3098:
1030:
20:
88:
3058:
114:. These are the largest structures known to date. Observations of superclusters can give information about the initial condition of the universe, when these superclusters were created. The directions of the rotational axes of galaxies within superclusters are studied by those who believe that they may give insight and information into the early formation process of galaxies in the history of the Universe.
3070:
3134:
3158:
3110:
3146:
3122:
83:
The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in the
Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are drawn together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to some dozens of galaxies and clusters up to several thousand galaxies. Those groups and clusters and additional
1771:
Cucciati, O.; Lemaux, B. C.; Zamorani, G.; Le Fevre, O.; Tasca, L. A. M.; Hathi, N. P.; Lee, K-G.; Bardelli, S.; Cassata, P.; Garilli, B.; Le Brun, V.; Maccagni, D.; Pentericci, L.; Thomas, R.; Vanzella, E.; Zucca, E.; Lubin, L. M.; Amorin, R.; Cassara', L. P.; Cimatti, A.; Talia, M.; Vergani, D.;
939:
This supercluster at the time of its discovery was the largest supercluster found so deep into space, in 2000. It consisted of two known rich clusters and one newly discovered cluster as a result of the study that discovered it. The then known clusters were
1029:
1345:
Nurmi, P.; Heinamaki, P.; Martinez, V. J.; Einasto, J.; Enkvist, I.; Einasto, P.; Tago, E.; Saar, E.; Tempel, E. (2011-05-09). "The Sloan Great Wall. Morphology and galaxy content".
1045:
1036:
1904:
1680:
894:(z=1.27) . At the time of discovery, it became the most distant known supercluster. Additionally, seven smaller groups of galaxies are associated with the supercluster.
1955:
2880:
110:, "supercluster complexes", "walls" or "sheets", that may span between several hundred million light-years to 10 billion light-years, covering more than 5% of the
1425:
Sankhyayan, Shishir; Bagchi, Joydeep; Tempel, Elmo; More, Surhud; Einasto, Maret; Dabhade, Pratik; Raychaudhury, Somak; Athreya, Ramana; Heinämäki, Pekka (2023).
2927:
1755:
3183:
1969:
Ohta, K.; et al. (2003). "Optical
Identification of the ASCA Lynx Deep Survey: An Association of Quasi-Stellar Objects and a Supercluster at z = 1.3?".
1772:
Koekemoer, A.; Pforr, J.; Salvato, M. (2018). "The progeny of a Cosmic Titan: a massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z=2.45 in VUDS".
2577:
1255:
1248:"The distribution of rich clusters of galaxies. A catalogue of 2,712 rich clusters found on the National Geographic Society Palomar Observatory Sky Survey"
285:
It is composed of two lobes, sometimes also referred to as superclusters, or sometimes the entire supercluster is referred to by these other two names
2026:
Studies of
Galaxies in the Young Universe with New Generation Telescope, Proceedings of Japan-German Seminar, held in Sendai, Japan, July 24â28, 2001
3097:
575:
64:
2240:
1646:
2047:
Tanaka, I.; Yamada, T.; Turner, E. L.; Suto, Y. (2001). "Superclustering of Faint
Galaxies in the Field of a QSO Concentration at z ~ 1.1".
1626:
2310:
2993:
174:
Discovered in 2023 by analyzing Sloan
Digital Sky Survey images. Claimed to be the most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far.
2912:
2167:
1939:
1487:"King Ghidorah Supercluster: Mapping the light and dark matter in a new supercluster at z = 0.55 using the subaru hyper suprime-cam"
1067:
278:
2293:
781:
398:
2998:
1486:
1292:
948:(z=0.924), which then known to have 21 and 42 known galaxies respectively. The then newly discovered cluster was located at
552:
3178:
2725:
1062:
3088:
499:
597:
305:
2895:
862:
This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.
851:
1774:
1427:"Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using the WHL Cluster Catalog"
3013:
2968:
2776:
2365:
2360:
2333:
1913:
1400:
1077:
122:
1902:
Nakata, F.; et al. (2004). "Discovery of a large-scale clumpy structure of the Lynx supercluster at zâź1.27".
2694:
2104:
2049:
1971:
1347:
755:
270:
near its center, and is sometimes called the Local
Supercluster. It is thought to contain over 47,000 galaxies.
