1381:, with its plentiful small seeds and tall cover. A study published in 2015 has shown that switchgrass, when grown in a traditional monoculture, has an adverse impact on some wildlife. Depending on how thickly switchgrass is planted, and what it is partnered with, it also offers excellent forage and cover for other wildlife across the country. For those producers who have switchgrass stands on their farm, it is considered an environmental and aesthetic benefit due to the abundance of wildlife attracted by the switchgrass stands. Some members of Prairie Lands Bio-Products, Inc. in Iowa have even turned this benefit into a profitable business by leasing their switchgrass land for hunting during the proper seasons. The benefits to wildlife can be extended even in large-scale agriculture through the process of strip harvesting, as recommended by
767:, should be avoided as they are known to reduce development of switchgrass when applied early in the establishing year. Plantings that appear to have failed due to weed infestations are often wrongly assessed, as the failure is often more apparent than real. Switchgrass stands that are initially weedy commonly become well established with appropriate management in subsequent years. Once established, switchgrass can take up to three years to reach its full production potential. Depending on the region, it can typically produce 1/4 to 1/3 of its yield potential in its first year and 2/3 of its potential in the year after seeding.
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621:, which tend to produce more biomass, and the upland cultivars, which are generally of more northern origin, more cold-tolerant, and therefore usually preferred in northern areas. Upland switchgrass types are generally shorter, at ≤ 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) tall, and less coarse than lowland types. Lowland cultivars may grow to ≥ 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) in favorable environments. Both upland and lowland cultivars are deeply rooted, > 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) in favorable soils, and have short
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2215:"Since that mention in the 2006, investment in switch grass has exploded, thanks in large part, experts say, to the President's speech. Venture capitalists have poured over $ 100 million into private companies that are exploring the technology necessary to convert switchgrass into fuel, and large publicly owned companies are also directing their research dollars into biofuels."
1349:(RFV) of 90–104. The grass's upright growth pattern places its growing point off the soil surface onto its stem, so leaving 25 cm of stubble is important for regrowth. When harvesting switchgrass for hay, the first cutting occurs at the late boot stage – around mid-June. This should allow for a second cutting in mid-August, leaving enough regrowth to survive the winter.
36:
716:. When seeded as part of a diverse mixture, planting guidelines for warm-season grass mixtures for conservation plantings should be followed. Regional guidelines for growing and managing switchgrass for bioenergy or conservation plantings are available. Several key factors can increase the likelihood of success for establishing switchgrass. These include:
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are present and well developed. When ripe, the seeds sometimes take on a pink or dull-purple tinge, and turn golden brown with the foliage of the plant in the fall. Switchgrass is both a perennial and self-seeding crop, which means farmers do not have to plant and reseed after annual harvesting. Once
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Grazing switchgrass calls for watchful management practices to ensure survival of the stand. It is recommended that grazing begin when the plants are about 50 cm tall, and that grazing be discontinued when the plants have been eaten down to about 25 cm, and to rest the pasture 30–45 days
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studies have been undertaken and it appears to be well-suited as a commercial boiler fuel. Research is also being undertaken to develop switchgrass as a pellet fuel because of lack of surplus wood residues in eastern Canada, as a slowdown in the forest products industry in 2009 is now resulting in
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grass, most of its growth occurs from late spring through early fall; it becomes dormant and unproductive during colder months. Thus, the productive season in its northern habitat can be as short as three months, but in the southern reaches of its habitat the growing season may be as long as eight
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are yielded. In contrast, corn ethanol yields about 1.28 units of energy per unit of energy input. A 2008 study from the Great Plains indicated that for ethanol production from switchgrass, this figure is 6.4, or alternatively, that 540% more energy was contained in the ethanol produced than was
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found the top two cultivars in each trial to yield 9.4 to 22.9 t/ha, with an average yield of 14.6 ODT/ha. However, these yields were recorded on small plot trials, and commercial field sites could be expected to be at least 20% lower than these results. In the United States, switchgrass yields
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Switchgrass is a diverse species, with striking differences between plants. This diversity, which presumably reflects evolution and adaptation to new environments as the species spread across the continent, provides a range of valuable traits for breeding programs. Switchgrass has two distinct
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and energy output-to-input ratio of all switchgrass bioconversion processes. Research has found switchgrass, when pelletized and used as a solid biofuel, is a good candidate for displacing fossil fuels. Switchgrass pellets were identified to have a 14.6:1 energy output-to-input ratio, which is
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and liver damage in these animals. Researchers are continuing to learn more about the specific conditions under which switchgrass causes harm to these species, but until more is discovered, it is recommended switchgrass not be fed to them. For cattle, however, it can be fed as hay, or grazed.
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barriers to the development of cellulosic ethanol technology. Projections in the early 1990s for commercialization of cellulosic ethanol by the year 2000 have not been met. The commercialization of cellulosic ethanol is thus proving to be a significant challenge, despite noteworthy research
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compared to grain corn's 2.9 GJ/ODT. Given that switchgrass contains approximately 18.8 GJ/ODT of biomass, the energy output-to-input ratio for the crop can be up to 20:1. This highly favorable ratio is attributable to its relatively high energy output per hectare and low energy inputs for
1224:. They took into account air and water emissions associated with growing, managing, processing and storing the switchgrass crop. They also factored in the transportation of the stored switchgrass to the ethanol plant where they assumed the distance was 20 km. The reductions in
806:. Herbicides are not often used on switchgrass after the seeding year, as the crop is generally quite competitive with weeds. Most bioenergy conversion processes for switchgrass, including those for cellulosic ethanol and pellet fuel production, can generally accept some alternative
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J.C. Frigon, P. Mehta, S.R. Guiot. The bioenergy potential from the anaerobic digestion of switchgrass and other energy crops. National
Research Council Canada. Growing the Margins Conference: Energy, Bioproducts and Byproducts from farms and food sectors. April 2–5, 2008, London,
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Samson, R., Bailey-Stamler, S., & Ho Lem, C. Optimization of
Switchgrass Management for Commercial Fuel Pellet Production (Final report prepared by REAP-Canada for the Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) under the Alternative Renewable Fuels Fund).
