40:
497:, because the Ukrainian language was associated with provincialism and nationalism. At this point, the majority of Ukrainians found it easy to become competent in Russian. The association of the Ukrainian language with a rural lifestyle or narrow-minded nationalism encouraged more Ukrainians to adopt Russian as their language of choice. Such decisions led to an increased prevalence of Surzhyk in everyday speech and the further dilution of the Ukrainian language.
1899:
1585:
565:
Terminology and wording similar or identical to
Russian were emphasized in dictionaries, grammar books, and the official guidance issued to editors and publishers. This resulted in a generally more Russianised Ukrainian than had existed prior to the Soviet Union. After Ukraine became independent, this outcome would eventually generate disagreement regarding the question of what constitutes pure Ukrainian.
436:
395:, personal experience, rural or urban residence, the geographical origin of the interlocutors, etc. The percentage of Russian words and phonetic influences tends to be greatest in the east and south and in the vicinity of big Russian-speaking cities. It is commonly spoken in most of eastern Ukraine's rural areas, with the exception of the large metropolitan areas of
947:
However, in spite of the differences that exist between the rural and urban varieties of the spoken language, many visitors find that they have trouble communicating with the local population of
Ukraine when they follow guidebooks published abroad. This is because these books tend to focus on either pure Russian or pure Ukrainian and disregard the hybrid form.
552:(nativisation), which supported the development of non-Russian languages. The purpose was to gain the support of those ethnic groups that had been oppressed by the Tsarist regime. Soviet government business in Ukraine was conducted in the Ukrainian language, with the aim of integrating the Ukrainian people into the new Soviet system. This
490:. Ukrainian peasants moving to the cities regarded Russian as being more urban and prestigious than their own language. However, because their schooling in the Russian language was inadequate, most Ukrainian peasants who strove to speak it ended up blending it with their native Ukrainian; this was how Surzhyk was born.
513:, and not the Ukrainian pronunciation. Decrees in 1863, 1876, and 1881 prohibited the publication and importation of Ukrainian books, as well as the public use of the Ukrainian language in general. The Russian regime of the day viewed the use of Ukrainian as evidence of political opposition and harshly suppressed it.
946:
The prevalence of
Surzhyk is greatest in the countryside. In the cities, people tend to speak more standard forms of Ukrainian or Russian. This contrasts with the more rural inhabitants, who lack the prestige associated with the educational and technological advantages that people in the cities have.
925:
Linguists began to engage in debates over the 'correct' way to speak
Ukrainian, because the Soviet language policies had had a profound effect on the Ukrainian language. On the one hand, some linguists argue that Ukrainian should only use the forms that existed prior to the Soviet Union, while others
917:
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of
Ukraine as a sovereign state, the Ukrainian language became a key issue in the nation's politics. Ukrainian became Ukraine's sole official language, and therefore the ability to master it in speech became an important skill for politicians
463:
errors to exist across the entire spectrum of languages. In other words, those who identify themselves as
Russian-speaking or Ukrainian-speaking can often be found blending the two languages to some degree. Only a few of these individuals were found to acknowledge the non-standardness of the use of
921:
Additionally, many
Protestants who emigrated to the United States as refugees early in Ukraine’s independence still use antiquated forms of Surzhyk from their respective regions, having missed the language revitalization occurring since Ukraine gained independence. As a result of this migration in
516:
The use of the
Ukrainian language in theatre and music was also banned, and it had to be translated into other languages. Education in the Ukrainian language also suffered similarly, with ethnically Ukrainian teachers being replaced with ethnic Russians. In the early 20th century, children were
942:
policies intensified (i.e. in the 1930s and during the late 1970s to early 1980s), and so a sizable portion of ethnic
Ukrainians possess a better knowledge of formal Russian than of formal Ukrainian. Since 1991, however, Ukrainian has been the sole official language. After this change, it was
568:
Words and other
Ukrainian-language speech forms that are similar to those of Russian were emphasised. In addition, many Russian words or terms replaced their Ukrainian equivalents and were then modified by Ukrainian grammar and phonetics. The following table contains a few examples of how the
387:
one may hear the Russian-Romanian pidgin. When used by non-Ukrainian speaking people of Ukraine, the word is most commonly used to refer to a mix of Ukrainian with another language, not necessarily Russian. When used in Russia, the word almost always specifically refers to a Ukrainian-Russian
375:
and the neighboring regions of Russia and Moldova. There is no clear definition for what constitutes the pidgin; the term surzhyk is, according to some authors, generally used for "norm-breaking, non-obedience to or non-awareness of the rules of the Ukrainian and Russian standard languages".