2978:
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2885:
2791:
2687:
2645:
2355:
2328:
1829:
806:
795:
817:
272:
A 2014 study indicates that the Virgo
Supercluster is only a lobe of an even greater supercluster, Laniakea.
2973:
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2905:
2564:
2552:
2547:
2461:
2426:
2397:
2387:
1882:
2476:
2375:
510:, and has at least two more galaxy clusters, four more galaxy groups, several field galaxies, as members.
473:
445:
431:
345:
129:
121:
of space where few galaxies exist. Superclusters are frequently subdivided into groups of clusters called
3003:
2900:
2602:
1949:
503:
323:
314:
296:
200:
60:
507:
1717:
Postman, M.; Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1988). "The dynamics of the Corona
Borealis supercluster".
925:
filament. At the time of the discovery, it was the largest and most distant supercluster beyond z=0.5
913:
A rich supercluster with several galaxy clusters was discovered around an unusual concentration of 23
3033:
2983:
2818:
2730:
2466:
2350:
2286:
2186:
2123:
2068:
2029:
1990:
1917:
1848:
1793:
1728:
1719:
1689:
1583:
1509:
1448:
1366:
1311:
1264:
979:
975:
891:
887:
515:
883:
879:
495:
417:
67:. The large size and low density of superclusters means that they, unlike clusters, expand with the
19:
3162:
2796:
2704:
2635:
2527:
2402:
1102:
1040:
111:
72:
3069:
2102:
Lubin, L. M.; et al. (2000). "A Definitive
Optical Detection of a Supercluster at z â 0.91".
1012:
1008:
1004:
945:
941:
128:
Although superclusters are supposed to be the largest structures in the universe according to the
3150:
3138:
3028:
3023:
3008:
2963:
2932:
2917:
2835:
2803:
2640:
2592:
2582:
2220:
2202:
2176:
2147:
2113:
2084:
2058:
2006:
1980:
1864:
1838:
1809:
1783:
1652:
1607:
1573:
1535:
1499:
1438:
1382:
1356:
1327:
1301:
1178:
687:
239:
56:
1559:
971:
361:
921:
exists there, instead of a single supercluster. The size discovered approaches the size of the
87:
3061:
3043:
3018:
2988:
2867:
2709:
2699:
2682:
2614:
2443:
2409:
2370:
2323:
2236:
2139:
1935:
1642:
1599:
1527:
1466:
1290:
Hu, F. X.; et al. (2006). "Orientation of
Galaxies in the Local Supercluster: A Review".
1247:
1170:
1097:
867:
409:
967:
299:
subsumed the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.
3114:
3073:
2875:
2850:
2830:
2825:
2813:
2667:
2488:
2421:
2194:
2131:
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1998:
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1801:
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1736:
1697:
1634:
1591:
1564:
1517:
1456:
1374:
1319:
1315:
1272:
1162:
459:
336:
133:
118:
68:
24:
2024:
Tanaka, I. (2004). "Subaru Observation of a Supercluster of Galaxies and QSOS at Z = 1.1".
1484:
Shimawaka, Rhythm; Okabe, Nobuhiro; Shirasaki, Masat; Tanaka, Masayuki (22 November 2022).
91:
The Abell 901/902 supercluster is located a little over two billion light-years from Earth.
2922:
2845:
2537:
2510:
2481:
2433:
2279:
1087:
922:
918:
424:
421:
107:
100:
96:
2190:
2127:
2072:
2033:
1994:
1921:
1852:
1732:
1693:
1587:
1513:
1452:
1370:
1268:
317:
subsumed the Pavo-Indus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.
3102:
2786:
2619:
2522:
2517:
2471:
2414:
1128:
1082:
332:
36:
3172:
2942:
2808:
2771:
2542:
2505:
2493:
2345:
2340:
2088:
2010:
1813:
1702:
1675:
1611:
1539:
1401:"Einasto Supercluster: the new heavyweight contender in the universe | Tartu Ălikool"
1386:
1378:
1182:
267:
223:
103:
of galaxy clusters. He called them "second-order clusters", or clusters of clusters.
