51:
508:, because the Ukrainian language was associated with provincialism and nationalism. At this point, the majority of Ukrainians found it easy to become competent in Russian. The association of the Ukrainian language with a rural lifestyle or narrow-minded nationalism encouraged more Ukrainians to adopt Russian as their language of choice. Such decisions led to an increased prevalence of Surzhyk in everyday speech and the further dilution of the Ukrainian language.
1910:
1596:
576:
Terminology and wording similar or identical to
Russian were emphasized in dictionaries, grammar books, and the official guidance issued to editors and publishers. This resulted in a generally more Russianised Ukrainian than had existed prior to the Soviet Union. After Ukraine became independent, this outcome would eventually generate disagreement regarding the question of what constitutes pure Ukrainian.
447:
406:, personal experience, rural or urban residence, the geographical origin of the interlocutors, etc. The percentage of Russian words and phonetic influences tends to be greatest in the east and south and in the vicinity of big Russian-speaking cities. It is commonly spoken in most of eastern Ukraine's rural areas, with the exception of the large metropolitan areas of
958:
However, in spite of the differences that exist between the rural and urban varieties of the spoken language, many visitors find that they have trouble communicating with the local population of
Ukraine when they follow guidebooks published abroad. This is because these books tend to focus on either pure Russian or pure Ukrainian and disregard the hybrid form.
563:(nativisation), which supported the development of non-Russian languages. The purpose was to gain the support of those ethnic groups that had been oppressed by the Tsarist regime. Soviet government business in Ukraine was conducted in the Ukrainian language, with the aim of integrating the Ukrainian people into the new Soviet system. This
501:. Ukrainian peasants moving to the cities regarded Russian as being more urban and prestigious than their own language. However, because their schooling in the Russian language was inadequate, most Ukrainian peasants who strove to speak it ended up blending it with their native Ukrainian; this was how Surzhyk was born.
524:, and not the Ukrainian pronunciation. Decrees in 1863, 1876, and 1881 prohibited the publication and importation of Ukrainian books, as well as the public use of the Ukrainian language in general. The Russian regime of the day viewed the use of Ukrainian as evidence of political opposition and harshly suppressed it.
957:
The prevalence of
Surzhyk is greatest in the countryside. In the cities, people tend to speak more standard forms of Ukrainian or Russian. This contrasts with the more rural inhabitants, who lack the prestige associated with the educational and technological advantages that people in the cities have.
936:
Linguists began to engage in debates over the 'correct' way to speak
Ukrainian, because the Soviet language policies had had a profound effect on the Ukrainian language. On the one hand, some linguists argue that Ukrainian should only use the forms that existed prior to the Soviet Union, while others
928:
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of
Ukraine as a sovereign state, the Ukrainian language became a key issue in the nation's politics. Ukrainian became Ukraine's sole official language, and therefore the ability to master it in speech became an important skill for politicians
474:
errors to exist across the entire spectrum of languages. In other words, those who identify themselves as
Russian-speaking or Ukrainian-speaking can often be found blending the two languages to some degree. Only a few of these individuals were found to acknowledge the non-standardness of the use of
932:
Additionally, many
Protestants who emigrated to the United States as refugees early in Ukraine’s independence still use antiquated forms of Surzhyk from their respective regions, having missed the language revitalization occurring since Ukraine gained independence. As a result of this migration in
527:
The use of the
Ukrainian language in theatre and music was also banned, and it had to be translated into other languages. Education in the Ukrainian language also suffered similarly, with ethnically Ukrainian teachers being replaced with ethnic Russians. In the early 20th century, children were
953:
policies intensified (i.e. in the 1930s and during the late 1970s to early 1980s), and so a sizable portion of ethnic
Ukrainians possess a better knowledge of formal Russian than of formal Ukrainian. Since 1991, however, Ukrainian has been the sole official language. After this change, it was
579:
Words and other
Ukrainian-language speech forms that are similar to those of Russian were emphasised. In addition, many Russian words or terms replaced their Ukrainian equivalents and were then modified by Ukrainian grammar and phonetics. The following table contains a few examples of how the
398:
one may hear the Russian-Romanian pidgin. When used by non-Ukrainian speaking people of Ukraine, the word is most commonly used to refer to a mix of Ukrainian with another language, not necessarily Russian. When used in Russia, the word almost always specifically refers to a Ukrainian-Russian
386:
and the neighboring regions of Russia and Moldova. There is no clear definition for what constitutes the pidgin; the term surzhyk is, according to some authors, generally used for "norm-breaking, non-obedience to or non-awareness of the rules of the Ukrainian and Russian standard languages".