1189:, and enables switchgrass to be a clean combustion fuel source for use in smaller combustion appliances. Fall harvested grasses likely have more application for larger commercial and industrial boilers. Switchgrass is also being used to heat small industrial and farm buildings in
1304:, both from wind and water, is of great concern in regions where switchgrass grows. Due to its height, switchgrass can form an effective wind erosion barrier. Its root system, also, is excellent for holding soil in place, which helps prevent erosion from flooding and runoff. Some
1250:, which accumulates in beadlike granules within the plant's cells. In preliminary tests, the dry weight of a plants leaves were shown to comprise up to 3.7% of the polymer. Such low accumulation rates do not, as of 2009, allow for commercial use of switchgrass as a biosource.
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soils some of the most productive in the world. By returning switchgrass and other perennial prairie grasses as an agricultural crop, many marginal soils may benefit from increased levels of organic material, permeability, and fertility, due to the grass's deep root system.
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habit, while the upland types tend to be more sod-forming. Lowland cultivars appear more plastic in their morphology, produce larger plants if stands become thin or when planted in wide rows, and they seem to be more sensitive to moisture stress than upland cultivars.
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The main advantage of using switchgrass over corn as an ethanol feedstock is its cost of production is generally about 1/2 that of grain corn, and more biomass energy per hectare can be captured in the field. Thus, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol should give a higher
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by using E10 and E85 were 5 and 65%, respectively. Their models also suggested that the “human toxicity potential” and “eco-toxicity potential” were substantially greater for the high ethanol fuels (i.e., E85 and ethanol) than for gasoline and E10.
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substantially better than that for liquid biofuel options from farmland. As a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy, switchgrass pellets were found to be an effective means to use farmland to mitigate greenhouse gases on the order of 7.6–13 tonnes of CO
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system and perennial nature. One study cites it takes from 0.97 to 1.34 GJ to produce 1 tonne of switchgrass, compared with 1.99 to 2.66 GJ to produce 1 tonne of corn. Another study found that switchgrass uses 0.8 GJ/ODT of
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Samson, Roger; Lem, Claudia Ho; Stamler, Stephanie Bailey; Dooper, Jeroen (2008). "Developing Energy Crops for
Thermal Applications: Optimizing Fuel Quality, Energy Security and GHG Mitigation". In Pimentel, D. (ed.).
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Switchgrass is a versatile and adaptable plant. It can grow and even thrive in many weather conditions, lengths of growing seasons, soil types, and land conditions. Its distribution spans south of latitude 55°N from
1385:, which suggests that rather than harvesting an entire field at once, strip harvesting could be practiced so that the entire habitat is not removed, thereby protecting the wildlife inhabiting the switchgrass.
1280:, particularly in the United States and Canada, where switchgrass is endemic. Switchgrass has a deep fibrous root system – nearly as deep as the plant is tall. Since it, along with other native grasses and
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of ethanol per hectare at lower cost. However, this will depend on whether the cost of constructing and operating cellulosic ethanol plants can be reduced considerably. The switchgrass ethanol industry
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Bailey
Stamler, S., R. Samson and C. Ho Lem. Biomass resources options: Creating a BIOHEAT supply for the Canadian greenhouse industry. Final report to Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa. 2006. 38 pages
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1165:, as biomass quality problems can be of particular concern in combustion applications. These technical problems now appear to have been largely resolved through crop management practices such as fall
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per tonne harvested. However, current technology for herbaceous biomass conversion to ethanol is about 340 liters per tonne. In contrast, corn ethanol yields about 400 liters per tonne.
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1288:, the effects of the past switchgrass habitat have been beneficial, lending to the fertile farmland that exists today. The deep fibrous root systems of switchgrass left a deep rich layer of
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Thermal energy applications for switchgrass appear to be closer to near-term scale-up than cellulosic ethanol for industrial or small-scale applications. For example, switchgrass can be
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http://www.reap-canada.com/online_library/feedstock_biomass/Optimization%20of%20switchgrass%20management%20for%20commercial%20fuel%20pellet%20production%20(Samson%20et%20al.,%202007).pdf
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759:. Chemical weed control can be used in the fall prior to establishment, or before or after planting. Weeds should be mowed just above the height of the growing switchgrass.
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817:. Stands of switchgrass should be harvested no more than twice per year, and one cutting often provides as much biomass as two. Switchgrass can be harvested with the same
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Historically, the major constraint to the development of grasses for thermal energy applications has been the difficulty associated with burning grasses in conventional
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grass feedstocks are desirable biomass energy feedstocks, as they require fewer fossil energy inputs to grow and effectively capture solar energy because of their C4
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applications for switchgrass will prove more promising. Switchgrass has demonstrated some promise in biogas research as an alternative feedstock to whole plant corn
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http://reap-canada.com/online_library/feedstock_biomass/5-Establishing%20and%20Managing%20Switchgrass%20as%20an%20Energy%20Crop%20_Parrish%20et%20al.,%202008.pdf
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Much of North
America, especially the prairies of the Midwestern United States, was once prime habitat to vast swaths of native grasses, including switchgrass,
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in many parts of the United States use it to control erosion in grass waterways because of its ability to anchor soils while providing habitat for wildlife.
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100 million has been invested into researching switchgrass as a potential biofuel source. Switchgrass has the potential to produce up to 380 liters of
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between grazing periods. Switchgrass becomes stemmy and unpalatable as it matures, but during the target grazing period, it is a favorable forage with a
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David J. Parrish, John H. Fike, David I. Bransby, Roger Samson. Establishing and
Managing Switchgrass as an Energy Crop. Forage and Grazinglands. 2008
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appear to be highest in warm humid regions with long growing seasons such as the US Southeast and lowest in the dry short season areas of the
Northern
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977:, it has the ability to produce up to 25 oven-dry tonnes per hectare (ODT/ha). A summary of switchgrass yields across 13 research trial sites in the
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After establishment, switchgrass management will depend on the goal of the seeding. Historically, most switchgrass seedings have been managed for the
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http://www.reap-canada.com/online_library/feedstock_biomass/The%20Emerging%20Agro-Pellet%20Industry%20in%20Canada%20(Samson%20et%20al.,%202007).pdf
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shortages throughout
Eastern North America. Generally speaking, the direct firing of switchgrass for thermal applications can provide the highest
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Lee, S.T.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; Gardner, D.R.; Vogel, K.P. (2001). "The isolation and identification of steroidal sapogenins in switchgrass".