2206:
2151:
1331:
1154:
3126:
2781:
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2672:
2597:
2392:
2382:
1868:
1092:
40:
1805:
1196:
1123:
55:
galaxy group (which contains more than 54 galaxies), which in turn is part of the
1638:
987:
3038:
2855:
2745:
2735:
2532:
2498:
2438:
2318:
2261:
2256:
1827:
Rosati, P.; et al. (1999). "An X-Ray-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.26".
255:
227:
52:
1461:
1426:
2740:
2677:
2266:
2231:
Freedman, Roger; Gellar, Robert M.; Kaufmann, William III (2015). "Galaxies".
1930:
1323:
1221:
1166:
365:
351:
214:
2165:
Connolly, A. J.; et al. (1996). "Superclustering at Redshift z = 0.54".
1531:
1522:
1470:
1174:
2750:
263:
231:
48:
2143:
1603:
84:
isolated galaxies in turn form even larger structures called superclusters.
1003:
This supercluster has at least three member clusters, the eastern cluster
360:
The Saraswati Supercluster consists of 43 massive galaxy clusters such as
2181:
2118:
2063:
1985:
1843:
1306:
993:
960:
933:
903:
872:
856:
675:
604:
582:
207:
184:
44:
1595:
2587:
2572:
2302:
1887:
1072:
917:
at z=1.1 in 2001. The size of the complex of clusters may indicate a
914:
259:
3121:
2198:
2135:
2080:
2002:
1860:
1788:
1740:
1504:
1443:
1276:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2607:
1578:
1361:
86:
132:, larger structures have been observed in surveys, including the
222:
The Laniakea Supercluster is the supercluster that contains the
2275:
1757:
Scientists in Chile unveil 'A Cosmic Titan' cluster of galaxies
1562:(2 September 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies".
527:
The second supercluster found, after the Local Supercluster.
970:(z=0.544) and is composed of at least three large clusters,
195:
The most massive galaxy supercluster discovered until 2023.
2271:
1676:"Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region"
1492:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
1155:"Earth's new address: 'Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea'"
886:
being the eastern one), it contains at least two clusters
106:
Superclusters form massive structures of galaxies, called
882:, a name now used to describe the western cluster, with
16:
Large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups
1553:
1551:
1549:
3086:
43:; they are among the largest known structures in the
1558:
Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Helene; Hoffman, Yehuda;
2951:
2866:
2759:
2718:
2628:
2563:
2454:
2309:
1905:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
1485:
506:. This supercluster is centered on the cD cluster
230:, and by extension on the latter, our galaxy; the
1681:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1754:Miranda, Natalia A. Ramos (October 17, 2018),
498:, it may be connected in a filament, with the
2928:List of the most distant astronomical objects
2287:
1043:and neighbouring superclusters of galaxies. (
8:
1954:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1633:. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 426â427.
1572:(7516) (published 4 September 2014): 71â73.
1197:"The Universe within 14 billion Light Years"
952:, +43° 14′ 44.7″
2223:, Nick Kaiser. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
1256:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
966:This supercluster lies around radio galaxy
117:Interspersed among superclusters are large
2937:
2294:
2280:
2272:
2235:(10th ed.). New York: W.H. Freedman.
2180:
2117:
2062:
1984:
1929:
1842:
1787:
1701:
1577:
1521:
1503:
1460:
1442:
1360:
1305:
350:Distance = 4000 Million light years (1.2
249:Length = 33 Mpc (110 million light-years)
836:
537:
383:
373:and is seen in the Pisces constellation
143:
95:Their existence was first postulated by
18:
3093:
1114:
1947:
1627:"A Study of the Southern Supercluster"
1148:
1146:
1039:A diagram of Earth's location in the
71:. The number of superclusters in the
7:
364:and has a mass of about 2 x 10
3184:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
1103:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
500:Pavo-Indus-Telescopium Supercluster
2267:Universe family tree: Supercluster
1674:Hasegawa, T.; et al. (2000).
643:AquariusâCapricornus Supercluster
163:z = ~0.25 (3 billion light years )
14:
2168:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1068:List of largest cosmic structures
576:HorologiumâReticulum Supercluster
356:Length = 652 Million light-years
65:PiscesâCetus Supercluster Complex
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3068:
3057:
3056:
1703:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x
1153:Gibney, Elizabeth (2014-09-03).