575:
began to actively suppress the Ukrainian language, but it remained overwhelmingly the main language of education. Along with many of the other languages spoken in the Soviet Union, Ukrainian was viewed as a challenge to centralised power and the linguistic unification of the Soviet people.
462:
in 2003, 11% to 18% of the people of Ukraine were found to communicate in Surzhyk. Specifically, in western Ukraine, Surzhyk is spoken by 2.5% of the population, while in the south, it is spoken by over 12.4% of the population. In the east, 9.6% of the population speaks Surzhyk. As
567:
brought with it a significant advance in the development, standardisation, and codification of the Ukrainian language. Accompanying it was an increase in the number of Ukrainian-language publications, as well as theatre productions and schools in which Ukrainian was used.
661:
Members of the cultural elite who promoted local languages were later purged from positions of authority during the reign of Stalin, as part of an effort to strengthen the cohesion of the Soviet Union and promote Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union.
954:
realised that much of the population of Ukraine was actually unable to speak Ukrainian fluently. This was highly apparent in the case of many Ukrainian officials (including the President of Ukraine), who were observed to make code-mixing mistakes in their speech.
929:
and other prominent figures. Many such individuals were speakers of Russian who began to use Ukrainian, but because they had not perfected it another form of Surzhyk emerged which clearly showed the effect of Russification on the Ukrainian language.
539:, Hungarian was the only language permitted by the regime, so Ukrainian was excluded from institutions like schools. Even so, language policies here were not as restrictive as those applied in eastern Ukraine by the Tsarist regime of Russia.
418:, where the majority of the population uses standard Russian. In rural areas of western Ukraine, the language spoken contains fewer Russian elements than in central and eastern Ukraine but has nonetheless been influenced by Russian.
961:
The speaking of Surzhyk instead of Russian or Ukrainian is viewed negatively by nationalist language activists. Because it is neither one nor the other, they regard Surzhyk as a threat to the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture.
933:
the 1990s, Ukrainian protestants in the US tend to use Surzhyk more heavily than speakers in Ukraine, and occasionally note difficulty understanding Ukrainian vocabulary that they were not exposed to during the Soviet era.
488:
Surzhyk originated at the end of the 18th century, when Ukrainian peasants started to have greater contact with the Russian language as Ukrainian society modernized. Industrialization resulted in workers migrating from
937:
argue that the current forms, which emerged from the Soviet language policy, are more up-to-date and more familiar to the Ukrainians of today, and would therefore be better at meeting contemporary needs.
515:
prohibited the publication of books in Ukraine, except for Russian-language religious works, and decreed that Ukrainian books and records were to be burned. In 1786, it was decreed that services in the
438:
or a product like flour or bread made from such a mix. Another possible origin is that it is a shortened, colloquialized version of the word "surrogate" i.e. surrogate of Ukrainian and Russian.
402:
The vocabulary mix of each of its constituent languages (Ukrainian and Russian) varies greatly from locality to locality, or sometimes even from person to person, depending on the degree of
1548:
467:
has a higher ratio of Ukrainian speakers to Russian speakers than the rest of Ukraine, the lesser proportion of Surzhyk speakers compared with the east and south is understandable.
497:
of the Ukrainian peasantry. Russian civil and military administration, together with cultural, business, religious and educational institutions, soon became forces of linguistic
1939:
1944:
1630:
390:
More generally, "surzhyk" can refer to any mixed language, not necessarily including Ukrainian or Russian. For example, colloquial Ukrainian which is spoken in
1383:
983:. Surzhyk has been an object of parody in Ukrainian literature since the very emergence of the Ukrainian literary language. For example, in the 1798 poem
459:
451:
399:
language mix. It differs from both Ukrainian and spoken "Ukrainian Russian", although it is impossible to draw a clear line between them and surzhyk.
1317:
1295:
1543:
1244:
332:
1280:
Del Gaudio S. On the Nature of Suržyk: a Double Perspective. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 75. München – Berlin – Wien 2010.