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Stegelmeier, B.L.; Elmore, S.A.; Lee, S.T.; James, L.F.; Gardner, D.R.; Panter, K.E.; Ralphs, M.H.; Pfister, J.A. (2007). "Switchgrass (
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Bai et al. (2010) conducted a study to analyze the environmental sustainability of using switchgrass plant material as a feedstock for
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1999:
McLaughlin, S.B.; Kzos, L.A. (2005). "Development of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States".
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Johnson, A.L.; Divers, T.J.; Freckleton, M.L.; McKenzie, H.C.; Mitchell, E.; Cullen, J.M.; McDonough, S.P. (2006). "Fall
Panicum (
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in the US. Disturbance such as periodic mowing, burning, or disking is required to optimize the stand's utility for encouraging
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crops. No single method of establishing switchgrass can be suggested for all situations. The crop can be established both by
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per hectare. In contrast, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol and corn ethanol were found to mitigate 5.2 and 1.5 tonnes of CO
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Bai, Yu; Luo, Lin; van der Voet, Ester (2010). "Life cycle assessment of switchgrass-derived ethanol as transport fuel".
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began spreading west across the continent, the native grasses were plowed under and the land converted to crops such as
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1607:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
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input requirements, ease of management, hardiness in poor soil and climate conditions, and widespread adaptability in
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advantages of switchgrass as a bioenergy crop are its stand longevity, drought and flooding tolerance, relatively low
1002:, which can require relatively high energy inputs for field operations, crop drying, and fertilization. Whole plant
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on marginal farmlands. It is now being considered for use in several bioenergy conversion processes, including
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1312:) have used switchgrass in their seed mixes when re-establishing growth along roadways. It can also be used on
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Other common names for switchgrass include tall panic grass, Wobsqua grass, blackbent, tall prairiegrass, wild
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1076:. Studies have found that for every unit of energy input needed to create a biofuel from switchgrass, four
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removed is a general guideline. More specific recommendations for fertilization are available regionally in
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2928:"Table 33b. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and Relative Feed Value (RFV) Ranges for Various Forage Crops"
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Farrell, A.E. Ethanol Can
Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals. Science. Volume 311. 2006. 506-508.
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for cattle; however, it has shown toxicity in horses, sheep, and goats through chemical compounds known as
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2874:) Toxicity in Rodents, Sheep, Goats and Horses". In Kip Panter; Terrie L. Wierenga; James Pfister (eds.).
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Lynd, L. R.; Cushman, J. H.; Nichols, R. J.; Wyman, C. E. (1991). "Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass".
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In native prairies, switchgrass is historically found in association with several other important native
460:. Overall, it is considered a resource-efficient, low-input crop for producing bioenergy from farmland.
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657:, and prairie coneflower). These widely adapted tallgrass species once occupied millions of hectares.
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625:. The upland types tend to have more vigorous rhizomes, so the lowland cultivars may appear to have a
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Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop, ATTRA - National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service, 2006.
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contents of switchgrass cannot be successfully leached out for thermal applications, it may be that
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impacts of different corn ethanol plant types. Environmental Research Letters. Volume 2. 2007. 1-13.
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In a novel application, US scientists have genetically modified switchgrass to enable it to produce
869:, as game cover, and as feedstock for biodegradable plastics. It can be used by cattle farmers for
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2036:"Cumulative Energy and Global Warming Impact from the Production of Biomass for Biobased Products"
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Switchgrass is well known among wildlife conservationists as good forage and habitat for upland
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is properly taken into consideration, switchgrass can offer great potential as an energy crop.
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in Canada southwards into the United States and Mexico. Switchgrass is one of the dominant
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residues, as feedstocks for pellets used for the firing of a coal-fired power plant. In
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Bies, Laura (2006-11-01). "The Biofuels Explosion: Is Green Energy Good for Wildlife?".
2983:"Observed effects of warm season perennial grass agriculture on resident mammal species"
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2012:
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Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects
1795:"Aprovechamiento de recursos vegetales y animales para la produccion de biocombustibles"
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are used as ornamental plants in gardens and landscaping. The following have gained the
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Establishing and Managing Switchgrass as an Energy Crop, Forage and Grazinglands, 2008.
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material in the fall is 0.5% N. Fertilizer nitrogen applications of about 5 kg N/
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R. Samson, S. Bailey and C. Ho Lem. The Emerging Agro-Pellet Industry in Canada. 2007
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Management Guide for the Production of Switchgrass for Biomass Fuel in Southern Iowa
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1958:. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. September 2012. Archived from
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2020:
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1120:. The most widely studied project to date has been the Chariton Valley Project in
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986:. The energy inputs required to grow switchgrass are favorable when compared with
456:, switchgrass can grow on marginal lands and requires relatively modest levels of
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are 30–90 cm (12–35 in) long, with a prominent midrib. Switchgrass uses
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2075:"The Potential of C4 Perennial Grasses for Developing a Global BIOHEAT Industry"
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3389:- Scientific American article on the potential use of switchgrass for biofuels
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http://www.gtmconference.ca/site/downloads/2008presentations/5B3%20-Frigon.pdf
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1653:"Genomic mechanisms of climate adaptation in polyploid bioenergy switchgrass"
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was created which can cheaply and efficiently turn switchgrass into ethanol.
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established, a switchgrass stand can survive for ten years or longer. Unlike
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Optimization of Switchgrass Management for Commercial Fuel Pellet Production
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and planting 0.6 - 1.2 cm deep, or up to 2 cm deep in sandy soils.
