-550-7
1311:978-0-415-21302-8
1086:(Subscription or
849:Other definitions
825:total lake area.
706:continental shelf
691:continental shelf
627:(also called the
577:(also called the
545:continental shelf
541:continental shelf
455:marine biologists
341:
340:
213:Continental shelf
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4054:
3782:
3517:
3508:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3212:Raised shoreline
3187:Ingression coast
3182:Graded shoreline
3157:Cuspate foreland
2989:
2982:
2933:Submarine canyon
2793:Freshwater marsh
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2518:Pelagic sediment
2456:Marine pollution
2250:Deep ocean water
2119:Submarine canyon
2054:Continental rise
1946:Rule of twelfths
1861:Sverdrup balance
1791:Humboldt Current
1716:Boundary current
1691:
1680:
1497:Radiation stress
1467:Iribarren number
1442:Equatorial waves
1397:Ballantine scale
1392:Airy wave theory
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1303:Coastal Systems.
1289:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1007:
979:
944:Littoral warfare
940:
913:
890:Ballantine scale
734:animals such as
672:sublittoral zone
660:Sublittoral zone
557:sublittoral zone
333:
326:
319:
198:Seagrass meadows
193:Mangrove forests
169:Coastal habitats
160:
146:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4012:Aquatic ecology
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3945:
3907:
3836:
3776:
3765:
3761:Endolithic zone
3749:
3682:
3672:
3641:
3615:
3583:
3577:
3546:
3512:
3497:
3492:
3462:
3457:
3439:
3415:Intertidal zone
3341:
3308:
3197:Longshore drift
3142:Coastal erosion
3113:
3073:
3009:Beach evolution
2990:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2661:Anchialine pool
2647:
2642:
2612:
2607:
2595:
2567:
2406:
2380:
2342:
2323:Sea-level curve
2294:
2233:
2219:Transform fault
2169:Mid-ocean ridge
2135:
2128:
2094:Oceanic plateau
2000:
1986:Tidal resonance
1956:Theory of tides
1897:
1806:Longshore drift
1756:Ekman transport
1692:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1624:Wave turbulence
1557:Trochoidal wave
1482:Longshore drift
1378:
1373:
1343:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1009:
1008:
997:
993:
988:
977:
950:Longshore drift
938:
935:Littoral series
917:Intertidal zone
911:
885:
851:
778:
756:
668:
662:
637:intertidal zone
625:eulittoral zone
621:
619:Intertidal zone
615:
613:Eulittoral zone
587:supratidal zone
571:
565:
553:eulittoral zone
514:intertidal zone
498:
445:
409:
387:— known as the
381:high water mark
377:intertidal zone
373:coastal ecology
337:
305:Marine sediment
241:Epipelagic zone
183:Intertidal zone
163:
150:Marine habitats
140:
129:
123:
120:
83:"Littoral zone"
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Marine biology
4004:
4002:Aquatic biomes
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3775:Biogeographic
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Brackish marsh
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Barrier island
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2583:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Stratification
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2433:Color of water
2430:
2428:Benthic lander
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:Sea level rise
2330:
2328:Sea level drop
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Marine geology
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Passive margin
2101:
2099:Oceanic trench
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Ocean dynamics
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Coriolis force
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Stokes problem
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Kinematic wave
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1313:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1273:
1264:
1249:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1183:
1174:
1156:
1131:
1102:
1093:
1059:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
980:
974:Profundal zone
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
932:
926:
920:
914:
905:
899:
893:
886:
884:
881:
850:
847:
777:
774:
755:
752:
744:
743:
724:
687:internal waves
661:
658:
614:
611:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
537:marine biology
497:
494:
478:littoral drift
444:
441:
429:litus, litoris
408:
405:
347:, also called
339:
338:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
274:
273:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
251:
250:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
230:
229:
223:
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
172:
171:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4059:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:Demersal zone
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3542:Alpine tundra
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:Polar/montane
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Littoral zone
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Bulkhead line
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Wave shoaling
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Surge channel
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Cliffed coast
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Shingle beach
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Coastal plain
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
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2516:
2512:
2509:
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2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Marine energy
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Acidification
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:SOFAR channel
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
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2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Oceanic crust
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Fracture zone
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Oceanic basin
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Abyssal plain
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Internal tide
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Ocean current
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1679:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Wave shoaling
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Ursell number
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Internal wave
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Breaking wave
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
984:
983:Shingle beach
981:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:Marine debris
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:Limnetic zone
921:
918:
915:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
882:
880:
878:
874:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
826:
823:
819:
815:
806:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:
773:
769:
765:
762:
753:
751:
749:
748:subtidal zone
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
522:
515:
510:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
451:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:littoral zone
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:littoral zone
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Demersal zone
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:Ocean surface
224:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Littoral zone
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
166:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4047:Oceanography
3912:Subdivisions
3802:Australasian
3792:Afrotropical
3754:Other biomes
3730:Benthic zone
3725:Pelagic zone
3720:Neritic zone
3710:Kelp forests
3694:
3582:Tropical and
3419:
3284:Volcanic arc
3172:Feeder bluff
3079:River mouths
3044:Raised beach
3039:Pocket beach
2967:
2938:Tidal island
2928:Strand plain
2873:Natural arch
2558:Water column
2506:Oceanography
2481:Observations
2476:Explorations
2446:Marginal sea
2439:
2397:OSTM/Jason-2
2259:
2229:Volcanic arc
2204:Slab suction
1921:Head of tide
1811:Loop Current
1751:Ekman spiral
1537:Stokes drift
1447:Gravity wave
1422:Cnoidal wave
1333:
1317:
1302:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1230:(1): 79–96.