1623:
1291:
Language Contact: Morphosyntactic Analysis of Surzhyk Spoken in Central Ukraine (Kateryna Kent, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities)
301:
979:
183:
394:
is often called incorrectly a Polish-Ukrainian surzhyk due to its loanwords which don't occur in standard Ukrainian, while in
1716:
208:
198:
1290:
1913:
1616:
1578:
504:
The speaking of pure Ukrainian (i.e. a language without elements of Russian), was for the most part avoided by the urban
1949:
1771:
1765:
203:
1027:'s brothers”) sings many of its songs in Surzhyk, often to underscore the rural simplicity of its songs' protagonists.
1783:
1366:
1310:
145:
1203:
Pauly, Matthew D. Teaching place, assembling the nation: local studies in Soviet Ukrainian schools during the 1920s.
475:
either or both languages, or the fact that they were actually blending Russian and Ukrainian in their speech at all.
1885:
535:'s rule in western Ukraine in the late 18th and 19th centuries was also linguistically oppressive. For example, in
178:
1421:
1393:
34:
528:
punished for speaking Ukrainian to one another in school, and people sometimes lost their jobs for speaking it.
1388:
1356:
1346:
1057:
950:
548:
325:
306:
188:
1115:
1869:
1431:
1000:
571:
From the 1930s onwards, the Russian language exerted significant influence on Ukrainian, and the regime of
1934:
1681:
1676:
1599:
1416:
1303:
1085:
150:
78:
1497:
1819:
1639:
1558:
1482:
1461:
1411:
1156:
Podolyan Ilona E. “How Do Ukrainians Communicate? Observations Based upon Youth Population of Kyiv”.
517:
127:
103:
1239:
1072:
536:
521:
318:
169:
1138:
50:
1751:
1721:
1658:
1653:
1361:
532:
372:
367:
349:
296:
291:
140:
131:
118:
60:
1760:
434:*sǫ — «with» + *rъžь — «rye») — originally referred to a mix of different grains that includes
1828:
1814:
1809:
1776:
1693:
1451:
1261:
1116:"Surzhyk and national identity in Ukrainian nationalist language ideology (Niklas Bernsand in
990:
93:
88:
69:
1011:
Surzhyk is often also used for comic effect in the arts. Examples include the short plays of
999:, for satirical purposes the character "Filozop" speaks Surzhyk while standing over the dead
1844:
1441:
1269:
1253:
1076:
1016:
1012:
564:
376:
353:
193:
113:
108:
1824:
1788:
1756:
1731:
1726:
1688:
1583:
1522:
1456:
1020:
512:
470:
One problem in analysing the linguistic status of Ukraine is that there is a tendency for
464:
391:
98:
1492:
1745:
1741:
1517:
1466:
1046:
949:, the usage of Ukrainian gradually decreased, particularly during those times when the
505:
490:
471:
270:
1928:
1849:
1839:
1735:
1563:
1527:
1502:
1446:
1426:
1378:
1373:
1351:
1341:
1326:
1068:
1051:
970:
572:
559:
498:
83:
670:
Between Russian and Ukrainian languages there are many words known as interpreter's
1512:
1507:
1487:
671:
554:
494:
431:
1257:
1833:
1436:
1329:
policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries
974:
1054:— the process of introducing the Russian language into non-Russian communities
1229:Масенко, Лариса. Суржик: між Мовою і Язиком. Києво-Могилянська Академія, 2011.
946:
280:
260:
42:
1265:
1573:
1273:
1064:
403:
275:
244:
446:
1890:
1553:
1042:
1036:
155:
1192:
Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine.
1793:
1608:
1080:
415:
411:
407:
395:
383:
229:
17:
995:
985:
379:
265:
239:
234:
224:
1024:
557:, the Ukrainian language saw a revival under the Soviet policy of
1612:
1299:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1088:— an intermediate dialect that blends Ukrainian and Belarusian.
1039:, awkward Ukrainian speech of Russophone Ukrainian politicians
435:
520:
were to be conducted using only the Russian pronunciation of
357:
1240:"A typology of surzhyk: Mixed Ukrainian-Russian language"
450:
Prevalence of Surzhyk in the regions of Ukraine. Data by
1549:
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
580:
Ukrainian language was changed during the Soviet era.