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2473:. C.D. Howe Institute Commentary. Vol. 282. p. 25. Archived from
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2947:"Planting and managing switchgrass for forage, wildlife, and conservation"
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3328:"Switchgrass for Bioethanol and Other Value-Added Applications: A Review"
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1542:"Panicum virgatum L., Switchgrass, prairie switchgrass, tall panic grass"
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1181:-forming compounds (such as K and Cl) and N in the grass. This reduces
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bedding, straw bale housing, and as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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also replaced the native grasses for use as hay and pasture for cattle.
409:, often up to 60 cm (24 in) long, and it bears a good crop of
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Fifth National Symposium, New Crops and New Uses, Strength in Diversity
2909:"Table 28. Guidelines for rotational stocking of selected forage crops"
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778:. Increased attention is being placed on switchgrass management as an
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1755:(3rd ed.). International Plant Nutrition Institute. p. 26.
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1329:
1166:
1061:
1023:
Considerable effort is being expended in developing switchgrass as a
999:
950:
862:
748:
720:
Planting switchgrass after the soil is well warmed during the spring.
693:
601:
547:
402:
320:
204:
3909:
3306:"Switchgrass: A Living Solar Battery." Roger Samson (Online reprint)
4173:
4072:
3667:
3610:
3600:
3553:
2426:
1366:
1194:
1092:
1065:
991:
887:
878:
826:
795:
764:
697:
685:
642:
539:
535:
453:
448:
142:
4059:
3635:
3605:
3036:: American Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 252–266.
2443:
2316:
M. R. Schmer; K. P. Vogel; R. B. Mitchell; R. K. Perrin (2008).
1284:, once covered the plains of the United States that are now the
1281:
1129:
1121:
1113:
741:
705:
689:
410:
386:
3913:
3414:
2467:
Going Green for Less: Cost-Effective Alternative Energy Sources
2217:
Jessica Yellin; Katie Hinman; Nitya Venkataraman (2007-01-23).
1212:
was used to make this assessment. They compared efficiency of
1128:
is using switchgrass and other warm-season grasses, along with
1032:
941:
warm season grass with the ability to produce moderate to high
786:, as it is not a heavy feeder. Typical nitrogen (N) content of
3615:
1217:
1031:, he proposed using switchgrass for ethanol; since then, over
870:
822:
551:
543:
29:
3315:
2634:"Direct conversion of plant biomass to ethanol by engineered
3410:
3276:
Switchgrass for Bioheat in Canada (agriwebinar presentation)
1880:. Resource Efficient Agricultural Production (REAP) - Canada
1064:
fraction of switchgrass can be burned to provide sufficient
637:
plants, such as big bluestem, indiangrass, little bluestem,
315:, and naturalized along roadsides. It is used primarily for
1994:
1992:
1052:
is also considered to be substantially better than that of
676:
Switchgrass can be grown on land considered unsuitable for
3311:
USDA Studies Switchgrass for Ethanol and Energy Production
3077:
10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1203:TBEIGE]2.0.CO;2
2835:
10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1414:FPPDHI]2.0.CO;2
1112:). Switchgrass has been widely tested as a substitute for
899:
Additionally, switchgrass is grown as a drought-resistant
730:
Packing or firming the soil both before and after seeding.
2632:
Chung, D.; Cha, M.; Guss, A. M.; Westpheling, J. (2014).
2121:
2119:
2068:
2066:
1548:. University of Saskatchewan Department of Plant Sciences
895:'Heavy Metal', an ornamental switchgrass, in early summer
443: in) wide, and are developed from a single-flowered
2729:
2727:
1571:"Plentiful switch grass emerges as breakthrough biofuel"
299:
native to North America, where it occurs naturally from
3281:
Establishing and Managing Switchgrass as an Energy Crop
2302:
Wang, M., Wu, M., & Huo, H. Life-cycle energy and
2256:
2201:
Dana Bash; Suzanne Malveaux; et al. (2006-02-01).
1875:"Switchgrass Production in Ontario: A Management Guide"
1564:
1562:
903:
in average to wet soils and in full sun to part shade.
1926:
1924:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1731:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
973:
climates. In some warm humid southern zones, such as
311:
and can be found in remnant prairies, in native grass
3250:
Switchgrass Production in Ontario: A Management Guide
1232:
In 2014, a genetically altered form of the bacterium
1081:
used in growing the switchgrass and converting it to
782:. Generally, the crop requires modest application of
2926:
Ball, D.M.; Hoveland, C.S.; Lacefield, G.D. (2006).
2907:
Ball, D.M.; Hoveland, C.S.; Lacefield, G.D. (2006).
2129:
Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems
1749:
Ball, D.M.; Hoveland, C.S.; Lacefield, G.D. (2002).
3922:
3833:
3765:
3681:
3572:
3448:
2318:"Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass"
331:projects, fiber, electricity, heat production, for
3019:"Farmers' Motivations for Adoption of Switchgrass"
2735:"Plant Fact Sheet, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass)"
2568:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
1902:. Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network (BFIN),
1627:"Switchgrass and Warm Season Grass Planting Guide"
1956:Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
1108:used to heat homes (which typically burn corn or
937:crop since the mid-1980s, because it is a native
1800:(in Spanish). INTA. 26 June 2008. Archived from
1029:George W. Bush's 2006 State of the Union Address
660:Switchgrass’ suitability for cultivation in the
3773:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3017:Hipple, Patricia C.; Duffy, Michael D. (2002).
2877:Poisonous Plants: Global Research and Solutions
2642:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
933:Switchgrass has been researched as a renewable
1868:
1866:
744:with chemical and/or cultural control methods.
3426:
2612:"Bacteria take plants to biofuel in one step"
2219:"What Happened to Bush Call for Switchgrass?"
1836:"Establishment and Management of Switchgrass"
1546:Rangeland Ecosystems & Plants Fact Sheets
1197:through a process used to make a low quality
666:Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂa Agropecuaria
8:
2855:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2510:"Samson et al., 2008": In regions where the
1124:. The Show-Me-Energy Cooperative (SMEC) in
3387:"Grass Makes Better Ethanol than Corn Does"
1651:Lovell, John T.; et al. (2021-02-01).