1028:
957:SCL @ 0018+16 at z=0.54 in SA26
166:Length = 360 million light years
2257:Overview of local superclusters
833:Extremely distant superclusters
486:cz=8500â9000 km/s (centre)
75:is estimated to be 10 million.
23:A map of the superclusters and
2999:Galaxy formation and evolution
2994:Galaxy colorâmagnitude diagram
1293:Astrophysics and Space Science
1222:"An Intergalactic Heavyweight"
698:DracoâUrsa Major Supercluster
1:
1063:Lists of astronomical objects
707:FornaxâEridanus Supercluster
313:In 2014, the newly announced
295:In 2014, the newly announced
2221:"The MS0302+17 Supercluster"
1775:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1639:10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65
769:PegasusâPisces Supercluster
652:AquariusâCetus Supercluster
598:Corona Borealis Supercluster
494:Forming the far wall of the
279:HydraâCentaurus Supercluster
169:Mass = 2.6 Ă 10 solar masses
35:is a large group of smaller
2881:Galaxies named after people
1806:10.1051/0004-6361/201833655
1122:Cain, Fraser (4 May 2009).
852:Hyperion proto-supercluster
782:PerseusâPisces Supercluster
399:PerseusâPisces Supercluster
179:King Ghidorah Supercluster
3200:
3014:Gravitational microlensing
2969:Galactic coordinate system
1914:Cambridge University Press
1379:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/51
1078:Galaxy groups and clusters
190:Mass = 1 Ă 10 solar masses
123:galaxy groups and clusters
3052:
2262:The Nearest Superclusters
2105:The Astrophysical Journal
2050:The Astrophysical Journal
1972:The Astrophysical Journal
1931:10.1017/S1743921304000080
1431:The Astrophysical Journal
1348:The Astrophysical Journal
1324:10.1007/s10509-005-9006-7
1246:Abell, George O. (1958).
1167:10.1038/nature.2014.15819
807:Ursa Majoris Supercluster
796:PiscesâAries Supercluster
756:Microscopium Supercluster
734:LeoâSextans Supercluster
553:PiscesâCetus Supercluster
217:(500 million light-years)
2979:Galactic magnetic fields
2792:Brightest cluster galaxy
2688:Luminous infrared galaxy
1830:The Astronomical Journal
1462:10.3847/1538-4357/acfaeb
634:Aquarius B Supercluster
2974:Galactic habitable zone
2959:Extragalactic astronomy
2548:Supermassive black hole
2462:Active galactic nucleus
1934:(inactive 2024-07-29).
1798:2018A&A...619A..49C
1625:Mitra, Shyamal (1989).
1316:2006Ap&SS.302...43H
1226:ESO Picture of the Week
930:SCL @ 1604+43 at z=0.9
899:SCL @ 1338+27 at z=1.1
878:Discovered in 1999 (as
818:Virgo-Coma Supercluster
743:LeoâVirgo Supercluster
306:PavoâIndus Supercluster
266:. It also contains the
63:, which is part of the
59:, which is part of the
2726:Low surface brightness
2477:Central massive object
2219:University of Hawaii,
1523:10.1093/mnrasl/slac150
661:Bootes A Supercluster
625:Aquarius Supercluster
522:z=0.046.(650 Mly away)
474:Ophiuchus Supercluster
446:Hercules Superclusters
432:Sculptor Superclusters
346:Saraswati Supercluster
291:Centaurus Supercluster
130:Cosmological principle
92:
28:
3004:Galaxy rotation curve
1631:The World of Galaxies
1201:Atlas of the Universe
1011:and northern cluster
616:Columba Supercluster
534:Distant superclusters
504:Hercules Supercluster
324:Southern Supercluster
315:Laniakea Supercluster
297:Laniakea Supercluster
201:Laniakea Supercluster
158:Einasto Supercluster
140:List of superclusters
90:
61:Laniakea Supercluster
22:
3179:Galaxy superclusters
3039:Population III stars
3034:Intergalactic travel
2984:Galactic orientation
2851:Voids and supervoids
1720:Astronomical Journal
840:Galaxy supercluster
670:Caelum Supercluster
563:BoĂśtes Supercluster
541:Galaxy supercluster
516:Shapley Supercluster
420:, the center of the
387:Galaxy supercluster
380:Nearby superclusters
147:Galaxy supercluster
3029:Intergalactic stars
2918:Large quasar groups
2913:Groups and clusters
2777:Groups and clusters
2636:Lyman-alpha emitter
2528:Interstellar medium
2191:1996ApJ...473L..67C
2128:2000ApJ...531L...5L
2073:2001ApJ...547..521T
2034:2004sgyu.conf...61T
1995:2003ApJ...598..210O
1922:2004ogci.conf...29N
1883:"Lynx Supercluster"
1853:1999AJ....118...76R
1733:1988AJ.....95..267P
1694:2000MNRAS.316..326H
1596:10.1038/nature13674
1588:2014Natur.513...71T
1514:2023MNRAS.519L..45S
1453:2023ApJ...958...62S
1371:2011ApJ...736...51E
1269:1958ApJS....3..211A
1041:observable Universe
1007:, southern cluster
725:Leo A Supercluster
335:(S373), Dorado and
112:observable universe
73:observable universe
3024:Intergalactic dust
3009:Gravitational lens
2964:Galactic astronomy
2933:Starburst galaxies
2673:blue compact dwarf
2629:Energetic galaxies
2593:BL Lacertae object
2028:. pp. 61â64.