899:
light (also 'the world', chiefly in set expressions)
1186:
1878:
1862:
1802:
1709:
1702:
1669:
1646:
1536:
1475:
1404:
1334:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
553:In the 1920s, after Ukraine became a part of the
1134:
1132:
549:Russification of Ukraine § Soviet period
1624:
1311:
1158:Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ukraine.
326:
8:
1194:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.
1706:
1631:
1617:
1609:
1318:
1304:
1296:
333:
319:
29:
1139:Київський міжнародний інститут соціології
460:Kyiv International Institute of Sociology
452:Kyiv International Institute of Sociology
676:
582:
445:
1940:Ukrainian language varieties and styles
1098:
252:
216:
168:
126:
68:
41:
1945:Russian language varieties and styles
1544:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
1245:International Journal of Bilingualism
1015:, and the repertoire of the pop star
973:used the language extensively in his
366:
7:
1120:page 41, Freie Universität, Berlin)"
458:According to data presented by the
1238:Laada Bilaniuk (1 December 2004).
25:
1909:
1908:
1595:
1594:
1118:Berliner Osteuropa-Info, Vol. 17
49:
27:Mixed Ukrainian–Russian language
980:Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka
773:enormous person (stalwart lad)
1564:Russification in modern Russia
924:Independence in the modern era
1:
1579:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
1476:Anti-Russification activists
1258:10.1177/13670069040080040101
993:and based on the Latin poem
493:to Ukrainian cities and the
1405:Organizers of Russification
1367:Great Russification program
1218:Sektrey Ukrayins'koyi Movy.
1207:Vol. 39 No. 1. (2010) 75-93
382:used in certain regions of
1966:
1886:Language policy in Ukraine
1216:Karavans'kyi, Sviatoslav.
801:man, male person, husband
546:
511:In 1721, the Russian Tsar
358:
1904:
1592:
1422:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
518:Ukrainian Orthodox Church
1058:Russification of Ukraine
1052:Linguistic Russification
1870:Ukrainian Sign Language
253:Closely-related peoples
1335:By annexed territories
1019:. The punk-rock group
455:
1498:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
941:Ethnopolitical issues
749:(krasnaya ploshchad)
689:Semantics in English
683:Semantics in English
449:
1670:Indigenous languages
1640:Languages of Ukraine
1559:Lithuanian press ban
1462:Alexander Lukashenko
1205:History of Education
595:English translation
1950:Pidgins and creoles
522:Old Church Slavonic
426:The Ukrainian word
217:Sub-national groups
209:Slavic Native Faith
1703:Minority languages
1647:Official languages
1362:February Manifesto
1352:Bessarabia/Moldova
1220:Kyiv: Kobza, 1994.
1007:In popular culture
735:(krasna ploshcha)
642:(Vidtak, vidtodi)
589:Late Soviet forms
533:Kingdom of Hungary
456:
61:List of Ukrainians
1922:
1921:
1858:
1857:
1606:
1605:
1483:Kastus Kalinouski
1452:Nikita Khrushchev
991:Ivan Kotlyarevsky
921:
920:
881:the world; peace
659:
658:
592:Standard Russian
586:Pre-Soviet forms
368:[ˈsurʒɪk]
343:
342:
204:Roman Catholicism
184:Greek Catholicism
179:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
1957:
1912:
1911:
1707:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1442:Nikolay Bobrikov
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
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1190:Bilaniuk Laada.