3910:
3433:
3419:
3411:
2954:Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication
2934:. International Plant Nutrition Institute.
2915:. International Plant Nutrition Institute.
2279:"Switch Grass: Alternative Energy Source?"
2237:"Switchgrass: Native American Powerhouse?"
2180:"Switch Grass: Alternative Energy Source?"
1629:. Ernst Conservation Seeds. Archived from
1292:in the soils of the Midwest, making those
397:, giving it an advantage in conditions of
106:
87:
78:
4477:Native grasses of the Great Plains region
3778:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3316:Switchgrass as an Alternative Energy crop
3001:
2671:
2661:
2595:
2351:
2341:
2131:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 395–423.
2054:
1692:
911:It is the preferred larval host plant of
358:, thatchgrass, and Virginia switchgrass.
4527:Crops originating from the United States
3301:Switchgrass Fuel Yields Bountiful Energy
2821:) Hepatotoxicosis in Horses and Sheep".
565:
472:Root system of switchgrass grown at the
60:of all important aspects of the article.
3024:. In Jules Janick, Anna Whipkey (ed.).
2981:Leimbach, D.D.; Marcello, G.J. (2015).
2823:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
2742:United States Department of Agriculture
1512:
680:production, including land that is too
462:
3326:Keshwani, D. R.; Cheng, J. J. (2009).
2848:
2746:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2464:Samson, R.; S. Bailey Stamler (2009).
2203:"Bush has plan to end oil 'addiction'"
2162:"Switchgrass: The Super Plant Savior?"
1605:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
433: in) long and up to 1.5 mm (
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
3268:Technic Panicum virgatum, switchgrass
3236:Technic Panicum virgatum, switchgrass
2748:, Plant Materials Program. 2006-05-06
1729:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1594:
1592:
1501:Technic Panicum virgatum, switchgrass
825:production, and it is well-suited to
366:Switchgrass is a hardy, deep-rooted,
7:
4457:Warm-season grasses of North America
4272:f55d5eb0-c139-4cf3-9731-fb2f11e6f8b2
3846:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3393:Taxonomic description in GrassBase:
3255:Switchgrass Variety Choice in France
1845:. Cornell University. Archived from
1625:Ernst Seed Catalog Web Page (2007).
917:. It is also a larval host for the
737:at planting to minimize competition.
2771:Kansas Department of Transportation
700:regions that typically produce low
617:forms, or "cytotypes": the lowland
4492:Flora of the Eastern United States
4487:Flora of the Western United States
2160:Adrienne Mand Lewin (2006-02-01).
2082:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
829:or bulk field harvesting. If its
25:
3383:- Has closeup photos of spikelets
3377:- Archive of Central Texas Plants
3322:study on Switchgrass feasibility.
1242:Biodegradable plastics production
641:, eastern gamagrass, and various
373:grass that begins growth in late
4347:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:413537-1
3894:
3893:
3026:Trends in New Crops and New Uses
2990:Sustainable Agriculture Research
2945:Wolf, D.D.; Fiske, D.A. (1995).
2073:Samson, R.; et al. (2005).
1104:that are subsequently burned in
881:in many applications, including
664:is being studied by Argentina's
480:
465:
129:
34:
3296:Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop
2699:Chemical & Engineering News
1177:to occur, which leads to fewer
48:may be too short to adequately
4547:Garden plants of North America
4472:Flora of the Canadian Prairies
3352:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.035
3263:Vermont Grass Energy Symposium
2880:. CABI Pub. pp. 113–117.
2021:10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.05.006
1540:Silzer, Tanya (January 2000).
877:and as a substitute for wheat
576:and their distribution in the
323:production, game cover, as an
307:of the central North American
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
4532:Crops originating from Canada
4452:Bunchgrasses of North America
2397:10.1126/science.251.4999.1318
2043:Journal of Industrial Ecology
1904:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1316:sites, dikes, and pond dams.
841:Switchgrass can be used as a
546:. Introduced grasses such as
413:. The seeds are 3–6 mm (
4462:Grasses of the United States
2239:. Renewable Energy Resources
2137:10.1007/978-1-4020-8654-0_16
1469:Energy-efficient landscaping
1328:Switchgrass is an excellent
953:, and direct combustion for
772:Conservation Reserve Program
723:Using seeds that are highly
672:Establishment and management
4542:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3876:Issues relating to biofuels
3866:Energy return on investment
2715:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2636:Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
2614:. Science News. 3 June 2014
1982:The Xerces Society (2016),
1599:Uchytil, Ronald J. (1993).
1576:The San Diego Union-Tribune
1401:Royal Horticultural Society
1235:Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
1158:per hectare, respectively.
401:and high temperature. Its
4568:
4497:Flora of the United States
4442:NatureServe secure species
2444:Show Me Energy Cooperative
2056:10.1162/108819803323059442
2034:Dale, B.; Kim, S. (2004).
1843:Agronomy Fact Sheet Series
1677:10.1038/s41586-020-03127-1
1272:Switchgrass is useful for
1257:
4482:Flora of Northern America
3889:
3851:Energy content of biofuel
3065:Wildlife Society Bulletin
2956:: 418–013. Archived from
2792:Journal of Natural Toxins
2705:, 33, 18 Aug. 2008, p. 13
2588:10.1007/s11367-010-0177-2
2102:10.1080/07352680500316508
1439:Backyard Wildlife Habitat
1102:pressed into fuel pellets
1085:. However, there remain
988:annual seed bearing crops
600:, and further south into
592:, south over most of the
339:, and more recently as a
263:
256:
126:Scientific classification
124:
104:
95:
86:
81:
4537:Plants described in 1753
3825:Thermal depolymerization
3798:Industrial biotechnology
3402:Crops Photos Switchgrass
2932:Forage Crop Pocket Guide
2913:Forage Crop Pocket Guide
2259:Iogen Corporation, 2009.
1226:global warming potential
957:applications. The main
578:United States of America
4502:Phytoremediation plants
3793:Fischer–Tropsch process
3783:Biomass heating systems
2837:(inactive 2024-06-07).