564:
began to actively suppress the Ukrainian language, but it remained overwhelmingly the main language of education. Along with many of the other languages spoken in the Soviet Union, Ukrainian was viewed as a challenge to centralised power and the linguistic unification of the Soviet people.
451:
in 2003, 11% to 18% of the people of Ukraine were found to communicate in Surzhyk. Specifically, in western Ukraine, Surzhyk is spoken by 2.5% of the population, while in the south, it is spoken by over 12.4% of the population. In the east, 9.6% of the population speaks Surzhyk. As
556:
brought with it a significant advance in the development, standardisation, and codification of the Ukrainian language. Accompanying it was an increase in the number of Ukrainian-language publications, as well as theatre productions and schools in which Ukrainian was used.
650:
Members of the cultural elite who promoted local languages were later purged from positions of authority during the reign of Stalin, as part of an effort to strengthen the cohesion of the Soviet Union and promote Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union.
943:
realised that much of the population of Ukraine was actually unable to speak Ukrainian fluently. This was highly apparent in the case of many Ukrainian officials (including the President of Ukraine), who were observed to make code-mixing mistakes in their speech.
918:
and other prominent figures. Many such individuals were speakers of Russian who began to use Ukrainian, but because they had not perfected it another form of Surzhyk emerged which clearly showed the effect of Russification on the Ukrainian language.
528:, Hungarian was the only language permitted by the regime, so Ukrainian was excluded from institutions like schools. Even so, language policies here were not as restrictive as those applied in eastern Ukraine by the Tsarist regime of Russia.
407:, where the majority of the population uses standard Russian. In rural areas of western Ukraine, the language spoken contains fewer Russian elements than in central and eastern Ukraine but has nonetheless been influenced by Russian.
950:
The speaking of Surzhyk instead of Russian or Ukrainian is viewed negatively by nationalist language activists. Because it is neither one nor the other, they regard Surzhyk as a threat to the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture.
922:
the 1990s, Ukrainian protestants in the US tend to use Surzhyk more heavily than speakers in Ukraine, and occasionally note difficulty understanding Ukrainian vocabulary that they were not exposed to during the Soviet era.
477:
Surzhyk originated at the end of the 18th century, when Ukrainian peasants started to have greater contact with the Russian language as Ukrainian society modernized. Industrialization resulted in workers migrating from
926:
argue that the current forms, which emerged from the Soviet language policy, are more up-to-date and more familiar to the Ukrainians of today, and would therefore be better at meeting contemporary needs.
504:
prohibited the publication of books in Ukraine, except for Russian-language religious works, and decreed that Ukrainian books and records were to be burned. In 1786, it was decreed that services in the
427:
or a product like flour or bread made from such a mix. Another possible origin is that it is a shortened, colloquialized version of the word "surrogate" i.e. surrogate of Ukrainian and Russian.
391:
The vocabulary mix of each of its constituent languages (Ukrainian and Russian) varies greatly from locality to locality, or sometimes even from person to person, depending on the degree of
1537:
456:
has a higher ratio of Ukrainian speakers to Russian speakers than the rest of Ukraine, the lesser proportion of Surzhyk speakers compared with the east and south is understandable.
486:
of the Ukrainian peasantry. Russian civil and military administration, together with cultural, business, religious and educational institutions, soon became forces of linguistic
1928:
1933:
1619:
379:
More generally, "surzhyk" can refer to any mixed language, not necessarily including Ukrainian or Russian. For example, colloquial Ukrainian which is spoken in
1372:
972:. Surzhyk has been an object of parody in Ukrainian literature since the very emergence of the Ukrainian literary language. For example, in the 1798 poem
448:
440:
388:
language mix. It differs from both Ukrainian and spoken "Ukrainian Russian", although it is impossible to draw a clear line between them and surzhyk.