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1013:Les Poderviansky
725:gentlemen, sirs
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565:Ukrainianisation
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1400:
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1033:
1021:Braty Hadyukiny
1009:
968:
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905:
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863:rocking motion
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707:Tender, gentle
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1803:Unrecognized
1568:
1513:Albert Razin
1508:Vasyl Makukh
1493:Eduard Polón
1488:Leo Mechelin
1417:Alexander II
1249:
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1079:, spoken in
1023:(literally “
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947:Soviet times
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914:(korystnyi)
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602:(Kolyshniy)
578:
570:
558:
555:Soviet Union
552:
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510:
503:
495:urbanization
487:
469:
457:
432:Proto-Slavic
427:
425:
401:
389:
345:
344:
160:
79:Architecture
1820:Azerbaijani
1437:Nicholas II
977:collection
975:short story
906:(korysnyi)
842:(krovatka)
834:(kravatka)
827:watermelon
806:(chelovek)
798:(cholovik)
704:(laskovyi)
699:kind, good
696:(laskavyi)
655:Since then
622:(Prybutky)
537:Zakarpattia
302:Nationality
1929:Categories
1829:Carpathian
1717:Belarusian
1710:Recognized
1412:Nicholas I
1342:Azerbaijan
1274:Q107103120
1093:References
1073:Belarusian
966:Literature
891:the world
722:(gospoda)
714:(hospoda)
680:Ukrainian
632:(Dokhody)
627:(Dokhody)
612:(Byvshiy)
607:(Buvshyy)
543:Soviet era
442:Prevalence
281:Podlashuks
261:East Slavs
104:Literature
43:Ukrainians
1752:Hungarian
1722:Bulgarian
1654:Ukrainian
1574:Trasianka
1379:Lithuania
1266:1367-0069
1065:Trasianka
912:корыстный
860:(kachka)
852:(kachka)
816:(harbuz)
770:(detina)
762:(dytyna)
739:beautiful
717:dwelling
650:С тех пор
645:З тих пір
635:Revenues
422:Etymology
404:education
373:Ukrainian
350:Ukrainian
276:Poleshuks
245:Podolyans
141:Ukrainian
128:Languages
1914:Category
1891:Balachka
1815:Armenian
1810:Albanian
1777:Moldovan
1772:Romanian
1694:Krymchak
1682:dialects
1659:dialects
1600:Category
1554:Ems Ukaz
1270:Wikidata
1043:Balachka
1037:Azirivka
1031:See also
917:selfish
904:корисний
840:кроватка
832:краватка
824:(arbuz)
819:pumpkin
702:ласковый
694:ласкавий
686:Russian
620:Прибутки
600:Колишній
454:in 2003.
292:Diaspora
170:Religion
156:Balachka
132:dialects
35:a series
33:Part of
1896:Surzhyk
1879:Related
1845:Turkish
1840:Swedish
1794:Yiddish
1784:Russian
1746:Ruméika
1569:Surzhyk
1389:Ukraine
1357:Finland
1347:Belarus
1081:Belarus
1077:Russian
986:Eneyida
909:useful
896:(svet)
888:(svit)
804:человек
796:чоловік
788:(chas)
780:(chas)
765:infant
755:square
747:площадь
745:красная
741:square
720:господа
712:господа
615:Former
479:History
428:surzhyk
416:Luhansk
412:Kharkiv
408:Donetsk
396:Moldova
384:Ukraine
377:Russian
371:) is a
354:Russian
346:Surzhyk
297:History
240:Litvins
230:Hutsuls
199:Judaism
161:Surzhyk
146:Russian
119:Theater
94:Cuisine
70:Culture
18:Surzhik
1825:Romani
1789:Slovak
1757:Polish
1736:Zipser
1732:German
1727:Gagauz
1689:Karaim
1394:Crimea
1384:Poland
1374:Latvia
1272:
1264:
1160:p. 2-4
1001:Pallas
996:Aeneid
878:(mir)
870:(myr)
814:гарбуз
768:детина
760:дитина
731:красна
630:Доходы
625:Доходи
610:Бывший
605:Бувший
430:(from
414:, and
380:pidgin
359:суржик
307:Rulers
266:Rusyns
235:Lemkos
225:Boykos
89:Cinema
1742:Greek
1537:Other
1123:(PDF)
1067:— an
1025:viper
858:качка
855:duck
850:качка
822:арбуз
791:hour
783:time
733:площа
194:Islam
114:Sport
109:Music
99:Dance
1850:Urum
1834:Vlax
1761:Lviv
1262:ISSN
1075:and
894:свет
886:світ
845:bed
837:tie
531:The
364:IPA:
352:and
130:and
1254:doi
945:In
876:мир
868:мир
786:час
778:час
753:red
436:rye
84:Art
1931::
1268:.
1260:.
1248:.
1242:.
1165:^
1145:^
1131:^
1101:^
1003:.
674:.
410:,
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37:on
1836:)
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1759:(
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1744:(
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1734:(
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1125:.
375:–
348:(
334:e
327:t
320:v
20:)
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