672:
Chairman for
Research at Southern Illinois University, Director of Quality at Memorial Medical Center, and Director of Performance Improvement at Northwest Community Hospital. Dr. Desai is a certified lean six sigma master black belt, and a certified professional in healthcare quality. He is the recipient of the international grand prize in healthcare quality by the International Hospital Federation in 2015.
642:
other 37 publications. Why would the founder of
Surgisphere have access to one of the largest repositories of real-time patient data, but not use it until publishing on COVID-19? If we ignore the image of multiple shell corporations enshrouding a hastily organized Surgisphere Corporation and stick to analyzing the COVID-19 data from the Lancet study, the findings are even less reassuring.
338:, all authors except Desai. In their retraction, the three wrote Surgisphere had not transferred "the full dataset, client contracts, and the full ISO audit report to their servers for analysis as such transfer would violate client agreements and confidentiality requirements", preventing reviewers from conducting an independent and private peer review. The three authors said:
342:"We can never forget the responsibility we have as researchers to scrupulously ensure that we rely on data sources that adhere to our high standards. Based on this development, we can no longer vouch for the veracity of the primary data sources. Due to this unfortunate development, the authors request that the paper be retracted."
671:
Sapan Desai, MD, PhD, MBA is
President and Chief Executive Officer of the Surgisphere Corporation, a medical education and healthcare data analytics company with hundreds of clients around the world. He has held multiple physician leadership roles in clinical practice, including serving as the Vice
181:
In June 2020 Desai's spokesperson said
Surgisphere had 11 employees and had been compiling a global hospital records database since 2008. In its promotional material and press releases, Surgisphere claimed to have a cloud-based healthcare data analytics platform and to be "leveraging... its global
641:
Dr. Desai appears to be the founder of
Surgisphere, which was formed in 2007. A PubMed search for "Sapan Desai" shows 39 medical publications in the last five years. With the exception of the two very recent COVID-19 papers, the Surgisphere database does not appear to have been used in any of the
823:
James Watson, a senior scientist at the
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit in Thailand, says he has doubts that any research organization would have been able to obtain such detailed records for so many people in Africa so quickly. He outlined this and concerns about multiple other
280:
The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in
Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised. As a result, on 28 May over 200 researchers and doctors from various countries
838:"As you might expect, it's a different story... conclusion: a prediction tool that is basically just linear regression and estimates age-dependent mortality that conflicts with a very large and reliable (we know where the data came from!) study. Wonderful AI/ML companies..!(6/n)"
1406:
The experts who wrote The Lancet also criticized the study's methodology and the authors' refusal to identify any of the hospitals that contributed patient data, or to name the countries where they were located. The company that owns the database is
Surgisphere, based in
1800:
The
University of Utah has "mutually agreed" to terminate the faculty appointment of Amit Patel, who was among the authors of two retracted papers on Covid-19 and who appears to have played a key role in involving a little-known company that has ignited a firestorm of
374:
that they had "no current or past contractual arrangement" with
Surgisphere, nor was the company an approved supplier, nor had it ever had access to data, despite Surgisphere stating it had "collaborated" with the NHS. Surgisphere's website had a picture of
212:(AFEM) had promoted the COVID-19 Severity Scoring Tool for use in 26 countries and some institutions had started validation studies. On 5 June 2020, following the scandal about the Lancet and NEJM articles, AFEM recommended that the tool no longer be used.
232:
mortality. It was described as a "retrospective matched-control study of coronavirus patients using a real-time hospitalization database". It was published as a preprint but was retracted at the end of May. Several
452:
revealed that several of Surgisphere's employees had little or no scientific background; one employee appeared to be a science fiction author while another, listed as a marketing executive, was an adult model.
310:
in the Lancet paper, including the astonishing number of patients involved and details about their demographics and prescribed dosing that seem implausible." One of the signatories, Adrian Hernandez of the
198:
530:
151:
decided to temporarily halt global trials of the drug hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.
163:, then a medical resident, to market medical textbooks to medical students. Fake five-star reviews on Amazon from accounts impersonating actual physicians were found. Desai became a
1784:
1965:
1945:
1288:
594:
1980:
174:
Surgisphere had three subsidiaries: Surgical Outcomes Collaborative, Vascular Outcomes and Quartz Clinical. From 2010 to 2013 it published an online medical journal, the
1955:
1970:
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237:
government health organizations recommended ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment based, in part, on this preprint; these recommendations were later denounced by the
317:
the biggest thing that raised a red flag was that there was such a large database across more than 600 hospitals, and no one had really known about its existence
947:
1706:
1289:"Doubts about that article claiming that hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine is killing people « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science"
461:
page has fewer than 100 followers and in late May 2020 listed only six employees. It also found that the company had almost no online presence and that its
1990:
189:
After the retractions of two studies in June 2020, company social media accounts were deleted, and on 15 June 2020, the company website was taken offline.