2819:Panicum dichotomiflorum
2663:10.1073/pnas.1402210111
2556:"plentiful_switchgrass"
2343:10.1073/pnas.0704767105
2304:greenhouse gas emission
1898:Bransby, David (2005).
1449:Brachypodium distachyon
688:production, as well as
528:Schizachyrium scoparium
3332:Bioresource Technology
2497:"Samson et al. 2007":
1521:"NatureServe Explorer"
1318:Conservation districts
1097:
896:
849:energy production, as
580:
508:), eastern gamagrass (
405:have a well-developed
2526:for biogas digesters.
2188:National Public Radio
2001:Biomass and Bioenergy
1900:"Switchgrass Profile"
1807:on 26 September 2010.
1405:Award of Garden Merit
1258:Further information:
1096:
1027:crop in the USA. In
891:
751:and properly labeled
569:
511:Tripsacum dactyloides
3034:Alexandria, Virginia
2535:"Frigon et al. 2008
1389:Ornamental cultivars
1383:The Wildlife Society
763:herbicides, such as
755:are recommended for
458:chemical fertilizers
287:, commonly known as
3881:Sustainable biofuel
3344:2009BiTec.100.1515K
3239:Parcelles en France
3003:10.5539/sar.v4n2p70
2654:2014PNAS..111.8931C
2580:2010IJLCA..15..468B
2431:iowaswitchgrass.com
2389:1991Sci...251.1318L
2383:(4999): 1318–1323.
2334:2008PNAS..105..464S
2094:2005CRvPS..24..461S
2013:2005BmBe...28..515M
1947:Dargida rubripennis
1873:Samson, R. (2007).
1669:2021Natur.590..438L
1474:Natural landscaping
1347:relative feed value
1324:Forages and grazing
1306:highway departments
1264:Restoration ecology
1248:polyhydroxybutyrate
1220:, and ethanol with
1210:Life cycle analysis
914:Dargida rubripennis
784:nitrogen fertilizer
609:months, around the
604:. As a warm-season
98:Conservation status
3381:Switchgrass images
3375:Switchgrass images
2542:2016-03-03 at the
1601:"Panicum virgatum"
1459:Cellulosic ethanol
1098:
1025:cellulosic ethanol
947:cellulosic ethanol
897:
581:
530:) and others. As
520:Andropogon gerardi
506:Sorghastrum nutans
4467:Grasses of Canada
4429:
4428:
4293:Open Tree of Life
3916:Taxon identifiers
3907:
3906:
3820:Sabatier reaction
3043:978-0-09-707565-5
2648:(24): 8931–8936.
2257:Iogen Corporation
2146:978-1-4020-8653-3
1945:"The Pink Streak
1762:978-0-9629598-3-7
1663:(7846): 438–444.
1361:species, such as
1274:soil conservation
1254:Soil conservation
1087:commercialization
857:, and to control
855:soil conservation
794:applied for each
712:and conventional
635:tallgrass prairie
532:European settlers
317:soil conservation
309:tallgrass prairie
280:
279:
119:
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4559:
4552:Ornamental grass
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4363:
4362:
4350:
4349:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4252:
4251:
4249:NBNSYS0200002787
4239:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4150:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4112:
4111:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4062:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:Panicum virgatum
3943:
3942:
3941:
3924:Panicum virgatum
3911:
3897:
3896:
3741:Pongamia pinnata
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3395:Panicum virgatum
3371:
3338:(4): 1515–1523.
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3205:Panicum virgatum
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3179:Panicum virgatum
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3153:Panicum virgatum
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:Panicum virgatum
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:Panicum virgatum
3095:
3089:
3088:
3071:(4): 1203–1205.
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3023:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2872:Panicum virgatum
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2829:(6): 1414–1421.
2814:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2088:(5–6): 461–495.
2079:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2049:(3–4): 147–162.
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1906:. Archived from
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1752:Southern Forages
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1723:Panicum virgatum
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1479:Phytoremediation
1394:Panicum virgatum
1338:photosensitivity
1260:Mine reclamation
1118:power generation
919:Delaware skipper
901:ornamental grass
893:Panicum virgatum
571:Panicum virgatum
484:
469:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
422:
421:
417:
333:biosequestration
329:phytoremediation
325:ornamental grass
284:Panicum virgatum
269:
267:Panicum virgatum
249:P. virgatum
134:
133:
113:
110:
109:
91:
79:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
27:Species of plant
21:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4280:Observation.org
4278:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4247:
4242:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4207:MichiganFlora:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3885:
3861:Energy forestry
3829:
3761:
3723:Jatropha curcas
3684:
3677:
3585:Camelina sativa
3575:
3568:
3444:
3439:
3325:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3103:'Dallas Blues'"
3097:
3096:
3092:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2767:"KDOT Bid Tabs"
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2737:
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2555:
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2544:Wayback Machine
2534:
2530:
2509:
2505:
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2240:
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2199:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1986:, Timber Press.
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1897:
1896:
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1877:
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1763:
1748:
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1568:
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1551:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1492:
1484:Wildlife garden
1430:
1411:'Dallas Blues'
1391:
1355:
1326:
1270:
1256:
1244:
1173:that allow for
1157:
1153:
1147:net energy gain
1078:units of energy
1072:to operate the
931:
923:Hobomok skipper
909:
907:Moth host plant
839:
819:field equipment
674:
598:Rocky Mountains
564:
524:little bluestem
498:
491:
485:
476:
470:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
395:carbon fixation
394:
364:
335:of atmospheric
276:
271:
265:
252:
128:
120:
111:
107:
100:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4410:
4406:wfo-0000886863
4397:
4387:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4338:
4325:
4312:
4302:
4289:
4276:
4266:
4253:
4240:
4227:
4214:
4204:
4191:
4178:
4165:
4152:
4139:
4126:
4113:
4100:
4087:
4077:
4064:
4051:
4038:
4025:
4015:
4002:
3992:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3944:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3712:Chinese tallow
3709:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3559:Water hyacinth
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3323:
3320:European Union
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3227:
3226:External links
3224:
3221:
3220:
3194:
3168:
3155:'Hänse Harms'"
3142:
3129:'Heavy Metal'"
3116:
3090:
3055:
3042:
3009:
2973:
2937:
2918:
2899:
2886:
2862:
2809:
2782:
2758:
2723:
2707:
2687:
2624:
2603:
2574:(5): 468–477.