1306:
1284:
1532:
1233:
321:
1269:
Del Gaudio S. On the Nature of Suržyk: a Double Perspective. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 75. München – Berlin – Wien 2010.
1612:
1280:
Language Contact: Morphosyntactic Analysis of Surzhyk Spoken in Central Ukraine (Kateryna Kent, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities)
290:
968:
172:
383:
is often called incorrectly a Polish-Ukrainian surzhyk due to its loanwords which don't occur in standard Ukrainian, while in
1705:
197:
187:
1279:
1902:
1605:
1567:
493:
The speaking of pure Ukrainian (i.e. a language without elements of Russian), was for the most part avoided by the urban
1938:
1760:
1754:
192:
1016:'s brothers”) sings many of its songs in Surzhyk, often to underscore the rural simplicity of its songs' protagonists.
1772:
1355:
1299:
134:
1192:
Pauly, Matthew D. Teaching place, assembling the nation: local studies in Soviet Ukrainian schools during the 1920s.
464:
either or both languages, or the fact that they were actually blending Russian and Ukrainian in their speech at all.
1874:
524:'s rule in western Ukraine in the late 18th and 19th centuries was also linguistically oppressive. For example, in
167:
1410:
1382:
23:
517:
punished for speaking Ukrainian to one another in school, and people sometimes lost their jobs for speaking it.
1377:
1345:
1335:
1046:
939:
537:
314:
295:
177:
1104:
1858:
1420:
989:
560:
From the 1930s onwards, the Russian language exerted significant influence on Ukrainian, and the regime of
1923:
1670:
1665:
1588:
1405:
1292:
1074:
139:
67:
1486:
1808:
1628:
1547:
1471:
1450:
1400:
1145:
Podolyan Ilona E. “How Do Ukrainians Communicate? Observations Based upon Youth Population of Kyiv”.
506:
116:
92:
1228:
1061:
525:
510:
307:
158:
1127:
39:
1740:
1710:
1647:
1642:
1350:
521:
361:
356:
338:
285:
280:
129:
120:
107:
49:
1749:
423:*sǫ — «with» + *rъžь — «rye») — originally referred to a mix of different grains that includes
1817:
1803:
1798:
1765:
1682:
1440:
1250:
1105:"Surzhyk and national identity in Ukrainian nationalist language ideology (Niklas Bernsand in
979:
82:
77:
58:
1000:
Surzhyk is often also used for comic effect in the arts. Examples include the short plays of
988:, for satirical purposes the character "Filozop" speaks Surzhyk while standing over the dead
1833:
1430:
1258:
1242:
1065:
1005:
1001:
553:
365:
342:
182:
102:
97:
1813:
1777:
1745:
1720:
1715:
1677:
1572:
1511:
1445:
1009:
501:
459:
One problem in analysing the linguistic status of Ukraine is that there is a tendency for
453:
380:
87:
1481:
1734:
1730:
1506:
1455:
1035:
938:, the usage of Ukrainian gradually decreased, particularly during those times when the
494:
479:
460:
259:
1917:
1838:
1828:
1724:
1552:
1516:
1491:
1435:
1415:
1367:
1362:
1340:
1330:
1315:
1057:
1040:
959:
561:
548:
487:
72:
659:
Between Russian and Ukrainian languages there are many words known as interpreter's
1501:
1496:
1476:
660:
543:
483:
420:
1246:
1822:
1425:
1318:
policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries
963:
1043:— the process of introducing the Russian language into non-Russian communities
1218:Масенко, Лариса. Суржик: між Мовою і Язиком. Києво-Могилянська Академія, 2011.
935:
269:
249:
31:
1254:
1562:
1262:
1053:
392:
264:
233:
435:
1879:
1542:
1031:
1025:
144:
1181:
Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine.
1782:
1597:
1069:
404:
400:
396:
384:
372:
218:
984:
974:
368:
254:
228:
223:
213:
1013:
546:, the Ukrainian language saw a revival under the Soviet policy of
1601:
1288:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1077:— an intermediate dialect that blends Ukrainian and Belarusian.