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1985:
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807:
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described an employee extracting data manually to create a spreadsheet for Surgisphere's QuartzClinical. She was "surprised" by claims of a massive
1420:"Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis"
1131:
975:
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27:
1579:"Retraction: "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis""
1528:"Retraction: "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis""
208:
Starting in March 2020, Surgisphere promoted a "rapid diagnostic tool" for COVID-19, which it said was in use by over 1000 hospitals. The
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were more likely to die in hospital, and prompted the World Health Organization to halt global trials of the drug to treat COVID-19. The
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1026:"Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis"
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1950:
168:
1656:"Retraction: Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007621"
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127:. Originally a textbook marketing company, it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of
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patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable. The questionable data were used in studies published in
1314:
128:
431:, stating she knew of only a single hospital that had signed a contract with the company; the May 1 paper in
178:. It ceased publication despite having claimed to accrue 50,000 subscribers because Desai "ran out of time".
1917:
282:
37:
1156:"Was the Surgisphere case a one-off, or does it highlight the bigger systemic problem of research fraud?"
269:
study claimed that hospital data records showed that COVID-19 patients were not harmed by treatment with
261:) in May 2020. The Lancet study claimed that the dataset of hospital records showed that patients taking
1469:"Expression of Concern: Mehra MR et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19"
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120:
47:
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aspects of the study in the open letter, which includes 17 signatories based at institutions in Africa.
1758:
841:
300:", stating "Both the numbers of cases and deaths, and the detailed data collection, seem unlikely."
1654:
Mehra, Mandeep R.; Desai, Sapan S.; Kuy, Sreyram; Henry, Timothy D.; Patel, Amit N. (4 June 2020).
1732:
1229:
1887:"Surgisphere: mass audit of papers linked to firm behind hydroxychloroquine Lancet study scandal"
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1132:"Who's to blame? These three scientists are at the heart of the Surgisphere COVID-19 scandal"
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595:"Questions raised over hydroxychloroquine study which caused WHO to halt trials for Covid-19"
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756:"The Big-Data Mystery Behind Retracted Covid-19 Studies of Hydroxychloroquine, Other Drugs"
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26:
1106:"Governments and WHO changed Covid-19 policy based on suspect data from tiny US company"
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released online "expressions of concern" about the published studies, and on 4 June the
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1315:"Hydroxychloroquine update: Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science"
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Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in
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948:"Two elite medical journals retract coronavirus papers over data integrity questions"
892:"A mysterious company's coronavirus papers in top medical journals may be unraveling"
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claimed to use data from 169 hospitals across the globe, and the May 22 paper in
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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic § WHO trial
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1230:"PubPeer - Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolid..."
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had a "significantly higher risk of death". In light of these studies, the
1759:"Edinburgh disavows Surgisphere claims of co-operation with NHS Scotland"
1672:
1485:
458:
229:
1104:
Davey, Melissa; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Boseley, Sarah (3 June 2020).
224:. published a paper based on purported Surgisphere data which suggested
1785:"Researcher has faculty appointment terminated after Lancet retraction"
1628:"Covid-19: Lancet retracts paper that halted hydroxychloroquine trials"
845:
462:
380:
357:. In the meantime, on 3 June, the WHO resumed its hydroxychloroquine
1707:"Hydroxychloroquine Studies Tied to Data Firm Surgisphere Retracted"
1577:
Mehra, Mandeep R.; Ruschitzka, Frank; Patel, Amit N. (4 June 2020).
1340:
808:"Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere"
565:"Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere"
531:"Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere"
1757:
Mure Dickie; Donato Paolo Mancini; Hannah Kuchler (6 June 2020).
1228:
Mehra, M. R.; Desai, S. S.; Ruschitzka, F.; Patel, A. N. (2020).
1204:"Surgisphere Data Used in Two COVID Studies Called Into Question"
976:"Surgisphere Sows Confusion About Another Unproven COVID-19 Drug"
1389:"Scientists Question Validity of Major Hydroxychloroquine Study"
433:
1815:"The Pandemic Claims New Victims: Prestigious Medical Journals"
1001:"Lancet, NEJM Retract Surgisphere Studies on COVID-19 Patients"
861:"Surgisphere Fallout Hits African Nonprofit's COVID-19 Efforts"
394:
was terminated over the journal retractions. Patel is Desai's
405:, called the paper "a fabrication" and "a monumental fraud".
1733:"WHO restarts drug trial as doubts grow over clinical data"
1024:
Mehra, MR; Desai, SS; Ruschitzka, F; Patel, AN (May 2020).
465:
account had made no posts from October 2017 to March 2020.
105:
1180:"Could the Surgisphere Retractions Debacle Happen Again?"
1885:
Davey, Melissa; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (2020-06-10).
1731:
Mancini, Donato Paolo; Kuchler, Hannah (3 June 2020).
1339:
James Watson On The Behalf Of 201 Signatories (2020).
182:
research network and advanced machine learning" using
692:. Vol. 368, no. 6495. pp. 1041–1042.