2558:
2549:
2528:
2503:
2490:
2456:
2447:
2436:
2418:
2367:
2328:(2): 464–469.
2308:
2295:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2228:
2208:
2193:
2171:
2152:
2145:
2115:
2062:
2026:
2007:(6): 515–535.
1988:
1975:
1936:
1920:
1890:
1862:
1827:
1810:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1708:
1643:
1617:
1588:
1558:
1532:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:'Hänse Harms'
1415:
1414:"Heavy Metal'
1412:
1390:
1387:
1354:
1351:
1336:, which cause
1325:
1322:
1308:(for example,
1290:organic matter
1255:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1185:formation and
1155:
1151:
1134:Eastern Canada
1056:. During the
1050:energy balance
1012:photosynthetic
955:thermal energy
930:
927:
908:
905:
838:
835:
746:
745:
738:
731:
728:
721:
673:
670:
655:prairie clover
639:sideoats grama
563:
560:
497:
494:
493:
492:
486:
479:
477:
474:Land Institute
471:
464:
392:
363:
360:
337:carbon dioxide
278:
277:
272:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
244:
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232:
228:
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208:
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198:
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185:
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153:
146:
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140:
136:
135:
122:
121:
105:
102:
101:
96:
93:
92:
84:
83:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4564:
4553:
4550:
4548:
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4543:
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4538:
4535:
4533:
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4528:
4525:
4523:
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4515:
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4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
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4439:
4437:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Food vs. fuel
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:vegetable oil
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3208:
3207:'Shenandoah'"
3206:
3198:
3195:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2963:on 2008-05-17
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2889:
2887:9781845932732
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2798:(4): 273–81.
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:Biomass Combo
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2480:on 2010-05-08
2476:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:. 2006-02-01.
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1965:on 2017-06-08
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1910:on 2008-05-11
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1852:on 2009-01-22
1848:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1633:on 2007-08-03
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1569:Secter, Bob.
1565:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:'Shenandoah'
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:production.
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:pellet stoves
1103:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:process, the
1059:
1058:bioconversion
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:fossil energy
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
979:United States
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
915:
906:
904:
902:
894:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
804:North America
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
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733:Providing no
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301:55°N latitude
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258:Binomial name
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4507:Energy crops
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3700:Big bluestem
3692:
3685:energy crops
3640:
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3181:'Northwind'"
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2958:the original
2953:
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2851:cite journal
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1574:
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1545:
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1515:
1505:Crops Photos
1504:
1497:Seedenergies
1454:Butanol fuel
1444:Big Bluestem
1393:
1392:
1356:
1343:
1327:
1299:
1271:
1268:Revegetation
1245:
1233:
1231:
1203:
1201:substitute.
1160:
1110:wood pellets
1099:
1054:corn ethanol
1041:
1022:
1020:production.
984:Great Plains
949:production,
932:
912:
910:
898:
892:
851:ground cover
840:
792:hectare (ha)
776:biodiversity
769:
757:weed control
747:
740:Controlling
675:
659:
632:
615:
596:east of the
586:Saskatchewan
582:
570:
562:Distribution
556:orchardgrass
527:
519:
516:big bluestem
509:
505:
499:
489:Kirt Prairie
379:big bluestem
365:
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295:warm season
288:
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282:
281:
266:
264:
248:
247:
235:
188:
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82:Switchgrass
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45:lead section
4231:NatureServe
4156:iNaturalist
3948:Wikispecies
3856:Energy crop
3803:Pellet fuel
3788:Biorefinery
3752:Switchgrass
3596:Coconut oil
3574:Energy from
3508:Cooking oil
3493:Biogasoline
3468:Babassu oil
1464:Energy crop
1420:'Northwind'
1375:wild turkey
1199:natural gas
1169:and spring
1143:wood pellet
1083:liquid fuel
1074:biorefinery
1070:electricity
780:energy crop
590:Nova Scotia
502:indiangrass
383:indiangrass
371:rhizomatous
362:Description
289:switchgrass
225:Panicoideae
221:Subfamily:
195:Commelinids
169:Angiosperms
116:NatureServe
18:Switchgrass
4436:Categories
4390:WisFlora:
4321:kew-430831
4316:Plant List
4018:Calflora:
3766:Technology
3747:Salicornia
3730:Miscanthus
3653:Sugar beet
3525:cellulosic
3498:Bioliquids
3478:Biobutanol
3213:18 January
3187:18 January
3161:18 January
3135:18 January
3109:18 January
3049:2008-05-23
2967:2008-05-24
2893:2008-05-24
2776:2008-05-20
2752:2008-05-21
2618:2014-06-04
2484:2009-03-10
2289:2007-01-05
2243:2007-01-05
1969:2018-01-05
1914:2008-05-24
1884:2008-05-24
1856:2009-03-16
1735:2008-05-21
1717:USDA, NRCS
1685:1245255103
1637:2007-12-08
1611:2018-07-13
1582:2008-05-24
1552:2007-12-08
1526:2021-02-26
1495:Référence
1490:References
1434:Algae fuel
1379:song birds
1353:Game cover
1314:strip mine
1171:harvesting
1138:Combustion
1006:perennial
1004:herbaceous
967:fertilizer
753:herbicides
725:germinable
662:Gran Chaco
651:gayfeather
647:sunflowers
627:bunchgrass
611:Gulf Coast
297:bunchgrass
66:April 2021
4130:GrassBase
4109:200025829
4096:200025829
3841:Agflation
3734:giganteus
3663:Sunflower
3658:Sugarcane
3576:foodstock
3483:Biodiesel
3442:Bioenergy
3242:Technique
2512:potassium
1397:cultivars
1359:game bird
1286:Corn Belt
1278:amendment
1187:corrosion
971:temperate
963:herbicide
959:agronomic
939:perennial
935:bioenergy
929:Bioenergy
883:livestock
843:feedstock
821:used for
812:harvested
788:senescent
704:of other
696:soils in
619:cultivars
606:perennial
552:bluegrass
381:grass or
368:perennial
343:crop for
293:perennial
243:Species:
139:Kingdom:
50:summarize
4380:VASCAN:
4373:25509822
4368:Tropicos
4236:2.151015
4187:11337940
4174:413537-1
4135:imp07304
3995:BioLib:
3939:Q1466543
3933:Wikidata
3899:Category
3834:Concepts
3717:Duckweed
3706:Camelina
3683:Non-food
3631:Rapeseed
3621:Palm oil
3564:Wood gas
3537:Methanol
3530:mixtures
3450:Biofuels
3368:10337157
3360:18976902
3085:85776458
2843:17186859
2804:11695816
2721:, 6, 663
2682:24889625
2540:Archived
2516:chlorine
2413:11209055
2405:17816186
2362:18180449
2223:ABC News
2166:ABC News
2110:85407638
1719:(n.d.).