716:Grus Supercluster
688:Draco Supercluster
416:Forms most of the
288:Hydra Supercluster
240:Virgo Supercluster
93:
57:Virgo Supercluster
29:
3084:
3083:
3044:Galaxy X (galaxy)
3019:Illustris project
2989:Galactic quadrant
2710:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
2700:Green bean galaxy
2695:Hot dust-obscured
2646:Luminous infrared
2410:Elliptical galaxy
2242:978-1-319-04238-7
1648:978-1-4613-9358-0
1098:Illustris project
1046:Alternative image
1019:
1018:
868:Lynx Supercluster
830:
829:
531:
530:
508:Ophiuchus Cluster
410:Coma Supercluster
377:
376:
3191:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3072:
3060:
3059:
2705:Hanny's Voorwerp
2615:Relativistic jet
2489:Dark matter halo
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2246:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2184:
2182:astro-ph/9610047
2162:
2156:
2155:
2121:
2119:astro-ph/0001166
2099:
2093:
2092:
2066:
2064:astro-ph/0009229
2044:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1988:
1986:astro-ph/0308066
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1933:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1846:
1844:astro-ph/9903381
1824:
1818:
1817:
1791:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1581:
1560:Pomarède, Daniel
1555:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1507:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1446:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1309:
1307:astro-ph/0508669
1287:
1281:
1280:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1119:
1032:
951:
919:wall of galaxies
837:
678:=0.126 (1.4 Gly)
588:Length = 550 Mly
585:=0.063 (700 Mly)
538:
482:
460:Leo Supercluster
384:
254:It contains the
144:
134:Sloan Great Wall
69:Hubble expansion
27:nearest to Earth
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3048:
2947:
2862:
2755:
2714:
2624:
2559:
2538:Galaxy filament
2482:Galactic Center
2450:
2305:
2300:
2253:
2243:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1088:Galaxy filament
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1038:
1033:
1024:
980:RX J0018.8+1602
976:RX J0018.3+1618
949:
923:CfA2 Great Wall
892:RXJ 0848.6+4453
888:RXJ 0848.9+4452
835:
536:
489:18 Mpc x 26 Mpc
480:
425:galaxy filament
422:CfA2 Great Wall
382:
371:
368:
142:
101:Abell catalogue
81:
51:is part of the
37:galaxy clusters
17:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Stellar stream
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Galactic ridge
2520:
2518:Galactic plane
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2251:External links
2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2199:10.1086/310395
2175:(2): L67âL70.
2157:
2136:10.1086/312518
2094:
2081:10.1086/318430
2057:(2): 521â530.
2039:
2016:
2003:10.1086/378690
1979:(1): 210â215.
1961:
1940:
1894:
1874:
1861:10.1086/300934
1819:
1763:
1746:
1741:10.1086/114635
1709:
1688:(2): 326â344.
1666:
1655:on 9 June 2018
1647:
1617:
1545:
1498:(1): L45âL50.
1476:
1417:
1392:
1337:
1300:(1â4): 43â59.