1028:, awkward Ukrainian speech of Russophone Ukrainian politicians
424:
509:
were to be conducted using only the Russian pronunciation of
346:
1229:"A typology of surzhyk: Mixed Ukrainian-Russian language"
439:
Prevalence of Surzhyk in the regions of Ukraine. Data by
1538:
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
569:
Ukrainian language was changed during the Soviet era.
888:
light (also 'the world', chiefly in set expressions)
1175:
1867:
1851:
1791:
1698:
1691:
1658:
1635:
1525:
1464:
1393:
1323:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
542:In the 1920s, after Ukraine became a part of the
1123:
1121:
538:Russification of Ukraine § Soviet period
1613:
1300:
1147:Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ukraine.
315:
8:
1183:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.
1695:
1620:
1606:
1598:
1307:
1293:
1285:
322:
308:
18:
1128:Київський міжнародний інститут соціології
449:Kyiv International Institute of Sociology
441:Kyiv International Institute of Sociology
665:
571:
434:
1929:Ukrainian language varieties and styles
1087:
241:
205:
157:
115:
57:
30:
1934:Russian language varieties and styles
1533:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
1234:International Journal of Bilingualism
1004:, and the repertoire of the pop star
962:used the language extensively in his
355:
7:
1109:page 41, Freie Universität, Berlin)"
447:According to data presented by the
1227:Laada Bilaniuk (1 December 2004).
14:
1898:
1897:
1584:
1583:
1107:Berliner Osteuropa-Info, Vol. 17
38:
16:Mixed Ukrainian–Russian language
969:Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka
762:enormous person (stalwart lad)
1553:Russification in modern Russia
913:Independence in the modern era
1:
1568:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
1465:Anti-Russification activists
1247:10.1177/13670069040080040101
982:and based on the Latin poem
482:to Ukrainian cities and the
1394:Organizers of Russification
1356:Great Russification program
1207:Sektrey Ukrayins'koyi Movy.
1196:Vol. 39 No. 1. (2010) 75-93
371:used in certain regions of
1955:
1875:Language policy in Ukraine
1205:Karavans'kyi, Sviatoslav.
790:man, male person, husband
535:
500:In 1721, the Russian Tsar
347:
1893:
1581:
1411:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
507:Ukrainian Orthodox Church
1047:Russification of Ukraine
1041:Linguistic Russification
1859:Ukrainian Sign Language
242:Closely-related peoples
1324:By annexed territories
1008:. The punk-rock group
444:
1487:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
930:Ethnopolitical issues
738:(krasnaya ploshchad)
678:Semantics in English
672:Semantics in English
438:
1659:Indigenous languages
1629:Languages of Ukraine
1548:Lithuanian press ban
1451:Alexander Lukashenko
1194:History of Education
584:English translation
1939:Pidgins and creoles
511:Old Church Slavonic
415:The Ukrainian word
206:Sub-national groups
198:Slavic Native Faith
1692:Minority languages
1636:Official languages
1351:February Manifesto
1341:Bessarabia/Moldova
1209:Kyiv: Kobza, 1994.