1227:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1198:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1100:Yip and Madl
1096:
1073:
1062:
1019:
1015:
968:Pelagic zone
962:Neritic zone
902:Coastal fish
896:Benthic zone
876:
867:
852:
843:
827:
811:
770:
766:
761:pelagic zone
757:
747:
745:
727:
720:
714:
695:
680:
676:neritic zone
671:
669:
666:Neritic zone
645:productivity
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
586:
582:
578:
574:
572:
533:oceanography
530:
490:microclimate
459:
446:
436:
432:
428:
412:
410:
392:
388:
352:
348:
344:
342:
300:Benthic zone
262:Oceanic zone
257:Pelagic zone
218:Neritic zone
203:Kelp forests
177:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3822:Neotropical
3812:Indomalayan
3785:Terrestrial
3715:Coral reefs
3584:subtropical
3511:Terrestrial
3435:River plume
3249:Steep coast
3222:Rocky shore
3217:Rip current
3097:River delta
3069:Wash margin
3064:Storm beach
3054:Shell beach
3019:Beach wrack
3014:Beach ridge
3004:Beach cusps
2953:Tied island
2943:Tidal marsh
2666:Archipelago
2548:Thermocline
2265:Mesopelagic
2238:Ocean zones
2209:Slab window
2074:Hydrography
2014:Abyssal fan
1981:Tidal range
1971:Tidal power
1966:Tidal force
1851:Rip current
1786:Gulf Stream
1746:Ekman layer
1736:Downwelling
1711:Baroclinity
1698:Circulation
1594:Wave height
1584:Wave action
1567:megatsunami
1547:Stokes wave
1507:Rossby wave
1472:Kelvin wave
1452:Green's law
1305:Routledge.
698:photic zone
629:midlittoral
599:periwinkles
443:Description
208:Coral reefs
39:Nearshoring
18:Sublittoral
3996:Categories
3929:Ecoregions
3924:Bioregions
3832:Palearctic
3740:Cold seeps
3700:Intertidal
3363:Grain size
3337:Submersion
3314:Management
3299:Wind fetch
3259:Surf break
3177:Flat coast
3107:regressive
2893:Salt marsh
2751:Coral reef
2486:Reanalysis
2385:Satellites
2366:Sofar bomb
2214:Subduction
2189:Ridge push
2084:Ocean bank
2064:Contourite
1991:Tide gauge
1976:Tidal race
1961:Tidal bore
1951:Slack tide
1916:Earth tide
1836:Ocean gyre
1656:Wind setup
1651:Wind fetch
1614:Wave setup
1609:Wave radar
1604:Wave power
1502:Rogue wave
1432:Dispersion
1125:2021-04-06
1090:required.)