1282:
1277:10.1086/190036
1238:
1213:
1188:
1142:
1129:Universe Today
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:Galaxy cluster
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1001:
990:
984:
983:
964:
958:
954:
953:
944:(z=0.897) and
937:
931:
927:
926:
911:
900:
896:
895:
884:ClG J0849+4452
880:ClG J0848+4453
876:
870:
864:
863:
860:
854:
848:
847:
844:
841:
834:
831:
828:
827:
822:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
792:
791:
786:
784:
778:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:
760:
758:
752:
751:
746:
744:
740:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:
728:
726:
722:
721:
719:
717:
713:
712:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
694:
692:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
679:
671:
667:
666:
664:
662:
658:
657:
655:
653:
649:
648:
646:
644:
640:
639:
637:
635:
631:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:
619:
617:
613:
612:
610:
609:
608:
600:
594:
593:
591:
590:
589:
586:
578:
572:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:
557:
555:
549:
548:
545:
542:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
523:
518:
512:
511:
496:Ophiuchus Void
492:
491:
490:
487:
484:
476:
470:
469:
464:
462:
456:
455:
450:
448:
442:
441:
436:
434:
428:
427:
418:CfA Homunculus
414:
412:
406:
405:
403:
401:
395:
394:
391:
388:
381:
378:
375:
374:
369:
366:
358:
348:
342:
341:
333:Fornax Cluster
328:
326:
320:
319:
310:
308:
302:
301:
293:
292:
289:
283:
281:
275:
274:
252:
251:
250:
247:
242:
236:
235:
220:
219:
218:
211:
203:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
148:
141:
138:
80:
77:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Superclusters
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Superclusters
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Galactic tide
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Ultra diffuse
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:Active nuclei
2562:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1941:0-521-84908-X
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:"Local Group"
1118:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
947:
943:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
910:
909:Length=70Mpc
907:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:(z=1.26) and
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
838:
832:
826:
823:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
787:
785:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
606:
603:
602:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
584:
581:
580:
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
539:
533:
526:
521:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
479:
478:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
419:
415:
413:
411:
408:
407:
404:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
386:
385:
379:
372:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
316:
311:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
298:
290:
287:
286:
284:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:Virgo Cluster
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
245:
244:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Virgo Cluster
221:
216:
213:Length = 153
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
146:
145:
139:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
89:
85:
78:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:galaxy groups
38:
34:
26:
21:
3163:Solar System
3074:
3062:
2840:
2797:fossil group
2719:Low activity
2553:Ultramassive
2383:Dwarf galaxy
2366:intermediate
2361:grand design
2232:
2215:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2112:(1): L5âL8.
2109:
2103:
2097:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2025:
2019:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1950:cite journal
1909:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1877:
1837:(1): 76â85.
1834:
1828:
1822:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1659:23 September
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1630:
1620:
1569:
1563:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1407:. 2024-02-19
1404:
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1229:. Retrieved
1225:
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1204:. Retrieved
1200:
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1158:
1133:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1093:Galaxy group
1044:
1013:MS 0302+1717
1009:MS 0302+1659
1005:CL 0303+1706
999:Length=6Mpc
998:
992:
978:(z=0.5506),
974:(z=0.5455),
946:Cl 1604+4321
942:Cl 1604+4304
908:
902:
824:
788:
774:
762:
748:
568:
466:
452:
438:
355:
330:
312:
294:
271:
127:
116:
105:
99:in his 1958
97:George Abell
94:
82:
33:supercluster
32:
30:
3151:Outer space
3139:Spaceflight
2856:void galaxy
2819:cannibalism
2804:Interacting
2760:Interaction
2746:Blue Nugget
2736:Dark galaxy
2641:Lyman-break
2533:Protogalaxy
2499:Disc galaxy
1263:: 211â288.
1231:12 February
256:Local Group
228:Local Group
187:= 0.50-0.64
108:"filaments"
53:Local Group
3173:Categories
2896:Polar-ring
2741:Red nugget
2683:faint blue
2543:Spiral arm
2398:spheroidal
2388:elliptical
2371:Magellanic
2356:flocculent
2324:Lenticular
2311:Morphology
1789:1806.06073
1727:: 267â83.