996:In popular culture
724:(krasna ploshcha)
631:(Vidtak, vidtodi)
578:Late Soviet forms
522:Kingdom of Hungary
445:
50:List of Ukrainians
1911:
1910:
1847:
1846:
1595:
1594:
1472:Kastus Kalinouski
1441:Nikita Khrushchev
980:Ivan Kotlyarevsky
910:
909:
870:the world; peace
648:
647:
581:Standard Russian
575:Pre-Soviet forms
357:[ˈsurʒɪk]
332:
331:
193:Roman Catholicism
173:Greek Catholicism
168:Eastern Orthodoxy
1946:
1901:
1900:
1696:
1622:
1615:
1608:
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1587:
1586:
1431:Nikolay Bobrikov
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1002:Les Poderviansky
714:gentlemen, sirs
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1512:Atner Khuzangai
1460:
1446:Leonid Brezhnev
1389:
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1089:
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1022:
1010:Braty Hadyukiny
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957:
932:
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852:rocking motion
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696:Tender, gentle
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1792:Unrecognized
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1502:Albert Razin
1497:Vasyl Makukh
1482:Eduard Polón
1477:Leo Mechelin
1406:Alexander II
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149:
68:Architecture
1809:Azerbaijani
1426:Nicholas II
966:collection
964:short story
895:(korysnyi)
831:(krovatka)
823:(kravatka)
816:watermelon
795:(chelovek)
787:(cholovik)
693:(laskovyi)
688:kind, good
685:(laskavyi)
644:Since then
611:(Prybutky)
526:Zakarpattia
291:Nationality
1918:Categories
1818:Carpathian
1706:Belarusian
1699:Recognized
1401:Nicholas I
1331:Azerbaijan
1263:Q107103120
1082:References
1062:Belarusian
955:Literature
880:the world
711:(gospoda)
703:(hospoda)
669:Ukrainian
621:(Dokhody)
616:(Dokhody)
601:(Byvshiy)
596:(Buvshyy)
532:Soviet era
431:Prevalence
270:Podlashuks
250:East Slavs
93:Literature
32:Ukrainians
1741:Hungarian
1711:Bulgarian
1643:Ukrainian
1563:Trasianka
1368:Lithuania
1255:1367-0069
1054:Trasianka
901:корыстный
849:(kachka)
841:(kachka)
805:(harbuz)
759:(detina)
751:(dytyna)
728:beautiful
706:dwelling
639:С тех пор
634:З тих пір
624:Revenues
411:Etymology
393:education
362:Ukrainian
339:Ukrainian
265:Poleshuks
234:Podolyans
130:Ukrainian
117:Languages
1903:Category
1880:Balachka
1804:Armenian
1799:Albanian
1766:Moldovan
1761:Romanian
1683:Krymchak
1671:dialects
1648:dialects
1589:Category
1543:Ems Ukaz
1259:Wikidata
1032:Balachka
1026:Azirivka
1020:See also
906:selfish
893:корисний
829:кроватка
821:краватка
813:(arbuz)
808:pumpkin
691:ласковый
683:ласкавий
675:Russian
609:Прибутки
589:Колишній
443:in 2003.
281:Diaspora
159:Religion
145:Balachka
121:dialects
24:a series
22:Part of
1885:Surzhyk
1868:Related
1834:Turkish
1829:Swedish
1783:Yiddish
1773:Russian
1735:Ruméika
1558:Surzhyk
1378:Ukraine
1346:Finland
1336:Belarus
1070:Belarus
1066:Russian
975:Eneyida
898:useful
885:(svet)
877:(svit)
793:человек
785:чоловік
777:(chas)
769:(chas)
754:infant
744:square
736:площадь
734:красная
730:square
709:господа
701:господа
604:Former
468:History
417:surzhyk
405:Luhansk
401:Kharkiv
397:Donetsk
385:Moldova
373:Ukraine
366:Russian
360:) is a
343:Russian
335:Surzhyk
286:History
229:Litvins
219:Hutsuls
188:Judaism
150:Surzhyk
135:Russian
108:Theater
83:Cuisine
59:Culture
1814:Romani
1778:Slovak
1746:Polish
1725:Zipser
1721:German
1716:Gagauz
1678:Karaim
1383:Crimea
1373:Poland
1363:Latvia
1261:
1253:
1149:p. 2-4
990:Pallas
985:Aeneid
867:(mir)
859:(myr)
803:гарбуз
757:детина
749:дитина
720:красна
619:Доходы
614:Доходи
599:Бывший
594:Бувший
419:(from
403:, and
369:pidgin
348:суржик
296:Rulers
255:Rusyns
224:Lemkos
214:Boykos
78:Cinema
1731:Greek
1526:Other
1112:(PDF)
1056:— an
1014:viper
847:качка
844:duck
839:качка
811:арбуз
780:hour
772:time
722:площа
183:Islam
103:Sport
98:Music
88:Dance
1839:Urum
1823:Vlax
1750:Lviv
1251:ISSN
1064:and
883:свет
875:світ
834:bed
826:tie
520:The
353:IPA:
341:and
119:and
1243:doi
934:In
865:мир
857:мир
775:час
767:час
742:red
425:rye
73:Art
1920::
1257:.
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1154:^
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663:.
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26:on
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1816:(
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364:–
337:(
323:e
316:t
309:v
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