1703:33505029
1428:See also
1363:pheasant
1334:saponins
1294:mollisol
1222:gasoline
1175:leaching
1126:Missouri
1090:efforts.
990:such as
921:and the
694:gravelly
682:erodible
678:row crop
668:(INTA).
623:rhizomes
574:ecotypes
445:spikelet
313:pastures
211:Family:
182:Monocots
4522:Forages
4517:Biomass
4512:Ethanol
4447:Panicum
4218:MoBotPF
4122:2705081
4060:1114474
4042:Ecocrop
3648:Soybean
3642:Sorghum
3591:Cassava
3520:Ethanol
3503:Biomass
3473:Bagasse
3458:Alcohol
3340:Bibcode
2673:4066518
2650:Bibcode
2576:Bibcode
2547:Ontario
2385:Bibcode
2377:Science
2353:2206559
2330:Bibcode
2283:NPR.org
2184:NPR.org
2090:Bibcode
2009:Bibcode
1694:7886653
1665:Bibcode
1302:erosion
1206:ethanol
1191:Germany
1183:clinker
1179:aerosol
1163:boilers
1037:ethanol
996:soybean
975:Alabama
875:pasture
867:grazing
863:forages
859:erosion
847:biomass
831:biology
815:biomass
810:in the
808:species
800:biomass
761:Hormone
714:tillage
710:no-till
496:Habitat
487:Seeds,
447:. Both
438:⁄
428:⁄
418:⁄
407:panicle
403:flowers
399:drought
349:butanol
345:ethanol
341:biomass
305:species
291:, is a
236:Panicum
231:Genus:
215:Poaceae
201:Order:
143:Plantae
114: (
112:Secure
4419:418816
4329:PLANTS
4298:205619
4285:150023
4269:NZOR:
4223:285211
4161:125727
4083:panvir
4080:FEIS:
4011:120892
3998:215948
3962:AoFP:
3694:Arundo
3626:Potato
3542:Stover
3488:Biogas
3366:
3358:
3083:
3040:
2884:
2841:
2802:
2680:
2670:
2524:silage
2520:biogas
2427:"Home"
2411:
2403:
2360:
2350:
2205:. CNN.
2143:
2108:
1759:
1701:
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1683:
1657:Nature
1377:, and
1373:, and
1371:grouse
1330:forage
1266:, and
1167:mowing
1062:lignin
1000:canola
951:biogas
943:yields
861:, for
827:baling
749:Mowing
702:yields
613:area.
602:Mexico
554:, and
548:fescue
542:, and
449:glumes
387:leaves
385:. The
375:spring
356:redtop
321:forage
205:Poales
4414:WoRMS
4360:71459
4334:PAVI2
4305:PFI:
4262:38727
4200:40913
4182:IRMNG
4148:26657
4073:PANVI
4034:6TML2
4021:10655
3988:99372
3972:APA:
3813:stove
3668:Wheat
3611:Maize
3601:Grape
3554:Straw
3463:Algae
3364:S2CID
3209:. RHS
3183:. RHS
3157:. RHS
3131:. RHS
3105:. RHS
3081:S2CID
3022:(PDF)
2986:(PDF)
2961:(PDF)
2950:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2478:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2409:S2CID
2285:. NPR
2106:S2CID
2078:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1963:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1367:quail
1300:Soil
1282:forbs
1195:China
1066:steam
1045:yield
998:, or
879:straw
796:tonne
765:2,4-D
742:weeds
698:humid
690:sandy
643:forbs
540:wheat
411:seeds
327:, in
189:Clade
176:Clade
163:Clade
150:Clade
4393:4413
4383:7813
4342:POWO
4308:9624
4257:NCBI
4210:2176
4195:ITIS
4169:IPNI
4143:GRIN
4117:GBIF
4068:EPPO
4047:8289
4006:BOLD
3983:APNI
3975:4964
3965:3532
3808:mill
3757:Wood
3636:Rice
3606:Hemp
3547:corn
3406:(fr)
3356:PMID
3271:(fr)
3258:(fr)
3245:(fr)
3215:2021
3189:2021
3163:2021
3137:2021
3111:2021
3038:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2857:link
2839:PMID
2800:PMID
2719:2008
2678:PMID
2514:and
2401:PMID
2358:PMID
2322:PNAS
2141:ISBN
1934:2008
1757:ISBN
1699:PMID
1681:OCLC
1310:KDOT
1276:and
1193:and
1130:wood
1122:Iowa
1114:coal
1068:and
1033:US$
992:corn
965:and
873:and
865:and
853:for
845:for
837:Uses
706:farm
692:and
686:corn
684:for
544:oats
536:corn
454:corn
347:and
4401:WFO
4355:RHS
4244:NBN
4104:FoC
4091:FNA
4055:EoL
4029:CoL
3673:Yam
3616:Oat
3348:doi
3336:100
3073:doi
2998:doi
2831:doi
2668:PMC
2658:doi
2646:111
2592:hdl
2584:doi
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