686:"The pandemic's first major research scandal erupts"
941:
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33:
16:
Healthcare analytics company based in United States
1869:The Surgisphere Founder and the Melba Toast figure
446:A parallel investigation by the British newspaper
143:in May 2020, suggesting that COVID-19 patients on
754:Hopkins, Jared S.; Gold, Russell (11 June 2020).
588:
586:
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1927:Surgisphere scandal: Lancet still doesn’t get it
1705:Hopkins, Jared S.; Gold, Russell (4 June 2020).
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
890:Servick, Kelly; Enserink, Martin (2 June 2020).
524:
522:
1841:Ellen Gabler; Roni Caryn Rabin (27 July 2020).
946:Piller, Charles; Servick, Kelly (4 June 2020).
735:"Surgisphere's COVID-19 Tools are Deadly Fraud"
684:Servick, Kelly; Enserink, Martin (2020-06-05).
1626:Boseley, Sarah; Davey, Melissa (4 June 2020).
1526:Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN (June 2020).
1341:"An open letter to Mehra et al and The Lancet"
885:
883:
881:
334:paper was retracted by Mehra, Ruschitzka, and
1783:Matthew Herper; Kate Sheridan (7 June 2020).
8:
19:
1843:"The Doctor Behind the Disputed Covid Data"
1372:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
619:
617:
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496:
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413:, said "We shouldn’t have published this".
1966:Internet properties disestablished in 2020
1946:Health care companies of the United States
655:"Dr Sapan Desai, United States of America"
210:African Federation for Emergency Medicine
25:
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1981:American companies disestablished in 2020
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1956:Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
1467:Rubin M.D, Ph.D, Eric J. (2 June 2020).
558:
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1971:Internet properties established in 2008
1918:Sapan Desai interview about the studies
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159:Surgisphere was established in 2008 by
1976:American companies established in 2008
1365:
478:papers and found apparent evidence of
970:
968:
7:
1660:The New England Journal of Medicine
401:Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of
377:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital
306:said critics had "pointed out many
255:The New England Journal of Medicine
140:The New England Journal of Medicine
1991:2020 disestablishments in Illinois
14:
1813:Roni Caryn Rabin (14 June 2020).
859:Offord, Catherine (7 June 2020).
806:Offord, Catherine (30 May 2020).
780:Owermohle, Sarah (16 June 2020).
529:Offord, Catherine (30 May 2020).
1387:Roni Caryn Rabin (29 May 2020).
313:Duke Clinical Research Institute
239:Pan American Health Organization
1986:2008 establishments in Illinois
1961:Scientific misconduct incidents
1473:New England Journal of Medicine
563:Catherine Offord (2020-05-30).
123:company established in 2008 by
1319:statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu
1313:Gelman, Andrew (25 May 2020).
1293:statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu
1287:Gelman, Andrew (24 May 2020).
1130:Piller, Charles (2020-06-08).
593:Davey, Melissa (28 May 2020).
474:analyzed one of Desai's early
457:also found that Surgisphere's
386:On 7 June 2020, fellow author
1:
1595:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6
1545:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6
1436:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31290-3
1241:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6
1160:Transparency International UK
1070:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6
1038:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6
836:James Watson (27 May 2020).
698:10.1126/science.368.6495.1041
624:Todaro, James (29 May 2020).
281:published "An open letter to
275:angiotensin-receptor blockers
176:Journal of Surgical Radiology
1430:(10240): e102. 3 June 2020.
919:"What's Up With Ivermectin?"
733:Zaidisays, Al (2020-05-27).
169:Northwest Community Hospital
917:Lowe, Derek (11 May 2020).
782:"Hydroxychloroquine is out"
2007:
196:
626:"A Study Out of Thin Air"
149:World Health Organization
24:
1873:Science Integrity Digest
245:Lancet and NEJM articles
1711:The Wall Street Journal
1005:The Scientist Magazine®
980:The Scientist Magazine®
812:The Scientist Magazine®
659:World Hospital Congress
569:The Scientist Magazine®
421:A July 2020 article in
1353:10.5281/zenodo.3871094
865:The Scientist Magazine
353:the study, as did the
1064:(Retracted, see
409:, editor-in-chief of
390:'s position with the
379:, an NHS hospital in
220:In April 2020, Desai
197:Further information:
1673:10.1056/NEJMc2021225
1486:10.1056/NEJMe2020822
1208:www.medpagetoday.com
121:healthcare analytics
48:Healthcare analytics
1951:Analytics companies
760:Wall Street Journal
216:Ivermectin preprint
193:COVID-19 misconduct
92:Number of employees
21:
1848:The New York Times
1820:The New York Times
1394:The New York Times
630:MedicineUncensored
502:"Surgisphere Corp"
480:image manipulation
417:General legitimacy
392:University of Utah
263:hydroxychloroquine
145:hydroxychloroquine
67:Palatine, Illinois
114:
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86:(CEO and founder)
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1083:Retraction Watch
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661:. Iceberg events
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537:. Archived from
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364:On 6 June 2020,
322:On 3 June 2020,
303:Science Magazine
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1875:, June 6, 2020.
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1136:Science | AAAS
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844:) – via
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