1069:"littoral"
991:References
831:wet meadow
664:See also:
617:See also:
555:, and the
470:sand dunes
468:, such as
419:and as an
290:Cold seeps
249:Open ocean
124:March 2021
94:newspapers
4042:Limnology
3807:Holarctic
3797:Antarctic
3705:Mangroves
3551:Temperate
3322:Accretion
3304:Wind wave
3264:Surf zone
3119:Processes
3092:Mouth bar
3049:Recession
3029:Beachrock
2948:Tide pool
2878:Peninsula
2766:cliff-top
2653:Landforms
2348:Acoustics
2300:Sea level
2199:Slab pull
2136:tectonics
2044:Cold seep
2006:Landforms
1883:Whirlpool
1878:Upwelling
1661:Wind wave
1589:Wave base
1517:Sea state
1437:Edge wave
1427:Cross sea
1054:244253181
1046:1944-8007
908:Foreshore
798:profundal
650:barnacles
641:foreshore
635:) is the
603:Neritidae
591:predation
525:Estuaries
474:estuaries
466:landforms
421:adjective
411:The word
407:Etymology
389:foreshore
385:submerged
353:nearshore
280:Seamounts
271:Sea floor
188:Estuaries
4017:Habitats
3954:See also
3827:Oceanian
3817:Nearctic
3695:Littoral
3668:Mangrove
3658:Riparian
3453:Category
3279:Undertow
3232:Sea foam
3227:Sea cave
3127:Blowhole
2969:Windwatt
2828:Headland
2676:Avulsion
2581:Category
2533:Seawater
2260:Littoral
2255:Deep sea
2114:Seamount
1996:Tideline
1941:Rip tide
1871:shutdown
1841:Overflow
1574:Undertow
1417:Clapotis
1334:Littoral
1224:Wetlands
883:See also
861:and the
790:limnetic
486:humidity
482:wetlands
413:littoral
3681:Aquatic
3663:Wetland
3403:shingle
3383:granule
3368:boulder
3346:Related
3242:peresyp
3152:Current
3087:Debouch
2996:Beaches
2963:Waituna
2958:Tombolo
2868:Mudflat
2863:Machair
2853:Isthmus
2773:Estuary
2716:Channel
2591:Commons
2461:Mooring
2411:Related
2402:Jason-3
2392:Jason-1
2275:Pelagic
2270:Oceanic
2245:Benthic
1562:Tsunami
1532:Soliton
1295:Sources
1244:8050261
1149:6 April
1024:Bibcode
855:US Navy
800:) zone.
794:aphotic
740:oysters
736:mussels
732:sessile
607:Isopoda
595:lichens
462:erosive
437:litoral
397:neritic
349:litoral
108:scholar
4022:Coasts
3853:Arctic
3841:Marine
3777:realms
3683:biomes
3637:Steppe
3527:Tundra
3513:biomes
3503:Biomes
3393:pebble
3388:gravel
3378:cobble
2923:Strait
2903:Skerry
2858:Lagoon
2843:Island
2798:Fundus
2701:Bodden
2280:Photic
2109:Seabed
1522:Seiche
1325:
1309:
1242:
1052:
1044:
786:photic
710:Corals
579:splash
551:, the
472:, and
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3532:Taiga
3274:Swash
3237:Shoal
2918:Stack
2908:Sound
2898:Shoal
2848:Islet
2833:Inlet
2823:Hapua
2788:Fjord
2783:Fjard
2778:Firth
2726:Coast
2721:Cliff
2696:Bight
2671:Atoll
2471:Ocean
2440:Alvin
2290:Swash
2134:Plate
2079:Knoll
2069:Guyot
2024:Atoll
1903:Tides
1666:model
1552:Swell
1384:Waves
1285:(PDF)
1240:S2CID
1084:
1050:S2CID
835:marsh
583:spray
427:noun
425:Latin
371:. In
369:shore
365:river
363:, or
115:JSTOR
101:books
3690:Pond
3408:silt
3398:sand
3373:clay
3102:mega
2913:Spit
2883:Reef
2813:Gulf
2761:Dune
2756:Cove
2711:Cape
2681:Ayre
2438:DSV
2423:Argo
2285:Surf
1741:Eddy
1323:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1151:2021
1042:ISSN
868:The
837:and
822:feet
738:and
726:The
719:The
670:The
623:The
573:The
535:and
512:The
417:noun
361:lake
343:The
87:news
3646:Wet
3620:Dry
2888:Ria
2818:Gut
2808:Geo
2803:Gat
2691:Bay
1232:doi
1032:doi
796:or
788:or
681:In
631:or
585:or
531:In
453:by
439:.)
357:sea
351:or
70:by
3998::
1238:.
1228:26
1226:.
1212:p.
1186:^
1167:.
1134:^
1118:.
1105:^
1072:.
1048:.
1040:.
1030:.
1020:48
1018:.
1014:.
998:^
879:.
870:UK
833:,
750:.
678:.
656:.
601:,
581:,
559:.
457:.
403:.
359:,
3487:e
3480:t
3473:v
2637:e
2630:t
2623:v
1368:e
1361:t
1354:v
1340:.
1246:.
1234::
1171:.
1153:.
1128:.
1082:.
1056:.
1034::
1026::
742:.
433:t
332:e
325:t
318:v
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