1505:2211.11970
1444:2309.06251
1411:2024-03-22
1206:6 December
1135:6 December
1110:References
988:MS 0302+17
972:CL 0016+16
950:16 04 25.7
362:Abell 2361
3115:Astronomy
2831:Satellite
2826:Jellyfish
2814:collision
2751:Dead disk
2668:Starburst
2583:Markarian
2455:Structure
2422:Irregular
2393:irregular
2089:119439816
2011:117171639
1916:: 29â33.
1814:119472428
1760:, Reuters
1612:205240232
1579:1409.0880
1540:253761264
1532:1745-3933
1471:0004-637X
1437:(1): 62.
1387:119215944
1362:1105.1632
1355:(1): 51.
1183:124323774
1175:1476-4687
483:â22°
331:Includes
264:Milky Way
258:with our
232:Milky Way
79:Existence
49:Milky Way
3063:Category
2952:See also
2876:Galaxies
2603:X-shaped
2434:Peculiar
2376:unbarred
2334:unbarred
2303:Galaxies
2233:Universe
2207:17697662
2152:14588174
2144:10673401
1604:25186900
1332:18837475
1056:See also
502:and the
370:☉
339:clouds.
337:Eridanus
246:z= 0.000
45:universe
3103:Physics
3089:Portals
2923:Quasars
2891:Nearest
2886:Largest
2787:cluster
2620:Seyfert
2187:Bibcode
2124:Bibcode
2069:Bibcode
2030:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1869:2560006
1849:Bibcode
1794:Bibcode
1782:: A49.
1729:Bibcode
1690:Bibcode
1584:Bibcode
1510:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1367:Bibcode
1312:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1022:Diagram
968:54W084C
825:SCl 111
763:SCl 174
749:SCl 107
569:SCl 138
453:SCl 160
210:= 0.000
3075:Portal
2906:Spiral
2809:merger
2588:Quasar
2573:Blazar
2511:corona
2427:barred
2403:spiral
2351:barred
2346:anemic
2341:Spiral
2329:barred
2239:
2205:
2150:
2142:
2087:
2009:
1938:
1888:SIMBAD
1867:
1812:
1645:
1610:
1602:
1565:Nature
1538:
1530:
1469:
1385:
1330:
1181:
1173:
1159:Nature
1073:Galaxy
996:=0.42
963:=0.54
936:=0.91
875:=1.27
859:=2.45
846:Notes
789:SCl 40
547:Notes
481:17 10
467:SCl 93
393:Notes
262:, the
260:galaxy
153:Notes
47:. The
3127:Stars
2943:Voids
2868:Lists
2846:Walls
2782:group
2767:Field
2661:ELIRG
2656:HLIRG
2651:ULIRG
2608:DRAGN
2598:Radio
2578:LINER
2472:Bulge
2444:Polar
2203:S2CID
2177:arXiv
2148:S2CID
2114:arXiv
2085:S2CID
2059:arXiv
2007:S2CID
1981:arXiv
1865:S2CID
1839:arXiv
1810:S2CID
1784:arXiv
1608:S2CID
1574:arXiv
1536:S2CID
1500:arXiv
1439:arXiv
1405:ut.ee
1383:S2CID
1357:arXiv
1328:S2CID
1302:arXiv
1251:(PDF)
1179:S2CID
906:=1.1
843:Data
775:SCl 3
607:=0.07
544:Data
439:SCl 9
390:Data
150:Data
119:voids
25:voids
2901:Ring
2506:Halo
2494:Disc
2439:Ring
2319:Disc
2237:ISBN
2140:PMID
1956:link
1936:ISBN
1910:2004
1661:2020
1643:ISBN
1600:PMID
1528:ISSN
1467:ISSN
1233:2013
1208:2015
1171:ISSN
1137:2015
915:QSOs
2678:pea
2467:Bar
2195:doi
2173:473
2132:doi
2110:531
2077:doi
2055:547
1999:doi
1977:598
1926:doi
1857:doi
1835:118
1802:doi
1780:619
1737:doi
1698:doi
1686:316
1635:doi
1592:doi
1570:513
1518:doi
1496:519
1457:doi
1435:958
1375:doi
1353:736
1320:doi
1298:302
1273:doi
1163:doi
352:Gpc
215:Mpc
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